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Literary Terms A step to SOL Reading success

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Accuracy of information Make sure the information You use in an essay is correct. Check the source for credibility.

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Allegory A story whose elements mirror another concept.

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Alliteration Repetition of beginning consonant sounds

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Allusion A reference to something from literature, religion, history, or Culture that adds to the passage.

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apostrophe Addressing something or someone not present or unable to answer. Ex: Asking your pencil for the answer to a difficult question on a test.

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aside A dramatic device in which a character addresses the audience.

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Characterization The way the author gives us information about characters: His hair was disheveled. He had pillow lines on his face. His eyes kept drooping in class.

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Citations Giving credit to a source that you use in a paper or project In the epic poem Beowulf, Beowulf is described as Higlac's Follower and the strongest of the Geats -- greater And stronger than anyone anywhere in this world (BeowulfTranslations) "BeowulfTranslations.net: Translations by Burton Raffel (1963)." BeowulfTranslations.net: Start Page. Web. 29 Oct. 2010..

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Cliche An overused expression As cold as ice Between the sword and the wall Life is a bowl of cherries

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Conflict The major problem of a story Person vs. Person Person vs. Nature Person vs. self Person vs. society

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Dialect The way people actually speak as shown in dialogue From The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn "Jim, this is nice," I says. "I wouldn't want to be nowhere else but here. Pass me along another hunk of fish and some hot corn-bread." "Well, you wouldn't a ben here 'f it hadn't a ben for Jim. You'd a ben down dah in de woods widout any dinner, en gittn' mos' drownded, too; dat you would, honey. Chickens knows when it's gwyne to rain, en so do de birds, chile."

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Dialogue Words showing the actually conversation between characters. After the meal, the two sat and read the paper and spoke of the days events. Did you hear about the tornado in Kansas? asked the wife. No, her husband responded, was it bad? Not too bad, but it ripped a roof of a high school. I cant imagine the fear the teachers and students felt as they knew the tornado was bearing down on them. Do you think the Kansas schools have basements just in case? her husband replied.

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Diction Word choice In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses formal language: The stranger had entered the room with the characteristic quietude of the profession to which he announced himself as belonging. (chapter 4) In the hallways, students use informal diction.

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Drama - A story told entirely in dialogue Example: Shakespeares play The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ROMEO I take thee at thy word: Call me but love, and I'll be new baptized; Henceforth I never will be Romeo. JULIET What man art thou that thus bescreen'd in night So stumblest on my counsel? ROMEO By a name I know not how to tell thee who I am: My name, dear saint, is hateful to myself, Because it is an enemy to thee; Had I it written, I would tear the word. JULIET My ears have not yet drunk a hundred words Of that tongue's utterance, yet I know the sound:

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Exaggeration Representing something in an excessive manner. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck learns about a girl who was obsessed with death: she kept a scrap- book when she was alive, and used to paste obituaries and accidents and cases of patient suffering and write poetry after them out of her own head. (Twain 137)

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Fiction/fictitious A story that is not true. So something that is fictitious is not true. Excerpt from Robin Hood Robin Hood was captain of the band of Merry Men. Next to him came Little John. He was called Little John because he was so tall, just as Midge the miller's son was called Much because he was so small. Robin loved Little John best of all his friends. Little John loved Robin better than any one else in all the world. Yet the first time they met they fought and knocked each other about dreadfully.

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Figurative language Using words that go beyond the literal description to describe something. Literal Figurative We are at the top of a very steep slope.

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flashback When a character remembers back to events that happened prior to the current scene in the story.

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foreshadowing Hints an author gives about what is coming next. Dont try to carry all those boxes up the stairs at once. Im afraid you might fall down the stairs

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Free verse a poem written w/o a specific rhyme or pattern Ants by Ravi Shankar One is never alone. Saltwater taffy colored beach blanket spread on a dirt outcropping pocked with movement. Pell-mell tunneling, black specks the specter of beard hairs swarm, disappear, emerge, twitch, reverse course to forage along my shin, painting pathways with invisible pheromones that others take up in ceaseless streams. Ordered disarray, wingless expansionists form a colony mind, no sense of self outside the nest, expending summer to prepare for winter, droning on through midday heat. I watch, repose, alone.

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Heading The titles of different sections in a paper. http://www.oceanconservancy.org/site/PageSer ver?pagename=program_fisheries

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Imagery Using words to paint a picture by appealing to the Five senses: sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch

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Irony Contrast between expectation and reality situational different twist from what Is expected

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Metaphor Direct comparison between to things Example The train, a bright blue snake, slid along the river.

