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info on rulers of china
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List of rulers of ChinaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
Emperor Shun – a mural painting from the Han Dynasty
The list of rulers of China includes rulers of China with various titles. From the Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, rulers usually held the title "King" (Chinese: 王 Wáng). With the division of China into separate Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shi Huang created a new title for himself, that of "Emperor" (皇帝 Huángdì). This title of Emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of China's Imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. While many other monarchs existed in and around China throughout its history, this list covers only those with a quasi-legitimate claim to the majority of China, or those who have traditionally been named in king-lists. The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way comprehensive.
Chinese monarchs were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names – for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing – but, where possible, the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated.
These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.
Follow these links to see how they are related:
Chinese emperors family tree (ancient) → Chinese emperors family tree (early) → Chinese emperors family tree (middle) → Chinese emperors family tree (late)
Contents
1 Three Sovereigns & Five Emperors Period 三皇五帝 2 Xia Dynasty 夏 3 Shang Dynasty 4 Zhou Dynasty 周 5 Qin Dynasty 秦 6 Han Dynasty 漢 / 汉 7 Three Kingdoms Period 三國 / 三国 8 Jin Dynasty 晉 / 晋 9 Sixteen Kingdoms Period 十六國 / 十六国
o 9.1 Sovereignties established by Wu Hu 10 Northern and Southern Dynasties 南北朝 11 Sui Dynasty 隋 12 Tang Dynasty 唐 13 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十国
o 13.1 Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms 14 Liao Dynasty 辽 15 Song Dynasty 宋 16 Western Xia 西夏 17 Jin Dynasty 金 18 Yuan Dynasty 元 19 Ming Dynasty 明
o 19.1 Shun Dynasty 順 o 19.2 Southern Ming Dynasty 南明
20 Qing Dynasty 清 o 20.1 Taiping Rebellion 太平天国 o 20.2 Yuan Shikai's Empire of China
21 External links
Three Sovereigns & Five Emperors Period 三皇五帝
Main article: Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
Although it is ingrained in Chinese mythology that the earliest mythological rulers of China included three huáng (皇, generally translated "Sovereign" or "August one", denoting demi-god
status) and five dì (帝, generally translated "Emperor", but denoting much more reverential status than the modern term "Emperor"), their identities have differed between different sources, with some individuals such as the Yellow Emperor being regarded as either Sovereign or Emperor, depending on the source. The two characters would later be taken together by Qin Shi Huang to form the new title huángdì (皇帝, Emperoror), thus claiming legendary status for himself. These figures are all legendary, not historical.
Sovereigns/Emperors Title Other names Years of reignSovereign1,4,5 (Emperor3) Nüwa 女媧— (180,000 years)Sovereign (Emperor3) Youchao 有巢— (110,000 years)(Sovereign4) Emperor3 Suiren 燧人— (456,000 years)Sovereign1,4,5 (Emperor2,3) Fu Xi 伏羲— 2852–2737 BCSovereign1 (Emperor2,3) Yan Emperor 炎帝 Shennong 2737–2699 BC(Sovereign5) Emperor1,2 Yellow
Emperor黃帝 Gongsun
Xuanyuan2699–2588 BC
Emperor2 Shaohao 少昊 Jin Tian 2587–2491 BCEmperor1,2 Zhuanxu 顓頊 Gaoyang 2490–2413 BCEmperor1 Ku 帝嚳 Gaoxin 2412–2343 BCEmperor1 Zhi 摯 Qingyang-shi 2343–2333 BCEmperor1 Yao 堯 Yaotang-shi 2333–2234 BCEmperor1 Shun 舜 Youyu-shi 2233–2184 BC1 — According to the Records of the Grand Historian.2 — According to the Songs of Chu.3 — According to the Book of Rites.4 — According to the Shangshu dazhuan (尚書大傳) and Baihu tongyi (白虎通義).5 — According to the Diwang shiji (帝王世紀)
Traditional dates are provided.
Xia Dynasty 夏
Main article: Xia Dynasty
C. 2070–1600 BC1
Reign name² Given name Notes
Yǔ 禹 Also known as: Dà Yǔ, 大禹 (Yǔ the Great)
Qǐ 啟 Son of Yǔ; beginning of hereditary succession
Tài Kāng 太康 Kāng 康
Zhòng Kāng 仲康 Kāng 康
Xiāng 相
No king About 40 years
Shào Kāng 少康 Kāng 康
Zhù 杼
Huái 槐
Máng 芒
Xiè 泄/洩
Jiàng 降
Jiōng 扃
Yìn Jiǎ 胤甲 Jǐn 廑
Kǒng Jiǎ 孔甲
Gāo 皋
Fā 發
Lǚ Guǐ 履癸 Jié 桀 Reign ended in Battle of Mingtiao
1 — The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.2 — The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Xià (夏).
Shang Dynasty
Main article: Shang Dynasty
C. 1600–1046 BC1
Temple name Regnal name² Given name³ Reign years1 CapitalTiān Yǐ 天乙 Tāng 湯 1600–1300
BCBó亳Wài Bǐng 外丙 Shèng 勝
Zhòng Rén 仲壬 Yōng 庸Tàizōng 太宗 Tài Jiǎ 太甲 Zhì 至
Wò Dīng 沃丁 Xuàn 絢
Tài Gēng 太庚 Biàn 辯Xiǎo Jiǎ 小甲 Gāo 高Yōng Jǐ 雍己 Zhòu 伷Tài Wù 太戊 Mì 密
Zhòng Dīng 仲丁 Zhuāng 莊 Áo隞Wài Rén 外壬 Fā 發
Jiān Jiǎ 戔甲 Zhěng 整 Xiàng相
Zhōngzōng 中宗 Zǔ Yǐ 祖乙 Téng 滕Bì庇
Zǔ Xīn 祖辛 Dàn 旦Wò Jiǎ 沃甲 Yú 踰
Zǔ Dīng 祖丁 Xīn 新Nán Gēng 南庚 Gēng 更 Yǎn
奄Yáng Jiǎ 陽甲 Hé 和Pán Gēng4 盤庚 Xún 旬
1300–1251 BC
Yīn殷
Xiǎo Xīn 小辛 Sòng 頌Xiǎo Yǐ 小乙 Liǎn 斂
Gāozōng 高宗 Wǔ Dīng 武丁 Zhāo 昭 1250–1192 BC
Zǔ Gēng 祖庚 Yuè 躍1191–1148
BCZǔ Jiǎ 祖甲 Zài 載
Lǐn Xīn 廩辛 Xiān 先Kāng Dīng 康丁 Xiāo 囂
Wǔ Yǐ 武乙 Qú 瞿 1147–1113 BC
Wén Dīng5 文丁 Tuō 托 1112–1102 BC
Dì Yǐ 帝乙 Xiàn 羡 1101–1076 BC
Di Xin 帝辛 Shòu 受 1075–1046 BC
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Shang (商).3 The Shang royal family name was Zǐ (子).4 The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (殷) dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin.5 Also known as Tai Ding (太丁).
Zhou Dynasty 周
Main article: Zhou Dynasty
Circa 10461–256 BC, traditionally divided into:
Western Zhou dynasty, c. 1046–771 BC Eastern Zhou dynasty, 770–256 BC, which is in turn split into:
o the Spring and Autumn Period, 770–476 BCo the Warring States Period, 475–221 BC
Posthumous name Given nameReign years1 Common name
Pinyin Chinese Pinyin Chinese
Wǔ Wáng 武王 Fā 發 1046–1043 BC1 King Wu of Zhou
Chéng Wáng 成王 Sòng 誦 1042–1021 BC1
King Cheng of Zhou
Kāng Wáng 康王 Zhāo 釗 1020–996 BC1 King Kang of Zhou
Zhāo Wáng 昭王 Xiá 瑕 995–977 BC1 King Zhao of ZhouMù Wáng 穆王 Mǎn 滿 976–922 BC1 King Mu of Zhou
Gōng Wáng 共王 Yīhù 繄扈 922–900 BC1 King Gong of ZhouYì Wáng 懿王 Jiān 囏 899–892 BC1 King Yi of Zhou
Xiào Wáng 孝王 Bìfāng 辟方 891–886 BC1 King Xiao of ZhouYí Wáng 夷王 Xiè 燮 885–878 BC1 King Yi of ZhouLì Wáng 厲王 Hú 胡 877–841 BC1 King Li of Zhou
Gonghe 共和 (regency) 841–828 BC GongheXuān Wáng 宣王 Jìng 靜 827–782 BC King Xuan of ZhouYōu Wáng 幽王 Gōngshēng 宮湦 781–771 BC King You of ZhouPing Wang 平王 Yijiu 宜臼 770–720 BC King Ping of ZhouHuan Wang 桓王 Lin 林 719–697 BC King Huan of Zhou
Zhuang Wang 莊王 Tuo 佗 696–682 BCKing Zhuang of
ZhouXi Wang 釐王 Huqi 胡齊 681–677 BC King Xi of ZhouHui Wang 惠王 Lang 閬 676–652 BC King Hui of Zhou
Xiang Wang 襄王 Zheng 鄭 651–619 BC King Xiang of ZhouQing Wang 頃王 Renchen 壬臣 618–613 BC King Qing of Zhou
Kuang Wang 匡王 Ban 班 612–607 BCKing Kuang of
ZhouDing Wang 定王 Yu 瑜 606–586 BC King Ding of ZhouJian Wang 簡王 Yi 夷 585–572 BC King Jian of ZhouLing Wang 靈王 Xiexin 泄心 571–545 BC King Ling of ZhouJing Wang 景王 Gui 貴 544–521 BC King Jing of ZhouDao Wang 悼王 Meng 猛 520 BC King Dao of ZhouJing Wang 敬王 Gai 丐 519–476 BC King Jing of ZhouYuan Wang 元王 Ren 仁 475–469 BC King Yuan of Zhou
Zhending Wang 貞定王 Jie 介 468–442 BC King Zhending of
ZhouAi Wang 哀王 Quji 去疾 441 BC King Ai of ZhouSi Wang 思王 Shu 叔 441 BC King Si of Zhou
Kao Wang 考王 Wei 嵬 440–426 BC King Kao of Zhou
Weilie Wang 威烈王 Wu 午 425–402 BCKing Weilie of
ZhouAn Wang 安王 Jiao 驕 401–376 BC King An of ZhouLie Wang 烈王 Xi 喜 375–369 BC King Lie of Zhou
Xian Wang 顯王 Bian 扁 368–321 BC King Xian of Zhou
Shenjing Wang 慎靚王 Ding 定 320–315 BCKing Shenjing of
ZhouNan Wang 赧王 Yan 延 314–256 BC King Nan of Zhou
1 The first generally-accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
Qin Dynasty 秦
Sovereigns of the Qin Dynasty 221–207 BCTitle Given Name Period of Reign
Qín Shǐ Huáng1 秦始皇 Zhèng 政 221–210 BCQín Èr Shì 秦二世 Húhài 胡亥 209–207 BCQín Sān Shì2 秦三世 Ziyīng 子嬰 207 BC1 — Qin Shi Huang became king of the State of Qin in 246 BC, but did not unite China and proclaim himself "Emperor" until 221 BC.2 — Ziying is often referred to by his personal name and as king, rather than emperor, of Qin (秦王子嬰).
Han Dynasty 漢/汉
Main article: List of emperors of the Han DynastyHan Dynasty Sovereigns
Posthumous Name Personal NamePeriod
of ReignEra Name
Range of years
Convention: "Han" + posthumous name, excepting Liu Gong, Liu Hong, Ruzi Ying, the Prince of Changyi, the Marquess of Beixiang, and the Prince of Hongnong.
Western Han Dynasty 206 – 9 AD
Gao Zu 高祖 Liu Bang 劉邦 206 – 195 BC
Did not exist
Hui Di 惠帝 Liu Ying 劉盈 195 – 188 BC
Did not exist
Shao Di (Shao Di Gong)
少帝 Liu Gong
劉恭 188 – 184 BC
Did not exist
Shao Di (Shao Di Hong)
少帝 Liu Hong
劉弘 184 – 180 BC
Did not exist
Wen Di 文帝 Liu Heng 劉恆 179 – 157 BC
Hòuyuán 後元 163 – 156 BC
Jing Di 景帝 Liu Qi 劉啟 156 – 141 BC
Zhōngyuán 中元 149 – 143 BC
Hòuyuán 後元 143 – 141 BC
Wu Di 武帝 Liu Che 劉徹 140 – 87 BC
Jiànyuán 建元 140 – 135 BC
Yuánguāng 元光 134 – 129 BC
Yuánshuò 元朔 128 – 123 BC
Yuánshòu 元狩 122 – 117 BC
Yuándǐng 元鼎 116 – 111 BC
Yuánfēng 元封 110 – 105 BC
Tàichū 太初 104 – 101 BC
Tiānhàn 天漢 100 – 97 BC
Tàishǐ 太始 96 – 93 BC
Zhēnghé 征和 92 – 89 BC
Hòuyuán 後元 88 – 87 BC
Zhao Di 昭帝 Liu Fuling
劉弗陵 86 – 74 BC
Shǐyuán 始元 86 – 80 BC
Yuánfèng 元鳳 80 – 75 BC
Yuánpíng 元平 74 BC
The Prince of Changyi
昌邑王 or 海昏侯
Liu He 劉賀 74 BC Yuánpíng 元平 74 BC
Xuan Di 宣帝 Liu Xun 劉詢 73 – 49 BC
Běnshǐ 本始 73 – 70 BC
Dìjié 地節 69 – 66 BC
Yuánkāng 元康 65 – 61 BC
Shénjué 神爵 61 – 58 BC
Wǔfèng 五鳳 57 – 54 BC
Gānlù 甘露 53 – 50 BC
Huánglóng 黃龍 49 BC
Yuan Di 元帝 Liu Shi 劉奭 48 – 33 BC
Chūyuán 初元 48 – 44 BC
Yǒngguāng 永光 43 – 39 BC
Jiànzhāo 建昭 38 – 34 BC
Jìngníng 竟寧 33 BC
Cheng Di 成帝 Liu Ao 劉驁 32 – 7 BC
Jiànshǐ 建始 32 – 28 BC
Hépíng 河平 28 – 25 BC
Yángshuò 陽朔 24 – 21 BC
Hóngjiā 鴻嘉 20 – 17 BC
Yǒngshǐ 永始 16 – 13 BC
Yuányán 元延 12 – 9 BC
Suīhé 綏和 8 – 7 BC
Ai Di 哀帝 Liu Xin 劉欣 6 – 1 BCJiànpíng 建平 6 – 3 BC
Yuánshòu 元壽 2 – 1 BC
Ping Di 平帝 Liu Kan 劉衎 1 BC – 5 AD
Yuánshǐ 元始 1 BC – 5 AD
Ruzi Ying 孺子嬰 Liu Ying 劉嬰 6 – 8Jùshè 居攝 6 – Oct.
