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LINUX РЪКОВОДСТВО НА МРЕЖОВИЯ АДМИНИСТРАТОР ОЛАФ КИРХ , ТЕРИ ДОУСЪН Linux Network Administrator’s Guide, Second Edition by Olaf Kirch and Terry Dawson © SoftPress Ltd. 2001. Authorized translation of the English edition © 2000 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. This translation is published and sold by the permission of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., the owner of all rights to publish and sell the same. Copyright 1993 Olaf Kirch. Copyright © 2000 Terry Dawson. Copyright on O'Reilly printed version © 2000 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Rights to copy the SoftPress printed version are reserved. The online version of this book, which at time of printing contains exactly the same text as the SoftPress printed version, is available under the GNU FDL. Rights to reprint the document under the FDL include the right to print and distribute printed copies of the online version. Appendix C contains a copy of the license. You can find the online copy of the license at http://www.soft-press.com/linux/index.html. The book is available online at http://www.soft-press.com/linux/index.html and may be reposted by others at other locations. Linux – ръководство на мрежовия администратор от Олаф Кирх и Тери Доусън За авторите Олаф Кирх има научна степен по математика , но обърна гръб на теорията на категориите и компактно свързаните мрежи след като зареди своето първо ядро на Linux някъде през 1992 г . Той с удоволствие си припомни радостта от изучаването на Unix чрез четене на кода на ядрото на Linux. От тогава до днес , той е участвал в различни проекти за Linux, включително с писане на големи части от неговата реализация на NFS и стартиране на първия пощенски списък за сигурност в Linux с Джеф Апхоф през 1995 г . В момента Олаф работи за Caldera Systems и отговаря за голяма част от мрежовите технологии , както и за въпросите , свързани със сигурността , като понякога се чуди дали мечтае или всичко това е реалност . В свободното си време се радва на присъствието на Мейрън и тяхната дъщеря Джул . А ако сте прочели биографията в първото издание на Ръководството на мрежовия администратор – Олаф вече има шофьорска книжка . Тери Доусън е радио оператор - любител и от дълго време е Linux ентусиаст . Той е автора на голяма част от свързаните с работата в мрежа HOWTO документи на Проекта за документиране на Linux и участва активно в много други Linux проекти . Тери има 15 годишен професионален опит в областта на телекомуникациите и в момента се занимава с изследване на управлението на мрежи в Telstra Research Laboratories. Тери живее в Сидни със съпругата си Маги и сина им Джак . Изданието на български език е публикувано от издателство СофтПрес ООД , 2001-2007 ISBN 954-685-146-9 Издателски колектив : Редактори : Стефан Христов , Зоя Драговчева Предпечатна подготовка : Светослава Анева - Веселинова Художествен редактор : Владимир Владимиров © Вълко Йотов , Христо Йонков , Ивайло Иванов , превод , 2001 Всички права върху печатното издание запазени . За контакти : Адрес : София 1407, П . К . 114 тел .: (02) 958 25 80, 958 25 67; факс : ( 02) 58 62 04 e-mail: [email protected] ; Web site: www.soft-press.com За дистрибуция : СофтПрес София – ул . “ Искърско шосе ” 19; тел .: 02/ 973 15 06; e-mail: iliev@soft- press.com СофтПрес Пловдив – бул . “ Руски ” 139, стая 104; тел .: 032/ 62 75 62; тел ./ факс : 032/ 62 27 47; e-mail: [email protected] СофтПрес Бургас – пл . “ Тройката ” 4; тел .: 056/ 80 02 31; факс : 056/ 80 31 39; e-mail: [email protected] СофтПрес Стара Загора – ул . “ Цар Симеон Велики ” 117; тел .: 042/ 60 27 75; e-mail: [email protected] СофтПрес Варна – бул . “ Васил Левски ” бл . 9, вх . А , ет . 2, ап . 11; тел .: 052/ 30 42 69; e-mail: [email protected] Съдържание 3
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LINUX РЪКОВОДСТВО НА МРЕЖОВИЯ АДМИНИСТРАТОР
Citation preview
1. LINUX , Linux Network Administrators Guide, Second Editionby
Olaf Kirch and Terry Dawson SoftPress Ltd. 2001. Authorized
translation of the English edition 2000 OReilly &Associates,
Inc. This translation is published and sold by the permission of
OReilly &Associates, Inc., the owner of all rights to publish
and sell the same.Copyright 1993 Olaf Kirch. Copyright 2000 Terry
Dawson. Copyright on OReilly printedversion 2000 OReilly &
Associates, Inc. Rights to copy the SoftPress printed version
arereserved. The online version of this book, which at time of
printing contains exactly the sametext as the SoftPress printed
version, is available under the GNU FDL. Rights to reprint
thedocument under the FDL include the right to print and distribute
printed copies of the onlineversion. Appendix C contains a copy of
the license. You can find the online copy of thelicense at
http://www.soft-press.com/linux/index.html. The book is available
online athttp://www.soft-press.com/linux/index.html and may be
reposted by others at other locations.Linux , Linux 1992 . Unix
Linux. , Linux, NFS Linux 1995 . Caldera Systems , , , . . . -
Linux . HOWTO Linux Linux . 15 Telstra ResearchLaboratories. . ,
2001-2007ISBN 954-685-146-9 :: , : - : , , , , 2001 . :: 1407, ..
114.: (02) 958 25 80, 958 25 67; : ( 02) 58 62 04e-mail:
[email protected] ; Web site: www.soft-press.com : . 19;.: 02/
973 15 06; e-mail: iliev@soft- press.com . 139, 104;.: 032/ 62 75
62; ./: 032/ 62 27 47; e-mail: [email protected] . 4;.: 056/
80 02 31; : 056/ 80 31 39; e-mail: [email protected] . 117;.:
042/ 60 27 75; e-mail: [email protected] . . 9, . , . 2, .
11;.: 052/ 30 42 69; e-mail: [email protected]
2. ............................................................
116 mgetty ......................................117
__________________________________ 19 5 ..........................
21 TCP/IP _____________ 121
....................................................... 21
/proc...............................122,
FTP....................................... 23
..................................... 123,
WWW.................................. 23
................................................. 24 6Linux Journal
Linux Magazine ............................................ 25
......................................................... 123Usenet
Linux ...........................................................
25 IP .............................................................
124 Linux ................................................. 26
.......................................................... 126
Linux ...................................... 27 hosts
networks............................ 126
Linux............................................ 27
IP...................................... 128 Linux
.................................................... 28
Loopback.......................................................129
............................................ 29 Ethernet
............................................................ 131
Linux ......................................................... 30
.............................................. 134
....................................................................................
31 .................................................... 135
.................................................. 33 PLIP
.............................................................. 136
....................................................... 34 SLIP PPP
.................................................. 137,
.......................................... 37
....................................................... 138
............................................................. 38 IP
.....................................................................
138............................................................................
39
ifconfig.....................................................................139
.......................................................................
40
netstat......................................................................143
1 .............................. 143 ________________ 41
............................ 145
.......................................................................................
41 .......................................................
146TCP/IP
.............................................................................
42 ARP ............................................ 147 64 TCP/IP
............................................... 43
_________________________________ 149Ethernet
......................................................................
45 ........................................................... 150
........................................................... 47
host.conf
.................................................................150
IP.......................................................................
50 nsswitch.conf
..........................................................153IP
.......................................................... 52
resolv.conf TCP
...................................................................
52
..................................................................
156
UDP...................................................................
54 .................................................. 158
..................................................................
54
DNS.......................................................................
159 ............................................................ 55
DNS..................................................... 162UUCP
..............................................................................
56 .................................................... 163
Linux......................................................... 57
................................................ 58 7
......................................................... 59
DNS.......................................................... 164
........................................................ 60
.................................................................
166 ....................................................... 61
named
..............................................................168 2
named.boot..............................................................169
TCP/IP __________ 65 host.conf BIND 8
............................................... 172
................................................................ 65
DNS......................................... 174IP
....................................................................................
66 named ....................... 179
............................................................. 69
............................................. 180IP
......................................................................
70 ........... 183IP
................................................................................
70 ...............................................
186.............................................................................
71 7
...............................................................................
72 IP _______________________ 187
................................................. 74
.....................................................................
188 ............................................................ 76
SLIP
.......................................................................
188 ICMP
......................................................................
77 IP ....................................................... 191
.......................................... 78
dip.....................................................................192
................................................................
1935
dip...............................................................195
....................................................... 199 3
__________ 81 8
........................................................ 85 PPP
___________________________ 203 Linux 2.0 - ........... 86 PPP
Linux
...........................................................................
205 Linux
pppd..................................................................
