764 List of Antibiotics According to their Sites of Action

List of Antibiotics According to their Sites of Action The antibiotics are arranged in various inhibition categories on the basis of

the available information on their primary sites of action. Occasionally, the same antibiotic is listed under two headings because two sites of action might be possible. The action of some of the antibiotics are exactly known whereas, in­formation on others is less exact and their position in the table will have to be changed as more information becomes available.

Cell Wall Synthesis Bacitracin Cephalosporin D-Cyc1oserine O-Carbamyl-D-serine Penicillin Ristocetin Vancomycin

Membrane Function Albomycin Amphotericins Antimycoin Ascosin Bacitracin Candicidin Candidin Circulin Colicin E 1, K Colistin Endomycin Etruscomycin Filipin Flavicid Fungichromin Gramicidin S, J 1, J 2, A Gramicidin B, C, D Hamycin Lagosin Nystatin Pentamycin Perimycin Pimaricin Polyenes Polymyxins Rimocidin Streptomycin Trichomycin Tyrocidines Valinomycin

Ribonucleic Acid Metabolism Aurantin Chromomycin Cinerubin Colicin E 1, K, E 2, 1 a, 1 b Daunomycin

Griseofulvin Kanamycin Minomycin Mithramycin Neomycin Nogalamycin Novobiocin Olivomycin Phytoactin Pluramycin Streptomycin Streptonigrin

Deoxyribonucleic Acid Metabolism Actidione Actinomycin Bruneomycin Cinerubin Colicin E1, K, E2, 1a, 1b, E2, CA-42 Cyc10heximides Daunomycin Edeine Griseofulvin Mitomycin A, B, C Novobiocin Phleomycin Pluramycin Porfiromycin Sarkomycin Streptonigrin Xanthomycin

Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis Angustmycin A Azaserine Cordycepin Decoyinine DON (6-diazo-S-oxo-L-norleucine) Hadacidin Psicofuranine Sangivamycin Sarkomycin Toyocamycin Tubercidin

Protein Synthesis

Acetoxycyc1oheximide Actinospectacin

List of Antibiotics According to their Sites of Action 765

Actiphenol Amicetin Angolamycin Bacitracin Blasticidin S Bluensomycin Carbomycin Catenulin Chalcomycin Chloramphenicol Chlortetracycline Colicin E2, E3, 1 a, 1 b Cycloheximide Demethylchlortetracycline Dihydrostreptomycin Edeine Erythromycin Fermicidin Framycetin Fusidic Acid Fusidin Gentamycin Glutarimides Gougerotin Hygromycin B H ydroxystreptomycin Inactone Kanamycin Kasugamycin Lancamycin Lincomycin Mannosidostreptomycin Methymycin Mikamycin Minomycin Naramycin B Neomycin Niromycin Nucleocidin Ostreogrycins Oxytetracycline Pactomycin Paromomycin Protomycin Pristinam ycins Puromycin

Rifamycin Sarkomycin Sparsomycin Spectinomycin Spiramycin Staphylomycins Streptimidone Streptogramins A, B Streptomycin Streptonigrin Streptoviticins Synergistins Tenuazonic Acid Tetracycline Vernamycins Viomycin Viridogrisein

Respiration Antimycin Ai, A2, A3, A4, A-35, A-102 Aurovertin Flavensomycin Nigericin Oligomycins Patulin Pyocyanine Rutamycin Usnic Acid

Oxidative Phosphorylation Aurovertin Colicin E 1, K Dinactin Gramicidin S, J 1, J2, A, B, C, D Monactin Nonactin Oligomycin Rutamycin Trinactin Tyrocidine Usnic Acid Valinomycin

Other Sites Bacitracin Novobiocin Sideromycin

Subject Index Page numbers in italics refer to formulae and tables

acetoxycycloheximide 277ff., 283, 286 4-0-acetyllarcanose 367 N-acetylcandidin (NAC) 132f. acety1cycloheximide 432 N-acetylglucosamine 3, 5, 112, 748 - complexes 682 N-acetylmuramic acid 3, 5 - -, pentapeptides 112 "achromycin" 259 acidomycin 666 actithiazic acid 666f. actidione 283, 297 actinamine 740 actin antibiotics 759 actinomycetin 681 ff. - bacteriolysis 681 f. - detection of producing organisms 681 actinomycin (AM) 203, 206, 497, 714ff. -, attachment site 724 -, chromophore, reduction of 715 - DNA complexes 714ff. - - complexes, dichroism 719 - - complexes, proposed model 717ff.,

724 actinomycin D 177f. -, effects on cell functions 715 -, indispensable functional groups 715 ff. -, intercalation with DNA 718 - peptide chains 716f. - resistance 724 - -, converted to sensitivity 724 -, toxicity 198 f. -, unnatural electron carrier 715 actinospectacin see spectomycin actiphenol 287, 297 adaptation, bacterial 25 f. adaptive enzymes, inhibition of formation

679, 728 adenine, conversion to guanine 299 -, incorporation 204, 248 adenocarcinoma 452 adenosine 465, 471, 496 - 3' 5'-phosphoric acid (cyclic AMP) 263 adenylic acid 182, 452 adenylosuccinate 453 - synthetase (inosine-5 '-phosphate:

L-aspartate ligase) 453 aklavin 191 ff.

aklavin, antimicrobial spectrum 193 alanine racemase 40, 705 - -, inhibition 59f., 72f. D-alanine 40 - activating enzyme 69 - antagonism with O-carbamyl-

D-serine 71 - antagonism with cycloserine 49ff.,

69 - carboxypeptidase in peptidoglycan

synthesis 710 - formation from L-alanine 40 - incorporation, prevented by

D-cycloserine 41 - peptides 40, 51, 68, 706, 711ff. D-alanine: D-alanine ligase (D-ala-D-ala­

synthetase) 40, 705 - - ligase, inhibition by cycloserine

59ff., (table) 61, 72ff. D-ala-D-ala adding enzyme 40, 73 f. D-alanine-D-glutamic transaminase,

inhibition by cycloserine 59, 65f. alazopeptin 481 albomycin 153f., 499, 502ff., 508£., 514ff. -, antibiotic action 153 -, spectrum 509f. aldehyde oxidase 555, 565 allomycin = amicetin amber mutants 732, 735 ambiguity in ribosomal translation 735f. amicetin (allomycin, sacromycin) 762 amino acid acceptor activity of sRN A 496 - - activating enzymes 652 - - activation 265, 295, 347f., 363,

392, 408, 448f. - - decarboxylase 336 - - incorporation into cell wall 106ff. - - incorporation into protein 154,

294f., 364, 370, 373, 392, 395, 406, 411 ff., 422f., 430ff., 436ff., 448, 730f., 740

- - incorporation into sRNA 659ff. amino acid incorporation system 315 ff.,

346ff., 361, 702 - - oxidation 334, 337 D-aminoacid oxidase 69 aminoacid polymerization 315ff., 318,

383, 408

Subject Index 767

L-amino acid transfer 264, 295, 347f., 408 - - transfer, inhibition by puro-

mycin 267ff. - - transport 487, 660f. - - uptake 448 amino acids, aromatic 486 - -, aromatic, biosynthesis 313f. aminoacyladenylate 264ff., 406 aminoacyl sRNA 370, 373f., 392, 400,

406,431,435, 441ff., 444, 449, 659ff., 728, 730, 732, 752, 759f.

- -, messenger directed binding to ribosomes 348

- -, synthetases 495 - transfer RNA 348ff., 362, 414f. amino adipic acid 13 7-aminocephalosporanic acid 13 aminoglycoside antibiotics 726ff., 738ff. 5-amino-4-imidazole-carboxamide 471 2-aminopurine 714, 719 aminosidine 662 amphotericin A 124 - B 122ff., 749 -, effects on metabolic processes 125f. ampicillin (6-D-O(-aminophenylacetamido-

penicillanic acid) 34, 711£. AMP-pyrophosphorylase 455 O(-amylase 336£. angolamycin 367, 370ff., 754 -, antibiotic spectrum 369 angustmycin A 464ff. angustmycin C see psicofuranine anthracycline antibiotics 190ff. - -, chromophore 192 - -, constituents of (table) 191 f. - -, sugar components 192 antibiotic C-73 287 antibiotic E-73 286 antibiotic P A-94 see cycloserine antibiotic U-20 661, 761 antibiotic, cytotoxicity 761 antibiotic 1787 (= grisein) 504 antibiotic 6270 (echinomycin-like) 761 antibiotic 22765 (sideromycin) 507, 516,

532ff. - - antibiotic spectrum 511 anticodon 730 "O"-antigen, protection from penicillin 31 antimetabolites 475 antimycin A 542ff., 543, 757 - -, binding site 573ff., 577f. - -, chemical characteristics vs. inhibi-

tory activity 566ff. - -, conversion to inhibitory form 576 - -, derivatives 566f. - -, detoxification 549 -, fungistatic spectrum 544f.

antimycin A, fungistatic, inhibition of blood clotting 757

antimycin A, inhibition of respiration, reversal of 757f.

