Linking Development and Poverty Alleviation in India

8/3/2019 Linking Development and Poverty Alleviation in India

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qw`czesk`m glujc `m eùs/cjewjlukmf sjenm`b`f{ vkbb uskozblsj snj bèlb

e`muzojw f``cu kmczusw{ / vnken ku fjmjwlbb{ blg`zw/kmsjmukxj / lmc njmej

fjmjwlsju kmewjlujc joqb`{ojms- Snku lflkm vkbb qw`xkcj snj cjolmc h`w

hzwsnjw kmewjluju km h``c qw`czesk`m fkxjm snj kmeòj jbluskeks{ `h h``c h`w

snj b`vjw/kmeòj ebluuju .km Nlwwkuu lmc Nlwwkuu" <;>39>5/>3+- Snj xkwsz`zu

ekwebj `h ozszlb uzuslkmjc fw`vsn leszlbb{ uslmcu `m gluke je`mòke fw`vsn

snj`w{- N`vjxjw" snj uswzeszwj `h cjolmc `h snj ezbskxls`wu vn` uslws snj

e{ebj un`zbc m`s sjmc s`vlwcu nkfn/kmeòj zwglm e`muzoqsk`m qlssjwmu

vnken ku jksnjw snj eluj kh snj wzwlb kmeòj ckuswkgzsk`m ku usw`mfb{ udjvjc

s`vlwcu snj wken `w kh o`cjwmkylsk`m lmc vjusjwmkylsk`m sjmcjmekju i`km

jblg`wlsjc eòojweklbkylsk`m uswlsjfkju `h zwglm lmc koq`wsjc eòo`ckskju-

Gjwfjw js lb- wjhjw s` lm „zwglmkylsk`m `h e`muek`zumjuu‛ vnken nlu gjjm

gw`zfns lg`zs juqjeklbb{ snw`zfn o`cjwm ojckl- snku qwèjuu vnken gjflm

vksn snj uqwjlc `h bksjwle{ qzunjc `zsvlwcu hwò snj eks{ kms` snj wjo`sjus

wzwlb nkmsjwblmcu .<;6598:+- Zmh`wszmlsjb{" lu joqkwkelb uszckju wjxjlb" l

eògkmlsk`m `h snjuj ekwezouslmeju ku fjmjwlbb{ snj eluj- Km l uszc{ `h

„fjmjwlskxj‛ `w „qlwlukske‛ zwglmkuo km l U`zsn Kmcklm olwdjs s`vm" Nlwwkuu

lmc Nlwwkuu lwfzj snls snj xkwsz`zu ekwebj nlu m`s olsjwklbkyjc- Kmusjlc `h

hjjckmf snjkw uzwqbzu gled kms` snj wzwlb je`mò{" snj hlwojwu uqjmc `w

kmxjus ks `m zwglm/olcj f``cu- Snj juujmej `h snku ku Dlzsud{‛u xkjv `m

„J~qb`kslsk`m `h snj e`zmsw{ g{ snj s`vm‛9

Lu xkbblfjwu gjeòj o`wj lmc o`wj cjqjmcjms `m elun" lmc lu wzwlb

o`mj{bjmcjwu le|zkwj zwglm kmsjwjusu lmc eòqjsj vksn zwglm

bjmcjwu" l qwèjuu sldju qblej km vnken uqjmckmf snls zujc s` usl{ km

snj wzwlb ekwezks .---+ o`xju kms` snj zwglm ekwezks kmusjlc .Nlwwkuu lmc

Nlwwkuu" <;>39>:" |z`skmf km Bkqs`m" <;669<<6+-

Snku unkhs km snj ekwezblsk`m `h uzwqbzu xlbzj snls eòju lg`zs vksn snj

cjxjb`qojms `h elqkslbkuo .Nlwwkuu lmc Nlwwkuu" <;>39>:" eh- lbu` Eloju"

<;;8l+ eòju fjmjwlbb{ ebùjw s` okww`w snj wjlbks{ snlm l o`cjb l bl Ojbb`w-Ks ku lbu` Qlq`bl js lb vn` uslsj9



;

Nkfnjw bjxjbu `h lfwkezbszwlb cjxjb`qojms vkbb bjlc s` snj fw`vsn `h

kmczuswkju4 gzs snj qlssjwm `h mjv cjolmc ol{ m`s gj hlx`zwlgbj s`

snj swlcksk`mlb ujes`w- Km snku e`msj~s" snj swlcksk`mlb wzwlb kmczuswkju

elm uskbb n`bc `zs lu l uzgukcklw{ leskxks{" olkmb{ `h snj uolbb blmc/

n`bcjwu lmc blmcbjuu q`qzblsk`m s` uzqqbjojms snjkw kmeòj hwò

lfwkezbszwlb v`wd4 gzs ol{ kmewjlukmfb{ gjeòj bjuu lmc bjuu lcj|zlsj

lu snj u`bj u`zwej `h bkxjbkn``c h`w snj olwdjs `h snjkw qw`czesu ol{

m`s j~qlmc .<;>19<656+-

Snj{ lwfzj lmc u` c`ju Dlun{lq" snls snjwj ku uòj jxkcjmej snls

kmczuswkju m`s zukmf bèlb olsjwklb lmc m`s qw`czekmf h`w snj bèlb olwdjs

uzen lu uzgukcklwkju `h blwfj hkwou lwj c`kmf ozen gjssjw snlm snj `mju

glujc `m snjuj bkmdlfju-

Ks ku Wlsn vn` sjbbu zu snls

Snj xkbblfj q`ssjw ku l usjlckb{ xlmkunkmf swkgj4 uòj ol{ gj hkmlbb{ bjhs

gjelzuj snj Nkmcz hzmjwlb wksju wj|zkwj lm jlwsnjm q`s, U{msnjskeu"

kw`m" jmlojb" lbzokmkzo q`su lmc qlmu nlxj sldjm `xjw- .---+ Snj

e`qqjw" gwluu lmc gjbb/ojslb uoksnu lwj lboùs f`mj4 xkbblfju vnùj

j~kusjmej {`z e`zbc njlw hwò okbju lvl{ lwj s`cl{ ukbjms .Wlsn"

<;;19<<::+-

@mb{ Clmsvlbl .<;;19<<3;+ hkmcu snls cjuqksj l fw`vkmf „zwglm gklu‛ km wzwlb

e`muzoqsk`m qlssjwmu" snj cjolmc h`w bèlbb{ olmzhleszwjc e`muzoqsk`m

f``cu ku |zksj usw`mf- Ulmcjujwl lwfzju snls snj olwdjs h`w qw`czesu hwò

snj swlcksk`mlb uolbb/uelbj ujes`w e`zbc gj swzb{ blwfj v`zbc snjwj m`s gj

uòj `cc qw`gbjou uzen lu enlmfj `h slusj lmc snj qwjxlbjmej `h qw`czesu

`h q``w |zlbks{ lmc vnken lwj m`s xjw{ czwlgbj .Ulmcjujwl" <;;19<<87+-

Oùs lzsn`wu lfwjj snls l q`bke{ vnken lkou ls sjenm`b`fkelb

zqfwlclsk`m `h uolbb/uelbj kmczuswkju vksn koqw`xjojmsu km snjkw

`wflmkylsk`m lmc olwdjskmf ujs/zq ku elbbjc h`w .Clmsvlbl" <;;19<<3;"

Qlq`bl js lb" <;>19<63:+-

U` jksnjw wzwlb swlcksk`mlb kmczuswkju lwj wjhzwgkunjc lmc l swlcj/`hh

vksn uòj bùuju km joqb`{ojms ku sldjm kms` lee`zms s` oldj snjo o`wj

eùs/jhhjeskxj `w snj olwdjs `h snjuj kmczuswkju ku kmsjfwlsjc kms` snj zwglmje`mòke ekwezks vnken fjmjwlbb{ nlu l eùs lcxlmslfj snw`zfn j~sjwmlb



<1

je`mòkju lmc je`mòkju `h uelbj- Ks ol{ gj snj hjlw `h l „hkfns lflkmus

vkmcokbbu‛ `h hzwsnjw uzgukckykmf lm jxjm zqfwlcjc swlcksk`mlb kmczuswklb

ujes`w ls kmsjwojcklsj sjenm`b`f{ bjxjb nlxkmf ckhhkezbskju km eòqjskmf

lflkmus snj blwfj/uelbj ujes`w vnken nlu olcj snj Je`mòke Lcxku`w{

E`zmekb wjeòojmc snls

snj swlcksk`mlb kmczuswklb ujes`w glujc `m nkfn blg`zw kmsjmuks{ un`zbc

qw`czej eòo`ckskju snls ulskuh{ snj mjjcu `h nkfnjw kmeòj fw`zqu

lmc j~q`wsu vnkbj uòj juujmsklb vlfj f``cu vnken lwj wj|zkwjc km

blwfj x`bzoju lmc ls lhh`wclgbj qwkeju e`zbc gj qw`czejc km snj

ojckzoblwfj/uelbj kmczuswkju .km Clmsvlbl" <;;19<<3>+-

Uòj mjv je`mòkelb uswlsjfkju lwj ejwslkmb{ `h fwjls xlbzj h`w e`qkmf vksn

Kmckl‛u qbkfns km snj eòkmf cjelcju- Vksn ksu q`qzblsk`m gjkmf j~qjesjc s`

j~ejjc `mj gkbbk`m km `mb{ hkxj {jlwu skoj lmc lm joqb`{ojms fw`vsn wlsj

`mb{ nlbh snj FCQ fw`vsn wlsj" snj kmczuswklb ujes`w nlu s` gj e`zmsjc `m-

Gzs bjs zu m`v szwm gled s`vlwcu snj qwkolw{ ujes`w-

KK K- Snj lwcz`zu lqqw`len9 blmc wjh`wo

Snj kuuzj `h blmc wjh`wo nlu gjjm qjwqjszlb km Kmckl ukmej

kmcjqjmcjmej- Ls skoju bjuu" ls `snjw skoju o`wj qw`m`zmejc" ks nlu

wjolkmjc `m snj q`bkskelb lfjmcl- Snku ujesk`m fkxju lm lee`zms `h snku

skojbjuu lqqw`len s` q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m9 s` unlwj snj lxlkblgbj ezbskxlgbj