206 2.0.0 - ................................................... 90
............................................ 208 Linux
......................... 93 chat ...... 209
Ethernet............................................................
95 IP.............................................. 212 Ethernet
..................... 96 IP
........................................................ 213PLIP
..............................................................................
99 PPP ..................................... 214PPP SLIP
............................................................... 102
......................................... 217
................................................................
102 ..................................... 219 4 8 _________ 103
PPP............................ 221 ............... 104 PAP CHAP
............................................................... 221
............................... 105 CHA
............................................................ 223
......................................... 106 PAP
............................................................... 224
................... 108 ...................................... 226
........................................................................
109 - .................................. 226 .............. 111 PPP
..........................................................................
226
setserial..............................................................111
......................................................... 229 stty
.....................................................................114
........................................................... 231
9
3. TCP/IP ______________________ 233 NIS ............ 359
.......................................................................
234 14 ?................................. 236 __________________
361 IP ?................................. 238 N
FS..................................................................
363 Linu x ..................... 240 NFS
........................................................... 364, IP
........................ 240 NFS
...........................................................................
367 ipfwadm.......................................................
241
ipchains........................................................
242 11 iptables
........................................................ 242
exports..........................................................................
368 , .................. 242 NFSv2 .............. 371 IP ( 2.0)
................. 244 NFSv3 .............. 372
ipfwadm....................................................... 244
15 - ..................................................... 248 IPX
NCP _______________ 373 ipfwadm..................................
250 Xerox, Novell
.......................................................... 374 IP (
2.2).............................. 254 IPX
Linux................................................................................
375 ipchains.......................................................
255
Caldera.........................................................
376 ipchains....................................... 256
NDS......................................... 376
........................... 260 IPX NCPFS.........................
377 ipchains..................................... 261 IPX
...................................... 377
................................. 262 ,
IPX............................ 378 IP ( 2.4)
.......................... 269 IPX ........... 3789
ipx_configure.....................................................
378 ipfwadm ipchains..................... 272
ipx_interface......................................................
380 iptables
........................................................ 273 IPX
............................... 381 ........... 279 IPX
TOS................................................ 280 ipx_route
....................................................... 383 TOS
ipfwadm ipchains............ 281 IPX .......................... 384
TOS iptables .................................. 282 NetWare
........................... 386 ............. 283
ncpmount................................. 387
........................ 286 -
ncpmount................................. 388
NetWare................. 390 10 -
ncpmount........................................... 390IP
___________________________ 295 IPX ..... 391 IP
.................... 296
.......................................................... 391 IP
..................................... 296 NetWare .......... 392
....................................................... 297 bindary
......... 392 ........................................ 299 NetWare
......................................... 393 ICMP
..................................... 302 nprint lpd
.......................... 394
................................................. 304
..................................... 396 IP .................. 304
NtWare ................................................ 397
ipfwadm....................... 305 ipchains........................
305 12 iptables ........................ 306 16
............................................................. 306
TAYLOR UUCP ________________ 399
......................................... 307 UUCP
.................... 401 .............................. 308
uucico................................. 403 11 uucico
.................................... 404IP UUCP
.................................. 405
____________________________________ 309 Tay lor UUCP
.............................. 406 ........................... 312
UUCP................................................ 409 IP
......................... 313
........................................................ 410 IP
........................................... 314 Tay lor
................................ 411 IP ............... 317 ,
config.................................................... 41310
UUCP , ..................... 318 sys
......................................................... 413
.......................... 318 12 port
....................................................................
419 _______________ 321 dial.......... 421
inetd...............................................................
321 UUCP TCP
..................................................................
422 tcpd .................... 325
.......................................... 423
..................................... 327 UUCP.... 424
................................... 329
..................................................... 424
.................................................... 425
........................................................... 331
........................................................................
426 r- ............................................... 332
...................... 427 ssh................................ 333
UUCP ........................................ 427
....................................... 429 13 : ___________ 341
...........................................................................
429
NIS....................................................................
343
UUCP.................................................................
431NIS NIS+
.......................................................................
347 UUCP ............................................ 431
NIS.................................................... 347
..................................................... 432 NIS
...................................................... 348
............................ 433 NI S
...................................................... 349
................................. 434 NIS GNU libc
................................... 351
.................................................... 353 13 passwd
group................................. 356
......................................................... 435
4. uucico Wrong Time to Call............. 435 Usenet
?........................................... 523uucico ,
.................... 436 21 , __________________________________
527 chat- ....................................... 436
............................................................... 528
........................................................ 436
.............................................................................
530 , ... 437
sys.................................................................................
533 , active
............................................................................
537................................................................................
437 .............................................................
539 .................................... 437
............................................. 542 17
..........................................................................
546 __________________________ 441
........................................................ 548
?.............................................. 443
cancel............................................................
548 ?.......................................................... 446
newgroup rmgroup
............................................................
548E-mail
............................................................................
447 checkgroups..................................................
549RFC-822
.....................................................................................
448 .................................................... 448 16
.............................. 449 sendsys, version
senduuname............................................. 550
?......................... 450 News NFS
.................................................................
551 ........................... 450
.................................... 552 UUCP
............................ 452 22 UUCP
RFC-822............................................... 453 NNTP NNT
PD_______________________ 555
elm............................................................ 458
NNTP
...................................................................
557 elm...........................................................
458 ...................................... 558
.................................................. 459
............................ 559 18 NNRP .........................
560SENDMAIL __________________________________ 461
........................ 561 sen
dmail..............................................................
461 .......................... 561
sendmail........................................................
462 ....................................................... 562
.............................. 56214
.............................................. 563
............................ 463 ...................... 563
sendmail.cf sendmail.mc ................................... 463
........................... 564 sendmail.mc
...................................... 464
.................................. 564 sendmail.mc
.................. 465 ............................................
565 sen dmail.cf .......................................... 470
NNTP ............................................. 566 NNTP
...................................... 566
......................................................................
471 NNTP .......................... 568R S
sendmail.cf.............................................. 471 nntpd
NEWS................................ 569
...................................... 472 23
......................................................................
472 __________________________ 571
....................................................................
473 INN.................................. 571
................................ 474
INN..............................................................................
575 .................................... 475
INN................................................................
575 sendmail.............................. 478 INN:
...................... 576 sen dmail.......................... 480
INN...................................... 577 From:.... 480
........................................................... 577
............................... 481
...................................... 482 17
............................... 579 (SPAM)
.................................................... 484
.......................... 582 e-mail .................... 488
........................................ 587
........................................ 491
............................... 590
sendmail...........................................................
495 ................................. 592
.....................................................................
496
INN..................................................................
596 ....................................... 496 INN:
ctlinnd................................. 597
...................................................... 598
................................................................
497 ...............................................................
598 ............................ 498
.......................................................... 598 19
.............................................. 599
EXIM_____________ 501 / .................................... 599
Exim.................................................................
502 .................. 599 ................. 60015
....................................... 600
........................... 504
..................................... 600
Exim.............................................................
505 ................... 601
................................................ 506
.................................. 601
............................................ 508
.................................................... 602
...................... 508
................................................................
602 ......................................... 510 24
..................... 510 __________ 603
...................................................... 513 tin
.............................................................. 604
............................................................. 514
trn..............................................................
605 .......................... 515 nn
.............................................................. 606
UUCP ............................................................
516 A 20 : _________________________ 519 _____________________ 609
Usenet....................................................................
519 ................. 610 Usenet?................................
521
5. 2. Verbatim
Copying................................................................
61618 3. Copying in Quantity
............................................................ 616 4.
Mod
ifications........................................................................
617 _____________ 611 5. Combining Documents
........................................................ 619
PLIP........................................................ 611 6.
Collections of Documents
................................................... 619 null-
........................................................ 611 7.
Aggregation with
....................................................................................................
620 9. Termination
..........................................................................
620LINUX 10. Future Revisions of this License
........................................ 621, . ____________ 613 0.
Preamble
..............................................................................
614 1. Applicability and
Definitions.............................................. 614
___________________________ 623
6.
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8.
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9. [email protected]
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1993.,LDP,OReilly&Associates.,,.OReilly,,.,:LDPOReilly.,?TimOReilly,,,??"",",""".OReilly&Associates,().,,,.,,OReillyLinux(,),Linux,:.,LinuxOReilly.OReilly?.,,,Linux.,OReilly.LDP,.,.OReilly,.,,,.,?,,.(,,LDP,Linux).
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16.
,.13,14,,NISNFS.NIS,().NFS.15,IPXNCP,IPXNCP.Linux,NovellNetWare,Linux.16,TaylorUUCPTaylorUUCP,UUCP.Usenet.17,,,,.18,Sendmail,19,eximsendmailexim,,Linux.,exim,sendmailUUCP.20,Netnews23,,,UsenetCNews,nntpdINNUsenet.20,21,CNews,CNews,UUCP.CNews,NNTP(NetworkNewsTransferProtocol).22,NNTPnntpdNNTPnntpd,.23INN(InterNetNews).24,,.,
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18.