8
Chūshǐ 初始 Nov. 8 – Dec. 8
Xin Dynasty (AD 9–23)
Xin Dynasty of Wang Mang (王莽) 9 – 23Shǐjiànguó 始建國 9 – 13Tiānfēng 天鳳 14 – 19Dìhuáng 地皇 20 – 23
Continuation of Han DynastyGeng Shi Di 更始帝 Liu Xuan 劉玄 23 – 25 Gēngshǐ 更始 23 – 25
Eastern Han Dynasty 25 – 220Guang Wu Di 光武帝 Liu Xiu 劉秀 25 – 57 Jiànwǔ 建武 25 – 56
Jiànwǔzhōngyuán 建武中元 56 – 57
Ming Di 明帝 Liu Zhuang
劉莊 58 – 75 Yǒngpíng 永平 58 – 75
Zhang Di 章帝 Liu Da 劉炟 76 – 88Jiànchū 建初 76 – 84Yuánhé 元和 84 – 87Zhānghé 章和 87 – 88
He Di 和帝 Liu Zhao 劉肇 89 – 105Yǒngyuán 永元 89 – 105Yuánxīng 元興 105
Shang Di 殤帝 Liu Long 劉隆 106 Yánpíng 延平 9 months in 106
An Di 安帝 Liu Hu 劉祜 106 – 125
Yǒngchū 永初 107 – 113
Yuánchū 元初 114 – 120
Yǒngníng 永寧 120 – 121
Jiànguāng 建光 121 – 122
Yánguāng 延光 122 – 125
Shao Di, the Marquess of
Beixiang
少帝 or 北鄉侯 Liu Yi 劉懿 125 Yánguāng 延光 125
Shun Di 順帝 Liu Bao 劉保 125 – 144
Yǒngjiàn 永建 126 – 132
Yángjiā 陽嘉 132 – 135
Yǒnghé 永和 136 – 141
Hàn'ān 漢安 142 – 144
Jiànkāng 建康 144
Chong Di 沖帝 Liu Bing 劉炳 144 – 145
Yōngxī 永嘉 145
Zhi Di 質帝 Liu Zuan 劉纘 145 – 146
Běnchū 本初 146
Huan Di 桓帝 Liu Zhi 劉志 146 – 168
Jiànhé 建和 147 – 149
Hépíng 和平 150
Yuánjiā 元嘉 151 – 153
Yǒngxīng 永興 153 – 154
Yǒngshòu 永壽 155 –
158
Yánxī 延熹 158 – 167
Yǒngkāng 永康 167
Ling Di 靈帝 Liu Hong
劉宏 168 – 189
Jiànníng 建寧 168 – 172
Xīpíng 熹平 172 – 178
Guānghé 光和 178 – 184
Zhōngpíng 中平 184 – 189
Shao Di, the Prince of
Hongnong
少帝 or 弘農王 Liu Bian 劉辯 189
Guīngxī 光熹 189
Zhàoníng 昭寧 189
Xian Di 獻帝 Liu Xie (liú xié)
劉協 189 – 220
Yǒnghàn 永漢 189
Chūpíng 初平 190 – 193
Xīngpíng 興平 194 – 195
Jiàn'ān 建安 196 – 220
Yánkāng 延康 220
Three Kingdoms Period 三國/三国
Three Kingdoms SovereignsPosthumous Names (Shi
Hao 諡號)Personal Names
Period of Reigns
Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Wei(魏) or [Cao Wei(曹魏)] 220–265Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using
personal names.Wén Dì 文帝 曹丕 Cáo Pī 220–226 Huángchū 黃初 220–226
Míng Dì 明帝 曹叡 Cáo Ruì
226–239Tàihé 太和 227–233Qīnglóng 青龍 233–237Jǐngchū 景初 237–239
Qí Wáng 齊王 曹芳 Cáo Fāng
239–254Zhèngshǐ 正始 240–249Jiāpíng 嘉平 249–254
Gāoguìxiāng Gōng
高貴鄉公 曹髦 Cáo Máo
254–260Zhèngyuán 正元 254–256Gānlù 甘露 256–260
Yuán Dì 元帝 曹奐 Cáo Huàn
260–265Jǐngyuán 景元 260–264Xiánxī 咸熙 264–265
Shu(蜀) or Shu Han(蜀漢) 221–263
Convention: use personal nameZhāoliè Dì 昭烈帝 劉備 Liú Bèi 221–223 Zhāngwǔ 章武 221–223
Hòuzhǔ 後主 劉禪 Liú Shàn
223–263
Jiànxīng 建興 223–237Yánxī 延熙 238–257Jǐngyào 景耀 258–263Yánxīng 炎興 263
Wu( 吳 ) 222–280Convention: use personal name
Dà Dì 大帝 孫權 Sūn Quán
222–252
Huángwǔ 黃武 222–229Huánglóng 黃龍 229–231Jiāhé 嘉禾 232–238Chìwū 赤烏 238–251Tàiyuán 太元 251–252Shénfèng 神鳳 252
Kuàijī Wáng 會稽王 孫亮 Sūn Liàng
252–258Jiànxīng 建興 252–253Wǔfèng 五鳳 254–256Tàipíng 太平 256–258
Jǐng Dì 景帝 孫休 Sūn Xiū
258–264 Yǒngān 永安 258–264
Wūchéng Hóu 烏程侯 孫皓 Sūn Hào
264–280
Yuánxīng 元興 264–265Gānlù 甘露 265–266Bǎodǐng 寶鼎 266–269Jiànhéng 建衡 269–271Fènghuáng 鳳凰 272–274Tiāncè 天冊 275–276Tiānxǐ 天璽 276Tiānjì 天紀 277–280
Jin Dynasty 晉/晋
Jin Dynasty (265–420) Sovereigns
Posthumous Names
(Shi Hao 諡號)Personal Names
Periodof
Reigns
Era Names (Nian Hao 年號)and their corresponding range of
yearsConvention: "Jin" + posthumous name
Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 西晉/西晋 265-317
Wǔ Dì 武帝 Sīmǎ Yán 司馬炎 265-290
Tàishǐ 泰始 265-274Xiánníng 咸寧 275-280Tàikāng 太康 280-289Tàixī 太熙 290
Huì Dì 惠帝 Sīmǎ 司馬衷 290-306 Yǒngxī 永熙 290
Zhōng
Yǒngpīng 永平 291Yuánkāng 元康 291-299Yǒngkāng 永康 300-301Yǒngníng 永寧 301-302Tàiān 太安 302-303Yǒngān 永安 304Jiànwǔ 建武 304Yǒngān 永安 304Yǒngxīng 永興 304-306Guāngxī 光熙 306
Huái Dì 懷帝 Sīmǎ Chì 司馬熾 307-311 Yǒngjiā 永嘉 307-313Mǐn Dì 愍帝 Sīmǎ Yè 司馬鄴 313-317 Jiànxīng 建興 313-317
Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty 東晉/东晋 317–420
Yuán Dì 元帝 Sīmǎ Ruì 司馬睿 317-322Jiànwǔ 建武 317-318Dàxīng 大興 318-321Yǒngchāng 永昌 321-322
Míng Dì 明帝 Sīmǎ Shào 司馬紹 322-325Yǒngchāng 永昌 322-323Tàiníng 太寧 323-325
Chéng Dì 成帝 Sīmǎ Yǎn 司馬衍 325-342Tàiníng 太寧 325Xiánhé 咸和 326-334Xiánkāng 咸康 335-342
Kāng Dì 康帝 Sīmǎ Yuè 司馬岳 342-344 Jiànyuán 建元 343-344
Mù Dì 穆帝 Sima Dān 司馬聃 345-361Yǒnghé 永和 345-356Shēngpíng 升平 357-361
Āi Dì 哀帝 Sīmǎ Pī 司馬丕 361-365Lónghé 隆和 362-363Xīngníng 興寧 363-365
Fèi Dì 廢帝 Sīmǎ Yì 司馬奕 365-371 Tàihé 太和 365-371Jiǎnwén Dì簡文帝 Sīmǎ Yù 司馬昱 371-372 Xiánān 咸安 371-372
Xiāowǔ Dì孝武帝 Sīmǎ Yào 司馬曜 372-396Níngkāng 寧康 373-375Tàiyuán 太元 376-396
Ān Dì 安帝 Sīmǎ Dézōng
司馬德宗 396-418Lóngān 隆安 397-401Yuánxīng 元興 402-404Yìxī 義熙 405-418
Gōng Dì 恭帝 Sīmǎ Déwén
司馬德文 419-420 Yuánxī 元熙 419-420
Sixteen Kingdoms Period 十六國/十六国
Sovereigns in the Period of Sixteen KingdomsTemple Names
(Miao Hao
Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號 )
Personal Names Period of Reigns
Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their
廟號 miao4 hao4)
corresponding range of years
Convention: use personal nameHan Zhao Empire 漢趙/汉赵 304-329 (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han
Empire 漢/汉 and Former Zhao Empire 前赵)Han Empire 304-318
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)
Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4)
Liu Yuan|劉淵 liu2 yuan1
304-310
Jiànxīng (建興) 304-307
Yǒngfèng (永鳳) 308Héruì (河瑞) 309Guāngxīng (光興) 310
Did not exist
Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2)
Liu He|劉和 liu2 he27 days in 310
Guāngxīng (光興) 310 (continuation)
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)
Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4)
Liu Cong|劉聰 liu2 cong1
310-318
Guāngxīng (光興) 310 (continuation)
Jiāpíng (嘉平) 311-315Jiànyuán (建元) 316Línjiā (麟嘉 lin2) 317-318
Did not exist
Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4)
Liu Can|劉粲 liu2 can4
a month and days in 318
Hànchāng (漢昌) 318 (until renaming as Former Zhao)
Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 前赵 318-329
Did not exist
Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 zhu3)
Liu Yao|劉曜 liu2 yao4
318-329
Guāngchū (光初) 318-329 (until conquest by Later Zhao)
Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 后赵 319–351
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)
Shi Le|石勒 shi2 le4 319-333
Zhaòwáng (趙王) 319-327
Tàihé (太和) 328-329Jiànpíng (建平) 330-332Yánxī (延熙) 333
Did not exist
Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2)
Shi Hong|石弘 shi2 hong2
333-334
Yánxī (延熙) 333 (continuation)
Jiànwǔ (建武) 334
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)
Shi Hu|石虎 shi2 hu3 334-349
Jiànwǔ (建武) 334-348
Taìníng (太寧) 349Did not exist
Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2)
Shi Shi|石世 shi2 shi473 days in 349
Taìníng (太寧) 349 (continuation)
Did not exist
Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2)
Shi Zun|石遵 shi2 zun1
183 days in 349
Taìníng (太寧) 349 (continuation)
Did not exist
Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2)
Shi Jian|石鑒 shi2 jian4
103 days within 349-350
Qīnglóng (青龍) (changed mid-year)
Did not exist
Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2)
Shi Zhi|石祗 shi2 zhi1 350-351Yǒngníng (永寧) 350-351 (until Ran Min's coup)
Cheng Han Empire 成漢/成汉 303-347 (addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire)
Cheng Empire 303-338Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)
Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4)
Li Te|李特 li3 te4 303Jiànchū (建初) or Jǐngchū (景初) 303
Did not exist
Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2)
Li Liu|李流 li3 liu2several months in 303
Jiànchū (建初) or Jǐngchū (景初) 303 (continuation)
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)
Li Xiong|李雄 li3 xiong2
303-334
Jiànchū (建初) or Jǐngchū (景初) 303 (continuation)
Jiànxīng (建興) 304-305Yànpīng (晏平) 306-310Yùhéng (玉衡) 311-334
Did not exist
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4) Li Ban|李班 li3 ban17 months in 334
Yùhéng (玉衡) 334 (continuation)
Did not exist
You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1)
Li Qi|李期 li3 qi1 334-338
Yùhéng (玉恆) 334-337 (continuation)
Hànxīng (漢興)Han Empire 338-347
Zhong Zong Zhao Wen Di (昭文 Li Shou|李壽 li3 338-343 Hànxīng (漢興) 338-
(中宗 zhong1 zong1)
帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) shou4 343 (continuation)
Did not exist
Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2)
Li Shi|李勢 li3 shi4 343-347
Hànxīng (漢興) 343 (continuation)
Tàihé (太和) 344-345Jiāníng (嘉寧) 346-347 (until conquest by Jin)
Qian (Former) Yan Empire 前燕 337-370Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)
Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4)
Murong Huang|慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3
337-348Yànwáng (燕王) 337-348
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)
Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4)
Murong Jun|慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4
348-360
Yànwáng (燕王) 348 (continuation)
Yànyuán (燕元) 349-351Yuánxǐ (元璽) 352-357Shēngpíng (升平) 357 (as vassal of Jin)Guāngshòu (光壽) 357-359Jiànxī (建熙) 360
Did not exist
You Di (幽帝 you1 di4)
Murong Wei|慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3
360-370
Jiànxī (建熙) 360-365 (continuation)
Jiànyuán (建元) 366-370
Hou (Later) Yan Empire 后燕 384-407
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)
Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4)
Murong Chui|慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2
384-396
Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385
Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)
Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4)
Murong Bao|慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3
396-398Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)
Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4)
Murong Sheng|慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4
398-401
Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398
Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4) 399-401
Did not exist
Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4)
Murong Xi|慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1
401-407
Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406
Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407
Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 南燕 398-410
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)
Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4)
Murong De|慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2
398-405
Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400
Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405
Did not exist
Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)
Murong Chao|慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1
405-410Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410
Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 北燕 407-436
Did not exist
Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4)
Gao Yun|高雲 gao1 yun2
407-409Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)
Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4)
Feng Ba|馮跋 feng2 ba2
409-430Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430
Did not exist
Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4)
Feng Hong|馮弘 feng2 hong2
430-436Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436
Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 前凉 320-376Did not exist
Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1)
Zhang Mao|張茂 zhang1 mao4
320-324Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324
Did not exist
Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1)
Zhang Jun|張駿 zhang1 jun4
324-346Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346
Did not exist
Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1)
Zhang Chonghua|張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2
346-353Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353
Did not exist
Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1)
Zhang Yaoling|張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2
3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353
Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353
Did not exist
Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2)
Zhang Zuo|張祚 zhang1 zuo4
353-355
Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354
Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 354-355
Did not exist
Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1)
Zhang Xuanjing|張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4
355-363
Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361
Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363
Did not exist
Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1)
Zhang Tianxi|張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2
364-376Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376
Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 后凉 386–403
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)
Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2)
Lü Guang|呂光 uu3 guang1
386-399
Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389
Lunjiā (麟嘉 lun2 jiā) 389-396Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 396-399
Did not exist
Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2)
Lü Shao|呂紹 luu3 shao4
399Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399
Did not exist
Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2)
Lü Zuan|呂纂 luu3 zuan3
399-401Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401
Did not exist
Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1)
Lü Long|呂隆 luu3 long2
401-403Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403
Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 南凉 397–414Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3)
Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2)
Tufa Wugu|禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1
397-399Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399
Did not exist
Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2)
Tufa Lilugu|禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1
399-402Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402
Did not exist
Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2)
Tufa Rutan|禿髮傉檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru4 tan2
402-414
Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404
Jiāping (嘉平 ping2) 409-414
Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 北凉 397-439 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460)