blmc km uzen l olmmjw snls snj blwfjus qùukgbj mzogjw `h qj`qbj elm oldj

l bkxjbkn``c `zs `h ks- Njwj l e`mswlckesk`m lwkuju9 snku lqqw`len c`ju m`s

mjejuulwkb{ wjuq`mc s` snj blwfjus qùukgbj lo`zms `h h``c vnken elm gj

qw`czejc- Snj je`mòke cjglsj n`v blmc wjckuswkgzsk`m ojluzwju lhhjes

qw`czesk`m nlu gjjm l e`muslms eòqlmk`m `h snj q`bkskelb kuuzj- Vnjsnjw

fw`vsn lmc j|zks{ elm ojwfj n`vjxjw cjqjmcu `m l ujwkju `h ezbszwlb" uèk`/

je`mòke lmc q`bkskelb hles`wu vnken qwjujs snj uslfj-

Blmc wjh`wo km Kmckl elm gj fjmjwlbb{ wjczejc s` snwjj s{qju `h

q`bkekju9 ejkbkmf/ezo/wjckuswkgzsk`m q`bke{" sjmlme{ wjh`wo lmc snj lbkjmlsk`m

`h uslsj/`vmjc eòo`m qw`qjws{- N`v snjuj ckuskmes q`bkekju nlxjkmsjwokmfbjc `xjw snj un`ws skoj/uqlm `h kmcjqjmcjms Kmckl vkbb gj j~lokmjc



<<

km snj mj~s ujesk`m- Snj uzg/uj|zjms ujesk`m vkbb j~lokmj snj ukszlsk`m km

Vjus Gjmflb vnjwj koqbjojmslsk`m `h blmc wjh`wo ojluzwju nlxj w`zujc l

bkxjb{ cjglsj `m ksu lcj|zle{-

Snj blmc wjh`wo kuuzj9 vlxjwkmf" {js jxjw gzwmkmf

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km l ebluu `h qlwlukske lgujmsjj blmcb`wcu- Snùj nlc zmh`wszmlsjb{ gjssjc `m

snj e`mskmzjc j~kusjmej `h l Gwkskun Kmckl oldkmf snjkw q`bkskelb usldj gjeòj

kms`bjwlgbj- Gzs kmusjlc `h xjmszwkmf l mjv uslws" snj wjuzbskmf xlezzo vlu

hkbbjc g{ snj j~/sjmlmsu „vn` vjwj m`s mjejuulwkb{ snj q``wjus lmc snj oùs

cjqwkxjc cjmkyjmu `h wzwlb uèkjs{‛ .Olnjunvlwk" <;;:9<65/63+-

Snj{ ebkogjc zq snj uèklb blccjw g{ qzwenlukmf lccksk`mlb blmc lmc

gjeloj snj mjv okccbj lmc zqqjw qjlulmsw{- Snùj vn` vjwj ls snj

qjwkqnjw{ vjwj" n`vjxjw" glwjb{ lhhjesjc g{ snjuj enlmfju km blmc

olmlfjojms .Olnjunvlwk" <;;:9<63+-

Lm j~qjesjc sjmlme{ wjh`wo ckwjesjc ls qw`sjeskmf skbbjwu lmc unlwj/ew`qqjwu

snjm swkffjwjc lm `qqùksj uèklb qwèjuu" mlojb{ snj jxkesk`m `h blwfj

mzogjwu `h sjmlmsu- Gjeòkmf lm~k`zu lg`zs bùkmf `zs snjkw blmc" snj

blmc`vmjwu wjuzojc ezbskxlsk`m qjwokssjc s` c` u` zq s` l ejwslkm ejkbkmf

bkoks" `w ls bjlus qwjsjmcjc s` c` u`- Lbu` snj ezusòlw{ vl{ `h wjfzblskmf

sjmlme{ wjblsk`munkqu `mb{ g{ v`wc `h o`zsn e`mswkgzsjc s` snj qblmmjc

wjh`wo szwmkmf `zs lu l hlwej-

@mb{ snj blmc `h blwfj blmc`vmjwu lg`xj snj / xlfzjb{ cjhkmjc / ejkbkmf

bkoks vlu lxlkblgbj h`w ckuswkgzsk`m lo`mf snj sjmlmsu- Snj uzwqbzu blmc

hkmlbb{ ckuswkgzsjc lo`zmsjc s` wkckezb`zub{ bkssbj lu j~ejqsk`mu vjwj olcj

lmc snj blmc`vmjwu `hsjm olmlfjc s` jxlcj snj blv g{ j~swl/bjflb swkedu-

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Wl`"

l f``c `hhkejw ku `mj vn` leeòqbkunju „s`djm‛ koqbjojmslsk`m" h`w

j~loqbj" e`bbjes`wu vn` v`zbc lbb`s blmc s` snj wzwlb q``w gzs vkbb



<7

lx`kc kmsjwxjmsk`m vnjm lbb`ssjc blmc ku sldjm gled hwò snj wzwlb q``w

g{ h`wej `w bjflb nlwluuojms .<;;79L/:<+-

Glmc{`qlcn{l{ .<;>>9L/>3+ lwfzju snls lm{snkmf gjsvjjm > lmc ; okbbk`m

njeslwju e`zbc gj wjckuswkgzsjc kh snj blmc ejkbkmf blvu e`zbc gj qw`qjwb{

koqbjojmsjc-

Lu l dkmc `h e`mu`blsk`m" snj q``w s`fjsnjw vksn snj m`m/q``w qlwejbbjc

`zs snj eòo`m blmcu- Snku n`vjxjw hzwsnjw vjldjmjc snj qùksk`m h̀ snj

q``w lu l vn`bj vn` nlc gjjm wjbklms `m eòo`m qw`qjws{ wju`zweju h`w

uzuslkmkmf snjkw bkxjbkn``cu .eh- Eloju" <;;8g+-

Vksn l ukszlsk`m `h xkwszlb koo`gkbks{ km wjflwc `h blmc wjh`wo lmc snj

e`meòkslms fwlczlb q`bkskelb unkhs `h q`vjw hwò snj ojsw`q`bku s`vlwcu snj

uslsju lmc l uswjmfsnjmkmf `h snj wzwlb jbksju s`vlwcu snj jmc `h snj <;:1u"

snj kuuzj `h blmc wjh`wo vlu o`wj `w bjuu unjbxjc- Snj hèzu `h q`xjws{

lbbjxklsk`m o`xjc s`vlwcu qlwskekqlskmf km snj fw`vsn qwèjuu- Snj „Fwjjm

Wjx`bzsk`m‛ n`vjxjw ckc m`s n`bc ksu qwòkuj lu j|zks{ vlu e`mejwmjc-

Kmusjlc `h okskflskmf snj flq gjsvjjm wken lmc q``w" ks vkcjmjc ks" lmc m`s

h`w snj u`bj wjlu`m `h snj q``w‛u uelwej `vmjwunkq `h blmc lmc snj wjuzbskmf

bled `h je`mòkju `h uelbj-

Snj uje`mc vlxj `h blmc wjh`wo bjfkublsk`m jmsjwjc snj q`bkskelb

lfjmcl czwkmf snj jlwb{ <;61u h`bb`vkmf Owu Kmckwl Flmcnk‛u cwlolske

jbjesk`m xkes`w{ `m l wlckelb lmsk/q`xjws{ skedjs .E`qjusldj" <;;797<;+- Snj

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olm`jzxwj s` ezwg snj qwùqjes `h hzwsnjw uèklb zmwjus- Lee`wckmf s`

Olnjunvlwk .<;;:+" lfwlwklm zmwjus gjeloj l ukfmkhkelms hjlszwj `h Kmcklm

bkhj km snj okc/uk~skju- Snku zmwjus vlu zmj|zkxèlbb{ l e`muj|zjmej `h snj

qwjxlbjms blmc sjmzwj u{usjo9

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lfwkezbszwkusu s` uòj j~sjms g{ wjslkmkmf snjo lu unlwjew`qqjwu `w

qw`xkckmf snjo vksn ukokblw `qq`wszmkskju s` jmlgbj snjo s` jdj `zs l

bkxkmf- Gzs snj „Fwjjm Wjx`bzsk`m‛ o`mjskyjc snjkw snkmdkmf" blmc vlu

uzccjmb{ ckue`xjwjc s` gj xlbzlgbj .<;;:9<></3+-Cjulk .<;>6+ km l qw`xèlskxj lwskebj eblkou snls



<5

Snj uswzffbju `h snj q``w gjeloj vkcjuqwjlc lmc s``d olm{ h`wou-

Snj jxjw/lbjws f`xjwmojms ls snj ejmswj hlmlskelbb{ e`mejwmjc vksn

olkmslkmkmf „blv lmc `wcjw‛ h`w snj uo``sn hzmesk`mkmf `h snj qw`/

qw`qwkjslw{ qw`hks/`wkjmsjc je`mò{ gjflm s` lmlb{uj snj mlszwj lmc

elzuju `h lfwlwklm ckue`msjms" T`zs `h vnken_ sv` q`bkekju jx`bxjc"

T`mj_ uzqqwjuukmf snj luujwsk`mu `h snj q``w" Tlmc lm`snjw_ luuzlfkmf

„l uolbb‛ ujesk`m `h snj q``w ujbjeskxjb{ enùjm lmc snw`vkmf l hjv

ewzogu `h wjbkjh s` snjo .km Glmc{`qlcn{l{" <;>>9L/66+-

Snj ewzogu `h wjbkjh Cjulk ku wjhjwwkmf s` njwj lwj m`slgb{ ujbh lmc vlfj

joqb`{ojms qw`fwlooju vnken snj ejmswj gjflm s` kmsw`czej ls snls skoj-

N`vjxjw snj `zseòj `h snj uswzeszwlb wjh`wou K lo e`mejwmjc njwj vksn

elm lu vjbb gj hkbjc vksn`zs njukslsk`m zmcjw snku sjwo- Lu E`qjusldj lwfzju"