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,,..,.AlLongyear,AlanCox,AndresSeplveda,BenCooper,CameronSpitzer,ColinMcCormack,D.J.Roberts,EmilioLopes,FredN.vanKempen,GertDoering,GregHankins,HeikoEissfeldt,J.P.Szikora,JohannesStille,KarlEichwalder,LesJohnson,LudgerKunz,MarcvanDiest,MichaelK.Johnson,MichaelNebel,MichaelWing,MitchDSouza,PaulGortmaker,PeterBrouwer,PeterEriksson,PhilHughes,RaulDeluthMiller,RichBraun,RickSladkey,RonaldAarts,SwenThemmler,TerryDawson,ThomasQuinotYuryShevchuk.
19.
,.,,.,,,.,,,.?:1),2)3),AB..,.,,,,,,*.,,..TCP/IP,,,.UUCPIPX.UUCP.,.IPX,NovellNetWare,LinuxNetware..,.,.,.,;....,,,,.,,,.TCP/IP
.Linux,,,,,.,,(packetswitching).,.,.,. * ().
20. ,Unix,,TCP/IP.TCP/IP,,,.,TCP/IP. TCP/IP
TCP/IP(DefenseAdvancedResearchProjectAgencyDARPA)1969.ARPANET,,,,1975..1983.TCP/IP.ARPANET(ARPANET1990.),TCP/IP.,TCP/IP,,..,TCP/IPGrouchoMarx(GMU),.,,..,LinuxUnixerdos.,quark,:$
rlogin quark.physicsWelcome to the Physics Department at GMU(ttyq2)
login:,andres,.shell*quark,,.,.,TCP/IP:(remotelogin).quark,,,web.XWindow.,,DISPLAY:$DISPLAY=erdos.maths:0.0$exportDISPLAY,,quark,.,11erdos.,TCP/IPquarkerdos11,,..
* (shell) Unix. .. DOSprompt Microsoft Windows, -.
21.
TCP/IPNFS,NetworksFileSystem().,,.,,.,.(,),.NFS14,.,,TCP/IP..TCP/IP...Ethernet
Ethernet.,(),.Ethernet,10,1001000/(Mbps).Ethernet:(thick),(thin)a(twistedpair).Ethernet,.Ethernet"BNC",.Ethernet..""..Ethernet20050010base210base5.base()basebandmodulation,.Mbps,.,().10baseT,""Twisted().,100Mbps,100baseT.Ethernet,.,Ethernet,..,"",.,.Ethernet,PC$30(),.,Ethernet.,GMUEthernet,,..,.
22.
,,Ethernet.GMU,.Ethernet,,.,Ethernet,.,,Ethernet.,..,Ethernet.Ethernet,()1500.6,(NICNetworkInterfaceCard)Ethernet.e,,aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff.,,,.,.Ethernet,.,Ethernet30.Ethernet30.Ethernet60,.*
,GMU,Ethernet.,.Linux,.HOWTO,,,,.GMU,,FDDI(FiberDistributionDataInterface).FDDI,(tokens).,.,.,,100MbpsFDDI.FDDI,,,200,
*
EthernetFAQ(http://www.faqs.org/faqs/LANs/ethernetfaq/),webEthernetCharlesSpurgeonhttp://www.host.ots.utexas.edu/ethernet.
23.
GMU,.,IBM,TokenRingIBM.TokenRingEthernetFDDI,(4Mbs16Mbps),,.LinuxTokenRing,Ethernet,.,LANArcNetDECNet.Linux,..,.25.Tymnet,AustpacDatexP,..25,,,(.25)..25,..25,,PAD(PacketAssemblerDisassembler).PAD,..25,.25..25,TCP/IP.IP.25(),.25.Linux.25.,,FrameRelay(.).FrameRelay.25,IP..25,FrameRelay.,.,,,FRAD(FrameRelayAccessDeviceFrameRelay),EthernetFrameRelay.FrameRelayTCP/IP.Linux,FrameRelay.,,ATM(AsynchronousTransferMode).ATM,,,,(Q.S.QualityofService).ATM,,.ATMTCP/IP.NetworkingHOWTOLinux.,;(packetradio).,,.25().25..25,TCP/IP..25,.25,,TerminalNodeController(),,.
24.
."Z8530SCC",.,.25,NetRomRose,..25,.Linux.25,NetRomRose.AX.25HOWTOLinux.,(,ISDN..).,SLIPPPP,.
IP,Ethernet.,,.,GMU,,.GMUEthernet.FDDI.,(gateway),,EthernetFDDI.,Linuxquark,quark,.,.(sophus)niels,niels.erdosquark11.
FDDICampus FDDIBackboneMathematicsEthernet PhysicsEthernet
11.erdosquark.,.,,:IP.2,TCP/IP,I.IP,.,""...,IP.32,IP.IP,,8.,quarkIP0953004,149.76.12.4.,.IPv4(,4),IPv6
25.
,.IPv6.,:,quark,IP6Ethernet.,rloginquark,IPquark,IP,EthernetIP.2.,(hostnameresolution),IP(addressresolution)IP.IP
SLIPSerialLineIP(IP).SLIP,CSLIPSLIP,IP,,.PPPPointtoPointProtocol().PPPSLIP,.SLIP,IP,,.
TCP.quark,rloginerdosshellquark.,,.,.,IP,.,webNetscapeFTPGMU.,.quark,sophus.IP.,.,TCP(TransmissionControlProtocol),IP.TCP,IP,,.,TCP,..TCPIP..,,IP(),().,.
26.
rlogin,(rlogin)erdos513quark,,rlogind.TCP.,rlogind.TCP,,rlogin,TCP.
UDP,TCPTCP/IP.rlogin,NFS,TCP,UDP(UserDatagramProtocol).TCP,UDP,.,UDP,.,.TCP,.UDP.UDP.;,,.,TCP,UDP.,,.
.,().,,.,.,,.,,,513.TCP,.,quarkerdos,rlogin1023,1022.513quark.erdos.,,.,.rlogin.IETF(InternetEngineeringTaskForce),RFC,AssignedNumbers(RFC1700).,,.Linux/etc/services,.TCP,UDP,.,TCP513,,UDP513.,rlogin(TCP)rwho(UDP).
27.
Unix,,.Linux.UnixBerkeleySocketLibrary().,,.bind,,,(connect,listenaccept).,TCP/IP(AF_INET),,,(AF_UNIX).XNS(XeroxNetworkingSystem).25.Linux,Clibc.AF_INETAF_INET6TCP/IPAF_UNIXUnix.,AF_IPXNovell,AF_X.25.25,AF_ATMPVCAF_ATMSVCATMAF_X25,AF_NETROMAF_NTROSE().,,.UUCP
UUCP(UnixtoUnixCopyUnixUnix),,.,,.,.UUCPBellLaboratories1977.Unix.1978.80.,.,.UUCPUnix.,AmigaOS,DOSTOSAtari.UUCP,.,.UUCPUUCP.,,.,UUCP.,.UUCP,UUCP,.,rlogin.,UUCP,,.UUCP,.UUCP,,,UUCPUUCP,.UUCP,.
28. UUCP,,,,UUCPTCP/IP.
Linux,Linux.,,.UUCPLinux,TCP/IP1992.,RossBiro,Net1.Ross1993.,FredvanKempen,.Net2.Net2d1993.(0.99.10),AlanCox*.AlanNet2Debugged.,Net3,Linux1.0.Net3Linux1.2Linux2.0.2.2Net4,,.Net4Linux.Net4SLIPPPP(),FLIP(),IPX(Novell,15,IPXNCP),Appletalk(Apple)AX.25,NetRomRose().Net4IP,IP(9,TCP/IP10,IP),IP(11,IP).IP.Ethernet,FDDI,TokenRing,FrameRelay,ISDNATM.,,Linux.SMB,Samba,lanmanagerMicrosoftWindows,AndrewTridgell,NovellNCP(NetWareCoreProtocol)*.
Linux.Net2DebuggedLinux,Fred.Net2e,.Fred(DDIDeviceDriverInterface),Net2.TCP/IPMatthiasUrlichs,ISDNLinuxFreeBSD.BSDLinux..Linux,,.,
* [email protected] * NCP,Novell
29.
,.,,,upgrade,.Linux,.Net4.Net4.Linuxweb,.Linux,Linux,IPIPv6.
,Linux,,.,Linux.Linuxftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2x/,.Linuxftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2y/,y.Linux.Linux.