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Mood -The emotional feeling of a piece of writing Examples; happy, tense, sad, scary, angry Excerpt from Dracula Then he took my traps, and placed them on the ground beside me as I stood close to a great door, old and studded with large iron nails, and set in a projecting doorway of massive stone. I could see even in the dim light that the stone was massively carved, but that the carving had been much worn by time and weather. As I stood, the driver jumped again into his seat and shook the reins. The horses started forward, and trap and all disappeared down one of the dark openings. I stood in silence where I was, for I did not know what to do. Of bell or knocker there was no sign. Through these frowning walls and dark window openings it was not likely that my voice could penetrate. The time I waited seemed endless, and I felt doubts and fears crowding upon me. What sort of place had I come to, and among what kind of people?

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narrator The character telling the story.

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Oxymoron When a figure of speech creates a sense of confusion or incongruity Jumbo shrimp - clean dirt

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paradox An idea that seems to contradict itself but ends up being true.

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paraphrase To put someone elses idea into your own words. Because of unsatisfactory performance and the recent economic downturn, Im afraid that your position is no longer available, as it will be filled by someone more able to perform the functions of the job

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personification Giving human qualities to non-human things. The clock laughed at me.

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plagiarism Copying someone elses words or ideas without giving them credit. I knew I should have cited my sources!

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Point of view FirstI went to the store. ThirdHe went to the store. OmniscientHe went to the store to buy flowers to apologize to his wife for forgetting their anniversary. LimitedHe went to the store and bought the most expensive flowers he could find (but no one knows why yet!)

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Pun A pun is a play on words, here Snow White is waiting for her pictures, prints, but Grimmy makes a play on the word Prince.

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Sarcasm A sharp, bitter expression often meant to criticize. I was late to school, I forgot my homework, and my lunch got squished in my backpack. Im having the best day of my life!

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Setting The time and place of a story. New York City, 2008New England, 1630

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Simile Comparison using like or as

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Sonnet lyric poem 14 lines, iambic pentameter Shakespearean/English 3 quatrains and a couplet Italian/Petrarchan 2 quatrains followed by a sestet (quatrains 4 lines usually of ABAB rhyme, sestet six lines, in a sonnet they will be rhymed)

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Stage directions Descriptions (usually in italics) that describe characters actions, moods, or settings in a play. Example: Matt: (taking two steps backwards) Good grief, Dan, dont you EVER shower?

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Stanza Vespertina Cognito by Natasha Trethewey Overhead, pelicans glide in threes their shadows across the sand dark thoughts crossing the mind. Beyond the fringe of coast, shrimpers hoist their nets, weighing the harvest against the day's losses. Light waning, concentration is a lone gull circling what's thrown back. Debris weights the trawl like stones. All day, this dredgingbeneath the tug of wavesrhythm of what goes out, comes back, comes back, comes back.Natasha Trethewey Stanza

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summary To condense the main idea in your own words.

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Symbol When a word represents an idea. Love Peace Freedom/patriotism Sunrise = rebirth Sunset = death

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Sympathetic character A character for whom the reader feels sympathy. MISSING! Please help!

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synonym A word that means the same thing as another word. Example: fat obese big-boned overweight

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theme The broad idea, moral, or message of a story. Examples: Friendship Overcoming challenges

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tone The attitude of the speaker Dont you take that tone with me!

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transition A word or phrase that bridges two different topics. Transitional words and phrases include: For example, Similarly, On the other hand, Another reason for _______ is __________.

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understatement An expression of speech that contains less strength than would be expected. Example: The hiking trail is a little bit dangerous. Theres a slight chance of death.

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Works cited A page at the end of an essay that gives credit to sources.

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Types of Writing: analytical A type of writing in which the author analyzes something in depth. For example, analyze symbols in a book. In A Christmas Carol, Scrooge represents societys greed.

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Types of Writing: symbolic Writing that makes use of symbols to convey the main idea. Example: An old man might be used to symbolize death.