Did not exist
Did not existDuan Ye|段業 duan4 ye4
397-401
Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399
Tian Xi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 399-401
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)
Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2)
Juqu Mengxun|沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4
401-433
Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412
Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428Chengxuan (承玄 cheng2 xuan2) 428-430Yihe (義和 yi4 he2) 430-433
Did not exist
Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2)
Juqu Mujian|沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1
433-439Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439
Did not exist
Did not existJuqu Wuhui|沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4
442-444
Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443
Qianshou (乾壽 qian2 shou4) 443-444
Did not exist
Did not existJuqu Anzhou|沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1
444-460Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460
Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 西凉 400-421
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)
Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2)
Li Gao|李暠 li3 gao3 400-417
Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405
Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 406-416
Did not exist
Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)
Li Xin|李歆 li3 xin1 417-420Jiāxing (嘉興 xing1) 417-420
Did not exist
Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)
Li Xun|李恂 li3 xun2 420-421Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421
Qian Former Qin Empire 前秦 351–394Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)
Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4)
Fu Jian|苻健 fu2 jian4 351-355Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355
Did not exist
Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2)
Fu Sheng|苻生 fu2 sheng1
355-357Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)
Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4)
Fu Jian|苻堅 fu2 jian1 357-385 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359
Ganlu (甘露 gan1
lu4) 359-364Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-385
Did not exist
Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4)
Fu Pi|苻丕 fu2 pi1 385-386Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)
Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4)
Fu Deng|苻登 fu2 deng1
386-394Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394
Did not exist
Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)
Fu Chong|苻崇 fu2 chong2
several months in 394
Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394
Hou (Later) Qin Empire 后秦 384–417
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)
Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4)
Yao Chang|姚萇 yao2 chang2
384-393
Bai Que (白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386
Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 386-393
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)
Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4)
Yao Xing|姚興 yao2 xing1
394-416
Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399
Hongshi (弘始 hong2 shi3) 399-416
Did not exist
Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)
Yao Hong|姚泓 yao2 hong2
416-417Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417
Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 西秦 385-400,409-431
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3)
Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2)
Qifu Guoren|乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2
385-388Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)
Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2)
Qifu Gangui|乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1
388-400,409-412
Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400
Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 409-412
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)
Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2)
Qifu Chipan|乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2
412-428
Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419
Jianhong (建弘 jian4 hong2) 420-428
Did not exist
Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)
Qifu Mumo|乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4
428-431Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431
Xia Empire 夏 407-431
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)
Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4)
Helian Bobo|赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2
407-425
Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413
Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418Changwu (昌武 chang1 wu3) 418-419Zhenxing (真興 chen1 xing1) 419-425
Did not exist
Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2)
Helian Chang|赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1
425-428Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428
Did not exist
Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2)
Helian Ding|赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4
428-431Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428
Sovereignties established by Wu Hu
Sovereignties established by Chinese and Wu Hu but traditionally not counted in the Sixteen Kingdoms
Posthumous Names (Shi Hao
諡號)Personal Names
Period of Reigns
Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their
corresponding range of years
Convention: use personal nameRan Wei Kingdom 冉魏 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts)
Wu Dao Tian Wang (武悼天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2)
Ran Min|冉閔 ran3 min3 350-352Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352
Xi (Western) Yan Empire 西燕 384-394Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4)
Murong Hong|慕容泓 mu4 rong2 hong2
384Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384
Did not existMurong Chong|慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1
384-386
Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385
Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 385-386
Did not exist Duan Sui|段隨 duan4 sui2 386Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386
Did not exist Murong Yi|慕容顗 mu4 rong2 386 Jianming (建明 jian4
yi3 ming2) 386
Did not existMurong Yao|慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2
386Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386
Did not existMurong Zhong|慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1
386Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386
Did not existMurong Yong|慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3
386-394Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394
Shu Kingdom 蜀 405-413Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2)
Qiao Zong|譙縱 qiao2 zong4 405-413 Did not exist
Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe 匈奴支系铁弗部首领 (mid-3rd century-391)
Did not exist Liu Qubei|劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1mid-3rd century
Did not exist
Did not existLiu Gaoshengyuan|劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2
mid-3rd century – late 3rd century
Did not exist
Did not exist Liu Hu|劉虎 liu2 hu3early 4th century (309?) – 341
Did not exist
Did not existLiu Wuheng|劉務恒 liu2 wu4 heng2
341-356 Did not exist
Did not existLiu Eloulou|劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2
356-358 Did not exist
Did not existLiu Xiwuqi|劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2
358-359 Did not exist
Did not existLiu Weichen|劉衛辰 liu2 wei4 chen2
359-391 Did not exist
Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe 宇文部鮮卑首領 (late-3rd century-345)
Did not existYuwen Mohuai|宇文莫槐 yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2
late 3rd century-293
Did not exist
Did not existYuwen Puhui|宇文普回 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo|宇文普撥 yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1
293-late 3rd century
Did not exist
Did not existYuwen Qiubuqin|宇文丘不勤 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2
late 3rd century
Did not exist
Did not existYuwen Mogui|宇文莫圭 yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1
late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?)
Did not exist
Did not existYuwen Xiduguan|宇文悉獨官 yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1
early 3rd century
Did not exist
Did not exist Yuwen Qidegui|宇文乞得歸 yu3 early 3rd Did not exist
wen2 qi3 de5 gui1 century – 333
Did not existYuwen Yidougui|宇文逸豆歸 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1
333-345 Did not exist
Dukes of Liaoxi 辽西公 303-338
Did not existDuan Wuwuchen|段務勿塵 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2
303-310 or 311
Did not exist
Did not existDuan Jilujuan|段疾陸眷 duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4
310 or 311 – 318
Did not exist
Did not existDuan Shefuchen|段涉復辰 duan4 she4 fu4 chen2
318 Did not exist
Did not exist Duan Pidi|段匹磾 duan4 pi3 di1 318-321 Did not exist
Did not existDuan Mopei|段末柸 duan4 mo4 pei1
318-325 Did not exist
Did not exist Duan Ya|段牙 duan4 ya2 325 Did not existDid not exist Duan Liao|段遼 duan4 liao2 326-338 Did not existChieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid-
6th century (555?) )First Phase of Chouchi 前仇池 (late 2nd century-371)
Did not exist Yang Teng|楊騰 yang2 teng2late 2nd century- early 3rd century
Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Ju|楊駒 yang2 ju1early 3rd century
Did not exist
Did not existYang Qianwan|楊千萬 yang2 qian1 wan4
early 3rd century – mid-3rd century
Did not exist
Did not existYang Feilong|楊飛龍 yang2 fei1 long2
mid-3rd century – late 3rd century
Did not exist
Did not existYang Maosou|楊茂搜 yang2 mao4 sou1
late 3rd century – 317
Did not exist
Did not existYang Nandi|楊難敵 yang2 nan2 di2
317-334 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Yi|楊毅 yang2 yi4 334-337 Did not existDid not exist Yang Chu|楊初 yang2 chu1 337-355 Did not existDid not exist Yang Guo|楊國 yang2 guo2 355-356 Did not existDid not exist Yang Jun|楊俊 yang2 jun4 356-360 Did not existDid not exist Yang Shi|楊世 yang2 shi4 360-370 Did not existDid not exist Yang Cuan|楊篡 yang2 cuan4 370-371 Did not exist
Second Phase of Chouchi 后仇池 385-473武王 wu3 wang2 Yang Ding|楊定 yang2 ding4 385-394 Did not exist惠文王 hui4 wen2 Yang Sheng|楊盛 yang2 sheng4 394-425 Did not exist
wang2孝昭王 xiao4 zhao1 wang2
Yang Xuan|楊玄 yang2 xuan2 425-429 Did not exist
Did not existYang Baozong|楊保宗 yang2 bao3 zong1
429 and 443 Did not exist
Did not existYang Nandang|楊難當 yang2 nan2 dang1
429-441Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440
Did not existYang Baochi|楊保熾 yang2 bao3 chi4
442-443 Did not exist
Did not existYang Wende|楊文德 yang2 wen2 de2
443-454 Did not exist
Did not existYang Yuanhe|楊元和 yang2 yuan2 he2
455-466 Did not exist
Did not existYang Sengsi|楊僧嗣 yang2 seng1 si4
466-473 Did not exist
Kings of Wuxing 武兴王 473-506 and 534-555
Did not existYang Wendu|楊文度 yang2 wen2 du4
473-477 Did not exist
Did not existYang Wenhong|楊文弘 yang2 wen2 hong2
477-482 Did not exist
Did not existYang Houqi|楊後起 yang2 hou4 qi3
482-486 Did not exist
An Wang (安王 an1 wang2)
Yang Jishi|楊集始 yang2 ji2 shi3 482-503 Did not exist
Did not existYang Shaoxian|楊紹先 yang2 shao4 xian1
503-506, 534-535
Did not exist
Did not existYang Zhihui|楊智慧 yang2 zhi4 hui4
535-545 Did not exist
Did not existYang Pixie|楊辟邪 yang2 pi4 xie2
545-553 Did not exist
Note: Yang Zhi Hui and Yang Bi Xie could be the same personKings of Yinping 陰平王 477- mid-6th century
Did not existYang Guangxiang|楊廣香 yang2 guang3 xiang1
477-483? Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Jiong|楊炯 yang2 jiong3 483-495 Did not exist
Did not existYang Chongzu|楊崇祖 yang2 chong2 zu3
495-before 502
Did not exist
Did not existYang Mengsun|楊孟孫 yang2 meng4 sun1
before 502-511
Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Ding|楊定 yang2 ding4 511- ? Did not existChieftains of Tuoba Tribe 索头部鲜卑族首领 219-377 (as Kings of Dai 代王 305?-377)
As a well known fact, Tuoba Family was the ruling family of Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence Table of Northern Wei Dynasty will start with him, not as a
continuation of this table.Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were.
They were denoted here as 王(wang2) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu.
神元王 shen2 yuan2 wang2
Tuoba Li Wei(拓拔力微 tou4 ba2 li4 wei2)
219-277 Did not exist
Note: His temple name was Shi Zu|始祖 shi2 zu3. Another column was not created since only he was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name
章王 zhang1 wang2
Tuoba Xi Lu(拓拔悉鹿 tou4 ba2 xi1 lu4)
277-286 Did not exist
平王 ping2 wang2Tuoba Chuo(拓拔綽 tou4 ba2 chuo4)
286-293 Did not exist
思王 si1 wang2 Tuoba Fu(拓拔弗 tou4 ba2 fu2) 293-294 Did not exist
昭王 zhao1 wang2Tuoba Lu Guan(拓拔祿官 tou4 ba2 lu4 guan1)
294-307 Did not exist
穆王 mu4 wang2Tuoba Yi Tuo(拓拔猗 ( 㐌 - 拖 without 手) tou4 ba2 yi1 yi2)
295-305 Did not exist
穆王 mu4 wang2Tuoba Yi Lu(拓拔猗盧 tou4 ba2 yi1 lu2)
295-316 Did not exist
Did not existTuoba Pu Gen(拓拔普根 tou4 ba2 pu3 gen1)
316 Did not exist
Did not exist 拓拔? tou4 ba2 ? 316 Did not exist平文王 ping2 wen2 wang2
Tuoba Yu Luu(拓拔鬱律 tou4 ba2 yu4 luu4)
316-321 Did not exist
惠王 hui4 wang2Tuoba He Ru(拓拔賀傉 tou4 ba2 he4 ru4)
321-325 Did not exist
煬王 yang2 wang2Tuoba He Na(拓拔紇那 tou4 ba2 he2 na3)
325-329 and 335-337
Did not exist
烈王 lie4 wang2Tuoba Yi Huai(拓拔翳槐 tou4 ba2 yi4 huai2)
329-335 and 337-338
Did not exist
昭成王 zhao1 cheng2 wang2
Tuoba Shi Yi Jian(拓拔什翼健 tou4 ba2 shi2 yi4 jian4)
338-377Jianguo (建國 jian4 guo2) 338-377
Northern and Southern Dynasties 南北朝
Sovereigns in the Northern and Southern Dynasties Period
Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)
Personal NamesPeriod of
Reigns
Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding
range of yearsNorthern dynasty 北朝
Bei Northern Wei Dynasty 北魏 386-535Convention: Bei (Northern) Wei + posthumous name
As a well known fact Tuoba family changed their family name to 元(yuan2) during the reign
of Xiao Wen Di in 496 so we will also change from there.