- -, reaction with oxidized component of oxidative chain 577

- -, synthetic analogs 558f. - - synthetic analogues, inhibitory

activity 558f. -, toxicity 543ff., 544ff. -, toxicology 548 antimycoin 124 antineoplastic activity 197 antipiricullin 542 antitumor agents, potentiation by

hadacidin 454f. apyrimidinic acid 715 arginine incorporation, effect of vanco-

mycin on 112 - desimidase 753 ascosin 124, 133 ATPase 601, 604f., 614, 632, 640,

661 f. -, K+jNa+ dependent 589ff., 595ff.,

604f., 632, 649 -, PTH dependent 598f., 601 f., 604ff. ATP-cleavage, inhibition by angust-

mycins 467 - synthesis 161 f., 587, 601 - utilizing systems 603 aurantin (Au) 178f., 179 aurovertin 600, 601 ff., 649 azaserine (O-diazoacetyl-L-serine) 481ff. -, antibiotic spectrum 482f. 6-azauracil454f. azide, potentiating novobiocin 662 aziridine ring in mitomycins 211 f., 225 f.,

231 aziridinomitosene 231 azotemia 753

bacitracin 90f., 658f., 706 Bacitracin A, antibiotic action 90f. -, complex with Cd2+ 92 - interference with cell membrane func-

tion 94, 711 f. -, mechanism of action 92 -, metal binding properties 92, 95 f. -, nephrotoxic symptoms 91 -, stability in presence of metals 96 -, toxicity 91 "bactericidal action" 26, 397f., 642, 726f.,

741 bacteriocidins 29 bacteriocins 684ff., 689ff., 692 -, assay for 684 bacteriocins, mechanism of action 686

768 Subject Index

bacteriocinogenic strains, identification of 684

bacteriophages 190, 193, 215f., 218, 232, 644, 684f., 690, 701, 715, 719, 727, 732, 734f., 760, 762

-, maturation 715 -, production 762 bacteriostatic action 312, 369, 379, 397,

460, 642, 679 base-pairs (purine-pyrimidine) 718f. biotin-antagonism 667 blasticidin S 434ff., 435, 752 blastidic acid 434 blastmycin 542, 566 blood, clotting of, inhibited by antimycin

A 757 bluensomycin 738ft., 738 bruneomycin 762 -, clinical use 762

candicidin 124f., 132f. candidin 124f., 132f. capsular polysaccharide 2 O-carbamyl-D-serine 40ff., 69ff. -, antibiotic spectrum 70 -, effect on glutamate incorporation 71 -, enzyme effects 72ff. -, mode of action 40, 74 -, properties 70 -, reaction with pyridoxal 70 -, synergism with cycloserine 49 carbohydrate metabolism 528, 537f. - -, enzymes 640 carbomycins 367, 370ff., 371, 754 -, antibiotic spectrum 369 carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone 236 carboxylic acid production 534 carcinoma cells (Helius Lettre strain) 194 carriers in oxidative phosphorylation 573,

589ff., 594ff., 601, 603ff., 632 -, phospholipid, in peptidoglycan syn-

thesis (membrane-bound) 706 catalase 336 catenulin see paromomycin cell cultures 310 - division and action of novobiocin 656f. - functions, requiring Mg++ 652ff. - lysis 691 - membrane 1, 27, 122, 128, 727 - mitosis 195 - surface 684 - wall 2ff., 184, 681, 685, 690f., 705ff. - - biosynthesis 313, 341, 705ff. - - composition, difference in Gram +

and Gram - organisms 3 - -, fixation of bacteriocins 689, 692 - - penetration 686

cell wall permeability 543 - - polysaccharide 748 - - synthesis 41, 88, 113, 390, 405,

651 f., 659, 705f. - - synthesis, action of bacitracin

93, 711 f. - - synthesis, action of penicillin 8f.,

26f., 93 - - synthesis, action of ristocetin 86 - - synthesis, action of vancomycin

105f. cephalin 145, 644 - phospholipids 643 cephaloglycin 13 cephalosporin 1, 12ft., 705, 710, 748 - derivatives, antibacterial spectrum 14f. -, mechanism of action 12 Cephalosporin PI 305 cephalosporinase (p-Iactamase) 14 cephalothin 13, 710, 712 -, action in cell wall synthesis 14, 710f. - resistance 14 -, synergism with polymyxin 14 cetylammonium bromide 146 chain formation of Streptococcus taecium

657, 660 chalcomycin 367, 446ff., 447 -, antibacterial spectra 446f. -, toxicity 447 f. p-D-chalcose 367 charge-transfer complex 653f. chelating agents 341 ff., 521, 653 chitin synthetase in microsomal fraction

129 chloramphenicol 217, 308ff., 309, 347,

349,371,381,383,392, 395ff., 406, 436, 443f., 658f., 701, 751, 756

-, antibiotic spectrum 310 -, bacterial degradation 323 -, binding to ribosomes 316, 400 -, chemical derivatives 321 -, conformation, resembling UMP 752 -, detoxification 311 -, glucuronide conjugation 311 -, growth inhibition 311 f. - particles 702 -, stereoisomers 309 -, structural analogs 751£. -, structure-activity relationships 321 f. -, toxicity 310f., 311 7-chlortetracycline (CTC) 332f., 333, 444,

753 chloroplasts 564f., 751, 755 chlorpromazine 662 chloromycetin 693 chlorophyll biosynthesis 338, 394, 678 cholesterol 129f., 132f.

Subject Index 769

chromomycinone 246 chromomycin 246ff. -, metal effects 248f., 256 chromosomal damage 176, 195 chromosomes 246f. -, fragmentation 623 -, morphology and actinomycin 715 cinnamonin 666 cinerubin 191, 193, 195 -, antibacterial spectrum 193 -, antineoplastic activity 198 -, complex with DNA 199 -, effect on melting of DNA 202 circulin 142, 144, 145, 750 -, reciprocal resistance to polymyxins

144 ex-L-cladinose 367 clavacin 621 clavatin 621 claviformin 621 code see genetic code codon, recognition of - by anticodon 730 -, termination 317 coenzyme Q 563, 565, 575, 619 - - oxidase 554 Coenzyme QH2: cytochrome c reductase

(Complex III) 555, 560f., 564ff., 568ff., 574ff., 615, 758

- -: cytochrome c reductase, cleavage 570f., 758

colicins 215, 692, 696ff., 761 -, classification 696f. - (colicinogenic factor) 696 -, transport into cells 761 colistin 142, 144f., 145, 750 -, antibacterial spectrum 142 (table 143) - inactivating enzyme (colistinase) 750 colistinase 750 competence to correct mutation 735 Complex III see coenzyme QH2: cyt

c-reductase "conditionally streptomycin dependent"

(CSD) mutants 729, 732f., 735 control mechanisms 651 cordycepin 468ff., 469, 756 -, antibacterial spectrum 469 -, incorporation into nucleic acids 474,

477f. -, toxicity 474 -, trypanocidal properties 756 Cordycepin N'-oxide 475 cordycepose 471 cotton pellets carcinoma 198 Crabb hamster sarcoma 452 Crocker sarcoma 180, 198, 669 cross-linked DNA, properties and appli-

cations 234f.