Snj mjv oòjmszo T`h blmc wjh`wou_ jolmlskmf hwò snj ejmswj

lqqjlwjc uzguslmsklbb{ mjzswlbkyjc g{ snj uslsju- Snj hkmlb bjfkublsk`m

vlu j~qjesjc s` oldj lxlkblgbj 3 okbbk`m lewju" gzs g{ <;6: snj uslsju

nlc le|zkwjc `mb{ 87"111 lewju- .---+ Fkxjm snj `xjwlbb hlkbzwj `h snj

uje`mc vlxj `h blmc/wjh`wo bjfkublsk`m ks ku m`s uzwqwkukmf snls snj

q`bke{ wjejkxjc xkwszlbb{ m` ojmsk`m km snj Uk~sn Qblm .<;;797<;+-

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qw`fwlooju hèzukmf `m snj q``w vnken bjlxju snj blmc wjh`wo kuuzj |zks

snj uejmj lmjv- @mb{ g{ snj jmc `h snj <;>1u" uswzeszwlb wjh`wou km Kmcklm

uèkjs{ vjwj eòkmf gled s` snj h`wj- Snj snkwc vlxj `h blmc wjh`wo kmsjwjus

nlu" lee`wckmf s` X-O- Wl`" sv` u`zweju- Hkwus" u` nj lwfzju" bkmdkmf fw`vsn

lmc j|zks{ nlu szwmjc `zs s` gj lm kbbzuk`m lhsjw sv` cjelcju `h „Fwjjm

Wjx`bzsk`m‛ lmc uje`mc"

snj blus sv` cjelcju nlxj vksmjuujc e`mukcjwlgbj j~qjwkojmslsk`m

vksn snj uswlsjf{ `h „ckwjes lssled‛ `m q`xjws{ e`mukuskmf `h Okmkozo

Mjjcu" Joqb`{ojms Fjmjwlsk`m lmc KWC Qw`fwlooju- .---+ N`vjxjw"

snj `zseòj `h .---+ Tsnku_ uswlsjf{ nlu gjjm hlw s`` o`cjus lu lm

lqqw`len h`w q`xjws{ jwlckelsk`m- .---+ Snjwj ku m`v fw`vkmf lvlwjmjuu

lo`mf uèklb uekjmskusu snls lssjoqsu s` kmsjfwlsj fw`vsn vksn q`xjws{

jwlckelsk`m wjolkmjc blwfjb{ kmjhhkekjms `vkmf s` snj lgujmej `h



<3

lcj|zlsj uswzeszwlb wjh`wou lmc koqw`xjc leejuu h`w snj wzwlb q``w s`

lfwkezbszwlb lmc eòo`m blmcu .<;;79L/:1+-

Qlwsnlulwlsn{ lccu l snkwc elzuj h`w snj wjxkxlb `h kmsjwjus9

Lee`wckmf s` uòj uen`blwu" snj zwfjme{ `h koqbjojmslsk`m nlu gjjm

jmnlmejc gjelzuj `h snj wj/jojwfjmej `h l ebluu `h wjmskjwu lo`mf

snj blwfj blmcn`bcjwu km uòj qlwsu `h snj e`zmsw{- Snku km l vl{ ku l

wjxjwulb `h vnls nlqqjmjc czwkmf snj qnluj `h snj „Fwjjm Wjx`bzsk`m‛-

.---+ Km snj qwjujms ekwezouslmeju" snj lhhbzjms blmcb`wcu hkmc ks o`wj

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hlwojwu .km X{lu" <;;:97:8:+-

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wjxjwukmf blmc ejkbkmf blvu s` qlxj snj vl{ h`w snj cjxjb`qojms `h e`wq`wlsj

hlwou lmc qblmslsk`mu-

Snku sldju zu gled s` l ukszlsk`m ukokblw s` snls `mj km snj <;:1u- N`v

snku mjv cjxjb`qojms okfns lhhjes snj qwùqjes `h l o`wj uzeejuuhzb

uswzeszwlb wjh`wo km {jlwu s` eòj vkbb gj lmlb{yjc km Ujesk`m X- Bjs zu m`v

szwm s`vlwcu Vjus Gjmflb-

Blmc Wjh`wo km Vjus Gjmflb9 Snj bkoksjc lqqw`len

Vjus Gjmflb" l q`xjws{/uswkedjm uslsj km jlusjwm Kmckl g{qluujc g{ snj

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ukmej snj <;61u9 ks nlu olcj blmc wjh`wo l olkm hèzu `h ksu q`bkekju-

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lmc l e`meòkslms cjewjluj km q`xjws{ nlxj gjjm luuèklsjc vksn snjuj

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<;>1u" h``c fwlkm qw`czesk`m kmewjlujc ls lm lmmzlb wlsj `h lw`zmc 8-:

qjwejms" ckuskmesb{ uzqjwk`w s` snj lbb/Kmcklm hkfzwju .Bkjsjm" <;;89<<8+- Snj

qw`q`wsk`m `h snj q`qzblsk`m gjb`v snj q`xjws{ bkmj nlu unwzmd hlus" hwò

:7-: qjwejms km <;6> s` 76-8 qjwejms km <;>>- Km sjwou `q nzolm

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<:

L e`wwjblsk`m n`vjxjw gjsvjjm blmc wjh`wou lmc snjuj koqw`xjojmsu

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snls ku glujc `m lm zmewkskelb leejqslmej `h uslskuskeu lmc q`bkskelb qùksk`mu

.Olbbked" <;;7+ lmc uje`mc" snls m`s blmc wjh`wo gzs ojwjb{ ewzeklb kmqzsu

nlxj lesjc lu l dked/uslws ojenlmkuo s` snjuj koqw`xjojmsu .Nlwwkuu"

<;;5+-

Eòqlwjc s` lm{ `snjw uslsj" snj wjblskxj lo`zms `h blmc cjeblwjc

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n`vjxjw nlu gjjm snj hèzu `h ewkskekuo- Glwzln .<;;19<7;+ lwfzju snls snj

eòozmkus/bjc f`xjwmojms o`gkbkyjc snj fwkjxlmeju lo`mf snj xkbblfjwu

lflkmus snj „gkf lmc nlsjc blmcb`wcu‛ lhsjw ks wjlbkyjc snls ckwjes lesk`m e`zbc

gj uskwwjc zq lflkmus xjw{ hjv blmc`vmjwu-

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gjnkmc nko .<;;:978;8+-

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fjs lm{ blmc-

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<8

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wlsnjw snlm s` snj q`vjw `h snj còkmlms ebluuju .Glwzln" <;;19<7<" <53+-

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unlwjew`qqkmf wkfnsu km `wcjw s` jolmekqlsj sjmlmsu hwò bèlb uèk`/

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ozen `h snj oluukxj Snkwc V`wbc cjxjb`qojms bksjwlszwj wjqwjujmsu bèlb

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snùj uzqq`wsjwu lbwjlc{ km qùujuuk`m `h blmc .---+ Snj Eòozmkusu"

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`h snj u{usjo" nlxj gjjm slojc" ckxkcjc lmc e``qsjc-

Nj gbloju cjjq ezbszwlb wjlu`mu lu snj e`wj qw`gbjo vnjm nj uslsju snls

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kogzjc vksn xlbzju `h uslszu snls lwj cjjqb{ kogjccjc km Kmcklm ezbszwj‛

.Olbbked" <;;79631/636+-

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kmckxkczlbu vn` ol{ gj o`wj lsswlesjc s` snj q`vjw lmc `qq`wszmkskju snls

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qw`hjuujc g{ snj qlws{" qbjlcu h`w q`bkskelb eòqjsksk`m jmlgbkmf s` ezwg

q`bkskelb qlsw`mlfj .<;;79<3<5/<3+-

Sldkmf lee`zms `h snj hlkbkmfu `h snj Bjhs Hw`ms f`xjwmojms" Nlwwkuu

cjm`zmeju snj koq`wslmej `h snj f`xjwmojms‛u ebluukelb qwjèezqlsk`m vksnlfwlwklm wjh`wo lmc j~qblkmu snj j~qlmuk`m `h lfwkezbszwlb qw`czesk`m lg`xj



<6

lbb g{ koqw`xjc sjenm`b`f{" olkmb{ kwwkflsk`m .Bkjsjm" <;;89<77 `m Nlwwkuu"

<;;59<736+- Bkjsjm wjhzsju snku kmsjwqwjslsk`m lmc lhsjw eòqlwkmf snj

jhhkekjme{ `h wjejms kmxjusojmsu km kwwkflsk`m sjenm`b`f{ `h jlusjwm uslsju" nj

e`mebzcju snls snj gjssjw wjuzbsu km Vjus Gjmflb ol{ gj h`zmc g`sn km sjwou

`h snj q`bkskelb je`mò{ `h e`wwzqsk`m lmc km sjwou `h lm lqqw`qwklsj

sjenm`b`f{-

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m`m/blmc kmqzsu_ nlu gjjm ls snj w``s `h snj Vjus Gjmflb uejmlwk`- Ks

nlu kmebzcjc l okmkolb wjuswzeszwkmf `h lfwlwklm luujsu lmc snj

wjblsk`mu `h qw`czesk`m" l sjenm`b`fkelbb{ lqqw`qwklsj zqfwlckmf `h snj

h`weju `h qw`czesk`m" kmebzckmf kwwkflsk`m" lmc l q`bkskelb wjlbkfmojms

vnken nlu fkxjm uolbb qjlulmsu o`wj hwjjcò `h `qjwlsk`m lmc ckwjes

leejuu s` snj sjenm`b`fkelb kmqzsu- Snjwj ku uzhhkekjms jxkcjmej snls snj

lqqw`len nlu v`wdjc .Bkjsjm" <;;89<76+-

Ks ujjou snls km Vjus Gjmflb lm koqw`xjc qw`xkuk`m `h ewjcks" ujjcu"

hjwskbkyjw lmc lg`xj lbb kwwkflsk`m sjenm`b`f{ nlc s` usjq kms` snj gwjlen `h l

cjhkekjms blmc wjh`wo-

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blmc- Snku e`zbc nlwcb{ gj `snjwvkuj km l q`bkskelb u{usjo vnken ku glujc `m

snj qwkole{ `h qwkxlsj `vmjwunkq wkfnsu .<;;<9536/3>+- Snku ku lbb snj o`wj

swzj km snj e`msj~s `h U`zsn Lukl" vnjwj blmc ku uelwej lmc `vmjwunkq ku m`s

nkfnb{ e`mejmswlsjc .Glwzln" <;;19<7<+- Ks ku Vjus Gjmflb‛u Okmkusjw `h Blmc

Wjh`wou vn` ul{u9

Vj c` m`s nlxj lm{ kbbzuk`m snls l eòqwjnjmukxj lfwlwklm wjx`bzsk`m

.---+ elm gj j~jezsjc zmcjw snj qwjujms e`muskszsk`m `h snj e`zmsw{-

.---+ G{ koqùkmf ejkbkmfu" snj u{usjo elm `mb{ gj djqs vksnkm g`zmcu"

ks elmm`s gj lg`bkunjc .Bkjsjm" <;;89<7<" |z`skmf G- En`vcnzw{"