Dao Wu Di (道武帝 daò wǔ dì)
Tuoba Gui (拓拔珪 tuò bá guī)
386-409
Dengguo (登國 dēng guó) 386-396Huangshi (皇始 huáng shǐ) 396-398Tianxing (天興 tiān xīng) 398-404Tianci (天賜 tiān cì) 404-409
Ming Yuan Di (明元帝 míng yuán dì)
Tuoba Si (拓拔嗣 tuò bá sì)
409-423
Yongxing (永興 yǒng xīng) 409-413Shenrui (神瑞 shén ruì) 414-416Taichang (泰常 tài cháng) 416-423
Tai Wu Di (太武帝 tài wǔ dì)Tuoba Tao (拓拔燾 tuò bá táo)
424-452
Shiguang (始光 shǐ guāng) 424-428Shenjia (神 䴥 shén jiā) 428-431Yanhe (延和 yán hé) 432-434Taiyan (太延 tài yán) 435-440Taipingzhenjun (太平真君 tài píng zhēn jūn) 440-451Zhengping (正平 zhèng píng) 451-452
Nan An Wang (南安王 nán ān wáng)
Tuoba Yu (拓拔余 tuò bá yú)
452Chengping (承平 chéng píng) 452
Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wén chéng dì)
Tuoba Jun (拓拔濬 tuò bá jùn)
452-465
Xingan (興安 xīng ān) 452-454Xingguang (興光 xīng guāng) 454-455Tai'an (太安 tài ān) 455-459Heping (和平 hé píng) 460-465
Xian Wen Di (獻文帝 xiàn wén dì)
Tuoba Hong (拓拔弘 tuò bá hóng)
466-471Tian'an (天安 tiān ān) 466-467Huangxing (皇興 huáng xīng) 467-471
Xiao Wen Di (孝文帝 xiào wén dì)
Yuan Hong (元宏 yuán hóng)
471-499
Yanxing (延興 yán xīng) 471-476Chengming (承明 chéng míng) 476Taihe (太和 tìi hé) 477-499
Xuan Wu Di (宣武帝 xuān wǔ dì)
Yuan Ke (元恪 yuán kè)
499-515 Jingming (景明 jǐng míng) 500-503Zhengshi (正始 zhèng shǐ) 504-508
Yongping (永平 yǒng píng) 508-512Yanchang (延昌 yán chāng) 512-515
Xiao Ming Di (孝明帝 xiào míng dì)
Yuan Xu (元詡 yuán xǔ)
516-528
Xiping (熙平 xī píng) 516-518Shengui (神龜 shén guī) 518-520Zhengguang (正光 zhèng guāng) 520-525Xiaochang (孝昌 xiào chāng) 525-527Wutai (武泰 wǔ tài) 528
Youzhu (幼主 yòu zhǔ)Yuan Zhao (元釗 yuán xhāo)
528 None
Xiao Zhuang Di (孝莊帝 xiào zhuāng dì)
Yuan Ziyou (元子攸 yuán zǐ yōu)
528-530Jianyi (建義 jiàn yì) 528Yongan (永安 yǒng ān) 528-530
Chang Guang Wang (長廣王 cháng guǎng wáng)
Yuan Ye (元曄 yuán yè)
530-531Jianming (建明 jiàn míng) 530-531
Jie Min Di (節閔帝 jié mǐn dì)Yuan Gong (元恭 yuán gōng)
531-532 Putai (普泰 pǔ tài) 531-532
An Ding Wang (安定王 ān dìng wáng)
Yuan Lang (元朗 yuán lǎng)
531-532Zhongxing (中興 zhōng xīng) 531-532
Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiào wǔ dì) orChu Di (出帝 chū dì)
Yuan Xiu (元脩 yuán xiū)
532-535
Taichang (太昌 tài chāng) 532Yongxing (永興 yǒng xīng) 532Yongxi (永熙 yǒng3 xī) 532-535
Dong (Eastern) Wei Dynasty 东魏 534-550Convention: Dong (Eastern) Wei + posthumous name
Xiao Jing Di (孝靜帝 xiào jìng dì)
Yuan Shanjian (元善見 yuán shàn jiàn)
534-550
Tianping (天平 tiān píng) 534-537Yuanxiang (元象 yuán xiàng) 538-539Xinghe (興和 xīng hé) 539-542Wuding (武定 wǔ dìng) 543-550
Bei (Northern) Qi Dynasty 北齐 550-577Convention: Bei (Northern) Qi + posthumous name
Wen Xuan Di (文宣帝 wén xuān dì)
Gao Yang (高洋 gāo yáng)
550-559Tianbao (天保 tiān bǎo) 550-559
Fei Di (廢帝 fèi dì)Gao Yin (高殷 gāo yīn)
559-560Qianming (乾明 qián míng) 560
Xiao Zhao Di (孝昭帝 xiào zhāo dì)
Gao Yan (高演 gāo yǎn)
560-561Huangjian (皇建 huáng jiàn) 560-561
Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wǔ chéng dì)
Gao Dan (高湛 gāo dān)
561-565
Taining (太寧 tài níng) 561-562Heqing (河清 hé qīng) 562-565
Hou Zhu (後主 hòu zhǔ)Gao Wei (高緯 gāo wěi)
565-577
Tiantong (天統 tiān tǒng) 565-569Wuping (武平 wǔ píng) 570-576Longhua (隆化 lóng huà) 576
You Zhu (幼主 yòu zhǔ)Gao Heng (高恆 gāo héng)
577Chengguang (承光 chéng guāng) 577
Fan Yang Wang (范陽王 fàn yáng wáng)
Gao Shaoyi (高紹義 gāo shào yì)
577-579? Did not exist
Xi (Western) Wei Dynasty 西魏 535-556Convention: Xi (Western) Wei + posthumous name
Wen Di (文帝 wén dì)Yuan Baoju (元寶炬 yuán bǎo jù)
535-551Datong (大統 dà tǒng) 535-551
Fei Di (廢帝 fèi dì)Yuan Qin (元欽 yuán qīn)
552-554 Did not exist
Gong Di (恭帝 gōng dì)Tuoba Kuo (拓拔廓 tuò bá kuò)
554-556 Did not exist
Bei (Northern) Zhou Dynasty 北周 557-581Convention: Bei (Northern) Zhou + posthumous name
Xiao Min Di (孝閔帝 xiào mǐn dì)
Yuwen Jue (宇文覺 yǔ wén jué)
557 Did not exist
Ming Di (明帝 míng dì) or Xiao Ming Di (孝明帝 xiào míng dì)
Yuwen Yu (宇文毓 yǔ wén yù)
557-560Wucheng (武成 wǔ chéng) 559-560
Wu Di (武帝 wǔ dì)Yuwen Yong (宇文邕 yǔ wén yōng)
561-578
Baoding (保定 bǎo dìng) 560-565Tianhe (天和 tiān hé) 566-572Jiande (建德 jiàn dé) 572-578Xuanzheng (宣政 xuān zhèng) 578
Xuan Di (宣帝 xuān dì)Yuwen Yun (宇文贇 yǔ wén yūn)
578-579 Dacheng (大成 dà chéng) 579
Jing Di (靜帝 jìng dì)Yuwen Chan (宇文闡 yǔ wén chǎn)
579-581Daxiang (大象 dà xiàng) 579-581Dading (大定 dà dìng) 581
Southern dynasty 南朝 420-589Song Dynasty 刘宋 (420-479)
Convention: Song + posthumous name, sometimes except Liu Yu who was referred using
personal name.
Wu Di (武帝 wǔ dì)Liu Yu (劉裕 liú yù)
420-422Yongchu (永初 yǒng chū) 420-422
Shao Di (少帝 shào dì)Liu Yifu (劉義符 liú yì fú)
423-424Jingping (景平 jǐng píng) 423-424
Wen Di (文帝 wén dì)Liu Yilong (劉義隆 liú yì lóng)
424-453Yuanjia (元嘉 yuán jiā) 424-453
Xiaowu (孝武帝 xiaò wǔ dì)Liu Jun (劉駿 liú jùn)
454-464
Xiaojian (元嘉 xiaō jiàn 454-456
Daming (大明 dà míng) 457-464
Qian Fei Di (前廢帝 qián feì dì)
Liu Ziye (劉子業 liú zǐ yè)
465
Yongguang (永光 yǒng guāng) 465
Jinghe (景和 jǐng hé) 465
Ming Di (明帝 míng dì)Liu Yu (劉彧 liú yù)
465-472Taishi (泰始 taì shǐ) 465-471
Taiyu (泰豫 taì yù) 472Houfei Di (後廢帝 hoù feì dì) or Cangwu Wang (蒼梧王 cāng wú wáng)
Liu Yu (劉昱 liú yù)
473-477Yuanhui (元徽 yuán huī) 473-477
Shun Di (順帝 shùn dì)Liu Zhun (劉準 liú zhǔn)
477-479Shengming (昇明 shēng míng) 477-479
Qi Dynasty 齐 479-502Convention: Qi + posthumous name
Emperor Gao of Southern Qi (Gao Di 高帝 gāo dì)
Xiao Daocheng (蕭道成 xiāo dào chēng
479-482Jianyuan (建元 jiàn yuán) 479-482
Emperor Wu of Southern Qi (Wu Di 武帝 wǔ dì)
Xiao Ze (蕭賾 xiāo zé)
482-493Yongming (永明 yǒng míng) 483-493
Prince of Yulin (Yu Lin Wang 鬱林王 yù lín wáng)
Xiao Zhaoye (蕭昭業 xiāo zhāo yè)
493-494Longchang (隆昌 lóng chāng) 494
Prince of Hailing (Hai Ling Wang (海陵王 hài líng wáng)
Xiao Zhaowen (蕭昭文 xiāo zhāo wén)
494 Yanxing (延興 yán xīng) 494
Emperor Ming of Southern Qi - Ming Di
(明帝 míng dì)
Xiao Luan (蕭鸞 xiāo luán)
494-498Jianwu (建武 jiàn wǔ) 494-498Yongtai (永泰 yǒng tài) 498
Marquess of Donghun - Dong Hun Hou
(東昏侯 dōng hūn hóu)
Xiao Baojuan (蕭寶卷 xiāo bǎo juǎn)
499-501Yongyuan (永元 yǒng yuán) 499-501
Emperor He of Southern Qi - Xiao Baorong (蕭 501-502 Zhongxing (中興 zhōng xīng)
He Di (和帝 hé dì)
寶融 xiāo bào róng)
501-502
Liang Dynasty 梁 (502-557)Convention: Liang + posthumous name
Emperor Wu of Liang - Wu Di (武帝 Wǔ Dì)
Xiao Yan (蕭衍 Xiāo Yǎn)
502-549
Tianjian (天監 tiān-jiān) 502-519Putong (普通 pǔ-tōng) 520-527Datong (大通 dà-tōng) 527-529Zhongdatong (中大通 zhōng-dà-tōng) 529-534Datong (大同 dà-tóng) 535-546Zhongdatong (中大同 zhōng-dà-tóng) 546-547Taiqing (太清 tài-qīng) 547-549
Emperor Jianwen of Liang - Jianwen Di
(簡文帝 jiān wén dì)
Xiao Gang (蕭綱 xiāo gāng)
549-551 Dabao (大寶 dà bǎo) 550-551
Prince of Yuzhang - Yu Zhang Wang
(豫章王 yù zhāng wáng)
蕭棟 xiāo dòng 551-552Tianzheng (天正 tiān zhèng) 551-552
Emperor Yuan of Liang - Yuan Di
(元帝 yuán dì)蕭繹 xiāo yì 552-555
Chengsheng (承聖 chéng shèng) 552-555
Marquess of Zhenyang - Zhen Yang Hou
(貞陽侯 zhēn yáng hóu)
蕭淵明 xiāo yuān míng
555Tiancheng (天成 tiān chéng) 555
Emperor Jing of Liang - Jing Di
(敬帝 jìng dì)
蕭方智 xiāo fāng zhì
555-557
Shaotai (紹泰 shào tài) 555-556Taiping (太平 tài píng) 556-557
Chen Dynasty 陈 557-589Convention: Chen + posthumous name
Emperor Wu of Chen - Wu Di (武帝 wǔ dì)
Chen Baxian (陳霸先 chén bà xiān)
557-559Yongding (永定 yǒng dìng) 557-559
Emperor Wen of Chen - Wen Di (文帝 wén dì)
Chen Qian (陳蒨 chén qiàn)
559-566Tianjia (天嘉 tiān jiā) 560-566Tiankang (天康 tiān kāng) 566
Emperor Fei of Chen - Fei Di (廢帝 fèi dì)
Chen Bozong (陳伯宗 chén bó
566-568 Guangda (光大 guāng dà) 566-568
zōng)Emperor Xuan of Chen - Xuan Di (宣帝 xuān dì)
Chen Xu (陳頊 chén xū)
569-582 Taijian (太建 tài jiàn) 569-582
Houzhu (後主 hòu zhǔ)Chen Shubao (陳叔寶 chén shú bǎo)
583-589Zhide (至德 zhì dé) 583-586Zhenming (禎明 zhēn míng) 587-589
Nan (Southern) Liang Dynasty 南梁 555-587Temple Names (
Miao Hao 廟號 )
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )
Personal Names
Period of Reigns
Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their
corresponding range of years
Convention: Nan (Southern) Liang + posthumous nameNote: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of the Liang Dynasty since it was
founded by descendants of the Xiao's, the ruling family of the Liang Dynasty.Zhong Zong (中宗 zhōng zōng)
Xuan Di (宣帝 xuān dì)Xiao Cha (蕭詧 xiāo chá)
555-562Dading (大定 dà dìng) 555-562
Shi Zong (世宗 shì zōng)
Xiao Ming Di (孝明帝 xiào míng dì)
Xiao Kui (蕭巋 xiāo kuī)
562-585Tianbao (天保 tiān bǎo) 562-585
Did not existXiao Jing Di (孝靖帝 xiào jìng dì) or Ju Gong (莒公 jǔ gōng)
Xiao Cong (蕭琮 xiāo cóng)
585-587Guangyun (廣運 guǎng yùn) 562-585
Sui Dynasty 隋
Sui Dynasty 隋 581-618Posthumous Names (
Shi Hao 諡號 )Personal Names
Period of Reigns
Era Names (Nian Hao 年號)
Range of years
Convention: "Sui" + posthumous name
Wén Dì 文帝 楊堅 Yáng Jiān 581-604Kāihuáng 開皇 581-600Rénshòu 仁壽 601-604
Yáng Dì 煬帝 楊廣 Yáng Guǎng
605-617 Dàyè 大業 605-617
Gōng Dì 恭帝 楊侑 Yáng Yòu 617-618 Yìníng 義寧 617-618none awarded 楊浩 Yáng Hào 618
Gōng Dì 恭帝 楊侗 Yáng Tóng
618-619 Huángtài 皇泰 618-619
1 Declared emperor by Li Yuan (the later Emperor Gaozu of Tang), implying a retirement for Emperor Yang (whom he "honoured" as Taishang Huang, or retired emperor) at the western capital Daxing (Chang'an), but only the commanderies under Li's control recognized this change; for the other commanderies under Sui control, Emperor Yang was still regarded as emperor, not as retired emperor. Now generally regarded as a legitimate emperor, due to his recognition by Li Yuan.2 After news of Emperor Yang's death in 618 reached Daxing and the eastern capital Luoyang, Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong and took the throne himself, establishing Tang Dynasty, but the Sui officials at Luoyang declared Emperor Gong's brother Yang Tong (later also known as Emperor Gong) emperor. The
legitimacy of his reign is disputed.3 Declared emperor by Yuwen Huaji, the general under whose leadership the plot to kill Emperor Yang was carried out, but killed by him later in 618; Yuwen Huaji then declared himself emperor of a brief Xu (許) state. As Yang Hao was completely under Yuwen's control and only "reigned" briefly, he is not usually regarded as a legitimate emperor.