49a Gottlieb/Shaw - Action

cross-linking of mucopeptide 10f. cross-resistance 381 f., 448 cyclohexane-diaminetetraacetic acid

(CDTA) 97 cyclohexenimine 226 cycloheximides 283ff., 297ff., 432, 649 -, conformational structures 285, 289 -, cytological effects 290 -, effect on energy metabolism 293 -, inhibition of protein synthesis 292ff. -, morphological effects 290 -, reversal of toxicity 292 -, structure vs. activity 289f. -, toxicity 284, 297 D-cycloserine (D-4-amino-3-isoxazolidone)

28, 40ff., 659, 705 -, analogs 51 f., table 52ff. -, antibiotic action 47, table 48 -, chelation with bivalent metals 47 -, conformation 63 -, enzyme effects 59f. -, mode of action 40f., 68 -, properties 42 -, reaction with pyridoxal 44 -, synergisms with other antibiotics 47 L-cycloserine 69 cyclothreonines 62 ff. -, conformation of 64 cytidine-diphosphoribitol accumulation

11 - - polyribitol formation from 111 cytidine incorporation into RNA 300 cytochrome 551, 556, 561 ff., 565, 568f. cytochrome b 567 cytochrome c 553, 557f., 560, 569,618 cytochrome c oxidase 561, 615, 618, 625 cytochrome c reduction 571 cytocidal effects 477 cytoplasmic membrane, action of poly-

mycin on 145 cytosinine 434 cytosine arabinoside 236 cytostatic effects 477

daunomycin (Da) 190ff. -, action on cell cultures 194 -, antimicrobial activity 190, 193 -, antiphage activity 194 -, antineoplastic activity 195 ff. -, antiviral activity 190 -, complex with DNA 199ff. -, toxicity 198f. daunomycinone 190 daunosamine 190, 192 decarboxylases, inhibition by cycloserine

68 decoyinine, see angustmycin A

770 Subject Index

defense systems, systemic 24, 29 5-dehydroshikimic acid 314 6-demethylchlortetracycline (DMTC)

332f., 333, 753 6-demethylgriseofulvin 186 3'-deoxyadenosine, see cordycepin 3'-deoxy ADP (cordycepin diphosphate)

475 3'-deoxy AMP (cordycepin mono­

phosphate) 470, 475 3'-deoxy ATP (cordycepin triphosphate)

470, 474, 478 2-deoxY-L-fucose 192 3' -deoxyinosine 471 deoxypolynucleotides, copolymers 719 ff. -, helical, spectral changes 721 f. -, -, synthesis, interaction of

actinomycin with 715 -, -, template function 722f. -, -, thermal denaturation 721 deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates 302 2-deoxystreptamine 739 2'-deoxytubercidin 495 dermatophytes 183 desferrioxamine 503, 516f. ,B-D-desosamine 367, 383 diamine oxidase 118 oc,y-diaminobutyric acid 4, 145, 147 meso-diaminopimelic acid 4, 710 2,6-diaminopurine 454f., 714, 719ff. - nucleotides 723 - ribonucleoside 723 dianemycin 615 diaphorase 224 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine (DON) 472,

481ff. -, antibiotic spectrum 482f. 2,6-dichlorphenolindophenol 563 dicoumarol224, 551, 588 digitonin 131 diguanido inositol 726 dihydrocycloheximide 289 dihydronovobiocin 652, 654f. dihydrosarkomycin 157, 159 dihydrostreptomycin 726 dilysyl-puromycin 271 2,3-dimercapto propanol (BAL) 575,

623f., 672 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonic

acid 147, 149 dinactin 649 2,4-dinitrophenol162, 236, 551, 587ff.,

592ff., 595 ff., 614, 644f., 699, 759 4,6-dinitroquinoline-1-oxide 236 2,6-dinitrothymol 588f. disaccharide pentapetide units of

peptidoglycans 706

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 154, 162f., 167ff., 174f., 202f., 215ff., 219, 222, 233ff., 249, 320, 397,474,477, 497, 678, 692, 699ff., 727

- actinomycin complex 714ff. - alkylation 719 - - by mitomycins 215 ff., 233 ff. - - - porfiromycin 233 -, binding groups 203 - breakdown 215 ff., 222, 694, 701 f. -, buoyant density 202 - complexes with antibiotics 168, 177f.,

199f., 203f., 249, 254, 678, 714ff. - crosslinking 215, 222, 234ff. - degradation 217, 751, 762 -, denatured 740 - double helix 168, 202, 208, 652, 715,

717ff., 721 ff., 761 -, episomal 218, 748 -, "fraudulent" (containing cordycepin)

474, 477f. -, - (- tubercidin) 497 -, glycosylated from T even phages

719 -, gradient centrifugation 720f. -, helical, B conformation 718 -, -, major groove 718f. -, -, minor groove 717ff., 724 -, host 218f. -, intercalation 178, 203, 718 -, melting 202 -, nonglycosylated 719 - polymerase 162,167,170,174, 207f.,

218, 397, 660f., 719f. -, reactive sites 232f., 717ff. - "repair" 222 - replication 320 -, single stranded 718 - synthesis 154, 161f., 169f., 173,

175£f., 185, 207f., 215f., 299, 235, 252, 261 f., 302, 320f., 338, 397, 405, 407, 411, 472, 692f., 699ff., 728, 741,757, 760, 762

-, template 761 -, thermal denaturation 201 -, - transition 202 -, viral 218f. - viruses 1 77 - viscosity 203 f. DNase inhibition 751 DOPA-decarboxylase 69 doric in 389, 392 DPNH oxidation 176 drug resistance, multiple 748 - - transfer factors, extrachromosomal

episomal 748 duazomycin A 481

Subject Index 771

eburicoic acid 404 edeine 169ff. Ehrlich carcinoma 166, 198,452,465 - ascites carcinoma 157, 159f., 166,

195f., 253, 361, 469, 474ff., 589,669, 751, 761

electron transfer 573, 660f., 661 f., 715 - - catalysts 522 - - complexes 561 - - particles (ETP) 569f., 574,587,603 - - processes 573 - transport 135, 562,618, 625f. - -, mitochondrial 135, 557ff. - -, reversal 594 - -, synergizing mitomycin action 236 encephalomyelitis virus 193 endomycin 124 energy metabolism 293, 312, 593, 693,

699 - transfer coupled to respiration 604f. - transformation, mitochondrial 589f.,

601 enteroviruses 363 enzymes, changes in antibiotic resistant

mutants 75 -, formation, inhibition by tetracyclines

335ff., 344ff. -, glycolytic 644 -, inhibited by antimycin A 552ff. -, requiring Mg2+ 652ff. -, synthesis, adaptive 670, 728 - -, induced 204f., 215, 261 episomes 218, 748 ergosterol 129f., 132 erythrocytes 495, 646, 749f. -, polyene sensitivity 131 ff., 749f. erythromycins 366ff., 374, 378ff., 396,

443£.,465,659, 754, 755 -, antibiotic spectrum 379 -, combination with penicillin 34 -, degradation 381 -, resistance 219 etamycin see viridogrisein ethionine 453 etruscomycin 124, 130 exchange reactions with ATP 591 ff., 601 expansin 621 extrachromosomal (episomal) drug

resistance factors 748

feedback control 651 fermentation 424, 548 fermicidin 288 ferric-ions in siderochromes 502 ferrimycin 502, 505, 506 ferrimycin A, antibiotic spectrum 511,

515

49b Gottlieb/Shaw - Action

ferrioxamines 502, 503, 517 ferritin 363 ferredoxin 564 ferrichrome 520f. fibroblasts 194f., 469, 495ff., 623, 671 -, cultures 194f., 469 filipin 124, 126, 131 f. -, action on fungi 749 fish poison 542, 546 flavensomycin 617ff. -, antibacterial spectrum 617 -, toxicity 617 5-fluoruracil 236 flavicid 124 3-formamido salicylic acid 543 flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) 344 - mononucleotide (FMN) 342, 564 "fraudulent" DNA, containing

cordycepin 474, 477f. - -, - tubercidin 497 flavoproteins 342 Flexner-J obling carcinoma 484 frameshift mutation 732 framycetin, see neomycin Friend virus leukemia 361, 452 fucidin (Na-salt of fusidic acid) 404ff. fumarase 615 fungichromin 124 fusidic acid 405

fJ-galactosidase, induction 92, 204f., 336, 644, 658, 691, 732

genetic code 727ff., 731 ff., 737ff. - -, misreading of 760 - - misreading of, by streptomycin

727, 729, 731 f., 737, 739, 741 - -, transition misreading (PufPu or

PyfPy) 731 - -, transversion misreading (PufPy

or PyfPu) 731 - information, fidelity to translation

728 - suppression 735 ff. gentamicin 739f. "ghosts" of bacteria 7 glucose metabolism and polymyxins 148 - oxidation 118, 334f., 390, 394, 397,

421 glutamate accumulation 341 -, energy dependent synthesis 595, 614 - oxidation 312 L-glutamic acid: L-alanine transaminase

65ff. -: y-aminobutyric acid transaminase

65,69 -: L-asparagine transaminase 65 ff. glutamic acid metabolism 530f.

772 Subject Index

D-glutamic acid metabolism 40 glutamine 481, 485f. - metabolism 161 glutarimide antibiotics 288f. - derivatives 283, 288f. glutathione 623f., 645 glycerol teichoic acids 5 glycolysis 126f, 133f., 160 glycolytic enzymes 652 - phosphorylation 589 glycopeptide see mucopeptide - synthesis see mucopeptide synthesis gougerotin 278f., 279, 752, 756 -, antibiotic spectrum 278 gramicidins 642f£., 649 -, toxicity 643 Gramicidin B, C, D 642ff. Gramicidin S 01' 12) 636ff., 639, 716 - S, toxicity 639 grisein 499, 502, 514ff. - antibiotic spectrum 510, 514 griseofulvin 181 f., 182 -, antifungal activity 181 f. -, cytological effects 183 -, uptake 186 guanine 458f., 465, 714, 718, 723 - alkylation 718 - deamination (abolishing AM-

complex-formation) 719 - in DNA, binding group 203, 233 guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in protein

synthesis 265, 273 guanylic acid (GMP) 182,452,457 - -, biosynthesis from XMP 458£.,

465f. guanylic acid-pyrophosphorylase 455 Guerin tumor 457

hadacidin (N-formyl-hydroxyaminoacetic acid) 451f£.