<;>6" qjwu- eòo-+-

Ks okfns gj v`wsn ckuezuukmf n`v lm{ qw`fwjuu km snj lfwlwklm

|zjusk`m okfns gj luujuujc- Un`zbc vj vjbeòj lm{ un`ws usjq lnjlc `w

un`zbc vj q`kms ls snj zbskolsj f`lb km l wjlbo qùukgb{ gj{`mc wjlen0 Vnlselm vj j~qjes s` nlqqjm0 Snj Vjus Gjmflb f`xjwmojms km lm{ eluj nlu



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enùjm snj qwlfolske vl{- Kmusjlc `h ujjdkmf s` jmh`wej l hzbb/hbjcfjc

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bkoksjc blmc wjh`wo vksn l uzqqb{ `h ewzeklb kmqzsu s` oldj snj qwjxlbjms skm{

qb`su xklgbj- Ks nlu lbu` olcj snj xkbblfj qlmenl{lsu .e`zmekbu+ o`wj

lzs`mò`zu s` lbb`v o`wj qzgbke qlwskekqlsk`m gjkmf „e`mejwmjc lg`zs snj

njlwsu lmc snj okmcu `h snj qj`qbj‛ .Bkjsjm" <;;89<7<" |z`skmf En`vcnzw{"

<;>6+- Cjx`bzsk`m `h f`xjwmlmej s` xkbblfj qlmenl{lsu ejwslkmb{ ku l swked{

uzgijes lmc elmm`s gj ckuezuujc ls snku q`kms" snj e`mukcjwlsk`m n`vjxjw

vnjsnjw Vjus Gjmflb‛u q`bke{ nlu gjjm q`qzbkus km wjflwc `h q`xjws{

lbbjxklsk`m elm ejwslkmb{ gj lglsjc km wjflwc `h ksu qw`fwjuu km bkmdkmf fw`vsn

lmc j|zks{ s` l ejwslkm cjfwjj-

K vkbb m`v szwm s`vlwcu q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m qw`fwlooju hèzukmf `m

snj mjjcu `h snj q``w lmc ks vkbb gj ujjm snls mjksnjw qw`fwlooj / ujbh m`w

vlfj joqb`{ojms uenjoj / nlu uzguslmsklb ue`qj h`w uzeejuu kh snjwj ku m`s

ls bjlus l okmkolbkus qw`fwlooj `h blmc wjh`wo qw`xkckmf l gluke luujs s`

snj q``w-

KX- Qwò`skmf bkxjbkn``cu g{ joqb`{ojms qw`fwlooju9 lm

luujuuojms

Wjxkjvkmf snj bkoksjc uzeejuu `h joqb`{ojms ewjlsk`m km snj kmczuswklb

ujes`w lmc snj us`mjvlbbjc lssjoqsu ls uswzeszwlb wjh`wo km lfwkezbszwj

ckuezuujc lg`xj" ks nlu gjeòj lqqlwjms vnken qlws `h snj wzwlb q`qzblsk`m

ku snj oùs km mjjc `h q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m9 snj blmcbjuu lmc snj uolbb lmc

olwfkmlb hlwojwu- Czj s` q`qzblsk`m fw`vsn lmc l wlsj `h lgu`wqsk`m g{

kmczuswklbkylsk`m `mb{ bjxjbbkmf snj fw`vsn hkfzwj km q`qzblsk`m" snj gzbd `h snj

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lmc l cjewjlujc joqb`{ojms fw`vsn wlsj km lfwkezbszwj czj s` snj blv `h

ckokmkunkmf wjszwmu" snj qwùqjesu h`w snj wzwlb q``w `vmkmf m` `w bkssbj blmc

lwj cko-

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lmc s` uskozblsj fw`vsn km `wcjw s` kmsjfwlsj snj gjmjhkeklwkju kms` snj

olkmuswjlo je`mò{ km snj b`mf wzm- K lo e`mejwmjc njwj `mb{ vksn snùj

qw`fwlooju vnken nlxj lm koqles `m joqb`{ojms- @snjw qw`fwlooju uzen

lu snj Okmkozo Mjjcu Qw`fwlooj hèzu `m qzgbke qw`xkuk`m `h gluke mjjcu

lmc nlxj gjjm |zksj uzeejuuhzbb{ lqqbkjc km ejwslkm uslsju uzen lu Djwlbl-

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QLQu vlu s` qwjxjms snj „Fwjjm Wjx`bzsk`m‛ hwò szwmkmf kms` „wjc‛

.Glmc{`qlcn{l{" <;>>9L/6;+- Olsnzw wjhjwu s` snj blmcjc jbksj vn` vlu

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`h l qjwk`c vnjm eòqwjnjmukxj qw`fwlooju gjflm s` fkxj vl{ s` l

ujfojmslb xkjv `h wzwlb cjxjb`qojms .<;;:97613+-

Uje`mc" snjwj ku snj e`mejwm lmc lm~kjs{ km snj kmczuswklb

juslgbkunojms wjflwckmf snj mlww`v gluj `h snj Kmcklm olwdjs je`mò{9

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u{usjo gjelzuj `h lg{uolbb{ b`v qzwenlukmf q`vjw" snjwj ku l fjmzkmj

cjukwj km snjuj ekwebju lg`zs j~qlmckmf snj olwdjs gluj g{ jmnlmekmf

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qw`fwlooju `hsjm hèzu zmkblsjwlbb{ `m o`mj{ kmeòju- Lu Cwjyj q`kmsu `zs"

snku elm ujwk`zub{ ckxjws lssjmsk`m hwò l mzogjw `h koq`wslms kmhbzjmeju `m

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mjfbjes `h `snjw lwjlu `h qzgbke uzqq`ws uzen lu gluke njlbsn lmc jczelsk`m

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n`zujn`bcu vjwj km lxjwlfj o`wj snlm : qjwejms v`wuj `hh km qjw elqksl wjlbkmeòju gzs vjwj gjssjw `hh lee`wckmf s` lbb gzs `mj `h snjkw `vm ewksjwkl `h



71

enlmfkmf je`mòke uslszu- Snj koqw`xjojmsu kmebzcjc |zlbks{ `h n`zukmf"

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e`mxjmsk`mlb ojluzwjojmsu `h kmeòj g{ |zlbkslskxj kmckels`wu `h enlmfj s`

lwwkxj ls l wjlbkuske zmcjwuslmckmf `h wzwlb uèk`/je`mòke enlmfj .I`cnl"

<;>>9737<hh lmc Enlogjwu" <;;:9<3+-

Oùs `h ewkskekuo n`vjxjw nlu gjjm ckwjesjc ls snj vjld

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7<

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qw`fwlooj wzm lu h`bb`vu9

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km Cwjyj" <;;1l9L/;:+-

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hjlszwj ku snls jbkfkgkbks{ h`w ewjcks ku wjuswkesjc s` snj q``w .Cwjyj"<;;1l9L/;:+-



77

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75

Km lcxlmejc elqkslbkus lmc Snkwc V`wbc e`zmswkju lbkdj .---+ ujbh/njbq

qnkbù`qnkju lwj qzs h`wvlwc lu l u`bzsk`m9 gzkbc {`zw `vm n`zuj" .---+

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<;;<9576+-

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73

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7:

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.<;>39:>/:;+-

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78

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76

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7>

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m`s gjmjhks qwjcòkmlmsb{ snj m`m/q``w uzen lu lhh`wjuslsk`m lmc kwwkflsk`m"

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7;

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51

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je`mòke còkmlmej-

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gwzun‛+ lmc uje`mc" snj q``w lwj us{bkyjc lu „njvjwu `h v``c lmc cwlvjwu `h

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lm{ „lgbj lmc jmsjwqwkukmf‛ bjhs lo`mf snj q``w-

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5<

s` gj o`wj wjuq`mcjms s` uolbb hlwojwu" blmcbjuu blg`zwjwu ol{ m`s vlms s`

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ol{ en`ùj vnls elm gjus hzwsnjw snj ujezwks{ `h snjkw bkxjbkn``c- Ks ku km snku

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zujhzb-

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hèzu snj gjmjhkeklwkju- Vnkbj KWCQ nlu lsswlesjc olm{ m`m/fjmzkmj q``w"

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e`wmjw snjuj uenjoju h`w snjoujbxju `w s` qwjxjms snj q``w hwò

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lssjmzlsjc kh snj luujsu ewjlsjc lwj `h bjuu xlbzj s` snj q``w snlm s` snj

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vnken elm oldj l ujwk`zu cjms s`vlwcu q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m- Vnls ue`qj

snjwj ku lmc n`v h`weju e`zbc gj bkmdjc s`vlwcu l cjxjb`qojms vnken

jog`ckju q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m vkbb gj ujjm km snj mj~s ujesk`m-



57

X- Bkmdkmf cjxjb`qojms lmc q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m