Tang Dynasty 唐
Main article: List of Tang Emperors
Tang Dynasty 唐 618-690, 705-907
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟;號 )
Personal NamesPeriod of
Reigns
Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range
of years
Convention: "Tang" + temple name
Gao Zu (Kao-Tsu) (高祖 gao1 zu3)
李淵 li3 yuan1 618-626 Wude (武德 wu3 de2) 618-626
Tai Zong (Tai-Tsung) (太宗 tai4 zong1)
李世民 li3 shi4 min2 627-649Zhenguan (貞觀 zhen1 guan1) 627-649
Gao Zong (Kao-Tsung) (高宗 gao1 zong1)
李治 li3 zhi4 650-683 Yonghui (永徽 yong3 hui1) 650-655
Xianqing (顯慶 xian3 qing4) 656-661Longshuo (龍朔 long2 shuo4) 661-663Linde (麟德 lin2 de2) 664-665Qianfeng (乾封 qian2 feng1) 666-668Zongzhang (總章 zong3 zhang1) 668-670Xianheng (咸亨 xian2 heng1) 670-674Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 674-676Yifeng (儀鳳 yi2 feng4) 676-679Tiaolu (調露 tiao2 lu4) 679-680Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 680-681Kaiyao (開耀 kai1 yao4) 681-682Yongchun (永淳 yong3 chun2) 682-683Hongdao (弘道 hong2 dao4)
683
Zhong Zong (Chung-Tsung) (中宗 zhong1 zong1)
Li Xian (李顯 Lǐ Xiǎn) or Li Zhe (李哲 Lǐ Zhé)
684, 705-710
Sisheng (嗣聖 si4 sheng4) 684
Shenlong (神龍 shen2 long2) 705-707Jinglong (景龍 jing3 long2) 707-710
Rui Zong (Jui-Tsung) (睿宗 rui4 zong1)
李旦 li3 dan4684-690, 710-712
Wenming (文明 wen2 ming2) 684-690
Jingyun (景雲 jing3 yun2) 710-711Taiji (太極 tai4 ji2) 712Yanhe (延和 yan2 he2) 712
Zhou Dynasty (690–705) 周
Convention: family name + posthumous name
Wu Zetian (武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1) (no official temple name)
Wǔ Zhào(武曌) 690-705
Tianshou (天授 tian1 shou4) 690-692
Ruyi (如意 ru2 yi4) 692Changshou (長壽 chang2 shou4) 692-694Yanzai (延載 yan2 zai4) 694Zhengsheng (證聖 zheng4 sheng4) 695Tiancewansui (天冊萬歲 tian1 ce4 wan4 sui4) 695-696Wansuidengfeng (萬歲登封 wan4 sui4 deng1 feng1) 696Wansuitongtian (萬歲通天 wan4 sui4 tong1 tian1) 696-697Shengong (神功 shen2 gong1) 697Shengli (聖曆 sheng4 li4) 698-700Jiushi (久視 jiu3 shi4) 700Daju (大足 da4 ju2) 701Changan (長安 chang2 an1) 701-705
Continuation of Tang Dynasty 唐
Shang Di (殤帝 shang1 di4)1
李重茂 li3 chong2 mao4
710Tanglong (唐隆 tang2 long2) 710
Xuan Zong (玄宗 xuan2 zong1)
李隆基 li3 long2 ji1 712-756
Xiantian (先天 xian1 tian1) 712-713
Kaiyuan (開元 kai1 yuan2) 713-741Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 742-756
Su Zong (肅宗 su4 zong1)
李亨 li3 heng1 756-762
Jide (至德 zhi4 de2) 756-758
Qianyuan (乾元 qian2 yuan2) 758-760Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 760-761
Dai Zong (代宗 dai4 zong1)
李豫 li3 yu4 762-779
Baoying (寶應 bao3 ying4) 762-763
Guangde (廣德 guang3 de2) 763-764Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 765-766Dali (大曆 da4 li4) 766-779
De Zong (德宗 de2 zong1)
李适 li3 gua1 780-805
Jianzhong (建中 1jian4 zhong1) 780-783
Xingyuan (興元 xing1 yuan2) 784Zhenyuan (貞元 zhen1 yuan2) 785-805
Shun Zong (順宗 shun4 zong1)
李誦 li3 song4 805Yongzhen (永貞 yong3 zhen1) 805
Xian Zong (憲宗 xian4 zong1)
李純 li3 chun2 806-820Yuanhe (元和 yuan2 he2) 806-820
Mu Zong (穆宗 mu4 zong1)
李恆 li3 heng2 821-824Changqing (長慶 chang2 qing4) 821-824
Jing Zong (敬宗 jing4 zong1)
李湛 li3 zhan4 824-826 Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 824-826
Wen Zong (文宗 wen2 zong1)
李昂 li3 ang2 826-840
Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 826
Dahe (大和 da4 he2) or Taihe (tai4 he2 太和) 827-835Kaicheng (開成 kai1 cheng2) 836-840
Wu Zong (武宗 wu3 zong1)
李炎 li3 yan2 840-846Huichang (會昌 hui4 chang1) 841-846
Xuan Zong (宣宗 xuan1 zong1)
李忱 li3 chen2 846-859Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 847-859
Yi Zong (懿宗 yi4 zong1)
李漼 li3 cui3 859-873
Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 859
Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 860-873
Xi Zong (僖宗 xi1 zong1)
李儇 li3 xuan1 873-888
Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 873-874
Ch'ien Fu (乾符 qian2 fu2) 874-879Guangming (廣明 guang3 ming2) 880-881Zhonghe (中和 zhong1 he2) 881-885Guangqi (光啟 guang1 qi3) 885-888Wende (文德 wen2 de2) 888
Zhao Zong (昭宗 zhao1 zong1)
李曄 li3 ye4 888-904
Longji (龍紀 long2 ji4) 889
Dashun (大順 da4 shun4) 890-891Jingfu (景福 jing3 fu2) 892-893Qianning (乾寧 qian2 ning2) 894-898Guanghua (光化 guang1 hua4) 898-901Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 901-904Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4)1
or Zhao Xuan Di(昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4)1
李柷 li3 zhu4 904-907Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904-907
1 Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4), Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) and Zhao Xuan Di (昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4) are posthumous names, not temple names. A new column for only three commonly used posthumous names was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred using temple names.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十国
Sovereigns in Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十国 907-960
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號
miao4 hao4)
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao
諡號 )Personal Names
Period of
Reigns
Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range
of yearsthe Five Dynasties 五代
Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous nameHou (Later) Liang Dynasty 后梁 907-923
Taìzǔ (太祖) Xiànwǔ (獻武) Zhū Wēn ( 朱 溫 ) 907-912
Kaīpíng (开平) 907-911Qiánhuà (乾化) 911-912
Zhu Yougui 朱友珪 912-913Qiánhuà (乾化) 912-913Fengli 913
Did not exist Mòdì (末帝) Zhū Zhèn ( 朱瑱 ) 913-923
Qiánhuà (乾化) 913-915Zhēnmíng (贞明) 915-921Lóngdé (龙德) 921-923
Hou (Later) Tang Dynasty 后唐 923-936
Zhuang Zong (莊宗 Zhuāngzōng)
Not used when referring to this sovereign
Lǐ Cúnxù ( 李存勗 ) 923-926Tongguang (同光 Tóngguāng) 923-926
Ming Zong (明宗Míng zōng)
Not used when referring to this sovereign
Lǐ Sìyuán ( 李嗣源 ) or Lǐ Dǎn ( 李亶 )
926-933
Tiancheng (天成 Tiān chéng) 926-930
Changxing (長興 Cháng xīng) 930-933
Did not existMin Di (閔帝 Mǐndì)
Lǐ Cónghòu ( 李從厚 ) 933-934Yingshun (應順 Yìngshùn) 913-915
Did not existMo Di (末帝 Mò dì)
Lǐ Cóngkē ( 李從珂 ) 934-936Qingtai (清泰 Qīngtaì) 934-936
Hou (Later) Jin Dynasty 后晋 936-947
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)
Not used when referring to this sovereign
Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭 shi4 jing4 tang2)
936-942Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 936-942
Did not existChu Di (出帝 chu1 di4)
Shi Chonggui (石重貴 shi4 chong2 gui4)
942-947
Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 942-944
Kaiyun (開運 kai1 yun4) 944-947
Hou (Later) Han Dynasty 后汉 947-950
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)
Not used when referring to this sovereign
Liu Zhiyuan (劉知遠 liu3 zhi1 yuan3)
947-948
Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 947
Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948
Did not exist Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 Liu Chengyou (劉承 948-950 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2
di4) 祐 liu3 cheng2 you4) you4) 948-950Hou (Later) Zhou Dynasty 后周 951-960
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)
Not used when referring to this sovereign
Guo Wei (郭威 guo1 wei1)
951-954
Guangshun (廣順 guang3 shun4) 951-954
Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)
Not used when referring to this sovereign
Chai Rong (柴榮 chai2 rong2)
954-959Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954-959
Did not existGong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4)
Chai Zongxun (柴宗訓 chai2 zong1 xun4)
959-960Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 959-960
the Ten Kingdoms 十国Convention: use personal names, noticed otherwise
Wu Yue Kingdom 吴越 904-978
太祖 tai4 zu3武肅王 wu3 su4 wang2
Qian Liu|錢鏐 qian2 liu2
904-932
Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 908-923
Baoda (寶大 bao3 da4) 923-925Baozheng (寶正 bao3 zheng4) 925-932
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)
文穆王 wen2 mu4 wang2
Qian Yuanguan|錢元瓘 qian2 yuan2 guan4
932-941 Did not exist
Cheng Zong 成宗 cheng2 zong1)
忠獻王 zhong1 xian4 wang2
Qian Zuo|錢佐 qian2 zuo3
941-947 Did not exist
Did not exist忠遜王 zhong1 xun4 wang2
Qian Zong|錢倧 qian2 zong1
947 Did not exist
Did not exist忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2
Qian Chu|錢俶 qian2 chu4
947-978 Did not exist
Min Kingdom 闽 909-945 including Yin Kingdom 殷 943-945
太祖 tai4 zu3忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2
Wang Shenzhi|王審知 wang2 shen3 zhi1
909-925 Did not exist
Did not exist Did not existWang Yanhan|王延翰 wang2 yan2 han4
925-926 Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)
Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4)
Wang Yanjun|王延鈞 wang2 yan2 jun1
926-935
Longqi (龍啟 long2 qi3) 933-935
Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 935
Kang Zong (康宗 kang1 zong1)
Not used when referring to this
Wang Jipeng|王繼鵬 wang2 ji4 peng2
935-939 Tongwen (通文 tong1 wen2) 936-939
sovereign
Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1)
Not used when referring to this sovereign
Wang Yanxi|王延羲 wang2 yan2 xi1
939-944Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 939-944
Did not exist
Tian De Di (天德帝 tian1 de2 di4) (as Emperor of Yin)
Wang Yanzheng|王延政 wang2 yan2 zheng4
943-945Tiande (天德 tian1 de2) 943-945
Jing Nan 荆南 or Nan Ping Kingdom 南平 906-963
Did not exist武信王 wu3 xin4 wang2
Gao Jixing|高季興 gao1 ji4 xing1
909-928 Did not exist
Did not exist文獻王 wen2 xin4 wang2
Gao Conghui|高從誨 gao1 cong2 hui4
928-948 Did not exist
Did not exist 貞懿王 yi4 wang2Gao Baorong|高寶融 gao1 bao3 rong2
948-960 Did not exist
Did not exist 侍中 shi4 zhong1Gao Baoxu|高寶勗 gao1 bao3 xu4
960-962 Did not exist
Did not exist Did not existGao Jichong|高繼沖 gao1 ji4 chong1
962-963 Did not exist
Chu Kingdom 楚 897-951
Did not exist武穆王 wu3 mo4 wang2
Ma Yin|馬殷 ma3 yin1
897-930 Did not exist
Did not exist衡陽王 heng2 yang2 wang2
Ma Xisheng|馬希聲 ma3 xi1 sheng1
930-932 Did not exist
Did not exist文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2
Ma Xifan|馬希範 ma3 xi1 fan4
932-947 Did not exist
Did not exist 廢王 fei4 wang2Ma Xiguang|馬希廣 ma3 xi1 guang3
947-950 Did not exist
Did not exist恭孝王 gong1 xiao4 wang2
Ma Xi E|馬希萼 ma3 xi1 e4
950 Did not exist
Did not exist Did not existMa Xichong|馬希崇 ma3 xi1 chong2
950-951 Did not exist
Wu Kingdom 吴 904-937
太祖 tai4 zu3孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4
Yang Xingmi|楊行密 yang2 xing2 mi4
904-905Tianyou (天祐 tian1 you4) 904-905
烈宗 lie4 zong1 景帝 jing3 di4Yang Wo|楊渥 yang2 wo4
905-908Tianyou (天祐 tian1 you4) 905-908
高祖 gao1 zu3 宣帝 xuan1 di4Yang Longyan|楊隆演 yang2 long2 yan3
908-921
Tianyou (天祐 tian1 you4) 908-919
Wuyi (武義 wu3 yi4) 919-921
Did not exist 睿帝 rui4 di4 Yang Pu|楊溥 yang2 pu3
921-937 Shunyi (順義 shun4 yi4) 921-927
Qianzhen (乾貞 qian2 zhen1) 927-929Dahe (大和 da4 he2) 929-935Tianzuo (天祚 tian1 zuo4) 935-937
Nan (Southern) Tang Kingdom 南唐 937-975Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Hou Zhu
was referred to as Li Hou Zhu|李後主 li3 hou4 zhu3.先主 xian1 zhu3 or Lie Zu|烈祖 lie4 zu3
Not used when referring to this sovereign
Li Bian|李 (曰 on top of 弁) li3 bian4
937-943Shengyuan (昇元 sheng1 yuan2) 937-943
中主 zhong1 zhu3 or Yuan Zong|元宗 yuan2 zong1
Not used when referring to this sovereign
Li Jing|李璟 li3 jing3 943-961
Baoda (保大 bao3 da4) 943-958
Jiaotai (交泰 jiao1 tai4) 958Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 958
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3
武王 wu3 wang2 李煜 li3 yu4 961-975 Did not exist
Nan (Southern) Han Kingdom 南汉 917-971
高祖 gao1 zu3天皇大帝 tian1 huang2 da4 di4
Liú Yán|劉巖orLiú Yǎn|劉龑
917-925
Qiánhēng (乾亨) 917-925
Báilóng (白龍) 925-928Dàyǒu (大有) 928-941
Did not exist 殤帝 shang1 di4 Liú Fēn|劉玢 941-943Guāngtiān (光天) 941-943
中宗 zhong1 zong1
Not used when referring to this sovereign
Liú Shèng|劉晟 943-958
Yìngqián (應乾) 943
Qiánhé (乾和) 943-958
後主 hou4 zhu3 Did not exist Liú Chǎng|劉鋹 958-971Dàbbǎo (大寶) 958-971
Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 北汉 951-979
世祖 shi4 zu3神武帝 shen2 wu3 di4
Liu Min|劉旻 liu3 min2
951-954Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 951-954
睿宗 rui4 zong1 孝和帝 xiao4 he2 di4
Liu Chengjun|劉承鈞 liu3 cheng2 jun1
954-970 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 954-957
Tianhui (天會 tian1
hui4) 957-970
少主 shao4 zhu3 Did not existLiu Jien|劉繼恩 liu3 ji4 en1
970 Did not exist
Did not exist英武帝 ying1 wu3 di4
Liu Jiyuan|劉繼元 liu3 ji4 yuan2
970-982Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 970-982
Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom 前蜀 907–925
高祖 gao1 zu3Not used when referring to this sovereign
Wang Jian|王建 wang2 jian4
907-918
Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 907
Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng22) 908-910Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 911-915Tongzheng (通正 tong1 zheng4) 916Tianhan (天漢 tian1 han4) 917Guangtian (光天 guang1 tian1) 918
後主 hou4 zhu3 Did not existWang Yan|王衍 wang2 yan3
918-925
Qiande (乾德 qian2 de2) 918-925
Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 925
Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom 后蜀 934–965
高祖 gao1 zu3Not used when referring to this sovereign
Meng Zhixiang|孟知祥 meng4 zhi1 xiang2
934Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934
後主 hou4 zhu3 Did not existMeng Chang|孟昶 meng4 chang3
938-965
Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934-938
Guangzheng (廣政 guang3 zheng4) 938-965
Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms
local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period but traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms
Name of Posts Personal NamesPeriod on post
Captaincy General of Wuping/Hunan (武平/湖南節度使)Captain General of Wuping|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3
Liu Yan|劉言 liu3 yan2 950-953
Captain General of Wuping|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3
Wang Kui|王逵 wang2 kui2 or Wang Jin Kui|王進逵 wang2 jin4 kui2
953-956
Captain General of Hunan|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3
Zhou Xingfeng|周行逢 zhao1 xing2 feng2
956-962
Captain General of Hunan|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3
Zhou Baoquan|周保權 zhao1 bao3 quan2
962-963
Captaincy General of Quanzhang (泉漳節度使)Captain General of Quanzhang|泉漳都指揮使 quan2 zhang1 du1 zhi3 hui1 shi3
Liu Congxiao|留從效 liu2 cong2 xiao4
945-962
Captain General of Quanzhang|泉漳留守 quan2 zhang1 liu2 shou3
Liu Shaozi|留紹鎡 liu2 shao4 zi1 962
Captain General of Quanzhang|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3
Zhang Hansi|張漢思 zhang1 han4 si1
962-963
Captain General of Quanzhang|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3
Chen Hongjin|陳洪進 chen2 hong2 jin4
963-978
Liao Dynasty 辽
Liao Dynasty 907-1125
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號
miàohào)
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào)
Born NamesPeriod
of Reigns
Era Names (Nian Hao 年號 niánhào) and their
corresponding range of years
Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name
Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ)
Not used when referring to this sovereign
Yelü Abaoji (耶律阿保機 Yēlǜ Ābǎojī)
907-926
Shence (神冊 Shéncè) 916-922
Tianzan (天贊 Tiānzàn) 922-926Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 926
Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng)
Not used when referring to this sovereign
耶律德光 Yēlǜ Déguāng
926-947
Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 927-938
Huitong (會同 Huìtóng) 938-947Datong (大同 Dàtóng) 947
Shizong (世宗 Shìzōng)
Not used when referring to this sovereign
耶律阮 Yēlǜ Ruǎn
947-951Tianlu (天祿 Tiānlù) 947-951
Muzong (穆宗 Mùzōng)
Not used when referring to this
耶律璟 Yēlǜ Jǐng 951-969 Yingli (應曆 Yìnglì) 951-969
sovereign
Jingzong (景宗 Jǐngzōng)
Not used when referring to this sovereign
耶律賢 Yēlǜ Xián
969-982
Baoning (保寧 Bǎoníng) 969-979
Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 979-982
Shengzong (聖宗 Shèngzōng)
Not used when referring to this sovereign
耶律隆緒 Yēlǜ Lóngxù
982-1031
Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 982
Tonghe (統和 Tǒnghé) 983-1012Kaitai (開泰 Kāitài) 1012-1021Taiping (太平 Tàipíng) 1021-1031
Xingzong (興宗 Xīngzōng)
Not used when referring to this sovereign
耶律宗真 Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn
1031–1055
Jingfu (景福 Jǐngfú) 1031-1032
Chongxi (重熙 Chóngxī) 1032-1055
Daozong (道宗 Dàozōng)
Not used when referring to this sovereign
耶律洪基 Yēlǜ Hóngjī
1055–1101
Qingning (清寧 Qīngníng) 1055-1064
Xianyong (咸雍 Xiányōng) 1065-1074Taikang (太康 Tàikāng) or Dakang (大康 Dàkāng) 1075-1084Da'an (大安 Dà'ān) 1085-1094Shouchang (壽昌 Shòuchāng) or Shoulong (壽隆 Shòulóng) 1095-1101
Did not existTianzuodi (天祚帝 Tiānzuòdì)
耶律延禧 Yēlǜ Yánxǐ
1101–1125
Qiantong (乾統 Qiántǒng) 1101-1110
Tianqing (天慶 Tiānqìng) 1111-1120Baoda (保大 Bǎodà) 1121-1125
Song Dynasty 宋
For a list of Song emperors on a separate page, click here.