-, antitumor agents and 454f. -, reversal of inhibition 453 -, structural analogs 454 hamycin 124, 132f. HeLa cells 173f., 194f., 204, 261, 452,

589,678 helvolic acid 405 hemin (catalase) synthesis 522f., 526, 537 - iron enzyme hypothesis 523 ff. - requiring mutants of S. aureus 529f.,

537 hemolysis 131, 643 hemolytic acitivity of streptococci,

elimination by penicillin 31 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N -oxide

(HOQNO) 556f., 562, 567 Hodgkin's disease 179

host DNA 218f. - resistance factors against penicillins

23f. hydrophobic interactions 203 hydroquinines 224f., 227 hydroxylases 336 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine 232 5-hydroxymethyl uracil 232 3-hydroxypicolinic acid in strepto-

gramines group B 394 7-hydroxyporfiromycin 212 hydroxystreptomycin 726 5-hydroxytetracyc1ine (OTC) 332f., 333 hygromycin 739 hypoxanthine conversion to AMP 453

"immune adherence" 25 immune lysis 31 inactone 283, 287, 297 induced enzyme formation 92, 126, see

also ,B-galactosidase infectious disease, definition 20 "infective heredity" 322 inflammatory reaction 24 inosinic acid (IMP) 452f. - - dehydrogenase 460 inositol 726 intercalation with DNA 178, 203, 718 invader-host-antibiotic interaction 1,

26f£. ion transport 595f£., 759f£. iron in albomycin 153 f. - bindingofsideramines 517f£., 521, 537 - incorporating enzyme 522 - metabolism 520f£., 525, 537 - proteins, nonheme 569 - (III)-trihydroxamate complexes

in sideromycins 499f£., 520, 537 isocitric dehydrogenase 615 isocyc1oh~ximide 283f., 284, 297 isoglutamille 4, 11 isomycamine 367f. isooctanoic acid t 45 isoquinocyc1ine 191 isorhodomycin 191 isotenuazonic acid 360

Jensen sarcoma 452, 457

kanamycin (km) 443, 738ff. kasugamycin 740 KB (human epidermoid carcinoma) cells

171, 177, 194, 286, 292, 363, 440, 452£., 457

"killer principle" (KP) 694 "killing" 689, 692, 696, 698, 702

Subject Index 773

"killing sensitivity" 686 Krebs cycle 293, 335f., 531,615

lactic dehydrogenase 550 K+-Ieakage 94, 132f., 741 - uptake 632, 646, 759 lagosin 124 lanemycin 367f., 372 -, antibiotic spectrum 369 lanosterol 130 leakage of amino acids 625, 638 - - cell constituents 643,691, 727 - - K+ 94, 132f., 741 - - nucleotides 146f., 394, 408, 625,

638 - - phosphate 133 L-cells 299, 312 L-forms (non-reversible stable propa­

gating spheroplasts) 28, 32, 132, 299, 312, 589,651,661

- L-phase (propagating spheroplasts, capable of reversion) 28, 30, 32, 56f.

leucocytes 176, 248 leucomycin Al 367 leucopin 621 leukemia 196 f. - chronic granulocytic 452 - reticulosis 762 lincomycin 440ff. lipid precursor in cell wall (peptido

glycan) synthesis 87f, 706f. lipopolysaccharide of cell wall 684 -, antagonism with erythromycin 443f. -, antibiotic spectrum 440 -, toxicity 441 "long forms" 28 luminescence 660f. lymphatic defenses 24 lymphogranulomatosis 762 lymphogranuloma venereum 379 lysine incorporation into cell wall 659 lysis by polymyxins 146 lysogenic action 166, 762 - - by bruneomycin 762 lysogenic phages 215, 762 lysogeny 166, 215, 686, 701 lysosomes 749 lysozyme 7, 26, 28, 30, 32, 56 - resistance and methicillin 30, 33

macrocin 367 macrolide antibiotics 366f., 373, 396, 754 - -, antibiotic spectrum 369 macromolecular syntheses 166, 261,

338ff., 497,644, 658f., 670, 678, 699ff. - -, requiring Mg2+ 652ff. magnesium ion 652ff., 660ff.

malate synthetase 530 malic dehydrogenase 615 mannitol dehydrogenase 92 mannosido streptomycin 726 megacin A 688ff. megacin C 692ff. -, assay for 689 megacinogenic strain of B. megaterium

688 "melting" of DNA 202, 721 f. membrane 112, 147, 596, 633, 638f.,

643f., 646, 650, 686, 691, 699, 703, 706,727, 749f., 758f., 761ff. see also cell membrane

- artificial 749 - damage 408 - permeability see permeability - synthesis 32f. - transport system 761 mengovirus infection 497 meningopneumonitis 379 6-mercaptopurine 361, 455 mesosomes 8, 27 messenger RNA 215, 315ff., 319, 348,

350, 431, 728, 752 - - ribosome-aminoacyl-RNA com­

plex 474 - -, synthetic 178, 315ff., 348, 374,

380, 383, 392, 422ff., 431, 441 ff., 496,702,715,728, 730ff., 752, 756,760

metal binding properties 248f., 251, 256, 341

- ions, reversal of tetracycline inhibition 340

- in antimycin A sensitive site 570 metaphase 187 methicillin 710,712 - dependence 33 6-methylene-5-hydroxy tetracycline 753 methylene-oxocyclopentane carboxylic

acids 156f. (+)-6-methyloctanoic acid 145 5-methyltryptophane 217 methymycin 367, 372 -, antibiotic spectrum 369 microsomes 362, 591 "microsomal fraction" in binding

nystatin 129 mikamycin 389, 391, 394f., 398 -, antibiotic spectrum 399 minomycin 669 -, antimicrobial spectrum 669 mithramycin 249, 255f. mitiromycin 213 mitochondria 135,176,313,435, 55of.,

557, 560ff., 587f., 590ff., 613. 633, 638f., 645, 649f., 671, 759

774 Subject Index

mitochondria, coupled 593 -, formation of protein in 312 -, fragments see electron-transfer

particles (ETP) -, membrane 633, 639 -, swelling of 598ff., 603, 639, 645, 650,

759 mitomycin C 169, 687 mitomycins 211 -, activation 224f., 235 -, alkylation of DNA 215 if., 233 ff. -, alignment to DNA 230 -, antibacterial spectrum 213 f. -, biological effects 217 -, diguanylated 230 -, effects on DNA in vitro 224 -, inactivation 235 -, inhibitory effects 213 f. -, reduction products 229f. -, resistance against 219 -, resonant structures 228ff. -, stability 227 -, synergism with electron transport

blockers 236 -, toxicity 198, 669 mitosanes 211, 214 mitosenes 212 mitosis 623, 671 -, multipolar 187 mitotic aberration 195 - poison 158, 187 monactin 649, 759 mucopeptide (murein, peptidoglycan)

3f., 4, 6, 27, 32, 40, 706ff. - strands, crosslinking 706 - synthesis lOf., 56f., 71 f., 86ff., 88,

106f., 109f., 705ff., 706, 709, 710 - -, inhibition by antibiotics 58

(table), 705ff. - synthetase 40, 87, 705ff. Murphy-Sturm lymphosarcoma 457 mutagenic effects 215, 217, 729 mutants see mutation mutation 49, 688, 732ff. -, amber 732, 735 -, "conditionally streptomycin

dependent" (CSD) 729, 732f., 735 -, frameshift 732, 734 - frequency 49 -, misense 732 -, nonsense 732 -, ochre 732 -, pleiotropic 736 -, resistant to megacins 688 p-n-mycaminose 367f. IX-L-mycarose 367f., 371 p-n-mycinose 367

mycelial atrophy 126 mycobactin 50 mycoin C 621 mycoplasma (PPLO) 331,661 -, polyene sensitivity 132 mycosamine 124f. mycotic organisms 543 ff. myeloma 198

NAD-biosynthesis 162,486 NADH: coenzyme Q reductase

(Complex I) 561, 614 -: cytochrome c reductase 550f., 554,

557,561 f., 575,614 - oxidase 550ff., 557, 560, 568, 618,

625,640 - oxidation 560, 587 -: NADP transhydrogenase 595f., 603 Nagarse 750 naramycins 283, 284, 297 narbomycin 367 1 A-naphthoquinone derivatives 236 neocycloheximide 285, 297 neomethymycin 367 neomycin (Nm) 443, 738, 739ff. neoplasms 262 neopyrithiamine 529f. neuromuscular junction 143 niddamycin 367 nigericin 613, 759 niromycins 288 nitrate reductase 650 nitro reductase 335 nitrosoguanidine 729 nogalamycin 177 f. nonactin 649, 759 novobiocin 651 if., 652, 760 -, absorption to cells 654f., 657 -, antimicrobial spectrum 651 -, Mg2+ complex 653 nucleases, ribosome-bound 216 nucleic acid, incorporation into cor-

dycepin 474, 477f. - - synthesis 126, 390, 670 - - synthesis, "salvage pathways"

477 - - synthetase 652 nucleic acids, incorporation of adenine

204,248 - - incorporation of nucleosides

411 f., 422 - - incorporation of precursors 472,

476, 658 - - incorporation of uracil 205, 299 - - incorporation of uridine 205 nucleocidin 427ff. -, antibiotic spectrum 428f.