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`vm-

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sjenm`b`fkelb j~sjmuk`m nlu gjjm kbbzokmlsjc `m snj eluj `h Vjus Gjmflb- Ks

nlu gjjm ckue`xjwjc snls snjkw ozszlb e`bblg`wlsk`m nlu un`vm qùkskxj

wjuzbsu jxjm kh jlen kmsjwxjmsk`m `h ksu `vm okfns nlxj `mb{ nlc l olwfkmlb

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vnken okfns gj o`wj hwzkshzb snlm l mlww`v/okmcjc hèzu `m `mj

qw`fwlooj- Km vnls h`bb`vu" snj qùukgbj bkmdu `h uswlsjfkju h`w q`xjws{

lbbjxklsk`m lmc cjxjb`qojms lwj qwjujmsjc lmc ks vkbb gj lssjoqsjc s`

jxlbzlsj vnjsnjw uzen uenjoju lwj lgbj s` wjqwjujms l xklgbj o`czu

`qjwlmck h`w snj hzszwj `w vnjsnjw snj{ elm ojwjb{ gj lccjc s` snj

bksjwlszwj `h cjukwlgbj gzs hkesksk`zu cjukfmu vnken elm gj unjbxjc vksn`zs

njukslsk`m-

Uzguslmskxj lu snj ue`qj h`w lm joqb`{ojms/`wkjmsjc fw`vsn uswlsjf{

km wzwlb lwjlu ol{ gj" snj uèk`/je`mòke ckhhjwjmsklsk`m km Kmckl ozus gj

sldjm lee`zms `h- X-O- Wl` .<;;79L/:7+ ckuskmfzkunju lo`mf l mzogjw `h

wjfk`mu vnken ckhhjw e`mukcjwlgb{ km snjkw uèk`/je`mòke cjxjb`qojms uzen

lu ujok/hjzclb .j-f- Gknlw+" kmsjwojcklsj .j-f- Dlwmlsldl+" q`bkskelbb{

o`gkbkyjc .j-f- Vjus Gjmflb+ lmc „Fwjjm Wjx`bzsk`m‛ lwjlu .j-f- Qzmilg+-

Lbu` usw`mf j~kuskmf uèk`/je`mòke kmswl/xkbblfj ckhhjwjmeju .eh- Vlcj"

<;>>+ elmm`s gj mjfbjesjc-

@qsk`mu h`w lesk`m

E`mukcjwkmf snj xkek`zu ekwebj `h qwjxlkbkmf q`xjws{ lmc cjsjwk`wlskmfjmxkw`mojmslb e`mcksk`mu km Kmckl vnken oldj snj q``w okmj snj je`b`fkelb



55

uzguslmej km `wcjw s` uzwxkxj" snj uzusjmlmej `h bkxjbkn``cu `h snj q``w c`ju

m`s `mb{ nlxj lm jsnkelb lmc uèklb" gzs lbu` lm je`b`fkelb lmc njmej

je`mòke ckojmuk`m- Olew`/je`mòke q`bkekju vkbb u``mjw `w blsjw nlxj s`

hlej snku wjlbks{ km hlx`zwkmf l bkxjbkn``c/kmsjmukxj fw`vsn uswlsjf{-

Enlogjwu lmc E`mvl{ uzffjus m`s s` leejqs qw`hjuuk`mlb qjuukokuo9

Mjflskxj lqqw`lenju sjmc s` gj ujbh/hzbhkbbkmf9 kh snj hèzu ku `mb{ `m

qw`gbjou" `qq`wszmkskju lwj jlu{ s` okuu- O`wj`xjw" ezwwjms q`xjws{

lmc hzszwj q`qzblsk`mu qwjujms uzen lm jm`wo`zu lmc lezsj enlbbjmfj

snls ks ku kwwjuq`mukgbj m`s s` j~qb`wj o`wj qùkskxj lqqw`lenju

.<;;7977+-

Ukokblwb{" I-O- Dj{mju lqqjlbu h`w m`s `xjwxlbzkmf uèk`/je`mòke

e`muswlkmsu9

U``m `w blsj" ks ku kcjlu" m`s xjusjc kmsjwjusu vnken lwj clmfjw`zu h`w

f``c `w jxkb .|z`sjc km Gjlwcunlv" <;;79;+-

Ks ku km snku uqkwks snls I-O- Wl` qwjujmsu snj eluj `h lm lbsjwmlskxj je`mòke

uswlsjf{ s` uswzeszwlb lcizusojms jmsksbjc „mjjcu/`wkjmsjc je`mòke lmc

je`b`fkelb cjxjb`qojms‛ .MJJC+ vnken lee`wcu nkfnjus qwk`wks{ s` snj

hzbhkbojms `h gluke mjjcu" WVQu vksn lm joqb`{ojms fzlwlmsjj lmc snj

wjhzwgkunojms `h snj jmxkw`mojms- Snj lzsn`w lcxèlsju snls oluukxj

joqb`{ojms e`zbc gj ewjlsjc snw`zfn leskxkskju lkojc ls snj wjus`wlsk`m `h

snj je`b`fkelb kmhwluswzeszwj snw`zfn joqb`{ojms fzlwlmsjj uenjoju-

Lhh`wjuslsk`m lmc vlusjblmc cjxjb`qojms elm gj l nlmcuòj eòqbjojms s`

lfwkezbszwlb joqb`{ojms .<;;:9<6:1/:<+- U` c`ju E-N-N- Wl` zwfj h`w

vlsjw/unjc lmc vlusjblmc cjxjb`qojms" snj blssjw e`zbc fjmjwlsj `xjw :1

okbbk`m qjwu`m/{jlwu `h v`wd- Nj lwfzju snls ukmej snj joqb`{ojms

cjolmcjc g{ snj q``w ku m`s bkdjb{ s` gj lxlkblgbj bèlbb{ km jxjw{ wjfk`m"

uòj `h snj blg`zw e`zbc gj `wflmkyjc zmcjw l Blmc Lwo{ E`wq`wlsk`m

.<;;79781:+- Lbu` Nkwvl{ .<;;39<51/5<+ qbjlcu h`w uzen l uenjoj h`w

o`gkbj blg`zwjwu vnken nlu l o`cjb km snj j~kuskmf „Dlwmlsldl Blmc Lwo{

E`wq`wlsk`m‛- Uzen uenjoju nlxj qwjezwu`wu jxjm km olm{ cjxjb`qjc

e`zmswkju- Snj oùs qwòkmjms j~loqbj v`zbc qw`glgb{ gj snj joqb`{ojms

qw`fwlooju kmsw`czejc km snj ZUL `h snj <;51u zmcjw H-C- W`ùjxjbs‛u „MjvCjlb‛ q`bkekju-



53

N`vjxjw" gjukcju usjqqkmf zq WVQu h`w elqkslb e`muswzesk`m km

lfwkezbszwj lmc h`w je`/cjxjb`qojms" snj uskozblsk`m `h fw`vsn `h n`zujn`bc

lmc uolbb kmczuswkju g{ kmsjfwlskmf snjo vksn ujbh/joqb`{ojms qw`fwlooju

wjqwjujmsu l oli`w `qsk`m `h bkmdkmf q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m- X{luzbz hlokbklwkyju

zu vksn snj j~qjwkjmeju km Dlwmlsldl `h bkmdkmf W(C .wjujlwen lmc

cjxjb`qojms+ vksn QLQu- Lee`wckmf s` snj lzsn`w" snj ewjlskxj kmsjfwlsk`m `h

uekjmskhke lmc sjenm`b`fkelb W(C jhh`wsu vksn joqb`{ojms uenjoju ol{ gj

lm lwjl km vnken Dlwmlsldl ol{ nlxj bjuu`mu s` `hhjw- Snj Dlwmlsldl Uslsj

E`zmekb h`w Uekjmej lmc Sjenm`b`f{ .DUEUS+ nlu gjjm lgbj s` gwkmf s`fjsnjw

q`bkskelb lzsn`wks{" snj wzwlb lcokmkuswlsk`m lmc uekjmskhke slbjms- Lo`mf snj

jhh`wsu `h DUEUS nlxj gjjm jmuzwkmf qjwjmmklb cwkmdkmf vlsjw uzqqbkju"

eòozmks{ gk`flu qblmsu lmc cjxjb`qojms `h jhhjeskxj dkbmu- Lu snj lzsn`w

luuzwju" uzen qwìjesu nlxj m`s gjjm leeòqbkunjc km l s`q/c`vm hlunk`m-

Swlkmkmf `h xkbblfj lwskulmu" hjjcgled s` koqw`xj cjukfmu" e`bblg`wlsk`m vksn

fwluuw``su leskxkusu lmc ckhhzuk`m nlxj gjjm oli`w e`muskszjmsu `h snj

qw`fwlooj- Joqb`{ojms ewjlsk`m nlu gjjm qw`xkcjc km uksz h`w xkbblfjwu km

wjqlkw" olkmsjmlmej lmc qw`czesk`m .X{luzbz" <;;:97838/36+-

M`svksnuslmckmf Dlwmlsldl‛u m`s s`` `qqwjuukxj uèk`/je`mòke

u{usjo vnjwj j~swjoj q`blwkylsk`m km xkbblfju ku m`s snj eòo`m hjlszwj" vj

ozus lud vnjsnjw snj ue`qj h`w o`wj eòozmlb lesk`m e`zbc m`s gj

uzguslmsklbb{ j~qlmcjc lmc uòj h`wo `h i`kms qw`czesk`m `w unlwkmf `h wkudu

gjsvjjm n`zujn`bcu v`zbc m`s gwjld jxjm olm{ leskxkskju vnken zmcjw snj

ezwwjms hèzu `m uolbb/uelbj KWCQ jmswjqwkuju lwj m`s xklgbj- Njwj vj lwj

hlejc vksn snj kmnjwjms ckhhkezbskju `h juslgbkunkmf e``qjwlskxju- Lu hlw gled

lu km <;7>" snj W`{lb Eòokuuk`m `m Lfwkezbszwj `qkmjc9

Vj nlxj fwjls n`qju snls olm{ okbbk`mu `h qjlulms qw`qwkjs`wu ol{ gj

bjc s` l gjssjw bkhj snw`zfn l u`zmc e``qjwlskxj o`xjojms9 kh snku ku

ujezwjc" ozen jbuj ku gw`zfns vksnkm snj g`zmcu `h lsslkmojms- .---+ Kh

e``qjwlsk`m hlkbu" snjwj vkbb hlkb snj gjus n`qj `h wzwlb Kmckl .|z`sjc km

Olnjunvlwk" <;;:9<::+-

G{ lmc blwfj ks ckc- Snj uèk`/je`mòke gluj `h snj e``qjwlskxju nlu

wjolkmjc ckuskmesb{ mlww`v" wjuswkeskmf snj hb`v `h ksu gjmjhksu `mb{ s` snjwjblskxjb{ gjssjw/`hh km snj bèlb eòozmks{ .Olnjunvlwk" <;;:9<:8+- Km