Song dynasty 宋 960-1279
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào)
Posthumous Names (short
form)( Shi Hao 諡號 )
Born NamesPeriod
of Reigns
Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their
corresponding range of years
Convention: "Song" + temple name or posthumous name except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋帝昺 Sòng Dì Bǐng)Bei (Northern) Song dynasty 北宋, 960- 1127
Taizu ( 太祖 Tàizǔ)
孝帝 Zhao Kuangyin (趙匡胤 Zhào Kuāngyìn)
960-976
Jianlong (建隆 Jiànlóng) 960-963
Qiande (乾德 Qiándé) 963-968Kaibao (開寶 Kāibǎo) 968-976
Taizong ( 太宗 Tàizōng)
德帝
Zhao Kuangyi (趙匡義 Zhào Kuāngyì) or Zhao Guangyi (趙光義 Zhào Guāngyì) or Zhao Jiong (趙炅 Zhào Jiǒng)
976-997
Taipingxingguo (太平興國 Tàipíngxīngguó) 976-984
Yongxi (雍熙 Yōngxī) 984-987Duangong (端拱 Duāngǒng) 988-989Chunhua (淳化 Chúnhuà) 990-994Zhidao (至道 Zhìdào) 995-997
Zhenzong ( 真宗 Zhēnzōng)
章帝 Zhao Heng (趙恆 Zhào Héng)
997-1022
Xianping (咸平 Xiánpíng) 998-1003
Jingde (景德 Jǐngdé) 1004-1007Dazhongxiangfu (大中祥符 Dàzhōngxiángfú) 1008-1016Tianxi (天禧 Tiānxǐ) 1017-1021Qianxing (乾興 Qiánxīng) 1022
Renzong ( 仁宗 Rénzōng)
文帝 Zhao Zhen (趙禎 Zhào Zhēn)
1022–1063
Tiansheng (天聖 Tiānshèng) 1023-1032
Mingdao (明道 Míngdào) 1032-1033Jingyou (景祐 Jǐngyòu)
1034-1038Baoyuan (寶元 Bǎoyuán) 1038-1040Kangding (康定 Kāngdìng) 1040-1041Qingli (慶曆 Qìnglì) 1041-1048Huangyou (皇祐 Huángyòu) 1049-1054Zhihe (至和 Zhìhé) 1054-1056Jiayou (嘉祐 Jiāyòu) 1056-1063
Yingzong ( 英宗 Yīngzōng)
宣帝 Zhao Shu (趙曙 Zhào Shù)
1063–1067
Zhiping (治平 Zhìpíng) 1064-1067
Shenzong ( 神宗 Shénzōng)
欽帝 Zhao Xu (趙頊 Zhào Xū)
1067–1085
Xining (熙寧 Xīníng) 1068-1077
Yuanfeng (元豐 Yuánfēng) 1078-1085
Zhezong ( 哲宗 Zhézōng)
昭帝 Zhao Xu (趙煦 Zhào Xǔ)
1085–1100
Yuanyou (元祐 Yuányòu) 1086-1094
Shaosheng (紹聖 Shàoshèng) 1094-1098Yuanfu (元符 Yuánfú) 1098-1100
Huizong ( 徽宗 Huīzōng)
顯帝 Zhao Ji (趙佶 Zhào Jí)1100–1125
Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國 Jiànzhōngjìngguó) 1101
Chongning (崇寧 Chóngníng) 1102-1106Daguan (大觀 Dàguān) 1107-1110Zhenghe (政和 Zhènghé) 1111-1118Chonghe (重和 Chónghé) 1118-1119Xuanhe (宣和 Xuānhé) 1119-1125
Qinzong ( 欽宗 Qīnzōng)
仁帝 Zhao Huan (趙桓 Zhào Huán)
1126–1127
Jingkang (靖康 Jìngkāng) 1125-1127
Nan (Southern) Song dynasty 南宋, 1127-1279
Gaozong ( 高宗 Gāozōng)
憲帝 Zhao Gou (趙構 Zhào Gòu)
1127–1162
Jianyan (建炎 Jiànyán) 1127-1130
Shaoxing (紹興 Shàoxīng) 1131-1162
Xiaozong ( 孝宗 Xiàozōng)
成帝 Zhao Shen (趙昚 Zhào Shèn)
1162–1189
Longxing (隆興 Lóngxīng) 1163-1164
Qiandao (乾道 Qiándào) 1165-1173Chunxi (淳熙 Chúnxī) 1174-1189
Guangzong ( 光 宗 Guāngzōng)
慈帝 Zhao Dun (趙惇 Zhào Dūn)
1189–1194
Shaoxi (紹熙 Shàoxī) 1190-1194
Ningzong ( 寧宗 Níngzōng)
恭帝 Zhao Kuo (趙擴 Zháo Kuó)
1194–1224
Qingyuan (慶元 Qìngyuán) 1195-1200
Jiatai (嘉泰 Jiātài) 1201-1204Kaixi (開禧 Kāixǐ) 1205-1207Jiading (嘉定 Jiādìng) 1208-1224
Lizong ( 理宗 Lǐzōng)
安帝 Zhao Yun (趙昀 Zhào Yún)
1224–1264
Baoqing (寶慶 Bǎoqìng) 1225-1227
Shaoding (紹定 Shàodìng) 1228-1233Duanping (端平 Duānpíng) 1234-1236Jiaxi (嘉熙 Jiāxī) 1237-1240Chunyou (淳祐 Chúnyòu) 1241-1252Baoyou (寶祐 Bǎoyòu) 1253-1258Kaiqing (開慶 Kāiqìng) 1259Jingding (景定 Jǐngdìng) 1260-1264
Duzong ( 度宗 Dùzōng)
景帝 Zhao Qi (趙禥 Zhào Qí)
1264–1274
Xianchun (咸淳 Xiánchún) 1265-1274
Gongzong ( 恭 宗 Gōngzong)
Gong Di (恭帝 Gōngdì)
Zhao Xian (趙顯 Zhào Xiǎn)
1274–1276
Deyou (德祐 Déyòu) 1275-1276
Duan Zong ( 端 not used when Zhao Shi (趙昰 Zhào 1276– Jingyan (景炎 Jǐngyán)
宗 Duān Zōng) referring to this sovereign
Shì) 1278 1276-1278
did not existDi ( 帝 Dì) or Wei Wang ( 衛王 Wèiwáng)
Zhao Bing (趙昺 Zhào Bǐng)
1278–1279
Xiangxing (祥興 Xiángxīng) 1278-1279
Western Xia 西夏
Western Xia 1032-1227
Temple names
Posthumous names
Chinese family name and first
namesReigns
Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: "Western Xia" + temple name or "family name + first names"
Jǐngzōng
(景宗)
Wǔlièdì
(武烈帝)
Lǐ Yuánhào
(李元昊)
1032–1048
Xiǎndào (顯道) 1032-1034
Kāiyùn (開運) 1034Guǎngpíng (廣平) 1035-1036Dàqìng (大慶) 1036-1038Tiānshòulǐfǎyánzuò (天授禮法延祚) 1038-1048
Yìzōng
(毅宗)
Zhāoyīngdì
(昭英帝)
Lǐ Liàngzuò
(李諒祚)
1048–1067
Yánsìníngguó (延嗣寧國) 1048-1049
Tiānyòuchuíshèng (天祐垂聖) 1050-1052Fúshèngchéngdào (福聖承道) 1053-1056Duǒdū (奲都) 1036-1038Gǒnghuà (拱化) 1063-1067
Huìzōng
(惠宗)
Kāngjìngdì
(康靖帝)
Lǐ Bǐngcháng
(李秉常)
1067–1086
Qiándào (乾道) 1067-1069
Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng (天賜禮盛國慶) 1070-1074Dà'ān (大安) 1075-1085Tiān'ānlǐdìng (天安禮定) 1085-1086
Chóngzōng
(崇宗)
Shèngwéndì
(聖文帝)
Lǐ Qiánshùn
(李乾順)
1086–1139
Tiānyízhìpíng (天儀治平) 1086-1089
Tiānyòumín'ān (天祐民安) 1090-1097Yǒng'ān (永安) 1098-1100Zhēnguān (貞觀) 1101-1113Yōngníng (雍寧) 1114-1118
Yuándé (元德) 1119-1127Zhèngdé (正德) 1127-1134Dàdé (大德) 1135-1139
Rénzōng
(仁宗)
Shèngzhēndì
(聖禎帝)
Lǐ Rénxiào
(李仁孝)
1139–1193
Dàqìng (大慶) 1139-1143
Rénqìng (人慶) 1144-1148Tiānshèng (天盛) 1149-1170Qiányòu (乾祐) 1170-1193
Huánzōng
(桓宗)
Zhāojiǎnjì
(昭簡帝)
Lǐ Chúnyòu
(李純佑)
1193–1206
Tiānqìng (天慶) 1193-1206
Xiāngzōng
(襄宗)
Jǐngwǔdì
(景武帝)
Lǐ Ānquán
(李安全)
1206–1211
Qìngtiān (慶天) 1206-1209
Huángjiàn (皇建) 1210-1211Shénzōng
(神宗)
Yīngwéndì
(英文帝)
Lǐ Zūnxū
(李遵頊)
1211–1223
Guāngdìng (光定) 1211-1223
Xiànzōng
(獻宗)Did not exist
Lǐ Déwàng
(李德旺)
1223–1226
Qiándìng (乾定) 1223-1226
Mòzhǔ
(末主)Did not exist
Lǐ Xiàn
(李晛)
1226–1227
Bǎoyì (寶義) 1226-1227
Jin Dynasty 金
Jin Dynasty 1115-1234
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號
Miào Hào)
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao
諡號 )Born Names
Period of
Reigns
Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their
corresponding range of years
Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name
Tàizǔ
太祖
(1) Wányán Āgǔdǎ
完顏阿骨打
1115–1123
Shōuguó
收國1115-1116 Tiānfǔ天輔1117-1123
Tàizōng (1) Wányán Wúqǐmǎi
1123–1134
Tiānhuì
太宗 完顏吳乞買orWányán (Shèng or Chéng)完顏晟
天會1123-1134
Xīzōng
熙宗
(1) Wányán Hélá
完顏合剌orWányán Dǎn完顏亶
1135–1149
Tiānhuì
天會1135-1138 Tiānjuàn天眷1138-1141 Huángtǒng皇統1141-1149
(2) Hǎilíngwáng
海陵王
Wányán Liàng
完顏亮
1149–1161
Tiāndé
天德1149-1153 Zhènyuán貞元1153-1156 Zhènglóng正隆1156-1161
Shìzōng
世宗
(1) Wányán Yōng
完顏雍
1161–1189
Dàdìng
大定1161-1189
Zhāngzōng
章宗
(1) Wányán Jǐng
完顏璟
1190–1208
Míngchāng
明昌1190-1196 Chéng'ān承安1196-1200 Tàihé泰和 1200-1208
(2) Wèishàowáng
衛紹王orWèiwáng衛王
Wányán Yǒngjì
完顏永濟
1209–1213
Dà'ān
大安1209-1212 Chóngqìng崇慶1212-1213 Zhìníng至寧1213
Xuānzōng
宣宗
(1) Wányán Xún
完顏珣
1213–1223
Zhēnyòu
貞祐1213-1217 Xīngdìng興定1217-1222 Yuánguāng元光1222-1223
Āizōng
哀宗
(1) Wányán Shǒuxù
完顏守緒
1224–1234
Zhèngdà
正大1224-1232 Kāixīng開興1232 Tiānxīng天興1232-1234
(2) Mòdì
末帝
Wányán Chénglín
完顏承麟
1234 (2)
(1) Quite long and thus not used when referring to this sovereign.(2) Did not exist.