Subject Index 775

nucleocidin, toxicity 428 nucleoside incorporation 411 f., 422 - kinase 466 - monophosphate copolymers see

polynucleotides (messengers, synthetic)

- phosphorylase 466 - triphosphates 254 nucleosides, soluble 154 nucleotides 182, 201 -, acid soluble 154, 299 -, metabolism 263 nystatin 122, 125f., 749 -, effects on metabolic processes 125f.

oleandolid-ring 383 oleandomycin 366ff., 378ff., 382ff., 383,

754 -, antibacterial spectrum 382 -, synergistic effect with tetracyclines

382f. -, toxicity 383 IX-L-oleandrose 367, 382, 383 oligomycin 585ff. olivin 250 olivose 251 olivomose 251 olivomycin 249ff., 251 -, alcoholysis 250 -, hydrolysis 250 -, metal binding properties 251 olivomycose 250 orientomycin, see cycloserine ornithine 4 - transcarbamylase (OTC) 729f., 732,

735 ostreogyrin A 387f., 390 Ostreogyrin Ba 393 otitis media 29 oxidation of glucose 421,435 - - p-hydroxybutyrate 587, 613ff.,

650 - - IX-ketoglutarate 560, 588, 601,

613 - - substrates 649f., 727 - - succinate 548ff., 551, 554, 557ff.,

560,613,618,650 -, terminal 618 oxidations, bacterial, inhibition by

tetracyclines 334f., 340 oxidative phosphorylation 313, 429, 550,

572f., 587ff., 593, 597, 604 ff. , 613, 643ff., 649, 656, 659, 661, 701 f., 758f.

- -, uncoupling of 337, 551, 572, 587ff., 592ff., 595ff., 601, 604ff., 614, 632, 638, 643ff., 649, 759

oxytetracycline 753 -, synergism with cycloserine 48

pactamycin 170f. parathyroid hormone (PTH) 597f. "Park compounds" (UDP-sugar

peptides) 106, 110 paromomycin (Pm) (catenulin) 738,

739ff. patulin 621ff. -, antibiotic spectrum 621 -, cytological effects 623 f. -, modifications of 626 -, toxicity 623 penicidin 621 penicillin 1ff., 370, 465, 658, 705ff., 708,

748 -, acylation of active site of

peptidoglycan transpeptidase 709, 712

-, analog of glycopeptides 11, 708 f. "- binding component" (PBC) 8 -, conformation, identical with

n-ala-n-ala 708 -, crystallographic structure 707f. Penicillin G 711 f. - -, penetration to site of n-ala-

carboxypeptidase 711 -, host interactions 20 - in bacterial infections 29 -, p-lactam ring 12, 707f. -, lytic action 26f. -, mechanism of action 8 -, mechanism of action on trans-

peptidase 708f. -, structure-activity relation ships 12,

707f. -, synergism with cycloserine 48, 70S -, therapy, combination with other

antibiotics 34 -, thiazolidine ring 12, 707f. penicillinase (p-lactamase) 33f., 712 -, synthesis of 748 penicilloyl enzyme (transpeptidase)

709f., 712 pentaglycine chain 706 pentamycin 124 pentapeptide-PP-phospholipid 706 peptide bond formation, model reaction

with puromycin 273 - chains, transfer to puromycin 315 - detachment 400 -, growth 374, 400 - synthesis, chain initiation 408 - -, chain release 374, 400, 408 - -, movement of ribosomes to

codons 408

776 Subject Index

peptidoglycan see mucopeptide - synthetase see mucopeptide synthetase peptidyl puromycin 315 - s-RNA 269f., 752 - -, cleavage by puromycin 269f. perimycin 124f. permease for alanine transport 64 permeability 94,122, 126f., 134, 146,

408,422, 624f., 633f., 638, 640, 643, 646, 660, 749, 758f., 761, 763

"persister" cells 22 phage coat peptides 273 - receptors 685 phages 622 see also bacteriophages -, f2 732 -, A 216, 734f. -, T 190, 194,232,686,690, 701, 719,

727, 732, 734f., 760, 762 phagocytes 679 "phagocytin" 26 phagocytosis 24f., 26f., 29 phenazine methosulfate 564, 618 phenylalanine incorporation 395 - polymerization 380 phleomycin 173f. phosphate leakage 133 phospholipid 14 5 - carrier in peptidoglycan biosynthesis

706 phospho-N ac-muramyl-pentapeptide

translocase 40 phosphoribosylamine formation 485f. 5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP)

466,472,476,485 - - amidotransferase 472,476,485 phosporylation (of cordycepin) 470, 475 - (of pyrrolopyrimidines) 495 -, light induced (photophosphorylation)

555, 562 -, oxidative see oxidative phosphoryla-

tion -, subtrate level 589, 599, 601, 615 photophosphorylation 555, 562, 564f. photoreduction of NAD 555 photosynthesis 142 -, electron transport 564 phyllomycin 542 phytoactin 763 phytopathogens 483 phytotoxicity 437, 623 picromycin 367 pimaricin 124, 130 plant viruses 348 pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO)

see mycoplasma pluramycin 166ff. -, antibiotic action 166

pneumococcal myositis 29 pneumonia 29 polyamines 742 polyamino acids 315f., 345f. polyadenylic acid see messengers,

synthetic 731,752 polycytidylic acid see messengers,

synthetic 731 polydeoxynucleotides 177, 204, 206, 249.

see also DNA polyene antibiotics 122ff., 749 - -, absorption 130 - -, absorption, inhibited by

digitonin 131 - -, biological activity 122 - -, cell embrane as site of action 127f. - -, chemistry 123f. - -, classification 123, table 124 - -, clinical application 122 - -, comparison of potency 133 - -, detergent action 136 - -, interference with formation or

function of macromolecules 122 - -, mechanism of action 125 f. - -, role of sterols in binding 129f. - -, selective toxicity 129 - -. toxicity to mammalian erythro-

cytes 131 polyglycerate synthetase 111 polyglycine bridges in cell wall 4 poly-p-hydroxybutyrate 149. 645 polymyxins 142, 144f., 659. 750 -, antibiotic spectrum 142f., 143

(table) -. application 142f. -, combination with other antibiotics

143 -, decrease of activity by anionic

detergents 145 -, inhibition of neuromuscular junction

143 - inhibition of photosynthesis 142 -, reciprocal resistance to circulin 144 -, synergism with cephalothin 14 polynucleotide phosphorylase 336 poly(ribo)nucleotides see messengers,

synthetic polyleucine 346 polyphenylalanine 315 f.. 345 f., 348.