.,.,,..(log).shell,cron.innCNews..cronemail.,logroot.,root;root.,19,exim18,Sendmail.,,.,,.,emailroot,,,.,postmaster,newsmasterusenet.hostmaster,DNS,.
30.
..,,.,,..,,.,.,,,,...COPS,,.,,.shadowpassword,.,.,.,root(setuidroot),.,,,.,,TFTP(TrivialFileTransferProtocol),/boot.,TFTP.,TFTP/boot.*,.12tcpd,.9..,,,,,,..,.+,,,,
* 12,. + Unix(),setuidrootshell,root
31.
.#setuid,,.,,.rlogin,rshrexec,.,(),.rssh,.,.,,.,,,.,tripwireGeneKimGeneSpafford,.tripwire.,,.
# 1988.,RTM,,sendmail..
32. ,,comp.os.linux.*,SAGE,USENIX.SAGE.SAGE,,,.SAGE: USENIX
(LISA). JobDescriptionsforSystemAdministratorsTinaDarmohray .
ftp.sage.usenix.org, ,. , ,,,,,
.USENIXSAGE,USENIX(510)[email protected] .,[email protected] $25(USENIX).login:ComputingSystems,SAGE,.
TCP/IP
,,LinuxTCP/IP,IP,.,,,,.TCP/IPInternetworkingwithTCP/IPDouglasR.Comer(PrenticeHall).TCP/IP,TCP/IPNetworkAdministrationCraigHunt(OReilly).
,,TCP/IP,.,..,EthernetLinuxeth0eth1;PPP(8,PPP)ppp0ppp1,FDDIfddi0fddi1.,
33. ,.TCP/IP,IP,.,.,,.,,.MTU(MaximumTransferUnit)..,.IP
1,,IP32..*,TCP/IP,.IP,.21.,,,NIC(NetworkInformationCenter)+.IP,.,quark.phisycs.groucho.eduIP0954004,149.76.12.4.(dottedquadnotation).,IPe,,,.NICIP,,.,,IP.,,.,,IP.:1.0.0.0127.0.0.0..24,1,6.128.0.0.0191.255.0.0..16,32065,024.
* IP4.,IP6.IPv6.IPv6Linux,,.IPv6Linux,. +
IP,IP.,NIC,IP,[email protected] ://www.internic.net/
34.
192.0.0.0223.255.255.0,.2254.D,EF,224.0.0.0254.0.0.0,.IPMulticast,,.1,,149.76.12.4,quark,12.4149.76.0.0.,.,0255.,0,,,1,broadcast..,149.76.255.255,149.76.0.0..0.0.0.0127.0.0.0.,..loopback().,IP.127.0.0.0IP,.,127.0.0.1,(loopback),.IP,TCPUDP,,,.,.,.,;,UUCPIP,INN.Linux,INNloopback...,,.21.21.IP,.
10.0.0.010.255.255.255 172.16.0.0172.31.0.0
192.168.0.0192.168.255.0 IP,EthernetTokenRing.,,IP,?.
35.
IP.ARP(AddressResolutionProtocol).,ARPEthernetTokenRing,A.25.,ARP,,150:,,,X,.,.ARPEthernet,IP,Ethernet,broadcasting(),.Broadcast,ARP,IP.,,IP,ARP.,Ethernet.,,.,..ARP.Ethernet,ARP,,.,;EthernetARP.,ARP,IP.IP,Ethernet.,,.,,,Ethernet!,broadcast,IP.,RARP(ReverseAddressResolutionProtocol).BOOTP,.IP
,IP.;,.IP ,,,.,:,.:,,,,.IP.,.,.,.
36.
IP,.,IP.,IP.*,,Ethernet.IPIP.IP.,A,BC..,,(subnetmask)(netmask).32,IP.GMU.149.76.0.0,255.255.0.0.,GMU.,IP254149.76.1.0149.76.254.0.,149.76.12.0.149.76.1.0.IP,,.,255.255.255.0.21149.76.12.4,quark,,,.,.().,,(Ethernet),()(),..21..
;.,Ethernet,:.,(gateway).,.22GMU.,,. * .IP.
37.
IP,IP.,149.76.4.0.quark,erdosIP149.76.12.4,(sophus).sophus:.eth0fddi0.,IP?149.76.1.0149.76.4.0?22.GMUMathematicsDepartment
TheoreticalPhysicsDepartment FDDICampusBackbone
FDDIGrouchoComputingCenter
GMU.sophus149.76.1.1149.76.1.0149.76.4.1146.76.4.0.IP,.,.,sophus:
eth0 149.76.4.1 255.255.255.0fddi0 149.76.1.1 255.255.255.0lo
127.0.0.1 255.0.0.0loopbacklo,..,(erdos),IP,,,Ethernet,IP.,.
,IP,.,erdosquark,,.erdossophus,.sophus,quark,,,.niels,.sophus,.
38. IP,,.();,0.0.0.0.,32.,.sophus: 149.76.1.0 255.255.255.0
fddi0149.76.2.0 255.255.255.0 149.76.1.2 fddi0149.76.3.0
255.255.255.0 149.76.1.3 fddi0149.76.4.0 255.255.255.0
eth0149.76.5.0 255.255.255.0 149.76.1.5 fddi0... ... ... ...0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0 149.76.1.2
fddi0,sophus,;..,.,(AND),.:,,().IP,,.,,,,.IP?.,.,.,;,,.,,24.,,,.,,,..,IProute(5,TCP/IP).,;
39.
,..(GMU).RIP(RoutingInformationProtocol),BSDrouted.EGP(ExternalGatewayProtocol)BGP(BorderGatewayProtocol).RIPgatedCornell.
(hops).,,,.,RIP.16.RIP,gated.,gated.(loopback),,.,RIP.,gated,..*,,,,,.,RIPgated.
ICMPIP,.ICMP(InternetControlMessageProtocol),,.,erdostelnet12345quark,.TCPquark,ICMPerdos,,.ICMP,.,(redirectmessage).,,,.,erdos,.,FDDI,GMU(gcc1).,quarkgcc1niels.,gcc1,
* ,,..
40.
niels,ICMPsophus,.,.,,,RIPICMP,.ICMPRIP..,Linux.,,.,,ICMP.ICMP.
,TCP/IP,IPv4,32.,.,gaussstrange.IP,,.(hostnameresolution).IP,gethostname(3)gethostbyaddr(3).,,resolverlibrary;Linuxlibc.,(theresolver).6,.Ethernet,.,/etc/hosts.e/e,,,hosts.,,.(NIS),SunMicrosystems,YP.NIShosts(),.,,hosts.NIS13,.,HOSTS.TXT.NIC(NetworkInformationCenter).,.HOST.TXT,,,.NIC,,.
41. ,1994.:DNS(DomainNameSystem).DNSPaulMockapetris.DNS6.
TCP/IP,,.,.,,,Ethernet,FDDITokenRing,,PC.,.,Linux,.,,.Linux:ISA,PCI,MCA,EISA,,PCMCIA,,USB.,,?Ethernet.,:,.IBM,/,/.,,./.EthernetISA02800300.PCI/.,,.(autoprobing),,/,,.,,;,.,,.,.,,.,,.PCISA,15,0,1,3..15.,,IRQ(InterruptRequestNumber).*2,TCP/IP,,.,..Unix,/dev/.
* 29,IBMPC,;IRQ2.
42. ls - las
/dev/,.,(permissions),,,..b,,/,c,,.ls,,,(major)(minor).,...,tty/dev/tty,,c4,/dev/tty11,/dev/tty22.,,,.Linux/dev.Linux.,.,Etherneteth0,eth1.SLIP,.SLIP,.31,.KernelNetworking
CodeNetworkInterface Devicedriver Hardware SMC/3COMDriver
SMC/3Com31.,,,,.:..This processor honors the WP bit even when in
supervisor mode.Good.Swansea University Computer Society NET3.035
for Linux 2.0NET3: Unix domain sockets 0.13 for Linux
NET3.035.Swansea University Computer Society TCP/IP for NET3.034IP
Protocols: IGMP,ICMP, UDP, TCPSwansea University Computer Society
IPX 0.34 for NET3.035IPX Portions Copyright (c) 1995 Caldera,
Inc.Serial driver version 4.13 with no serial options enabledtty00
at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550Atty01 at 0x02f8 (irq = 3) is a
16550ACSLIP: code copyright 1989 Regents of the University of
CaliforniaPPP: Version 2.2.0 (dynamic channel allocation)PPP
Dynamic channel allocation code copyright 1995 Caldera, Inc.PPP
line discipline registered.eth0: 3c509 at 0x300 tag 1, 10baseT
port, address 00 a0 24 0e e4 e0,/ IRQ 10.3c509.c:1.12 6/4/97
[email protected] Version 2.0.32 (root@perf) (gcc
Version 2.7.2.1)#1 Tue Oct 21 15:30:44 EST
1997..,TCP/IPSLIP,CSLIPPPP.,Ethernet3C509eth0.DLink
43. ,dl0DLink.,,.Ethernet.