5:

Fzilwls n`vjxjw" lee`wckmf s` Nkwvl{" snj e``qjwlskxj o`xjojms ku hlkwb{

uzeejuuhzb- Lfwkezbszwlb lmc m`m/lfwkezbszwlb ewjcks uèkjskju" olwdjskmf lmc

ujwxkej e``qjwlskxju" e``qjwlskxju km hkunjw{" q`zbsw{" nlmcb`ò" nlmckewlhsu

lmc n`zukmf lwj e`xjwjc .<;;:978<:+- Ks ku snku qnkbù`qn{ `h snj

e``qjwlskxj o`xjojms vnken elm gj xjw{ wjbjxlms s` wjczej snj wkudu h`w snj

q``w lmc oldj snjo gjmjhks hwò snj kmnjwjms je`mòkju `h uelbj- Lbu`" lu

E-N-N- Wl` lwfzju" ku snj kmckxkukgkbks{/qnjmòjm`m gjeòkmf kmewjlukmfb{

koq`wslms km olm{ leskxkskju vksn o`cjwm qwleskeju `w vnjwj sjenmkelb

ujwxkeju lwj koq`wslms- Ls snj uloj skoj" fw`zq kmksklskxj lmc jhh`ws `h snj

q``w ku qwò`sjc s` enjed j~qb`kslsk`m g{ okccbjojm .<;;797816+-

Snj ue`qj h`w eòozmlb lesk`m vksn ozszlb gjmjhks km Kmckl ku blwfj- Ks

vlu h`w j~loqbj cjo`muswlsjc snls g{ zukmf snj gk`flu sjenm`b`f{" snj

vlusju qw`czejc hwò l e`v njwc elm gj uzhhkekjms s` wjlen ujbh/uzhhkekjme{

km fwjjm h`ccjw vksn `mb{ l uolbb qluszwj" l q`kms `h koq`wslmej h`w l

hlwojwu e``qjwlskxj vksn bkssbj lxlkblgbj blmc- Gk`hjwskbkyjwu e`zbc gj zskbkyjc

s` koqw`xj fwluu {kjbcu lmc snj wjuzbs vlu koqw`xjc g{ snj zuj `h kwwkflsk`m"

glujc `m gk`flu q`vjwjc qzoqujsu- N`vjxjw" zmbjuu l glblmej ku uswzed g{

„kmxjuskmf km qj`qbj‛ / ewjlskmf bèlb `wflmkylsk`mu snls swzb{ zmcjwuslmc bèlb

mjjcu lmc e`mcksk`mu / kmxjusojmsu `mb{ km sjenm`b`fkju lwj `hsjm vlusjc

.eh- Eloju" <;;8c+-

Vnls ku ejwslkmb{ wj|zkwjc km Kmckl ku snku bkmd `h eòozmlb leskxkskju"

gj ks lu i`kms xjmszwju `h l mzogjw `h KWCQ gjmjhkeklwkju `w ls l blwfjw uelbj

ls xkbblfj bjxjb `w gj{`mc" l h`wo `h e``qjwlskxj `wflmkylsk`m glujc `m

e`bbjeskxj blg`zw lmc uzqqb{kmf b`mf sjwo ujezwks{ s` snj qlwskekqlmsu- Snj

ozbskqbkjw jhhjes `h kmsjmukxj kmsjwbkmdlfju gjsvjjm ckhhjwjms zmcjwsldkmfu km

snku ujmuj elm gj uzguslmsklb- Xkbblfj kmczuswkju lwj m`s mjejuulwkb{

qwjckuqùjc s` cwjlc snj eòqjsksk`m `h snj blwfj/uelbj ujes`w vnjm snj{

elm oldj `zs snjkw mkenj h`w snjoujbxju- Snj qw`gbjo ejwslkmb{ bkju km

kcjmskh{kmf lwjlu `h kmxjusojms vnken hkwus" c` m`s lbwjlc{ uzhhjw hwò

zmcjwjoqb`{ojms" uje`mc" lwj m`s e`wmjwjc g{ snj gjssjw/`hh lmc snkwc"

vnjwj snj jhhjeskxj cjolmc ku lbb`vjc s` ojjs snj leszlb cjolmc" xky-

vnjwj snj olwdjs ku m`s wjuswkesjc s` snùj vn` elm lhh`wc- Gk`flu ckhhzuk`mku `mj j~loqbj- N`zukmf lm`snjw- Lu Szbqzbj lwfzju" n`zukmf lu lm zwfjms



58

mjjc ku nkfnb{ blg`zw/kmsjmukxj" nlu j~sjmukxj gledvlwc bkmdlfju lmc mjjcu

nlwcb{ lm{ koq`ws e`msjms kh snj wkfns olsjwklbu lmc sjenm`b`f{ `h

e`muswzesk`m lwj zujc .<;;19<<:>+- @snjw lwjlu lwj ejwslkmb{ ckuejwmkgbj

fkxjm snj kmewjlukmf jmxkw`mojmslb cjfwlclsk`m vnken lhhjesu snj gjssjw/`hh

lu ks c`ju snj q``w- N`vjxjw snj{ lhh`wc snj kmsjwleskxj kmxjusojms km

wjbjxlms W(C hèzukmf `m snj mjjcu `h snj q``w wj|zkwkmf e``qjwlsk`m `h

wjujlwen kmuskszsju lmc qlwskekqlmsu- Snjwj ku snj mjjc s` b``d h`w mjjc/glujc

lqqw`qwklsj sjenm`b`fkju vnken c` m`s wjolkm vksnkm snj vlbbu `h

blg`wls`wkju- Hkjbc `wflmkylsk`mu ozus kmsjwles vksn snj zujwu h`w snjkw

ckuujokmlsk`m- L bled `h ckhhzuk`m `h o`wj lqqw`qwklsj sjenm`b`fkju ku m`s

`mb{ elzujc g{ uèk`/je`mòke hles`wu gzs lbu` g{ lm lgujmej `h jhhjeskxj

lmc leszlb cjolmc hwò snj q``w- M`s hzbhkbbjc g{ olwdjs kmuskszsk`mu" snku

cjolmc elm gj e`msjmsjc g{ l usw`mfjw jmswzusojms `h m`m/olwdjs

kmuskszsk`mu km ujezwkmf W(C lmc snjkw ckhhzuk`m- Czj s` snj kmnjwjms

vjldmjuuju `h f`xjwmojmslb g`ckju s` wje`fmkyj snj mjjcu `h snj q``w" m`m/

f`xjwmojmslb `wflmkylsk`mu .MF@u+ lmc bèlb `wflmkylsk`mu elm njbq s` hkbb

snku flq- Lmsnw`q`b`fkelb zmcjwuslmckmf ku juujmsklb km olsenkmf snj

xkbblfjwu‛ e`mejwmu vksn snls `h snj kmsjwxjmjw- Vnkbj olm{ qzgbke

`wflmkylsk`mu sldj zq qw`gbjou `mb{ `m wj|zjus lmc snj uèk`/je`mòke

ukszlsk`m km xkbblfju ku uzen snls m` `mj eòju h`wvlwc s` wjfkusjw l wj|zjus

.Olnjunvlwk" <;;:9<;3+" x`bzmslw{ `wflmkylsk`mu lwj fjmjwlbb{ o`wj

jhhjeskxj km cjsjeskmf swzj mjjcu- Qlzb .<;>;9<11+ lwfzju snls f`xjwmojmsu

lmc MF@u nlxj ckhhjwjms uswjmfsnu vnken lwj eòqbjojmslw{ lmc snls km snj

eluj `h q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m" snjwj ku l ebjlw eluj h`w l ckxkuk`m `h blg`zw snls

j~qb`ksu snjkw eòqlwlskxj lcxlmslfj- Lm lqqw`len glujc `m uzen l o`wj

qlwskekqls`w{ lqqw`len ujjdkmf h`w lbsjwmlskxj u`bzsk`mu e`zbc bjlc s`vlwcu

o`wj lgu`wqsk`m `h blg`zw s`vlwcu snj uje`mclw{ lmc sjwsklw{ ujes`w-

Mjxjwsnjbjuu" kh snjwj ku ue`qj s` okskflsj snj kmhbz~ `h blg`zw kms`

lfwkezbszwj" lm zwfjms mjjc wjolkmu s` zqfwlcj j~sjmuk`m h`w uolbb lmc

olwfkmlb hlwojwu- X-O- Wl` lwfzju snls l o`wj kmsjwleskxj u{usjo `h

lfwkezbszwlb j~sjmuk`m km Dlwmlsldl h`w cw{/blmc ew`qu" uzen lu okbbjsu lmc

qzbuju" vnken nlxj gjjm g{qluujc g{ snj „Fwjjm Wjx`bzsk`m‛" elm jhhjeskxjb{oldj lm koqles `m snj bkxjbkn``cu `h snj q``w g{ kmsjfwlskmf snjo km snj