441 - synthesis 441 ff., 728ff. poly(ribo)somes 295f., 408. 430 polyuridylic acid 374, 380. 383, 422ff.,

441ff.. 728, 730, 732, 752 porfiromycins 211 -, antibacterial action 213f. porphyrins 521. 525

Subject Index 777

primer DNA 167, 174, 177, 179 "primer" of cell wall synthesis 11 pristinamycin (pyostatin) 389 -, antibiotic spectrum 391 proflavin 178 protein CAAF from chicken liver

mitochondria 757 - M of Str. pyogenes 92 - synthesis 87, 92f., 154, 161, 169,

175ff., 215, 252f., 261f., 264ff., 292ff., 295, 297, 302, 308, 314ff., 344ff., 351, 361, 364, 370, 374, 399, 405, 411, 414, 420, 430ff., 435, 441ff., 445, 448f., 670, 692ff., 699ff., 726ff., 751ff., 755ff., 760, 762

- -, chain extension 318 - -, chain initiation 266, 318 - -, chain release from ribosome 268,

273, 292, 362, 436, 751 - -, chain termination 266 - -, "endogenous" 346 - -, flow sheet 265 - -, transfer of amino acids 449 proteinases 750 protoanemonin 671ff. -, antimicrobial spectrum 671 f. -, toxicity 670 protomycin 288 protoplasts 7, 28, 32, 56f., 108, 136,

147, 651, 661 protozoa 131,331,371,663,727,755 psicofuranine (angustmycin C) 457ff.,

465f. -, toxicity 457f. psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum-

trachoma group 28 purine bases, 319, 718f., 727 - -, analogs 484 - -, biosynthesis 452, 457, 471 ff.,

(flowsheet 473), 485f. - -, incorporation 161 - -, interconversion 452, 458f., 466f.,

471 - -, metabolism 485f. - -, precursors 485f. - pyrimidine base pairs 718f. purines, 2-amino group in, indispensable

for AM-binding 724 puromycin 259ff., 315, 362, 427f., 432,

436, 728 -, acceptor of activated peptide 269 -, antibiotic properties 260f. -, binding by globin peptides 270 -, - to C-terminal of peptides 270 -, chemical properties 259 - dependent release of peptides 269f.,

281, 296

purom ycin, incorporation into polypeptide chains 269f.

-, site of action 267ff. -, toxicity 263 f. pumping mechanism, mechanochemical

633 putrescine 742 pyocyanine 117 ff. -, bacteriostatic action (table) 117 -, effect on various enzymes 118f. -, inactivation by SH-compounds

119 -, interference with terminal oxidation

118 -, role as oxygen transfer catalyst

118 pyostacin see pristinamycin pyridine nucleotide synthesis 162, 486 pyridoxal, reaction with cycloserine 44 pyrrolopyrimidines, antibioticity,

comparison 497 -, phosphorylation 494 -, ribosides (tubercidin etc.) 494ff. -, toxicity 497 pyrromycin 191 f. pyruvate decarboxylase 679 pyruvate metabolism 313 pyruvic hydrogenlyase 335

ranunculin 671 receptor sites, specific for bacteriocins

685, 689, 698, 702f. - -, specific for megacins 689 regulatory centers 686 - circuits 686 - prozesses 684 relomycin 367 Reovirus 718 "repair" of DNA 222 resistance to antibiotics 74, 465 - - bacitracin 91 - - chloramphenicol 322 - - carbamylserine 74f. - - circulin 144 - - cycloheximides 291 - - cycloserine 49, 74f. - - drugs, multiple 748 - - erythromycin 219, 379, 381 - - fucidin 408 - - megacins 688 - - mitomycins 219 - - neomycin 144 - - oleandomycin 382 - - penicillins 33 - - polyene antibiotics 134f - - psicofuranine 460f. - - polymyxins 144

778 Subject Index

resistance to sideromycins 517ff., 523f., 530

- - streptomycin 144, 219, 727f., 733f., 741

- - tetracyclines 344, 35of. - - viomycin 678 respiration (aerobic) 136, 421, 424, 430,

508, 542, 548, 550ff., 556, 566ff., 586ff., 601,741,757

-, inhibited by antimycin A, reversed with serum albumin 549, 574, 757

-, inhibited by polymyxins in algae 142

-, inhibited by tetracyclines 334f., 337, 340

respiratory chain (mitochondrial) 550ff., 556f., 561, 566ff.

- electron transport 564, 573 - enzymes 520 reticulocytes 249, 268, 270, 292, 295 f.,

410, 550 reticuloendothelial system 24 - - griseofulvin inhibition 182 rheumatic disease 23 rhodinose 192 rhodomycins 191 f. rhodosamine 192 ribitol teichoic acid 7 ribonucleoprotein particles 261, see also

ribosomes ribosomes 170f., 264, 268, 281, 295,

315ff., 319, 374ff., 350, 362, 370, 380, 383, 395, 400, 406f., 420, 431 f, 436, 441 f., 444, 456, 702, 736f., 740f., 751, 755, 762

-, acceptor site 264 -, aggregates 295 -, binding of chloramphenicol 443, 751 -, binding of lincomycin 444 -, conformation, changed by strepto-

mycin 731 -, donor site 264 -, messenger complex 317f., 347, 441 f.,

740 -, polynucleotide systems 315 -, protein 346 -, subunits (-particles) 317f., 320, 344,

392, 395,400,412,424, 443f., 652, 728ff., 740f., 752ff., 755

-,805, not inhibited by macrolides 755 Ridgeway osteogenic carcinoma 361 - osteosarcoma 452 "rifomycin" 415 rifamycins (rifamycin complex,

Rifamycin B) 415 f., 416 -, antimicrobial spectra 417f. -, properties 417

rifamicins, toxicity 417f. rifamycin 0 (oxidation product of

rifamycin B) 415, 416 rifamycin S 415, 416 rifamide (diethylamide of rifamycin B)

420,423 rimocidin 124 ristocetin 84ff., 706, 711 f. -, antibiotic specificity 84f. -, clinical use 85 -, effect on synthesis of cell components

87f. -, mechanism of action 85f. RNA (ribonucleic acid) 154, 169f., 319f.,

405, 438, 715, 718, 732 -, binding of antibiotics 678 -, "chromosomal" 206 - complexes with antibiotics 185, 201,

678 -, degradation 319, 661, 741 -, faulty 497 - metabolism 438, 727 - methylation 301 - polymerase (DNA dependent) 167,

177, 206, 397, 660f., 717, 722f., 728, 757f.,760f.

-, rapidly labelled 253 -, reactive sites 232f. -,synthesis 154,167,173, 175ff., 179,

184f., 204f., 208, 252ff., 256, 261 ff., 299, 397, 407, 411, 429, 476, 478, 497, 659ff., 692ff., 699ff., 715, 728, 741, 756, 762f.

-, -, inhibited by tetracyclines 338 -, -, virus directed 495 - viruses 177, 715 -, m-RNA (messenger RNA, template

RNA) 264, 269, 297, 347, 400, 728, 730ff.

- - ribosome-aminoacyl-sRNA complex 400

-, m-RNA-ribosome-aminoacyl-sRNA complex, energy dependent binding 347

-, r-RNA (ribosomal RNA) 456 -, s-RNA (soluble RNA) 170, 216, 230,

264ff., 295ff., 300, 347, 362, 412f., 496, 718, 728, 732, 740 (see also t-RNA)

-, -, aminoacyl-sRNA 264ff., 266, 280f., 295ff., 752

-, -, aminoacyl-sRNA synthetase 264ff. -, t-RNA (transfer-RNA, 4 S RNA),

methylation of 301, 413 f. rose in II 675 Rous sarcoma 484 rubidomycin 190

Subject Index 779

rutamycin 585ff. ruticulomycins 191 rutilantin 191

sacromycin see amicetin "salvage pathways" in nucleic acid

synthesis 477 sangivamycin 494, 496 saponin 136, 643 sarcoma 180, 116,452,465,484 sarkomycin (sarcomycin) 156ff., 751 -, antibacterial activity 158ff. -, biochemical effects 160ff. -, cytostatic action 157 f. -, isomers 156, 159f. -, reversal of inhibition 162 -, toxicity 159 SC-factor see coenzyme QH2 : cyto­

chrome c reductase (Complex III) Schiff base formation between

cycloserine and pyridoxal 44 sedimentation coefficient 203 seromycin see cycloserine serum albumin, reversion of antimycin A

inhibition 549 - induction 30 - lysins 29 "- resistant" organisms 31 shikimic acid 487 sideramines 499ff., 503, 516, 521 f., 537 -, competition with sideromycins 527 -, cyclopolypeptides 504 "siderochromes" 499, 502 sideromycins 499ff., 533, 537, 757 -, antibiotic spectrum 506, 509f. -, assay 506f. -, biochemical properties 51 5 ff. -, chemistry 501 ff. -, toxicity 514 "single hit process" 685, 689, 698, 702 sitosterol 129, 132 sparsomycin 410, 756 -, antibacterial spectrum 410 -, hindering puromycin action 756 spectinomycin (actinospectacin) 740 spermidine 407, 742 spheroplasts 27ff., 31 ff., 56,64,132,408,

711 -, growth in presence of penicillin 26f. spiramycins 366ff., 368, 373, 383, 754 -, antibiotic spectrum 369 spirochetes, action of vancomycin

against 102 f. spontin (mixture of ristocetin A and B)

84ff. spores, germination, inhibited by nystatin

749

spores, sporulation inhibited by vancomycin 107

staphylocoagulase 119 staphylomycin MI (virgimycin) 387,

391 -, antibiotic spectrum 399 steroid antibiotics 404 - -, antibacterial spectrum 405f. sterols in cell membrane 129 -, role in binding polyene antibiotics

129f., 135ff. stigmasterol 129, 132 streptamine 726 streptidine 726 streptimidone 283, 286, 287, 297 streptobiosamine 726 streptodornase 148 "streptogramins" (complex antibiotics

of the streptogramin family) 387, 391 f., 395ff., 754f.