Yuan Dynasty 元
Yuan Dynasty 元 1271-1368
Temple names
Posthumous names
Khan Names Given namesPeriod
of Reigns
Era names and their
corresponding range of years
Convention: use first name (e.g. Temüjin) or Khan names for khans before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan.
Note:1) The Mongol Great Khans before Khubilai were only declared Yuan emperors after the
creation of Yuan dynasty in 12712) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names.
3) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with Timur the lame, or Tamerlane.
Tàizǔ (太祖)
not used when referring to this sovereign
Genghis KhanBorjigin Temüjin (孛兒只斤鐵木真 Bóérzhījīn Tiěmùzhēn)
1206–1227
did not exist
Ruìzōng (睿宗)
not used when referring to this sovereign
ToluiBorjigin Tolui (孛兒只斤拖雷 Bóérzhījīn Tuōléi)
1228 did not exist
Tàizōng (太宗)
not used when referring to this sovereign
Ögedei KhanBorjigin Ögedei (孛兒只斤窩闊台 Bóérzhījīn Wōkuòtái)
1229–1241
did not exist
Dìngzōng (定宗)
not used when referring to this sovereign
Güyük KhanBorjigin Güyük (孛兒只斤貴由 Bóérzhījīn Guìyóu)
1246–1248
did not exist
Xiànzōng (憲宗)
not used when referring to this sovereign
Möngke KhanBorjigin Möngke (孛兒只斤蒙哥 Bóérzhījīn Ménggē)
1251–1259
did not exist
Shìzǔ (世祖 Shìzǔ)
not used when referring to this sovereign
Kublai KhanBorjigin Kublai (孛兒只斤忽必烈 Bóérzhījīn Hūbìliè)
1260–1294
Zhōngtǒng (中統) 1260-1264
Zhìyuán (至元) 1264-1294
Chéngzōng (成宗)
not used when
Temür Öljeytü Khân
Borjigin Temür (孛兒只斤鐵穆耳 Bóérzhījīn
1294–1307
Yuánzhēn (元貞) 1295-1297
referring to this sovereign
Tiěmù'ěr) Dàdé (大德) 1297-1307
Wǔzōng (武宗)
not used when referring to this sovereign
Qayshan GülükBorjigin Qayshan (孛兒只斤海山 Bóérzhījīn Hǎishān)
1308–1311
Zhìdà (至大) 1308-1311
Rénzōng (仁宗)
not used when referring to this sovereign
Ayurparibhadra
Borjigin Ayurparibhadra (孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 Bóérzhījīn Àiyùlíbálìbādá)
1311–1320
Huángqìng (皇慶) 1312-1313
Yányòu (延祐) 1314-1320
Yīngzōng (英宗)
not used when referring to this sovereign
Suddhipala Gege'en
Borjigin Suddhipala (孛兒只斤碩德八剌 Bóérzhījīn Shuòdébālá)
1321–1323
Zhìzhì (至治) 1321-1323
did not exist (1)
Tàidìng Dì (泰定帝) (2)
Yesün-TemürBorjigin Yesün-Temür (孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 Bóérzhījīn Yěsūntiěmùér)
1323–1328
Tàidìng (泰定) 1321-1328
Zhìhé (致和) 1328
did not exist (1)
Tiānshùn Dì (天順帝) (2)
ArigabaBorjigin Arigaba (孛兒只斤阿速吉八 Bóérzhījīn Āsùjíbā)
1328Tiānshùn (天順) 1328
Wénzōng (文宗)
not used when referring to this sovereign
Jijaghatu Toq-Temür
Borjigin Toq-Temür (孛兒只斤圖帖睦爾 Bóérzhījīn Tútiěmùér)
1328–1329 and 1329–1332
Tiānlì (天曆) 1328-1330
Zhìshùn (至順) 1330-1332
Míngzōng (明宗)
not used when referring to this sovereign
Qoshila Qutuqtu
Borjigin Qoshila (孛兒只斤和世剌 Bóérzhījīn Héshìlà)
1329 did not exist
Níngzōng (寧宗)
not used when referring to this sovereign
IrinchibalBorjigin Irinchibal (孛兒只斤懿璘質班 Bóérzhījīn Yìlínzhìbān)
1332Zhìshùn (至順) 1332
Huìzōng (惠宗) (1)
Shundi (順帝 Shùndì)
Toghan-Temür Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾 Bóérzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér)
1333–1370
Zhìshùn (至順) 1333
Yuántǒng (元
統) 1333-1335Zhìyuán (至元) 1335-1340Zhìzhèng (至正) 1341-1368Zhìyuán (至元) 1368-1370
(1) Convention: for these sovereigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì.
(2) Not actually a posthumous name, but adopted from era name.Northern Yuan Dynasty 北元 (after overthrown by the Ming Dynasty in China in
1368) 1368 – early 15th century[citation needed]
Temple Names
(Miao Hao 廟號 Miào
Hào)
Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)
Khan Names
Born NamesPeriod
of Reigns
Era Names (Nian Hao 年號)
and their corresponding range of years
Convention: use khan names or born names.Note: 1) />2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding
confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia.
Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name.
Huìzōng (惠宗) (same person as the last Yuan emperor in China)
Shundi (順帝 Shùndì)
Toghan-Temür
Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾 Bóérzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér)
1333–1370
Zhìshùn (至順) 1333
Yuántǒng (元統) 1333-1335Zhìyuán (至元) 1335-1340Zhìzhèng (至正) 1341-1368Zhìyuán (至元) 1368-1370
Zhàozōng (昭宗)
did not existBiligtü Khan
Ayushiridara of the Borjigin clan (孛兒只斤愛猷識里達臘 Bóérzhījīn Àiyùshílǐdálà)
1370–1378
Xuānguāng (宣光) 1371-1378
did not exist did not existUsakhal Khan
Tögüs Temür of the Borjigin clan (孛兒只斤脫古思鐵木兒 Bóérzhījīn Tuōgǔsī Tiěmùér)
1378–1387
Tiānguāng (天光) 1378-1387
(1) Convention: for these souvereigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝
Yuán Tài Dìng Dì.
For the later Mongol Khans, see List of Mongol Khans
Ming Dynasty 明
Main article: List of emperors of the Ming Dynasty
Personal Name
Posthumous name1
(short form)
Temple name1 Era name
Reign years
Name by which
most commonly
knownZhū
Yuánzhāng
朱元璋
Gāodì
高帝
Tàizǔ
太祖
Hóngwǔ
洪武
1368–1398
Hongwu Emperor
Zhū Yǔnwén
朱允炆
Huìdì
惠帝Huizong²
Jiànwén
建文
1398–1402
Jianwen Emperor
Zhū Dì
朱棣
Wēndì
文帝
Chéngzǔ, 成祖 or
Tàizōng, 太宗
Yǒnglè
永樂
1402–1424
Yongle Emperor
Zhū Gāochì
朱高熾
Zhāodì
昭帝
Rénzōng
仁宗
Hóngxī
洪熙
1424–1425
Hongxi Emperor
Zhū Zhānjī
朱瞻基
Zhāngdì
章帝
Xuānzōng
宣宗
Xuāndé
宣德
1425–1435
Xuande Emperor
Zhū Qízhèn
朱祁鎮
Ruìdì
睿帝
Yīngzōng
英宗
Zhèngtǒng, 正統
1436-1449;Tiānshùn, 天
順1457-1464
1435–1449;
1457-1464³
Zhengtong Emperor
Zhū Qíyù
朱祁鈺
Jǐngdì
景帝
Dàizōng
代宗
Jǐngtài
景泰
1449–1457
Jingtai Emperor
Zhū Jiànshēn
朱見深
Chúndì
純帝
Xiànzōng
憲宗
Chénghuà
成化
1464–1487
Chenghua Emperor
Zhū Yòutáng
朱祐樘
Jìngdì
敬帝
Xiàozōng
孝宗
Hóngzhì
弘治
1487–1505
Hongzhi Emperor
Zhū Hòuzhào
朱厚照
Yìdì
毅帝
Wǔzōng
武宗
Zhèngdé
正德
1505–1521
Zhengde Emperor
Zhū Hòucōng
朱厚熜
Sùdì
肅帝
Shìzōng
世宗
Jiājìng
嘉靖
1521–1566
Jiajing Emperor
Zhū Zǎihòu
朱載垕
Zhuāngdì
莊帝
Mùzōng
穆宗
Lóngqìng
隆慶
1566–1572
Longqing Emperor
Zhū Yìjūn
朱翊鈞
Xiǎndì
顯帝
Shénzōng
神宗
Wànlì
萬曆
1572–1620
Wanli Emperor
Zhū Chángluò
朱常洛
Zhēndì
貞帝
Guāngzōng
光宗
Tàichāng
泰昌1620
Taichang Emperor
Zhū Yóujiào
朱由校
Zhédì
悊帝
Xīzōng
熹宗
Tiānqǐ
天啓
1620–1627
Tianqi Emperor
Zhū Yóujiǎn
朱由檢
Zhuānglièmǐnhuángdì
莊烈愍皇帝
Sīzōng, 思宗 or
Yìzōng, 毅宗
Chóngzhēn
崇禎
1627–1644
Chongzhen Emperor
1 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu.2 The Yongle emperor assumed the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him. In 1644 the Prince of Fu (福王), the new self-proclaimed emperor of the Southern Ming, conferred on Emperor Jianwen the temple name Huizong3 After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother, the Jingtai emperor, assumed the throne and, a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position upon the death of his brother, choosing the reign name Tianshun.
Shun Dynasty 順
The Shun Dynasty was an imperial dynasty created in the brief lapse from Ming to Qing rule in China. It was a state set up by the peasants' rebellion, in which they defeated the Ming forces, but former Ming general Wu Sangui led the Qing forces into Beijing and the Qing forces defeated the rebels.
Personal Name Temple name Era name Reign years
Li Zicheng李自成
Chuǎng Wáng
闖王
Yung Chang
永昌1644
Southern Ming Dynasty 南明
The Southern Ming Dynasty refers to the Ming loyalist regimes that existed in Southern China from 1644 to 1662. The regime was established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan.
Personal Name
Temple name
Era nameReign years
Name by which
most commonly known
Zhū Yóusōng
朱由崧
Ānzōng
安宗
Hóngguāng
弘光
1644–1645
Prince of Fu
福王 Fú WángZhū Yùjiàn
朱聿鍵
Shàozōng
紹宗
Lóngwǔ
隆武
1645–1646
Prince of Tang
唐王 Táng Wáng
Zhū Chángfāng
朱常淓
None given
None given,
but sometimes referred to as the
Regency of the Prince of Lu (Luh)
潞王臨國 Lù Wáng Lín Guó
1645Prince of Lu (Luh*)
潞王 Lù Wáng
Zhū Yǐhǎi
朱以海None given
None given,
but sometimes referred to as the
Regency of the Prince of Lu (Lou)
魯王臨國 Lǔ Wáng Lín Guó
1645–1653
Prince of Lu (Lou*)
魯王 Lǔ Wáng
Zhū Yùyuè
朱聿𨮁
Wénzōng
文宗
Shàowǔ
紹武1646
Prince of Tang (Shaowu)
唐王 Táng WángZhū Yóuláng
朱由榔
Zhāozōng
昭宗
Yǒnglì
永曆
1646–1662
Prince of Gui
桂王 Guì Wáng
* The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.
Qing Dynasty 清
Main article: List of emperors of the Qing Dynasty
Given name1
Posthumous name²
(short form)
Temple name²
Reign name
Chinese, Manchu
Reign years
Name by which
most commonly known
Nurhaci
努爾哈赤pinyin:
Nǔ'ěrhāchì
Gāodì
高帝
Tàizǔ
太祖
Tiānmìng
天命Abkai fulingga
1616-1626³
Nurhaci
Hong Taiji4
皇太極pinyin:
Huángtàijí
Wéndì
文帝
Tàizōng
太宗
Tiāncōng
天聰Abkai sure1627-1636;Chóngdé崇德
Wesihun erdemungge1636-1643
1626–1643
Huang Taiji
Fúlín
福臨
Zhāngdì
章帝
Shìzǔ
世祖
Shùnzhì
順治Ijishūn dasan
1643-16615
Shunzhi Emperor
Xuányè
玄燁
Réndì
仁帝
Shèngzǔ
聖祖
Kāngxī
康熙Elhe taifin
1661–1722
Kangxi Emperor
Yìnzhēn
胤禛
Xiàndì
憲帝
Shìzōng
世宗
Yōngzhèng
雍正Hūwaliyasun tob
1722–1735
Yongzheng Emperor
Hónglì
弘曆
Chúndì
純帝
Gāozōng
高宗
Qiánlóng
乾隆Abkai wehiyehe
1735-1796
(died 1799)6
Qianlong Emperor
Yóngyǎn Ruìdì Rénzōng Jiāqìng 1796– Jiaqing Emperor
顒琰 睿帝 仁宗嘉慶
Saicungga fengšen
1820
Mínníng
旻寧
Chéngdì
成帝
Xuānzōng
宣宗
Dàoguāng
道光Doro eldengge
1820–1850
Daoguang Emperor
Yìzhǔ
奕詝
Xiǎndì
顯帝
Wénzōng
文宗
Xiánfēng
咸豐Gubci elgiyengge
1850–1861
Xianfeng Emperor
Zǎichún
載淳
Yìdì
毅帝
Mùzōng
穆宗
Tóngzhì
同治Yooningga dasan
1861-18757
Tongzhi Emperor
Zǎitián
載湉
Jǐngdì
景帝
Dézōng
德宗
Guāngxù
光緒Badarangga
doro
1875-19087
Guangxu Emperor
Pǔyí
溥儀also known as
Henry
Xùn Dì 8
遜帝
Gongzōng 9
恭宗
Xuāntǒng
宣統Gehungge yoso
1908-191110
(died 1967)
Xuantong Emperor
1 The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 aixin jueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name.2 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong.
3 Nurhaci founded the Jin (金) or Later Jin (後金) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously.
4 Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (阿巴海).5 The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644.