Linux,PC.,.,,.,.,,,;,.,Linux,.,,,.,,.LinuxRunningLinux(OReilly)*.,.,,,.Linux,:2.2.14..,.,12,,Intel...Linux,,.,,.Linux,,,..*makemenuconfig,,,.TCP/IP.,,y.
Linux 2.0 -,SCSI..?,,.(y),aa,(n),.,,(m).,,..,.,2.02.1: * Linux.. *
,;,,.,,/usr/src/linux/REPORTINGBUGSLinux.
44. ** Network device support ( )*Network device support
(CONFIG_NETDEVICES) [Y/n/?],Ethernet,SLIP,PPP,(y).y,Ethernet.,:PLIP
(parallel port) support (CONFIG_PLIP) [N/y/m/?] yPPP
(point-to-point) support (CONFIG_PPP) [N/y/m/?] y** CCP compressors
for PPP are only built as modules*SLIP (serial line) support
(CONFIG_SLIP) [N/y/m/?] mCSLIP compressed headers
(CONFIG_SLIP_COMPRESSED) [N/y/?] (NEW) yKeepalive and linefill
(CONFIG_SLIP_SMART) [N/y/?] (NEW) ySix bit SLIP encapsulation
(CONFIG_SLIP_MODE_SLIP6) [N/y/?] (NEW)
y,Linux.PPPSLIPIP.PPP,.,PPP,,,,PPPTCP/IP;,IPX.ymSLIP(SLIPsupport),,.(compressedheaders)CSLIP,TCP/IP.,CSLIP;.Keepalive
and linefill,SLIP,,.Six bit SLIP
encapsulationSLIP,8.unencodingbinhex,.PLIPIP.PC,DOS.PC,PLIPPPPSLIP,,,..,,.,,,:..Ethernet
(10 or 100Mbit) (CONFIG_NET_ETHERNET) [Y/n/?]3COM cards
(CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_3COM) [Y/n/?]3c501 support (CONFIG_EL1)
[N/y/m/?]3c503 support (CONFIG_EL2) [N/y/m/?]3c509/3c579 support
(CONFIG_EL3) [Y/m/n/?]3c590/3c900 series (592/595/597/900/905)
"Vortex/Boomerang" support/ (CONFIG_VORTEX) [N/y/m/?]AMD LANCE and
PCnet (AT1500 and NE2100) support (CONFIG_LANCE) [N/y/?]AMD
PCInet32 (VLB and PCI) support (CONFIG_LANCE32) [N/y/?]
(NEW)Western Digital/SMC cards (CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_SMC)
[N/y/?]WD80*3 support (CONFIG_WD80x3) [N/y/m/?] (NEW)SMC Ultra
support (CONFIG_ULTRA) [N/y/m/?] (NEW)SMC Ultra32 support
(CONFIG_ULTRA32) [N/y/m/?] (NEW)SMC 9194 support (CONFIG_SMC9194)
[N/y/m/?] (NEW)Other ISA cards (CONFIG_NET_ISA) [N/y/?]Cabletron
E21xx support (CONFIG_E2100) [N/y/m/?] (NEW)DEPCA, DE10x, DE200,
DE201, DE202, DE422 support (CONFIG_DEPCA) [N/y/m/?]/
(NEW)EtherWORKS 3 (DE203, DE204, DE205) support (CONFIG_EWRK3)
[N/y/m/?] (NEW)
45. EtherExpress 16 support (CONFIG_EEXPRESS) [N/y/m/?] (NEW)HP
PCLAN+ (27247B and 27252A) support (CONFIG_HPLAN_PLUS) [N/y/m/?]
(NEW)HP PCLAN (27245 and other 27xxx series) support (CONFIG_HPLAN)
[N/y/m/?]/ (NEW)HP 10/100VG PCLAN (ISA, EISA, PCI) support
(CONFIG_HP100) [N/y/m/?] (NEW)NE2000/NE1000 support (CONFIG_NE2000)
[N/y/m/?] (NEW)SK_G16 support (CONFIG_SK_G16) [N/y/?] (NEW)EISA,
VLB, PCI and on card controllers (CONFIG_NET_EISA) [N/y/?]Apricot
Xen-II on card ethernet (CONFIG_APRICOT) [N/y/m/?] (NEW)Intel
EtherExpress/Pro 100B support (CONFIG_EEXPRESS_PRO100B) [N/y/m/?]/
(NEW)DE425, DE434, DE435, DE450, DE500 support (CONFIG_DE4X5)
[N/y/m/?] (NEW)DECchip Tulip (dc21x4x) PCI support
(CONFIG_DEC_ELCP) [N/y/m/?] (NEW)Digi Intl. RightSwitch SE-X
support (CONFIG_DGRS) [N/y/m/?] (NEW)Pocket and portable adaptors
(CONFIG_NET_POCKET) [N/y/?]AT-LAN-TEC/RealTek pocket adaptor
support (CONFIG_ATP) [N/y/?] (NEW)D-Link DE600 pocket adaptor
support (CONFIG_DE600) [N/y/m/?] (NEW)D-Link DE620 pocket adaptor
support (CONFIG_DE620) [N/y/m/?] (NEW)Token Ring driver support
(CONFIG_TR) [N/y/?]IBM Tropic chipset based adaptor support
(CONFIG_IBMTR) [N/y/m/?] (NEW)FDDI driver support (CONFIG_FDDI)
[N/y/?]Digital DEFEA and DEFPA adapter support (CONFIG_DEFXX)
[N/y/?] (NEW)ARCnet support (CONFIG_ARCNET) [N/y/m/?] Enable arc0e
(ARCnet "Ether-Encap" packet format) (CONFIG_ARCNET_ETH)/ [N/y/?]
(NEW) Enable arc0s (ARCnet RFC1051 packet format)
(CONFIG_ARCNET_1051)/ [N/y/?] (NEW)..,,(NFS).NFS,,,:NFS file system
support (CONFIG_NFS_FS) [Y]NFS14,. Linux 2.0.0
-Linux2.0.0.(IPX)...,,NetworkingHOWTO..TCP/IP,y.n,,IPX:Networking
options---->[*] TCP/IP
networking(SLIP),.,,.,,.,.,,(9,TCP/IP):[*]IP:forwarding/gatewaying
46. IP.,,,,.IP(IPaliases):[*] Network aliasing IP: aliasing
supportIP(10,IP):[*] IP:
accountingPChugPC/TCPTCP/IPDOSPC.,Unix,:--- (it is safe to leave
these untouched)[*] IP: PC/TCP compatibility
modeRARP(ReverseAddressResolutionProtocol).RARPIP.,RARP.RARP,rarp,:
IP: Reverse
ARPMTUTCP,,IP.MTU(MaximumTransferUnit).,Ethernet,MTU,Ethernet1500.IP,,,,IP.*MTUIPTCP..y,.,(,SLIP),mssroute,:[
] IP: Disable Path MTU Discovery (normally
enabled)IP,SourceRouting().,,.RIPOSPF,.,.,:[*]IP:DropsourceroutedframesNovell
* ,IP,Ethernet
47. IPX,Novell.LinuxIPX;,Novell.NCPIPXNovell,(IPXNCP15,IPXNCP):
The IPX protocolLinux:AX.25,NetRomRose(,AX25HOWTO): Amateur Radio
AX.25 Level 2 Amateur Radio NET/ROM Amateur Radio X.25
(Rose)Linux:dummy().: Dummy net driver
support,PPP/SLIP.(loopback).,PPP/SLIP,,,IP.5,TCP/IP.IP,IP.
LinuxLinux.,.Linux.,,eth0eth1:lo.,.,.loopback.eth0,eth1,...Ethernet.Ethernet,Ethernet.tr0,tr1,TokenRing.TokenRing,,IBM.sl0,sl1,SLIP.,SLIP.ppp0,ppp1,PPP.SLIP,PPP,PPP.plip0,plip1,PLIP.PLIPIP.PLIP.2.0./,,SLIPPPP.
48.
ax0,ax1,AX.25.AX.25,.AX.25SLIP....NetworkingHOWTO,,AX25HOWTO.