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Types of Writing: informational Writing meant to convey information. Example: a brochure or an encyclopedia article. Example from Encyclopedia Britanica: Portuguese Rio Amazonas It is the largest river in the world in volume and in area of drainage basin; only the Nile River of eastern and northeastern Africa exceeds it in length. It originates within 100 mi (160 km) of the Pacific Ocean in the Peruvian Andes Mountains and flows some 4,000 mi (6,400 km) across northern Brazil into the Atlantic Ocean. Its Peruvian length is called the Maran River, and the stretch of river from the Brazilian border to the mouth of the Negro River is the Solimes River.

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Types of Writing: satire A type of writing meant to make fun of something in order to criticize an element in society. In Swifts A Modest Proposal, he writes about eating babies in order to solve a hunger problem. This is an obvious exaggeration meant to raise social awareness.

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Types of Writing: tall tale A humorous or witty tale with unbelievable or exaggerated elements. Example: Johnny Appleseed

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Types of Writing: personal essay An essay written about personal experiences Example: the college essaydescribe a person who has had an impact on you. A person who has had a significant impact on my is my grandfather. Ive never known anyone more dedicated to his job than my grandfather. Each morning, he awoke at 3 a.m. to get to the bakery

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Types of writing: editorial A type of writing that expresses an opinion. Example: an editorial in a newspaper. Switch Leesburg town elections to November On Election Day, Nov. 2, Leesburg voters will go to the polls to elect someone for the House of Representatives, and vote on state constitutional amendments and a school bond. It would be great if Leesburg Town voters could also vote for their mayor and members of the Town Council in November. Leesburg and many other towns and cities have held their elections in May for years. In recent years however, turnout has been terrible. Despite a vigorous mayoral election this past May, only 13 percent of voters came to the polls, and the weather was perfect -Loudoun Times-Mirror Friday, Oct. 29, 2010

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Types of writing: fable A story usually containing animal characters and a moral. Example: The Tortoise and the Hare

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Types of writing: biography A work written about the life of someone.

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Types of writing: narrative Writing that tells a story

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Legend A type of story that is thought to be based on historical truth or values, usually containing heroic characters.

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Types of writing: objective Unbiased writing Informational research papers

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Types of writing: subjective Biased writing Commercials Political ads

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Archetypes: typical characters repeated in literature Villain Dreamer Rebel Trickster

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Organizational Patterns Compare/contrast Problem/solution Cause/effect Spatial layout

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Organizational Patterns Compare/contrastpresent similarities and differences between people, places, things, or events. Many people think downhill skiing and cross- country skiing are similar sports. While both require specialized ski gear, athletic fitness, and endurance, each requires different skills. A downhill skier travels at high speed down steep slops and must respond quickly to sudden turns and obstacles. The skier works with gravity. In contrast, a cross-country skier travels over fairly level trails at a relatively slow speed, striving to maintain a steady pace. The skier works against gravity.

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Organizational Patterns Problem/solution In America today, many people are distracted by their cell phones. So distracted that they ignore their children, their teachers, their parents, and even the laws of the road. Driving while texting or even talking leads to more car crashes and deaths. One states response is to make driving while using a hand-held cell phone illegal. Although this may irritate drivers, it lowers the crashes from distracted driving.

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Organizational Patterns Cause/effect "Many of today's kids are engaged in sedentary pursuits made possible by a level of technology unthinkable as recently as 25 to 30 years ago. Computer, video, and other virtual games, the ready availability of feature films and games on DVD, plus high-tech advancements in music-listening technology have come down into the range of affordability for parents and even for the kids themselves. These passive pursuits have produced a downside of reduced physical activity for the kids, often with the explicit or implicit consent of the parents.... "Other fairly recent developments have also contributed to the alarming rise in child obesity rates. Fast food outlets offering consumables that are both low in price and low in nutritional content have exploded all over the American landscape since the 1960s, especially in suburban areas close to major highway interchanges. Kids on their lunch breaks or after school often congregate in these fast food outlets, consuming food and soft drinks that are high in sugar, carbohydrates, and fat. Many parents, themselves, frequently take their children to these fast food places, thus setting an example the kids can find justification to emulate." (MacKie Shilstone, Mackie Shilstone's Body Plan for Kids. Basic Health Publications, 2009)

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Organizational Patterns Spatial layoutpresenting details to reflect their positions in space. For example: When you first enter the high school through the north entrance, you can turn right towards the Science Wing. Continue through this hallway, and youll turn left onto the Social Studies hallway. Here, you can exit to the courtyard located at the center of the school. Through the courtyard, you can enter the back hallway, where English and Foreign Language classes are located. From there, turn left until you reach the main office, the nurse, and the guidance offices.