6 The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (太上皇帝). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796.7 The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own.8 Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the posthumous name given by mainland China and Taiwan's history
books to Pu-yi.9 In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Pu-yi. Posthumous name: Mindi (愍帝). Temple name: Gongzong (恭宗). It remains to be seen whether these names will be accepted by the Chinese public.10 The Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911, and the last emperor, Pu-yi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. However, that same day the Republic of China granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" (清帝退位優待條件) which allowed Pu-yi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Pu-yi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic of China. Pu-yi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Pu-yi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Pu-yi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong (大同) (1932–1934), then the puppet emperor
of the same under the reign name Kangde (康德) (1934–1945).
Taiping Rebellion 太平天国
Main article: Taiping Rebellion
Personal name
Reign name
年號(nian hao)
Reign yearsName by which
most commonly known
Hong Xiuquan
洪秀全
Yuánnián
元年August 1851 – May 1864 Hong Xiuquan
Hong Tianguifu
洪天貴福None given May 1864 – August 1864 Hong Tianguifu
Yuan Shikai's Empire of China
Main article: Empire of China (1915–1916)
Yuan Shikai attempted to establish himself as emperor in 1916, but his rule is universally accepted as inauthentic. After 83 days, the reign collapsed.
Personal name
Reign name
年號(nian hao)
Reign years
Name by which
most commonly known
Yuan Shikai
袁世凱
Hóngxiàn (Hung-hsien)
洪憲
December 1915 – March 1916 (1912-1915 as the President of the Republic of China)
Yuan Shikai
Emperor of ChinaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search For the volcano in Indonesia, see Emperor of China (volcano).
"Emperor" is the normal translation of 皇帝 (huangdi), a Chinese term that is not to be confused with the homophonic 黄帝, which refers to the Yellow Emperor.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2011)
Emperor of ChinaFORMER MONARCHY
The last emperor of China, Puyi, as the Emperor of
Manchukuo
First monarch Qin Shi Huang
Last monarch Puyi
Style Varies according to Dynasty
Official
residence
Varies according to Dynasty, most recently
the Forbidden City in Beijing
Monarchy
started221 BC
Monarchy ended 12 February 1912
Current
pretender(s)
Jin Youzhi
(Qing Dynasty)
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
The Emperor (Chinese: 皇帝; pinyin: Huángdì, pronounced [xu ̯ ɑ ̌ ŋ tî] ) refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning between the founding of Qin Dynasty of China, united by the King of Qin in 221 BCE, and the fall of Yuan Shikai's Empire of China in 1916. When referred to as the Son of Heaven (Chinese: 天子; pinyin: tiānzǐ, pronounced [ti ̯ ɛ ́n ts ɨ ̀] ), a title that predates the Qin unification, the Emperor was recognized as the ruler of "All under heaven" (i.e., the world). In practice not every Emperor held supreme power, though this was most often the case.
Emperors from the same family are generally classified in historical periods known as Dynasties. Most of China's imperial rulers have commonly been considered members of the Han ethnicity, although recent scholarship tends to be wary of applying current ethnic categories to historical situations. During the Yuan and Qing dynasties China was ruled by ethnic Mongols and Manchus respectively after being conquered by them. The orthodox historical view over the years sees these as non-native dynasties that were sinicized over time, though some more recent scholars argue that the interaction between politics and ethnicity was far more complex.[1] Nevertheless, in both cases these rulers claimed the Mandate of Heaven to assume the role of traditional Confucian emperors in order to rule over China proper.
Contents
1 Origin and history 2 Number of Emperors 3 Heredity and succession 4 Styles, names and forms of address 5 Family 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Further reading 9 External links
Origin and history
Chinese feudal rulers with power over their particular fiefdoms were called Wang (王), roughly translated as King, but in fact somewhat amorphous and also readily maps to "duke" in English. In 221 BCE, after the then King of Qin completed the conquest of the various kingdoms/duchies of the Warring States Period, he adopted a new title to reflect his prestige as a ruler greater than the rulers before him. He created the new title Huangdi or "Emperor", and styled himself Shi Huangdi, the First Emperor. Before this, Huang (皇) and Di (帝) were given as titles of a number of rulers from the era known as the "sage kings" period, supposedly predating written history, but probably coinciding with or following the invention and early stages of evolution for the Chinese writing system. Huang (皇) was the title generally used for divine entities and legendary/deified rulers, and Di (帝) was used for feudal rulers of vassals who were themselves rulers of their own principalities.[dubious – discuss]
Though these words came to be used synonymously and interchangeably, at the time of Ying Zheng's rule, they were not used together, and would have carried the connotation of "The Holy Emperor" because Huang (皇) was previously associated with divine or deified entities. Furthermore, it is generally agreed upon[by whom?] that the founding of the dominant Chinese race, the Han 漢 race, was the result of the "Yellow Emperor" Huangdi 黃帝, who unified a federation of tribes to drive the other tribes out of central China as it was known then (today's northwestern China), and several imperial dynasties existed since the time of Huang Di and before the time of Ying Zheng, the last of which integral dynasties, the Zhou 周 dynasty, disintegrated and formed the "Warring Nations" which were principalities of various sizes roughly based on the feudal kingdoms and duchies as ascribed under the Zhou dynasty political system.[citation needed] Ying Zheng, therefore, should really be called the re-unifier of the Chinese empire after the fall of the Zhou Dynasty, and his title should more correctly be rendered as "The First Holy Emperor" as opposed to the much less nuanced (and in fact much less accurate) "First Emperor."[citation needed] This is further evidenced by the fact that Chinese emperors since Ying Zheng also typically took on the title 帝 rather than 皇帝, e.g. Han Wu Di 漢武帝 "Emperor Wu of Han [Dynasty]", and it was not until much later that the term Huang Di 皇帝 came to be used interchangeably with the shorter Di 帝.
There is one minor exception to this interpretation in that, where the father of he who has ascended to the throne as emperor of China is still alive, this progenitor of the present emperor would be given the title Tai shang huang 太上皇, literally the "The Grand/Over-Emperor" or the "Grand Imperial Sire" or in the context of "Holy Emperor", the "Holy Imperial Sire." It is said that this practice was initiated by Liu Bang 劉邦, the founder of the Han Dynasty, in emulation of Ying Zheng (who granted his own father the title posthumously once he took on the new title of Huangdi 皇帝 for himself), because Liu Bang would not be bowed to by his own father, who was still technically a commoner.
Chinese political theory does not totally discourage or prevent the rule of non-royals or foreigners holding the title of "Emperor of China". Historically, China has been divided, numerous times, into smaller kingdoms under separate rulers or warlords. The Emperor in most cases was the ruler of a united China, or must at least have claimed legitimate rule over all of China if he did not have de facto control. There have been a number of instances where there has been more than one "Emperor of All China" simultaneously in Chinese history. For example, various Ming Dynasty princes continued to claim the title after the founding of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), and Wu Sangui claimed the title during the Kangxi Emperor's reign. In dynasties founded by foreign conquering tribes that eventually became immersed in Chinese culture, politics, and society, the rulers would adopt the title of Emperor of China in addition to whatever titles they may have had from their original homeland. Thus, Kublai Khan was simultaneously Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of China.
Number of Emperors
From the Qin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, there were[2] 557 Emperors (including rules of minor states). Some, such as Li Zicheng and Yuan Shu, declared themselves Emperors and founded their own empires as a rival government to challenge the legitimacy of the existing Emperor. Among the most famous Emperors are Qin Shi Huang of the Qin Dynasty, Emperors Gaozu and
Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty and the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty.[3]
The Emperor's words were considered sacred edicts (聖旨), and his written proclamations "directives from above" (上諭). In theory, the Emperor's orders were to be obeyed immediately. He was elevated above all commoners, nobility and members of the Imperial family. Addresses to the Emperor were always to be formal and self-deprecatory, even by the closest of family members.
In practice, however, the power of the emperor varied between different Emperors and different dynasties. Generally, in the Chinese dynastic cycle, Emperors founding a dynasty usually consolidated the Empire through absolute rule, examples including Qin Shi Huang of the Qin Dynasty, Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty, and Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty. These emperors ruled as absolute monarchs throughout their reign, maintaining a centralized grip on the country. During the Song Dynasty, the Emperor's power was significantly overshadowed by the power of the chancellor.
The Emperor's position, unless deposed in a rebellion, was always hereditary, usually by agnatic primogeniture. As a result, many Emperors ascended the throne while still children. During these minorities, the Empress Dowager (i.e., the Emperor's mother) would possess significant power. In fact, the vast majority of female rulers throughout Chinese Imperial history came to power by ruling as regents on behalf of their sons; prominent examples include the Empress Lü of the Han Dynasty, as well as Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Ci'an of the Qing Dynasty, who for a time ruled jointly as co-regents. Where Empresses Dowager were too weak to assume power, court officials often seized control. Court eunuchs had a significant role in the power structure, as Emperors often relied on a few of them as confidants, which gave them access to many court documents. In a few places, eunuchs wielded vast power; one of the most powerful eunuchs in Chinese history was Wei Zhongxian during the Ming Dynasty. Occasionally, other nobles seized power as regents. The actual area ruled by the Emperor of China varied from dynasty to dynasty. In some cases, such as during the Southern Song dynasty, political power in East Asia was effectively split among several governments; nonetheless, the political fiction that there was but one ruler was maintained.
Heredity and succession
Main article: List of Chinese monarchs
The title of emperor was hereditary, traditionally passed on from father to son in each dynasty. There are also instances where the throne is assumed by a younger brother, should the deceased Emperor have no male offspring. By convention in most dynasties, the eldest son born to the Empress (嫡長子) succeeded to the throne. In some cases when the empress did not bear any children, the emperor would have a child with another of his many wives (all children of the emperor were said also to be the children of the empress, regardless of birth mother). In some dynasties the succession of the empress' eldest son was disputed, and because many emperors had large numbers of progeny, there were wars of succession between rival sons. In an attempt to
resolve after-death disputes, the emperor, while still living, often designated a Crown Prince (太子). Even such a clear designation, however, was often thwarted by jealousy and distrust, whether it was the crown prince plotting against the emperor, or brothers plotting against each other. Some emperors, like the Kangxi Emperor, after abolishing the position of Crown Prince, placed the succession papers in a sealed box, only to be opened and announced after his death.
Unlike, for example, the Japanese monarchy, Chinese political theory allowed for a change in the ruling house. This was based on the concept of the "Mandate of Heaven". The theory behind this was that the Chinese emperor acted as the "Son of Heaven" and held a mandate to rule over everyone else in the world; but only as long as he served the people well. If the quality of rule became questionable because of repeated natural disasters such as flood or famine, or for other reasons, then rebellion was justified. This important concept legitimized the dynastic cycle or the change of dynasties.
This principle made it possible even for peasants to found new dynasties, as happened with the Han and Ming dynasties, and for the establishment of conquest dynasties such as the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty and Manchu-led Qing Dynasty. It was moral integrity and benevolent leadership that determined the holder of the "Mandate of Heaven". There has been only one lawful reigning Empress in China, Empress Wu of the Tang dynasty or the Wu-Zhou (Wu-Chou) dynasty founded by her. Many females, however, did become de facto leaders, usually as Empress Dowager. Prominent examples include Empress Dowager Cixi, mother of the Tongzhi Emperor (1861–1874), and aunt and adoptive mother of the Guangxu Emperor (1874–1908), who ruled China for 47 years (1861–1908), Empress Wu Zetian (who ultimately declared herself Empress, and was subsequently overthrown) and the Empress Dowager Lü of the Han Dynasty.
Styles, names and forms of address
To see naming conventions in detail, please refer to Chinese sovereign
As the emperor had, by law, an absolute position not to be challenged by anyone else, his subjects were to show the utmost respect in his presence, whether in direct conversation or otherwise. When approaching the Imperial throne, one was expected to kowtow before the Emperor. In a conversation with the emperor, it was considered a crime to compare oneself to the emperor in any way. It was taboo to refer to the emperor by his given name, even if it came from his own mother, who instead was to use Huangshang(皇上), Bixia(陛下), or simply Er ("son"). The emperor was never to be addressed as you. Anyone who spoke to the emperor was to address him as Bixia (陛下), corresponding to "Your Imperial Majesty", Huang Shang (皇上, lit. Emperor Above or Emperor Highness), or indirectly referred him as Sheng Shang (聖上, lit. the Divine Above or the Holy Highness) or Tian zi (天子, lit. the Son of Heaven ). The emperor could also be alluded to indirectly through reference to the imperial dragon symbology. Servants often addressed the emperor as Wan Sui Ye (萬歲爺, lit. Lord of Ten thousand years). The emperor referred to himself as Zhen (朕), translated into the royal "We", or Guaren(寡 人, modestly calling himself "the person without enough morality") in front of his subjects, a practice reserved solely for the emperor.
In contrast to the Western convention of referring to a sovereign using a regnal name (e.g. George V) or by a personal name (e.g. Queen Victoria), a governing emperor was to be referred to simply as Huangdi Bixia (皇帝陛下, His Majesty the Emperor) or Dangjin Huangshang (當今皇上, The Imperial Highness of the Present Time) when spoken about in the third person. He was usually styled His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of the Great [X] Dynasty, Son of Heaven, Lord of Ten Thousand Years. Forms of address varied considerably during the Yuan and Qing Dynasties.
Generally, emperors also ruled with an era name (年號). Since the adoption of era name by Emperor Wu of Han and up until the Ming Dynasty, the sovereign conventionally changed the era name on a semi-regular basis during his reign. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, emperors simply chose one era name for their entire reign, and people often referred to past emperors with that title. In earlier dynasties, the emperors were known with a temple name (廟號) given after their death. All emperors were also given a posthumous name (謚號), which was sometimes combined with the temple name (e.g. Emperor Shengzuren 聖祖仁皇帝 for Kangxi). The passing of an emperor was referred to as jiabeng (駕崩, lit. "collapse of the [imperial] chariot") and an emperor that had just died was referred to as Daxing Huangdi (大行皇帝), literally "the Emperor of the Great Journey."
Family
The Imperial family was made up of the Emperor and the Empress (皇后) as the primary consort and Mother of the Nation (國母). In addition, the Emperor would typically have several other consorts and concubines (妃嬪), ranked by importance into a harem, in which the Empress was supreme. Every dynasty had its set of rules regarding the numerical composition of the harem. During the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), for example, imperial convention dictated that at any given time there should be one Empress, one Huang Guifei, two Guifei, four fei and six pin, plus an unlimited number of other consorts and concubines. Although the Emperor had the highest status by law, by tradition and precedent the mother of the Emperor, i.e., the Empress Dowager (皇太后), usually received the greatest respect in the palace and was the decision maker in most family affairs. At times, especially when a young emperor was on the throne, she was the de facto ruler. The Emperor's children, the princes (皇子) and princesses (公主), were often referred to by their order of birth, e.g., Eldest Prince, Third Princess, etc. The princes were often given titles of peerage once they reached adulthood. The Emperor's brothers and uncles served in court by law, and held equal status with other court officials (子). The Emperor was always elevated above all others despite any chronological or generational superiority.