EthernetLinuxEthernet.DonaldBecker,,8390NationalSemiconductors;Becker.Ethernet,Linux.Ethernet,,.LinuxEthernet,.,PaulGortmakerEthernetHOWTO,Linux.+comp.os.linux.answersLDP.,Ethernet,EthernetHOWTO,.,.,,DMAEthernet,DMA,SCSIAdaptec1542.DMA,Ethernet.EthernetLinux,Linux.,.,,,,;.
Ethernet
EthernetLinux,Ethernet..EthernetHOWTO/..,..,,.,,.,Ethernet.,,.,,,,,.PCI.,.
+ [email protected]
49.
,.,Ethernet,Ethernet,.lilo,,,appendlilo.conf.Ethernet,:ether=irq,_,[1,][
2,],.irq,_,.,,.IRQ,.IRQ.,3503IRQ5,9,3,4._/;,..WD80x3,.1debug.17,8;0.35032()(1).BNC,AUI.,..Ethernet,.Ethernet,Linuxlilo,.,,,.reservelilo,/,.,LinuxEthernet0300eth1,:reserve=0x300,32
ether=0,0x300,eth1reserve,/.,eth0:reserve=0x340,32
ether=0,0x340,eth0.,,Ethernet,.1_:ether=0,-1,eth0,"boot:"lilo.,Control,AltShiftlilo.Tab,,.,,,,.Enter,lilo,.,,/etc/lilo.confappend=.:boot=/dev/hdaroot=/dev/hda2install=/boot/boot.b
50.
map=/boot/mapvga=normaldelay=20append="ether=10,300,eth0"image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.14label=2.2.14read-onlylilo.conf,lilo,.PLIP
PLIP(ParallelLineIPIP),.,1020.PLIPCrynwr,Inc.(,,),IBMPC;,.#PLIPCrynwr,,,.PLIP0.,,8PLIPPLIP1.Linux2.0PLIP0.1patch2.02.2.%PLIP,PLIPCrynwr,PLIPNCSAtelnet.!PLIP,,NullPrinterTurboLaplinkcable.;,.PLIPLinux.NiibeYutaka.*,plip0lp0,plip1lp1..2.02.2.2.0drivers/net/Spacd.c.:
/ IRQplip0 0x3BC 7plip1 0x378 7 # !,,,,,.,.(NewHackersDictionary).
% Patch,2.0http://www.cyberelc.demon.co.uk/parport.html. !
NCSAtelnetDOS,TCP/IPEthernetPLIPtelnetFTP. *
[email protected] .
51. plip2 0x278
5,drivers/net/Spacd.c.2.2,PLIP"parport",PhilipBlundell.*,EthernetPPP,PLIPplip0,plip1...,./.parport_pc.o,,,lilo.IRQIRQproc/parport/*/irq./2.2.,,(PC)/02780x378,IRQ57,:modprob
parport_pc io=0x278,0x378 irq=5,7,:parport=0x278,5
parport=0x278,7,append.PLIP,,,plip.o,plip.plip0,plip1...,parport1plip0parport0plip1,:plip=parport1plip=parport0,.PLIP.PPP
SLIP PPPSLIPIP.PPPSLIP,IP(,).PPPSLIP;.TCP/IP,.4,.PPP8,PPP,SLIP7,IP.
Ethernet.,,,./usr/src/linux/Documentation/networkingLinux. *
[email protected]
52. 4
.,SLIP,PPPUUCP,.,,.(,,,),Linux,.,,setserialstty.,,SerialHOWTODavidLawyer.Linux.,,.Unixkermit.,,.,,,.minicom,DOS.X11.seyonX11...,,..,.,,,.UUCP.,..UUCPIanTaylor,Linux,16:TaylorUUCP.Fidonet.Fidonetifmail,,,,.PPPSLIP,.PPPSLIP,FTPweb
53.
.PPPSLIP,ISDN.Unix,tty.ttyTeletypedevice(Teletype),Unix..Linux,.Linuxtty:,(AltF1AltFnn)(,X11).tty,Unix.tty,.SLIPPPP.tty,Ethernet,ifconfig.,tty,.,tty.SLIP,PPP,tty.,,,.,.SLIPPPP,,,,.;SLIPPPP,.Unix,,/dev.,,.,.,,,,.,.4,ttyS0,ttyS1..5,;cua0,cua1..Unix,0,1.,COM1:/dev/ttyS0,COM2:
54.
/dev/ttyS1..,IBMPC,COM3:.cua(callout),,,.,..Linux,Unix,,,.,tty,.,tty,.(lockfiles).tty,,,.,tty.,,.,,,,;.,.,Linux.,LinuxFilesystemStandard,tty.,,,:/usr/spool/locks/,/var/spool/locks/,/var/lock//usr/lock/..,tty;.cua,.,,,,.ttyS,cua,,.cuattyS,,..,cua.,,.,,.!,.,LinuxFilesystemStandard,/var/lock/,ttyS1LCK.ttyS1.
55.
cua,.cua,,.,ttyS,LinuxFSSTND,,,,.,tty,.LOCKDIRMakefile.,,FSSTND.,,:stringsbinaryfile|greplock,,,/var/lock/.,.
.COM1:COM4:,COM63.,;.SerialHOWTO,.,COM2:.65,4.,ttyS1,.tty/dev/.,:$
1s -1 /dev/ttyS*0 crw-rw---- 1 uucp dialout 4, 64 Oct 13 1997
/dev/ttyS00 crw-rw---- 1 uucp dialout 4, 65 Jan 26 21:55
/dev/ttyS10 crw-rw---- 1 uucp dialout 4, 66 Oct 13 1997 /dev/ttyS20
crw-rw---- 1 uucp dialout 4, 67 Oct 13 1997 /dev/ttyS3465,.:# mknod
-m 666 /dev/ttyS1 c 4 65# chown uucp.dialout
/dev/ttyS1Linux,.root,;uucp.
56.
,,,./dev/modem,ttyS1.,modem,..RS232..().Linux,RS232.,.,.,,CTS(CleartoSend)RTS(ReadytoSend),:RTS/CTS.,,XON/XOFF.XON/XOFF,CtrlSCtrlR,.,,,,,.,.,XON/XOFF,.IBMPC,RS232UART,8250.PC486UART,16450.8250.,Pentium,UART,16550.(,Rockwell),16550.Linux.16550825016450,16FIFO().16550UART,16550,1655016550AFN(16550DN).FIFO;16550AFN,.NS16550,FIFO.825016450UART1.,16450.164509,600bpsISA.
,
57. COM1: COM4:. , UART FIFO 16550,
.,:setserialstty.setserial,.,100%.,,,.UART,,16FIFO,16450UART:,16550,.4,IRQ.,IRQIRQ.setserial,.setserialOsetserialrc.serial.,.setserial:setserial[],ttyS0.setserial.41.,setserial.41.setserial
port I/O. __ ,0x2f8. irq , . uartuart_type UART. 1645016550. none.
fourport ,ASPFourport. spd_hi UART57.6kbps,
58. 38.4kbps. spd_vhi UART115kbps, 38.4kbps. spd_normal UART
38.4kbps., spd_hispd_vhi . auto_irq IRQ. , IRQ.IRQ ,irq. autoconfig
port.,setserial UART,. auto_irq, IRQ. skip_test UART .,
UART.rc,,41.Linux.41:setserialrc.serial# /etc/rc.serial - .##
/sbin/setserial /dev/ttyS0 auto_irq skip_test
autoconfig/sbin/setserial /dev/ttyS1 auto_irq skip_test
autoconfig/sbin/setserial /dev/ttyS2 auto_irq skip_test
autoconfig/sbin/setserial /dev/ttyS3 auto_irq skip_test
autoconfig## /sbin/setserial -bg /dev/ttyS*
59.
