• List four mechanisms of evolution.• Define natural selection• List four examples of evolution• Differentiate Darwinian and today’s evolutionary

theory• What is speciation?• Differentiate between allopatric and sympatric

speciation• How can comparative molecular biology be used

as evidence of evolution • List two potential ways of prezygotic and two ways

of postzygotic speciation and give an example of each.

• What major event occurred 2.1 billion years ago in the earth’s history? How is this event related to the endosymbiotic theory?

• What does the “RNA world” hypothesis state?• List the conditions that must be present in H-W

equilibrium.• What is adaptive radiation?• Describe the composition of the ancient atmosphere.• Cystic fibrosis is a recessive condition that affects

about 1 in 2,500 babies in the Caucasian population of the United States. Please calculate the following. – The frequency of the recessive allele in the population.– The frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

1. You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is 36%. Using that 36%, calculate the following: A. The frequency of the "aa" genotypeB. The frequency of the "a" alleleC. The frequency of the "A" alleleD. The frequencies of the genotypes "AA" and "Aa." E. The frequencies of the two possible phenotypes if "A" is completely dominant over "a."

2. Within a population of butterflies, the color brown (B) is dominant over the color white (b). And, 40% of all butterflies are white. Given this simple information, calculate the following:

A. The percentage of butterflies in the population that are heterozygous.

B. The frequency of homozygous dominant individuals.

Use the table below to build a cladogramTaxa

Characteristics

sharks Ray finned fishAmphibian

s RodentsCrocodile

s Birds

feathers 0 0 0 0 0 1

egg with shell 0 0 0 0 1 1

amniotic egg 0 0 0 1 1 1

four limbs 0 0 1 1 1 1

bony skeleton 0 1 1 1 1 1

State the rule of parsimony.

• Calculate the mean increase (individuals/year) on the graph between years 1997 and 2005. Round your answer to the nearest whole number.

• What type of growth did you observe on the graph on the previous page? What is the mathematical formula we use to describe the rate of this growth?

• How does the growth curve change in the population reaches the carrying capacity?

• Name one density-dependent and one density independent limiting factor that will limit the growth of the population.

• What type of selection will act on the population when the carrying capacity is reached?

• What are the reproductive strategies that apply on this selection?

• Complete the charts on the board on energy transfer in an ecosystem.

• Describe the carbon cycle• Describe the nitrogen cycle• Define isomers and list the three types of

isomers that we learned. Give an example of each.

• Describe the types, structure and function of carbohydrates

• Describe the types, structure and function of lipids.

• Two body colors exist in Cheravian voles, a rodent. These colors are light gray and smoky gray. They live on an isolated island with no mammalian predators, but the Hamlet bearded dragon does prey upon these rodents. The voles usually forage on the rocks, which are light gray. State a hypothesis for why the light gray voles are the prominent phenotype. Predict what would occur if a volcanic eruption nearby covered the rocks with a dark ash.

• If a fruit fly population of 240 flies is in H-W equilibrium, 180 of them have non-spotted wings (dominant).– What are p, q, p2, 2pq, and q2 for this population?– What percentage of the flies are homozygous

recessive?– What percentage of the population are carriers of

the spotted wing allele but do not have spots on their wings?

• Identify the molecules below and name their function.

• Describe the structure of proteins and list their function.

• Choose a specific protein function and explain how the structure fit to perform this function.

• Describe the structure and function of nucleic acids.

• List all learned homeostatic processes and go through the steps of each.

• List four ways of enzyme regulation and describe how it is performed.

• List three evolutionary trends of animal digestion and describe how these changed in various groups of animals.

• List the learned ways of excretion in animals and explain how excretion changed in different groups of animals.

• Explain how transport processes are used in animal excretion.

Which beaker contains a solution that is hypertonic to the bag?

• Which bag would you predict to show the least change in mass at the end of the experiment?

Name the process that is performed in the bags and describe how it occurs in a cell.