Lisa Sanzenbacher Illinois Institute of Technology
[email protected] Please look at the notes sections in the
presentation in Normal View if there are technical difficulties
with the audio. Slide 2 Outline Interest in Algae Converting
Sunlight to Chemical Energy Resulting impacts of manufacturing
algal fuel Comparing the impacts to other fuel sources Using Algae
to Help Coal Algae as a Transportation Fuel Legal Considerations
Part 2 Slide 3 Interest in Algae For over 50 years, algae was known
to be a renewable source of energy Slide 4 Reliance on Fossil
Energy for Transportation Fuel 95% of the united States
transportation fuel comes from petroleum United States relies on
foreign oil: imports 3 billion gallons per year Slide 5 Department
of Energy funded ASP in 1970s and 1980s Funding died in 1990s
because of cheap price of petroleum First oil shock facilitated
Aquatic Species Program Fuel from algae first discovered in the
1950s EPA notes: Transportation sector 2 nd largest contributor to
GHG emissions Climate change and energy security Issues revitalized
algal research Slide 6 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Renewable Portfolio Standards mandate an increase in non-corn based
fuels Algae to provide biomass based diesel other advanced fuels 21
billion gallons by 2022 Slide 7 Research is booming Slide 8
Harnessing the Suns Energy Moving away form petroleum allows us to
use a renewable source of energy, but it comes with its price Slide
9 what is algae? 2 nd Generation Renewable Biofuel characterized by
Higher solar energy yield Year-round cultivation Ability to utilize
gray waters and non-arable lands Produces biodegradable biofuels
Multi-cellular plant Cholorphyll Occurs naturally in lake and
streams with high amounts phosphorus and nitrogen Slide 10
converting sunlight into a fuel Growth Photobioreactor Open ponds
Photosynthesis 10%solar energy conversion efficiency Carbohydrate,
Oxygen Nutrient Restriction Less nutrient less growth, more lipids
De-water Extraction Transesterification Slide 11 Algal Impacts Life
Cycle Impact Assessment reveals high energy requirements for
biodiesel production Electricity for pumping, sparging, dewatering
Natural Gas for heating Slide 12 Energy, Economic &
Environmental Comparison Energy Output, Price & GHG
Contribution DieselSoybeanAlgae Net Energy Ratio* 0.191.640.93
strain to pump GHG # 17-71-75 Price per gallon $3.19$4.20$2.50- $25
Fuel Combustion Emissions * MJ consumed/MJ produced # gCO2e/MJ
DieselSoybeanAlgae mpg10.93 CO10.57 PAH10.20 pm10.45 SO 2 100 NO x
11.13 * B100 blend Slide 13 Energy & Environmental Comparison
Environmental Impacts of Making Fuels Algae Requirements: Sunlight
CO2 Water (some) land Nutrients like Nitrogen & Phosphorus
Slide 14 Using Algae to Help Coal One industrys trash is another
industrys treasure Slide 15 From Waste to Resource Algal
Requirements CO 2 Water Sunlight Land Nutrients Coal Plant Waste CO
2 Waste Water/ effluent Sulfur Ash & Slag NOx If algae promises
to be the next source of transportation fuel Requires a lot of
clean CO2- more than what atmosphere can provide 40 billion gallons
algae fuel requires CO2 from 32% of all US coal power plant Slide
16 IGCC as Source of CO 2 GE's IGCC with CO 2 capture process
Integrated Gas Combined Cycle gasifies coal to H 2 and CO (syngas)
Removes impurities like sulfur Ability to use Illinois bituminous
coal H 2 and CO fires first gas turbine to produce electricity
Exhaust heat fires second steam turbine generator to produce
electricity again CO combusted with controlled O 2 to produce CO 2
CO2 can be sequestered The General Electric Company. This material
may not be copied or distributed in whole or in part, without the
prior written permission of the copyright owner Slide 17 IGCC as
Source of Additional Algal Inputs Eni Project, Monterotondo, Italy
Sequestered carbon directed to nearby algae plant Convert NOx into
ammonia, a fertilizer for algae React CO with H 2 to create
methanol CO + 2H 2 CH 3 -OH Methanol is a necessary and expensive
reactant to create biodiesel Future Gens IGCC Plant 1 2.5 MMT CO2
50,000 120,000 gallons biodiesel annual Slide 18 Algae as a Source
of Biomass Algae can make 30% oil 70% dry biomass Midwest
Generation Biomass Cofiring Test with 10% biomass blending Lower
fuel costs 3.5 5% SO2 reduction No reduction in pm, NOx Slide 19
Siting Algae Plant adjacent to IGCC Plant Siting Algae plant near
existing IGCC plants Legal Benefits No extensive energy to pump
thousands of feet underground Potential SDWA issues averted,
possibly CERCLA? Economic benefits $400,000 per MW to sequester
Carbon Typical 500MW plant $200 million Global Energy Wabash River
LP ASU and Steam Injection Algae + IGCC still not a cure all Mining
coal causes Acid Mine Drainage Slide 20 Algae as a Transportation
Fuel Slide 21 Biodiesel + Hybrid Vehicles Slide 22 First Car to run
on algae biodiesel 2005 Algaeus 2009 Peugeot 3008 HYbrid 4 Spring
2011 Algae + Hybrid Vehicles still not a cure all NOx emissions
contribute to upper respiratory tract infections Slide 23 Legal
Implications Considerations for Algae Biodiesel Slide 24 Regulatory
Questions Helping the Electricity Generation Sector CAA NSR? SDWA
CWA CERCLA Helping the Transportation Sector CAFE standards EPA +
NHTSA joint ruling 34.1 mpg 202 CAA RPS Slide 25 Conclusions Algae
is a good start algal biodiesel will almost completely replace
conventional biodiesel Slide 26 Conclusions But algae is not the
answer But analytical results show that algal biodiesel will not be
the major energy source in 2040