bg/dev/ttyS*.42.42:setserialbg/dev/ttyS/dev/ttyS0at0x03f8(irq=4)isa16550A/dev/ttyS1at0x02f8(irq=3)isa16550Asttysttysettty(tty),.setserial,stty..stty.stty,.,ttystty.stty...;,,.,(),.sttycrtscts,;.rc.serial(),43.43:sttyrc.serial#sttycrtsctsDNS,.,IP,DNS,nslookup.,NotypeArecordsfound().,,,settype.SOAunc.edu,:
> unc.edu Server: tao.linux.org.au Address: 203.41.101.121 ***
No address (A) records available for unc.edu > set type=SOA >
unc.edu Server: tao.linux.org.au
107. Address: 203.41.101.121 unc.edu origin = ns.unc.edu mail
addr = host-reg.ns.unc.edu serial = 1998111011 refresh = 14400 (4H)
retry = 3600 (1H) expire = 1209600 (2W) minimum ttl = 86400 (1D)
unc.edu name server = ns2.unc.edu unc.edu name server =
ncnoc.ncren.net unc.edu name server = ns.unc.edu ns2.unc.edu
internet address = 152.2.253.100 ncnoc.ncren.net internet address =
192.101.21.1 ncnoc.ncren.net internet address = 128.109.193.1
ns.unc.edu internet address = 152.2.21.1MX: > set type=MX >
unc.edu Server: tao.linux.org.au Address: 203.41.101.121 unc.edu
preference = 0, mail exchanger = conga.oit.unc.edu unc.edu
preference = 10, mail exchanger = imsety.oit.unc.edu unc.edu name
server = ns.unc.edu unc.edu name server = ns2.unc.edu unc.edu name
server = ncnoc.ncren.net conga.oit.unc.edu internet address =
152.2.22.21 imsety.oit.unc.edu internet address = 152.2.21.99
ns.unc.edu internet address = 152.2.21.1 ns2.unc.edu internet
address = 152.2.253.100 ncnoc.ncren.net internet address =
192.101.21.1 ncnoc.ncren.net internet address =
128.109.193.1ANY,.nslookup,,.NS,: > set type=NS > . Server:
tao.linux.org.au Address: 203.41.101.121 Non-authoritative answer:
(root) name server = A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET (root) name server =
H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET (root) name server = B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET (root)
name server = C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET (root) name server =
D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET (root) name server = E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET (root)
name server = I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET (root) name server =
F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET (root) name server = G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET (root)
name server = J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET (root) name server =
K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET (root) name server = L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET (root)
name server = M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET Authoritative answers can be found
from: A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 198.41.0.4
H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 128.63.2.53
B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 128.9.0.107
108. C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.33.4.12
D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 128.8.10.90
E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.203.230.10
I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.36.148.17
F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.5.5.241
G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.112.36.4
J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 198.41.0.10
K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 193.0.14.129
L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 198.32.64.12
M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 202.12.27.33helpnslookup.
,BIND..,,.hostcvtBIND/etc/hostsnamed.()(PTR),.,,SOAMX.,.hostcvtBIND,LinuxFTP.,.,:dnswalk,Perl.nslint.DNS,,,.hostdig,DNS.DNS..dnswalknslinthttp://www.visi.com/~barr/dnswalk/ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/nslint.tar.Z.hostdigftp://ftp.nikhef.nl/pub/network/ftp://ftp.is.co.za/networking/ip/dns/dig/.IPIPIPX,.,,delimitation.EthernetLAN,SLIPPPP.IP,.,SLIPPPP,.,,,FIFO.SLIP.PPP.,;.
109.
LinuxSLIPPPP.,..SLIPPPP,,..,DNS.PPP:DNSIP/etc/resolv.confSLIPIPSLIP.,;shell,SLIP..,SLIP;Linux,.SLIP.tty,SLIPDISC.tty(DISC0),,read(2)write(2),SLIPtty.SLIPDISC:tty,,,SLIP.SLIPSLIP.SLIP,SLIP,VanJacobsen(RFC1144)IP..,.SLIPslattach.,/dev/ttyS3SLIP.:#
slattach /dev/ttyS3
&ttyS3SLIPDISCSLIP.SLIP,sl0;sl1..,256SLIP.,slattach,SLIP.,p.SLIP(),:#
slattach -p slip /dev/ttyS3 &71.,adaptive,SLIP.
110. 7-1. Linux SLIP slip SLI.cslip SLIPVanJacobsen.slip6 SLIP.
uuencode,SLIPASCII, ,,cslip6 SLIPVanJacobsenadaptive ;
.,,.,cowslipSLIP,.SLIP,,,,,.,adaptiveslip..slattachSLIP,,,PPPKISS(,)..slattach(8).SLIP,.ifconfigroute.,cowslipvlager.vlager:#
ifconfig sl0 vlager-slip pointopoint cowslip# route add cowslip#
route add default gw
cowslipcowslip,cowslip,cowslip.ifconfig:pointopoint,vlagerslipSLIP.,,EthernetvlagerSLIP.,vlagerslip172.16.1.1.,SLIP.IP,..vlagerslip,SLIP.SLIP,cowslip,routedel,hangup(
111. )slattach.,:# route del default# route del cowslip#
ifconfig sl0 down# kill -HUP 516:516(psax)slattach,slip,. IP
5,TCP/IP,EthernetIP,,.;vlagercowslip,,.,vlager.SLIPIP(,cowslip).,vlager,ftp,telnetlynx,.telnet,vlager,.,vlager.WWW,,proxyvlager,.,vlager,.()IP,(firewall).,.9,TCP/IP.11,IP,Linux,IP,proxy.,IP192.168.5.74SLIP.,,,,,/etc/hosts,vlagerslip.SLIP.
dip,.,,.,,,,SLIP.dip.DipDialup IP. FredvanKempen.,:
112.
dip337puri,LinuxFTPmetalab.unc.edu.Dip,,SLIP.,.SLIP,diproot.dipsetuidroot,SLIProot.,dip.,SLIP.SLIP,SLIPdip,.setuidroot19.rootdip,sudo.
,,SLIPcowslip,dip,cowslip.dip,.dip:# dip cowslip.dipDIP: Dialup IP
Protocol Driver version 3.3.7 (12/13/93)Written by Fred N. van
Kempen, MicroWalt Corporation.connected to cowslip.moo.com with
addr 192.168.5.74#71.71:dip# dip cowslip# get $local vlager-slip
get $remote cowslip port ttyS3 # speed 38400 # modem HAYES # reset
# tty flush # # . send ATQ0V1E1X1r wait OK 2 if $errlvl != 0 goto
error dial 41988 if $errlvl != 0 goto error wait CONNECT 60 if
$errlvl != 0 goto error# OK, 19 diploginsetuidroot..
113. sleep 3 send rnrn wait ogin: 10 if $errlvl != 0 goto error
send Svlagern wait ssword: 5 if $errlvl != 0 goto error send
knockknockn wait running 30 if $errlvl != 0 goto error# SLIP print
Connected to $remote with address $rmtip default # mode SLIP # SLIP
# error: print SLIP to $remote
failed.cowslipSLIP,dip.SLIP.,dipk.dip, dip,/etc/dip.pid:# dip
kdip,($).dip,.,$remote$local,SLIP.get,dip.vlagercowslip..reset ,.
,.:41988,cowslipSvlager,knockknock.waitdip,;,,,,.,if.,,default,SLIP,mode,SLIP.
dip dip. , , dip help. , . help:
114. # dip -tDIP: Dialup IP Protocol Driver version 3.3.7p-uri
(25 Dec 96)Written by Fred N. van Kempen, MicroWalt
Corporation.Debian version 3.3.7p-2 (debian).DIP> helpDIP knows
about the following commands:beep bootp break chatkey
configdatabits dec default dial echoflush get goto help ifinc init
mode modem netmaskonexit parity password proxyarp printpsend port
quit reset securidfixedsecurid send shell skey sleepspeed stopbits
term timeout waitDIP> echoUsage: echo
on|offDIP>,,DIP>,,.,,.
Dip,.,port,,speed,databits,stopbitsparity,.modem.,,HAYES().dip,dialreset.reset;.HayesATZ.flush,.,,reset,,OK.init,.,HayesATE0Q0V1X1,,().,,,.dial.,HaysATD.echoecho.echoon,dip,.echooff.
115. ,dipa.dip,,,.,Ctrl]. getgetdip.,cowslip.dip.,,ask:DIP>
get $local askEnter the value for $local:
_.,.,SLIPIPSLIP,,,,,."Youraddress:192.168.5.74",dip:# wait address:
10get $locip remote
print,,dip.dip.:DIP>printUsingport$portatspeed$speedUsingportttyS3atspeed38400
Dip..$local$locipIP.$local,dipIP$locip.,,IP$locip;dip,$local.$remote$rmtip,.$mtuMTU.,,get.,,print;$modem,$port$speed.$errlvl,.0,.
if goto
116. if,if.:if goto
$errlvl,$locip$rmtip.;op==,!=,,=.goto,..send, wait
sleepchatdip.send.,Cnbbackspace().(~)/.wait,,..wait;,1$errlvl..sleep,;,login.,.mode
defaultSLIP.modedip,.,.mode.dipSLIP,CSLIP,SLIP6,CSLIP6,PPPTERM.dipadaptiveSLIP.SLIP,dipifconfig,route,.,,defaultmode,dip,SLIP.