56

fw`vsn qwèjuu- Snku mjv u{usjo `h lfwkezbszwlb j~sjmuk`m lssjoqsu s`

e`wwjes snj ezwwjms gkluju `h j~sjmuk`m vnken hlx`zw blwfj hlwojwu wjb{kmf `m

joqkwkelb jxkcjmeju snls uolbbn`bcjwu zuj uelwej kmqzsu vksn fwjlsjw elwj

lmc udkbbu snlm blwfj hlwojwu .<;>>9 73<</<6+-

[js snjwj vkbb gj m` juelqj hwò snj mjjc h`w uswzeszwlb wjh`wou- Snj

eluj km Vjus Gjmflb nlu un`vm snls jxjm l okmkolbkuske blmc wjh`wo elm

nlxj qùkskxj wjqjwezuuk`mu- Lu X-O Wl` lwfzju" blmc wjh`wo nlu s` wjolkm l

eòq`mjms km l ozbsk/ckojmuk`mlb qledlfj `h ojluzwju jxjm kh ks v`zbc gj

`gxk`zub{ zmwjlbkuske s` luuzoj snls lbb snj wzwlb q``w elm gj leeòo`clsjc

km lfwkezbszwj lu ̀ vmjw/ezbskxls`wu .<;;79L/81+-

Snj q`kms ku snls km `wcjw s` oldj joqb`{ojms qw`fwlooju h`w

q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m o`wj jhhjeskxj" l okmkozo bjxjb `h blmc e`mejmswlsk`m

un`zbc m`s gj `xjwusjqqjc- Vnjwjlu vksn l nkfnb{ udjvjc ckuswkgzsk`m `h

blmc" KWCQ leskxkskju km lfwkezbszwj wjlen lm zqqjw ejkbkmf xjw{ u``m" snj

luujsu ewjlsjc zmcjw IW[ uenjoju sjmc s` gjmjhks qwkolwkb{ snj blmc`vmjwu-

Lbu`" lu X-O- Wl` lwfzju" snj qw`xkuk`m `h n`zuj/uksju s` blmcbjuu

blg`zwjwu ku lm koq`wslms ksjo km blmc wjh`wou jmlgbkmf s` sldj zq

uzqqbjojmslw{ blmc/glujc leskxkskju bkdj xjfjslgbj fw`vkmf" q`zbsw{"

clkw{kmf" jse- .<;;79L/81+- Km lccksk`m" Dlmmlm wjq`wsu hwò Djwlbl snls snku

e`zbc nlxj njbqjc snj qwèjuu `h cjebkmj km q`xjws{ kmckwjesb{ snw`zfn

wjo`xlb `h snj qu{en`b`fkelb glwwkjwu h`w glwflkmkmf h`w nkfnjw vlfju

.<;;:978::+- Ks ku km snku wjflwc snls snj wjejms cjekuk`m `h snj f`xjwmojms

`h Kmckl s` qjwoks b`lmu h`w qzwenluj `h blmc zmcjw KWCQ ku l usjq km snj wkfns

ckwjesk`m .E-N-N- Wl`" <;;797813+-

Km snku e`msj~s ks ozus gj kmckelsjc snls snj e`mu`bkclsk`m `h n`bckmfu

s` qwjxjms hzwsnjw hwlfojmslsk`m ku juujmsklb- X-O- Wl` `gijesu snls snj

j~swjojb{ ub`v qw`fwjuu km snku olssjw ku czj s` l xkwszlbb{ s`slb mjfbjes ls

nkfnjus q`bke{/oldkmf bjxjbu .<;;79L/87+- Vnjsnjw snku cjm`sju n`vjxjw l

wj/kmuslbblsk`m `h snj blv `h qwko`fjmkszwj" lu Olnjunvlwk .<;;:97<+ lbbzcju"

ku s` ul{ snj bjlus" xjw{ cjglslgbj-



5>

Qwùqjesu h`w `xjweòkmf snj uèk`/je`mòke e`muswlkmsu

Snj qjwuqjeskxju h`w wjxkslbkykmf snj `gijeskxj `h blmc wjh`wou lwj

ojckèwj- L uswlsjf{ wjb{kmf `m snj zbskolsj eòqwjnjmukxj uzeejuu `h

uswzeszwlb wjh`wou vkbb nlxj s` hlkb- [js" snjwj lwj uòj kmckels`wu qw`xkckmf

uòj fbkoojwu `h n`qj- Lee`wckmf s` X-O- Wl`" zmbkdj km snj koojcklsj

qùs/kmcjqjmcjmej {jlwu" snj mjjc h`w blmc wjh`wou ku m`v hlw o`wj

qwjuukmf ukmej uzuslkmjc fw`vsn ksujbh cjqjmcu `m snjo9

Fw`vsn km Kmcklm lfwkezbszwj m`v e`mhw`msu glwwkjwu vnken elmm`s gj

`xjweòj snw`zfn qwkolwkb{ sjenmèwlske uswlsjfkju vnken uzeejjcjc

lu lcokwlgb{ km snj fwjjm wjx`bzsk`m lwjlu- .---+ Ks ku lbu` wjlbkyjc snls

ks ku gjkmf lenkjxjc ls l nkfn lmc kmewjlukmf eùs km sjwou `h uelwej

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olwdjc koqw`xjojms .<;;79L/:7+-

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5;

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w`ò h`w j~qlmuk`m `h joqb`{ojms qw`fwlooju `xjw snj mj~s hjv cjelcju-



31

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kmejmskxj s` snj qlwskekqlmsu- Xkbblfj kmczuswklbkylsk`m e`zqbjc vksn KWCQ lmc

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`qjwlsk`m `h QLQu vkbb nlxj s` gj snj uswjmfsnjmkmf `h ujbh/jusjjo `h snj

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snj uèklb uzuslkmlgkbks{ `h snj q``w" wjxjlbu snj mjjc lmc snj o`wlb slud `h

qwjujms/cl{ Kmckl / l swzj eluj h`w lesk`m-



3<

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Glwzln" Ulmikg .<;;1+" „Snj jmc `h snj w`lc km blmc wjh`wo0 Bkoksu s`

Wjckuswkgzsk`m km Vjus Gjmflb‛ km Cjxjb`qojms lmc Enlmfj" 7<

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Gzwfjuu" W- .<;>7+" „Ujbh/njbq n`zukmf lcxèle{9 l ezwk`zu h`wo `h wlckelbkuo" l ewksk|zj `h snj v`wd `h I`nm H- E- Szwmjw‛ km Q- O- Vlwc" Ujbh/Njbq N`zukmf9 L Ewksk|zj" B`mc`m" Olmujbb

G{wju" S-I- .<;6;+" „@h Mj`/q`qzbkus Qkqj/cwjlou9 Cljclbzu km snj SnkwcV`wbc lmc snj o{sn `h zwglm gklu‛" Snj I`zwmlb `h Qjlulms Uszckju" 8 .7+" q7<1/733

Eloju" Okenjb .<;;8l+" „Uzuslkmlgbj Cjxjb`qojms" l wjckue`xjw{ `h snjqlus0‛" Juul{ km Kuuzju km Cjxjb`qojms J~qjwkjmej .Ujojusjw 7+

Eloju" Okenjb .<;;8g+" „E``qjwlskmf km snj eòo`mu9 lm zwfjme{ h`w snjq``w‛" Juul{ km Wzwlb Cjxjb`qojms .Ujojusjw 7+

Eloju" Okenjb .<;;8e+" „W`lcu s` Wzwlb Cjxjb`qojms9 Snj Xklgkbks{ `h SnjQjlulms Je`mò{‛" Juul{ km Wzwlb Cjxjb`qojms .Ujojusjw <+

Eloju" Okenjb .<;;8c+" „Gk`flu lmc snj wzwlb q``w9 E`mswlckesk`mu lmcUzffjusk`mu‛" Juul{ km Sw`qkelb Jmxkw`mojmslb Olmlfjojms .Ujojusjw 7+

Enlogjwu" W`gjws lmc E`mvl{" F`wc`m W- .<;;7+" Uzuslkmlgbj WzwlbBkxjbkn``cu9 Qwleskelb E`mejqsu h`w snj 7<us Ejmszw{" Uzuuj~" KCU" Ckuezuuk`mQlqjw 7;8

Enlogjwu" W`gjws .<;;:+" Q`xjws{ lmc Bkxjbkn``cu9 Vnùj Wjlbks{ E`zmsu0Uzuuj~" KCU" Ckuezuuk`m Qlqjw 536

E`qjusldj" Iloju F- .<;;7+" „Snj Kmsjfwlsjc Wzwlb Cjxjb`qojmsQw`fwlooj9 Qjwh`wolmej Czwkmf snj Uk~sn Qblm" Q`bke{ Wjuq`muju lmcQw`qùlbu h`w Wjh`wo‛ km Nlwwkuu" G-4 Fznlm" U- lmc Eluujm" W-N-" Q`xjws{ kmKmckl / Wjujlwen lmc Q`bke{" Gògl{" @~h`wc Zmkxjwuks{ Qwjuu



37

E`zdku" Glukb Q- lmc Ij|zkjw" Mke`blu .<;>3+" „Ekxkb V`wdu E`muswzesk`m‛ kmVjkuu" Enlwbju lmc Ij|zkjw" Mke`blu" Sjenm`b`f{" Hkmlmej" lmc Cjxjb`qojms"Bj~kmfs`m .ZUL+" Bj~kmfs`m G``du

Clmsvlbl" O-B- .<;>:+" „‛Flwkgk Nlsl`‛9 Uswlsjf{ @qsk`mu‛ km Je`mòke lmcQ`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Olwen <8

Clmsvlbl" O-B- .<;;1+" „Ujlwen h`w lm joqb`{ojms/`wkjmsjc fw`vsn uswlsjf{/ L Ckuezuuk`m‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Ol{ 78

Clufzqsl" Gkqblg .<;;:+" „Kmuskszsk`mlb Wjh`wou lmc Q`xjws{ Lbbjxklsk`m kmVjus Gjmflb‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" @es`gjw <3/7<

Cjulk" L-W- .<;>6+" „Wzwlb Cjxjb`qojms lmc Nzolm Wkfnsu km KmcjqjmcjmsKmckl‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Lzfzus <

Cjulk" Lun`d X- .<;;1+" „Ujlwen h`w lm joqb`{ojms/`wkjmsjc fw`vsnuswlsjf{ / L Ckuezuuk`m‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Ol{ 78

Cwjyj" Ijlm .<;;1l+" „Q`xjws{ km Kmckl lmc snj KWCQ Cjbzuk`m‛ km Je`mòkelmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Ujqsjogjw 7;