-, antibiotic spectra 396, 399 -, inhibiting penicillin action 396 -, toxicity 396 streptogramin A 386ff., 392, 754f. streptogramin B 392f., 754f. streptokinase 148 streptolysin production, inhibited by

tetracyclins 339f. streptomycin (Sm) 370, 407, 443, 465,

659,694, 726ff., 726, 738, 756 -, analogs 726 -, antibiotic spectrum 726f. -, bactericidal effect 726f., 741 -, as cation 727 -, combination with penicillin 34 - correction 730 - dependence 736f. -, electrostatic interaction with cell

constituents 727 - -induced misreading of code 731 f. - lethality 741 -, mimicking a suppressor 730 - resistance 219, 727, 733 f., 741 -, recognition of code 730ff. -, "sticking" effect on ribosome

subunits 729 -, substitution of amino acids by 732 -, synergism with cycloserine 48 - toxicity 727 streptonigrin 175f., 176 -, reduction 176 streptovitacins 283, 286, 297f. "stylomycin" 259 succinate: coenzyme Q reductase

(Complex II) 561, 614 : cytochrome c reductase 553, 558f., 562,625

780 Subject Index

succinate oxidation 548ff., 551, 554, 557ff., 560, 573, 618, 625, 640

- -, stoichiometric inhibition by antimycin A 548, 573f.

succinic dehydrogenase 119, 557, 560, 614,625

- thiokinase 615 succinimycin 504f., 514ff. sulfhydryl compounds 623f, 626 - enzymes 672,675 - groups 486, 672, 675 suppression, genetic 733f., 735ff. suppressor 730 - function, restriction of, by strepto-

mycin 735f. surface active agents 136 - tension 637, 643 surfactant action 637ff., 645 - effects 64 5 synergistin 389, 391 -, antibiotic spectrum 399 synthesis of ATP 587, 601, see also

oxidative phosphorylation, glycolytic phosphorylation

- - macromolecules, see macro­molecular syntheses

teichoic acids 3, 5, 11, 40, 59, 111 - -, synthesis 111 f. teichuronic acids 4 tenuazonic acid (3-acetyl-5-sec.-

butyltetramic acid) 360 -, antitumor activity 261, 363 -, congeners (tetramic acids) 363f. teratogenic effects 441, 483 tercinin 621 terminal oxidation 618, 625 f. termination codons 317 tetracyclines (TC) 314, 331 ff., 333, 397,

443,465,752f. -, analogs 343 -, antimicrobial spectrum 331 f. -, binding of inorganic ions 343 -, chelating properties 342ff. -, competition with penicillin 34 -, inhibition of protein synthesis 752f. -, - of protein, sequels of 753 -, -, reversal by metabolites 344 -, mode I inhibition (on hydrogen

transfer) 345 -, mode II inhibition (on protein

synthesis) 345 -, resistance 753 -, synergistic effect with oleandomycin

383 tetramic acids 363 f. tetrapyrrole synthesis 524

thiamine 529f., 537 6-thioguanine 236 thymidine incorporation into DNA

161£., 169 thymine 714, 720 - -less death 216 tissue culture 299, 469, 477, 550, 589,

671, 678 tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) 438, 617 N-tolyl-(l(-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid

146 tonsillitis 29 toyocamycin 494, 496f. TPNH 224 - oxidation 176 transaminases, action of cycloserine on

65ff. transduction of resistance 381 transfer reactions 431 - - of amino acids 408 - - of phosphate 601 transforming activity 223, 320 "transmission" of bacteriocin effect 686,

689, 694, 703 transpeptidase in cell wall synthesis 11,

707f. transport systems 658, 660, 761 - -, renal tubular 550 - - of amino acids 487,

660f. - - of ions 646, 649, 759 "triad of infection" 1, 26ff. trichomycin 124f. trichothecin 674ff. -, antifungal activity 674 trinactin 649 trypanosomiasis 262 tryptophanase 336 tubercidin 494ff. tumors 157, 182, 194ff., 252, 361,452,

457, 465, 469, 474ff., 483f., 548f., 589, 751

tylosin 366f. tyrocidines 636ff., 643, 649 -, antibacterial spectrum 637 -, toxicity 637 tyrothricin 636

ubiquinone-50 565 UDP-N-acetylamino sugar, accumulating

in cycloserine inhibition 57 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 705 UDP-N-acetyl-muramyl-(penta)­

peptides 9, 10f., 57ff., 68, 71, 86, 106, 111, 112, 651, 705

UDP mucopeptides see UDP-N-acetyl muramylpeptides

Subject Index 781

UD P-acety lmuramyl-pentapeptide biosynthesis 705f.

- precursors, cytoplasmatic 705 uracil incorporation into RNA 105, 299 uremia 753 uridine, incorporation into RNA 205 - nucleotide peptides see UDP-N-

acetyl muramyl peptides - pyrophosphate derivatives see

UDP-derivatives uridylic acid 752 USNIC acid 611

valinomycin 588, 631ff., 646, 649, 758 -, antibiotic spectrum 631 -, toxicity 631 vancomycin 102, 706, 711 f. -, absorption 104 -, action on polymerization of muco-

pep tides 113 -, reversal by Mg2+ 109 -, antibiotic spectrum 102f. -, chelating properties 102 -, clinical applications 104 -, components of molecule 103 -, effects on enzymes 105, 107 -, mode of action 104ff. -, non-clinical uses 104 -, rapid bactericidal action104f. -, side effects in therapy 104 -, toxicity 104 -, weakening of cell wall structure 106,

706

variation, phenotypic in bacteria, antibiotic induced 32

vernamycin 389 vinactane 677 vinactin 677 viocin 677 viomycin 677ff., 760 -, antimicrobial activity 677 -, toxicity 678 viral DNA 218f., 495 - RNA 177, 495 virgimycin see staphylomycin viridan 404 viridogrisein (etamycin) 389, 391 ff., 392,

398, 754 virosin 542 viruses 177,193,331,379,497,550,617,

675,681,715 -, animal 727 -, bacterial see bacteriophages -, plant 438 -, RNA 715 vitamin Ka 589

Walker (carcino) sarcoma 196££., 256, 28~ 45a 457f., 465, 484

xanthomycins 174f. xanthosine-5 '-phosphate (XMP),

conversion to GMP 458f., 466f. - - aminase 459ff., 466f.

Yoshida ascites tumor 158, 166

Index of Organisms

Actinomyces asteroides 674 - citriofluorescens 178 - scabies 621 - subtropicus 153 Aerobacter aerogenes 312, 345, 509, 637,

667 A grobacterium tumefaciens 553 Alcaligenes faecalis 31, 56 Algae 130, 483 Allium cepa 623 Alternaria kikuchiana 285 - tenuis 360 Arthrobacter JG9 522f., 531 - pascens 520 - terregens 520f. Aspergillus fumigatus 288, 405 - nidulans 294, 468 - niger 521 - sp. 749 Azotobacter aceti 482 - chroococcum 679 - vinelandii 342

Bacillus anthracis 117 - brevis 169, 442, 636, 638 - cereus 346, 350, 419, 545 - circulans 144 - colistinus 142, 750 - globigii 521 - licheniformis 90, 94, 97 - megaterium 7,11,56,94,107,128,

136,147,252,363,371,510,521, 556, 681 f., 686f., 692f.