SLIP.SLIP.SLIP.SLIP.,SLIPArthurDentdent.beta.com.dent,passwd:dent:*:501:60:Arthur
Dents SLIP account:/tmp:/usr/sbin/diplogin
117.
dent,passwd.dip,diplogin.,diplogindip./etc/diphosts,IPSLIP,/.,sliplogin,BSD,,shell,.SLIPdent,dip.SLIP,dip/etc/diphosts.SLIP./etc/diphosts:#
/etc/diphostsuser:password:rem-addr:loc-addr:netmask:comments:protocol,MTU
7-2.72:/tc/diphosts user ,dip, .password /etc/diphosts
.(/etc/passwd SLIP., login , rem-addr ,. ,IP.loc-addr IP,SLIP.
,.netmask ,. SLIP,remadd ., .comments ,/e .protocol , pslattach.MTU
,. ,., MTU,,.MTU
.dent:dent::dent.beta.com:vbrew.com:255.255.255.0:Arthur
Dent:CSLIP,296
118.
dentSLIP.IP,dent.beta.com255.255.255.0.IPvbrew.comCSLIPMTU296.dent,diplogindiphosts.,diplogin.,,diphosts.,.passwords/keydipS/Key,S/Key.,dip.,diploginCSLIPSLIP..diplogin.diplogin.dip,setuidroot,diplogindip.diploginsetuid,dip.PPPSLIP,PPP,;,SLIP.,PPPIP.,SLIP,.,,IP.,,SLIP.PPP.PPP.PPP;,RFC
20RFC
.Using&ManagingPPP(OReilly)AndrewSun.PPPHDLC(HighLevelDataLinkControl),PPP16
21
.SLIP,PPP,IP,IPXNovellAppletalk.PPPHDLC,,.LCP(LinkControlProtocol)HDLC.,MRU(MaximumReceiveUnit),.20
RFC.21 ,HDLC,ISOX.25
119.
PPP.,.,(),.,.PPP;..,:PAP(PasswordAuthenticationProtocol)CHAP(ChallengeHandshakeAuthenticationProtocol).,(IPAppleTalk)NCP(NetworkControlProtocol).IP,,PPP,IP,.,IPCP(InternetProtocolControlProtocol).IP,PPPVanJacobsonIP.TCP.CSLIPVJ.IPCP.PPP
LinuxLinux,PPP:,(HDLC,IPCP,IPXCP..)pppd,PAPCHAP.PPPLinuxPPPpppd,chat,.PPPMichaelCallahanPaulMackerras.pppd
22PPP Sun386BSD,DrewPerkins,PaulMackerras.LinuxAlLongyear.chat
23KarlFox
.SLIP,PPP.PPP,,,PPP.PPP,HDLC(HDLC16),.PPPIP,VanJacobson,IPX.pppd,.pppd.PPP,.,pppd.Using&ManagingPPPpppdREADME22
PPP,Linuxnetvger.rutgers.edu.23 [email protected] .
120.
pppd,,.PPPHOWTO.PPPLinux.,PPP,,IRCLinux.,comp.protocols.ppp.,,pppd.
pppdPPP,loopback.5,TCP/IP,6,./etc/resolv.conf,,DNS.;(),..,,DNS,,.6,named.,PPPpppd,,vlager.,PPPc3poppp.c3poPPP.,,,,:#
pppd /dev/ttyS3 38400 crtscts
defaultroutettyS3PPPIPc3po.,,38400bps.crtscts,9600bps.,pppd,LCP.,,pppd,,.,IP.,c3po,.pppdIP,IPCP,IP.IPpppd,,...Ethernet,IPEthernetPPP.,pppd.IP.IPCP,pppdPPP.PPP
121.
,ppp0PPP,ppp1..,.pppd,c3po,defaultroute24.IP,,c3po;,,.pppd,.
pppd,.,.(#)./etc/ppp/options,,pppd.,,.,pppd(PAPCHAP),auth.,PPP,.,;connect.,/etc/ppp/options,.ppprc../etc/ppp/options:#pppd,vlager.vbrew.comlock
#UUCPauth #usehostname #CHAPdomainvbrew.com
#lockpppdUUCP.,,,/dev/ttyS3,LCK..ttyS3,,.,minicomuucico,,PPP..,~/.ppprc.
chat ,,pppd.dip,pppd,shell.,, 24 .
122.
pppdconnect.pppd.pppd,chat,..,chat.,,expect,DonLibes.,Tcl,.,,,/,,,expect.,expect.,expect,connectpppd.,,,,pppd.,.chatchatUUCP.,chat,,..chat:ogin:b1ffssword:s3|
123. chat,ps.,chatdialc3po.chat,f,.,chat.,dialc3po: ATZOK
ATDT318714CONNECT ogin: pppword:
GaGariNchat,,,,,,.,.pppd:#pppdconnect"chatfdialc3po"/dev/ttyS338400detach
crtsctsmodemdefaultrouteconnect,,:detach,pppd,modem,.,pppdDCD,,.,;chat.,,.BUSYNOCARRIER,,.chat,,,ABORT:$chatvABORTBUSYABORTNOCARRIERATZOK...chat,TIMEOUT.,chat:,BREAK(Enter..)..,,.,,,.chat:ogin:BREAKogin:pppssword:GaGariN
124. chat,BREAK,.,;,.
IPIPIPCP.,IPCPConfigurationRequest(IPCP),,.,,.pppdIPCP,.,. IP
IPIP;PPPIP.PPP,IPPPP.PPPIP,,.PPP,,;,.IP.PPP,,.6,IP.,IP.PPP,IP,,DNS,IP.,;,,IP,26.,pppdc3poIP.IP.,pppd.,vlager,IP,,,c3po,.PPP.,pppd:_:___27.pppd
26 http://www.dynip.com/http://www.justlinux.com/dynamic_dns.html
27 CHAP.PPP.
125.
IP,.IPCP,IP28.IP,,pppd.,noipdefaultlocal_addr.noipdefaultpppdIP,.,,remote_addr.,vlagerIP130.83.4.27,130.83.4.27:.,,local_addr.,pppd,.
PPP
,pppd.,,;.,pppd,defaultroute.,PPP,,.,,.,,oneshot.,vlagerPPP.vlagerIP,,proxyarppppd,ARPoneshot.oneshot..,.,PPP,,,.,.Ethernet,IP172.16.3.0,3.PPP,.VlagerPPP;vbourbonIP172.16.3.1.2,:.vbourbonvlager,vlager.vlagervbourbon3,vbourbon.,route,PPP,.,
28 ipcpacceptlocalipcpacceptremotepppdIP,PPP,.,pppdIP.
126.
pppd,ipup.shell,/etc/ppp,pppd,PPP.,:ipupifacedevicespeedlocal_addrremote_addr(,shell):
$1 iface ,,ppp0.$2 device (/dev/tty,stdin/stdout).$3 speed .$4
local_addr IP,.$5 remote_addr
IP,.,ipup:#!/bin/shcase$5in172.16.3.1) #thisisvbourbon routeaddnet
172.16.3.0gw172.16.3.1;;...esacexit0,/etc/ppp/ipdownipup,PPP.,/etc/ppp/ipdownroute,,/etc/ppp/ipup..PPP,PPP.,,vbourbon,vlager.,gated.vlager,.
127.
LCP(LinkControlProtocol),.,LCP,AsynchronousControlCharacterMapMaximumReceiveUnit.LCP,,.AsynchronousControlCharacterMap,asyncmap,,,,(),,.,escape()XONXOFF,,XOFF.Ctrll(escapetelnet).PPPescapeASCII031,asyncmap.asyncmap32,.ASCIINULL,ASCII31.32ASCII.,,escape.,escape,,asyncmappppd,asyncmap.,^S^Q(ASCII1719,XONXOFF)escape,:asyncmap0x000A0000,.32.ASCII00(NULL),ASCII32.,,escape,,.,pppd,.."0x",,.,asyncmap0xffffffff,,escape.,,.,asyncmap,.,asyncmap0x0,.escape.MRU(MaximumReceiveUnit),HDLC,.MTU(MaximumTransferUnit),.MTU,.MRU,MRU;1,500.
128.
,MRU,,.,MRU296,(FTP).pppdMRU296,mru296.MRU,VJ(),,IP.,pppdLCP,,,,.,.,,LCPecho.PPP,EchoRequestEchoResponse.pppd.lcpechointerval.,pppdEchoRequestEchoResponse.,.lcpechofailure.,.PPP.,Ethernet().,PPP.root,.,pppdsetuidroot.,pppd,.,pppd,/etc/ppp/options,,,.,,.connect.rootpppd,,connectnoauth/etc/ppp/options.,rootconnectpppd.,pppd,/etc/group,PPP.pppd,.,dialout,,:#chownroot/usr/sbin/pppd#chgrpdialout/usr/sbin/pppd#chmod4750/usr/sbin/pppd
129. ,,PPP.,,.,IP,,..PPPPPP,:PAP(PasswordAuthenticationPr
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