Cwjyj" Ijlm .<;;1g+" „Hlokmj Qwjxjmsk`m km Kmckl‛ km Cwjyj" Ijlm lmc Ujm"Lolwsn{l" Snj Q`bkskelb Je`mò{ `h Nzmfjw" 7" @~h`wc" Eblwjmc`m Qwjuu

Czcbj{" Jwke .<;;5+" Snj Ewkskelb Xkbblfjw / Gj{`mc Eòozmks{ Qlwskekqlsk`m"

B`mc`m" W`zsbjcfj

Jenjxjwwk/Fjms" I`nm .<;>>+" „Fzlwlmsjjc Joqb`{ojms km lm Kmcklm Uslsj‛ kmLuklm Uzwxj{" 7> .<7+

Jenjxjwwk/Fjms" I`nm .<;;7+" „Qzgbke Qlwskekqlsk`m lmc Q`xjws{ Lbbjxklsk`m9Snj J~qjwkjmej `h Wjh`wo Eòozmkusu km Kmckl‛u Vjus Gjmflb‛ km V`wbcCjxjb`qojms" 71 .<1+

Hwkjwj" Qlzb` .<;67+" Qjclf`f{ `h snj @qqwjuujc" Mjv [`wd" Njwcjw lmcNjwcjw

Fzqsl" Lmkb D- .<;>;+" „Uekjmskusu‛ xkjvu `h hlwojwu‛ qwleskeju km Kmckl9glwwkjwu s` jhhjeskxj kmsjwlesk`m‛ km Enlogjwu" W- js lb" Hlwojwu Hkwus / HlwojwKmm`xlsk`m lmc Lfwkezbszwlb Wjujlwen

Nlwwkuu" Glwglwl lmc Nlwwkuu" I`nm .<;>3+" „‛Fjmjwlskxj‛ `w „Qlwlukske‛ Zwglmkuo0 Uòj `gujwxlsk`mu hwò snj wjejms nkus`w{ `h l U`zsn KmcklmOlwdjs S`vm‛ km Snj I`zwmlb `h Cjxjb`qojms Uszckju" 71 .5+

Nlwwkuu" I`nm .<;>;+" „Kmcklm Kmczuswklbkylsk`m lmc snj Uslsj‛ km Lblxk" Nloyl

lmc Nlwwkuu" I`nm" Uèk`b`f{ `h „Cjxjb`qkmf E`zmswkju‛ / U`zsn Lukl" B`mc`m"Oleokbblm Jczelsk`m



35

Nlwwkuu" I`nm .<;;5+" „Vnls ku nlqqjmkmf km wzwlb Vjus Gjmflb0 / LfwlwklmWjh`wo" Fw`vsn lmc Ckuswkgzsk`m‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Izmj <7

Nkwvl{" Kmckwl .<;>:+" „‛Flwkgk Nlsl`‛9 Elm KWCQ c` ks0‛ km Je`mòke lmcQ`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Olwen 51

Nkwvl{" Kmckwl lmc Sjwnlb" Qkjs .<;;3+" S`vlwcu Joqb`{ojms Fzlwlmsjj kmKmckl / Kmcklm lmc Kmsjwmlsk`mlb J~qjwkjmeju km Wzwlb Qzgbke V`wduQw`fwlooju" Mjv Cjbnk" Ulfj Qzgbkelsk`mu Kmckl

Nkwvl{" Kmckwl .<;;:+" „Ujbjeskxj Cjxjb`qojms lmc Vkcjmkmf Ckuqlwkskju kmFzilwls‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" @es`gjw <3/7<

I`cnl" M-U- .<;>>+" „Q`xjws{ Cjglsj km Kmckl9 l okm`wks{ xkjv‛ km Je`mòkelmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" M`xjogjw" Uqjeklb Mzogjw

Dlmmlm" D-Q- .<;;:+" „Cjebkmkmf kmekcjmej `h wzwlb q`xjws{ km Djwlbl‛ kmJe`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" @es`gjw <3/7<

Dlun{lq" U-Q- .<;>>+" „Fw`vsn `h Uolbb/Ukyj Jmsjwqwkuju km Kmckl9 Ksu Mlszwjlmc E`msjms‛ km V`wbc Cjxjb`qojms" <8 .8+

Bkjsjm" F-D- .<;;8+" „Blmc Wjh`wou ls Ejmswj Uslfj9 Snj Jxkcjmej `m VjusGjmflb‛ km Cjxjb`qojms lmc Enlmfj 76

Bkqs`m" Okenljb .<;66+" Vn{ Q``w Qj`qbj Usl{ Q``w" B`mc`m" Sjoqbj Uoksn

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Olsnzw" Dzbcjjq .<;;:+" „Q`bkskeu lmc Koqbjojmslsk`m `h Kmsjfwlsjc WzwlbCjxjb`qojms Qw`fwlooj‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" @es`gjw <3/7<

Ojbb`w" I- .<;68+" Snj Mjv Je`mòkeu `h Fw`vsn9 l Uswlsjf{ h`w Kmckl lmcsnj Cjxjb`qkmf V`wbc" B`mc`m" E`wmjbb Zmkxjwuks{ Qwjuu

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33

@uolmk" U-W- .<;;<+" „Uèklb Ujezwks{ km U`zsn Lukl‛ km Lnolc" Jnskunlo4Cwjyj" Ijlm4 Nkbbu" I`nm lmc Ujm" Lolwsn{l" Uèklb Ujezwks{ km Cjxjb`qkmfE`zmswkju" @~h`wc" Eblwjmc`m Qwjuu

Qlq`bl" S-U- lmc Okuwl" X-M- .<;>1+" „Uòj Luqjesu `h WzwlbKmczuswklbkulsk`m‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" @es`gjw" Uqjeklb Mzogjw

Qlzb" Ulozjb .<;>;+" „Q`xjws{ Lbbjxklsk`m lmc Qlwskekqlsk`m / Snj Eluj h`wF`xjwmojms/Fwluuw``su Lfjme{ E`bblg`wlsk`m‛ km Je`mòkelb lmc Q`bkskelbVjjdb{" Ilmzlw{ <3

Wl`" E-N- Nlmzolmsnl .<;;7+" „Kmsjfwlskmf Q`xjws{ Lbbjxklsk`m Qw`fwloojuvksn Cjxjb`qojms Uswlsjfkju / Kmcklm J~qjwkjmej‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelbVjjdb{" M`xjogjw 7>

Wl`" I- O`nlm .<;;:+" „Je`mòke Wjh`wo lmc Je`b`fkelb Wjhzwgkunojms / L

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Wl`" X-O- .<;>>+" „Kmsjwxjmsk`mu h`w snj Q``w / Ewkskelb Ckojmuk`mu"Q`sjmsklbkskju lmc Bkokslsk`mu‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" M`xjogjw"Uqjeklb Mzogjw

Wl`" X-O- .<;;7+" „Blmc Wjh`wo J~qjwkjmeju / Qjwuqjeskxj h`w Uswlsjf{ lmc

Qw`fwlooju‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Izmj 76

Wlsn" Mkbldlmsnl .<;>:+" „‛Flwkgk Nlsl`‛9 Elm KWCQ c` ks0‛ km Je`mòke lmcQ`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Hjgwzlw{ ;

Wlsn" M- .<;;1+" „Ujlwen h`w lm joqb`{ojms/`wkjmsjc fw`vsn uswlsjf{ / LCkuezuuk`m‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Ol{ 78

Wlxlkbb`m" Olwskm .<;;<+" „@m snj e`xjwlfj `h qzgbke joqb`{ojms uenjojuh`w q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m‛ km I`zwmlb `h Cjxjb`qojms Je`mòkeu" 53

Wlxlkbb`m" Olwskm4 Clss" Flzwlx lmc Enlzcnzwk" Unzgnlo .<;;7+" „C`juOlnlwlusnwl‛u Joqb`{ojms Fzlwlmsjj Uenjoj Fzlwlmsjj Joqb`{ojms0Jhhjesu `h snj <;>> Vlfj Kmewjluj‛ km Je`mòke Cjxjb`qojms lmc EzbszwlbEnlmfj" 3< .<+

W`{" Dlwskd E-4 Skucjbb Ebjojms L- lmc Ujm" Wlidzolw .<;;7+" Je`mòkeCjxjb`qojms lmc Jmxkw`mojms / L eluj uszc{ `h Kmckl" Wjqwkmsjc <;;:"Cjbnk" @~h`wc Kmckl Qlqjwgled

Ulmcjulwl" I-E- .<;;1+" „Ujlwen h`w lm joqb`{ojms/`wkjmsjc fw`vsn

uswlsjf{ / L Ckuezuuk`m‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Ol{ 78



Ujsn" Lmzwlcnl .<;;:+" „Eùs/Jhhkekjme{ `h Uolbb Olmzhleszwkmf Jmsjwqwkuju /Koqbkelsk`mu h`w Joqb`{ojms Q`bke{‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{"M`xjogjw 7:

Unlwol" Lbldn M- .<;;:+" „Q`bkskelb Je`mò{ `h Q`xjws{ km Gknlw‛ km Je`mòkelmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" @es`gjw <3/7<

Szbqzbj" Glflwlo .<;;1+" „Ujlwen h`w lm joqb`{ojms/`wkjmsjc fw`vsnuswlsjf{ / L Ckuezuuk`m‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Ol{ 78

X{lu" X-U- lmc Gnlwflxl" Qwlcjjq .<;;:+" „Qzgbke Kmsjwxjmsk`m h`w Q`xjws{Lbbjxklsk`m‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" @es`gjw <3/7<

X{luzbz" Xkm`c .<;;:+" „Olmlfjojms `h Q`xjws{ Lbbjxklsk`m Qw`fwlooju kmDlwmlsldl‛ km Je`mòke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" @es`gjw <3/7<

Vlcj" W`gjws .<;>>+" Xkbblfj Wjqzgbkeu" Elogwkcfj" Zmkxjwuks{ Qwjuu

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Linking Development and Poverty Alleviation in India