- mycoides 509, 631 Bacillus polymyxa 142, 144 - stearothermophilus 406, 441 ff. - subtilis 71,110,219,224,232,251,

380, 419f., 423, 465, 469, 482, 507, 509, 515ff., 521, 528, 545, 553,631, 637,639,667,681,750,755, 761

Bacterium agri 387, 394, 396f. Bedsoniae 28 Blastomyces dermatidis 663, 674 Bordetella pertussis 380 Botrytis allii 183 - cinerea 185 Brevibacterium flavum 531 ff. Brucella suis 26, 31

Candida albicans 69f., 130, 134, 136, 310,613,639,674

- pulcherrima 681 - sp. 749 Calcarisporium arbuscula 601 Carcinus maenas 562 Cephalosporium salmosynnematum 405 - sp. 187 Cercospora melonis 187 Chalaropsis 108f. Chlamydomonas 623 Chlorella pyrenoidosa 142 Chromatium 563 Ciona intestinalis 248 Claviceps purpurea 552, 624 Clostridium botulinum 107 - kluyveri 224 - perfringens 482 - septicum 482 - welchii 469, 637 Coccioides immitis 674 Colpeda cucullus 342 Cordyceps miltaris (LINN.) LINK 468 Corynebacterium diphtheriae 380, 446,

482, 560, 681 - xeros 762 Crithidia oncopelti 755 Cryptococcus neoformans 148 Cyanococcus chromospirans 117 Cytophaga johnsonii 219, 224, 232

Delphacodes striatella 438 Diplococcus pneumoniae 48, 213, 369,

371, 394, 396, 446, 482, 657, 681, 728

Entamoeba histolytica 363, 379 Enterobacteriaceae 696, 748 Epidermophyton floccosum 674 Erwinia amylovora 545 - arodeae 545 - sp. 56 Escherichia coli 26, SO, 57, 70, 128, 147,

169,218,219,255,280,299,311, 314, 340, 344, 346, 350, 380, 390, 39~ 405f., 408, 41~ 43~ 445, 453f., 457,459,469, 485f., 508f., 545, 551, 613,631,637, 659f., 669f., 681,

Index of Organisms 783

685, 697ff., 709f., 728, 732, 734ff., 739ff., 752f., 760ff.

Euglena gracilis 321,380,455,552,562,755

Fomes annosus 290, 292 Fungi 543ff., 551, 663, 674,727 Fusarium oxysporium var. cubense 675 Fusidium coccineum 405 Fusobacterium 104

Geotrichum cutaneum 674 Gibberella Z eae 551, 555 Glaucoma pirijormia 621 f. Glomerella cingulata 551 Gymnoascus sp. 621 Gymnosporangium 290

Haemophilus pertussis 368, 394 Histoplasma capsulatum 674 Hormodendron langeroni 674

Klebsiella pneumoniae 260, 515, 662

Lactobacillus bulgaricus 5 - plantarum 111 Leishmania donovani 131, 136 Lepidium sativum 623 Leptospirae 104, 146 Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae 382 Leuconostoc mesenteroides 84 Leukothrix mucor 663

Microbacterium lacticum 521 Micrococcus glutamicus 531 f. - lysodeikticus 4, 87, 94, 97, 147, 255,

341, 521, 639, 656, 660, 681, 706, 753 - pyogenes var. albus 556 - roseus 441 Micromonospora sp. 681 Microsporium canis 182, 674 M onospermum 663 Mycobacterium 607 405, 465, 545, 728,

741 - acapulcensis 64 - avium 678 - gypseum 183 - phei 50, 631, 659 - smegmatis 613 - tuberculosis 47ff., 55,85,341,415,

419,494,631,639 Mycoplasma gallisepticum 132, 441 - hominis 441 - laidlawii 7, 132 M yrothecium verrucaria 293

Neurospora crassa 126, 219, 291, 298, 552 - sitophila 294

Nicotiana glutinosa 438 Nocardia lurida 84

Paracolobactrum ballerup 31 Pasteurella avicida 515 - pestis 25 - septica 469 Pediococcus cerevisiae 33, 50 Pellicularia sasakii 436f. Penicillium aurantio-violaceum 451 - caseicolum 451 - crus to sum 451 - jrequentans 451 - griseojulvum DIERCKX 181 - implicatum 451 - janthinellum 451 - lividum 451 - oryzae 289 - oxalicum 618 - patulum 181 - purpurescens 451 - raistrickii 181 Pheum pratense 678 Photobacterium phosphoricum 660 Phycomyces blakesleeanus 183 - niteus 551, 555 Pilobulus kleinii 520 Piricularia oryzae 288, 434ff., 551 ff.,

675 Plasmodium lophurae 482 Proactinomycetes sp. 481 Proteus mirabilis 58, 379, 662, 707 Prototheca zOpjii 552f. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (sp. pyocyanea)

14, 117, 143, 146, 340, 342 - denitrijicans 146 - jluorescens 47, 438, 551, 556 - solanacearum 545 - tabaci 545

Rhodopseudomonas spaeroides 525, 563 Rhodospirillum rubrum 149, 555, 562ff.,

588, 632, 645 Rickettsiae 727 Rickettsia prowazecki 379 - tsutsugamushi 312

Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 294, 299, 302, 552

- cerevisiae 126, 132, 291, 545, 548 - - var. ellipsoideus 291, 293, 299 - jragilis 29of., 298f. - pastorianus 285f., 289ff., 297ff., 302,

763 - saki 285, 288f., 438 Salmonella paratyphi 639 - paratyphi C 31

784 Index of Organisms

Salmonella typhimurium 25, 175, 310, 455, 732ff., 737

Sarcina lutea 147, 219, 224, 232, 441, 469, 681, 762

- subflava 509 Scenedesmus obliquus 142 - quadricauda 321 Sclerotina fructicola 291, 551, 555 - laxa 291 Scopulariopsis brevicaulis 310 Serratia marcescens 455 Shigella dysenteriae 30 - flexneri 311, 340, 342, 469 - sonnei 26 Spirocheata sogdiana 509 Spirogyra 623 Sporotrichum beurmanni 674 - schencki 674 - tropicalis 674 Staphylococci 748 Staphylococcus albus 510 - aureus 4, 7, 50, 71, 87, 91, 104, 147,

251, 254, 314, 340, 345f., 369, 370£', 394f£., 405, 408, 420, 441, 446, 457f., 469,507, 515f£', 525, 528,631,637, 639,644,651,659,670,681, 706, 710, 748

Streptobacillus moniliformis 56 Streptococcus faecalis 40, 56, 64, 108, 128,

147, 466, 469, 495f., 510, 681 - faecium 654f£., 657, 660 - lactis 753 - pyogenes 345, 369, 371, 396, 446,

509, 515, 681 - - var. haemolyticus 427ff., 457,

469 Streptomyces acidomyceticus 666 - alboniger 259 - albulus 286 - albus 288, 681 - - var. bruneomycini 762 - albireticuli 371 - ambofaciens 368 - antibioticus 382 - arduus 212 - aureofaciens 500 - bikiniensis 446 - blastmyceticus 542 -- caespitosus 212 - calvus 427, 432 - cavourensis 617 - cinnamonensis 666 - diastatochromogenes 585 - erythrochromogenes 156, 162 - eurythermus 371 - fasciculatus 762 - flocculus 1 75

Streptomyces floridae 677 - fragilis 69, 481 - fulvissimus 631 - galilaeus 500 - garYPhaleus 42 - gougerotii No. 21544 278 - graminofaciens 387 - griseochromogenes 434 - griseoflavus 500, 528 - griseoplanus 481 - griseus 246, 283f., 389, 500£.,617,

726 - halstedii 370 - hygroscopicus 370 - - var. angustmyceticus 464f. - - var. decoyicus 457 - kitazawaensis 542 - lavendulae 42, 389, 500, 666 - lincolnensis var. lincolnensis 440 - loidensis 389 - mediterranei 415 - minoensis n. sp. 669 - mitakaensis 389 - naraensis novo 284, 288 - "Nig-1" 613 - niveus 663 - nogalater var. nogalater 177 - olivaceus 389 - olivochromogenes 500, 542 - olivoreticuli 250 - orchidaceus 42 - orientalis 102 - osteogriseus 388 - pactum var. pactum 170 - peucetius 190 - plicatus 762 - pluricolorescens 166 - pristinae spiralis 389 - reticuli var. protomycicus 288 - rimosus forma paramomycinus 286 - roseochromogenes 42 - rutgersensis 585 - sp. 738 - sparsogenes 410 - steffisburgensis var. steffisburgensis

sp. n. 761 - subtropicus 500£' - tanaschiensis 61 7 - tubercidicus 494 - umbrosus 542 - venezuelae 308 - verticillatus 213 - verticillius 172 - vinaceus 677, 762 - violaceoniger 372 - virginiae 388, 666 Strigomonas oncopelti 621

Index of Organisms

Tetrahymena piriformis 263, 292, 302, 312, 485

Torulopsis neoformans 674 Trichoderma viride 404 Trichomonas 663 - foetus 482 - vaginalis 142, 298, 363 Trichophyton interdigitale 674 - mentagrophytes 182f., 674 - rubrum 183, 674 - sulphureum 674 - tonsurans 183 Trichothecium (Cephalothecium) roseum

674f. Trypanosoma brucei 631 - congolense 428, 756f. - cruzi 756 - equinum 428 - equiperdum 427,482

Trypanosoma gambiense 428 - rhodesiense 756£. - vivax 428 tubercle bacillus 726

Ustilago sphaerogena 520

Veillonella 104 Vibriocholerae (comma) 31, 117, 193

Xanthomonas citri 545 - oryzae 551 - pruni 545

yeasts 284, 286£., 290f., (table) 297, 440, 545, 551

Zea mays 671

785