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6.24 R.A. Keller, J .C. Travis: Recent advances in analyticallaser spectroscopy, inAna­lytical Laser Spectroscopy, ed. by N. Omenetto (Wiley, New York 1979)

6.25 W.F. Fairbanks, T. W. Hänsch, A.L. Schawlow: Absolute measurement of very low sodium vapor densities using laser resonance f1uorescence. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 199 (1975)

6.26 Die historische Entwicklung mit entsprechenden Referenzen findet man in: H.J. Bauer: Son et lumiere or the opto-acoustic effect in multilevel systems. J. Chem. Phys. 57, 3130(1972)

6.27 Yoh-Han Pao (ed.): Opto-acoustic Spectroscopy and Detection (Academic, New York 1977)

6.28 Ch. Hornberger, M. König, S.B. Rai, W. Demtröder: Sensitive photacoustic over­tone spectroscopy of acethylene. Chem. Phys. 190, 171 (1995)

6.29 A. V. Burenin, A.F. Krupnov: Possibility of observing the rotation al spectra ofnon­polarmolecules. Sov. Phys. - JETP40, 252 (1975)

6.30 G. Stella, 1. Gelfand, W.H. Smith: Photoacoustic detection spectroscopy with dye laserexeitation. Chem. Phys. Lett. 39,146(1976)

6.31 A.M. Angus, E.E. Marinero, M.J. Colles: Opto-acoustic spectroscopy with a visi­ble cw dye laser. Opt. Commun. 14,223 (1975)

6.32 A.C. Tarn: Photoacousties: Spectroscopy and other applications, in Ultrasensitive Laser Spectroscopy, ed. by D.S. Kliger (Academic, New York 1983) pp. 1-108

6.33 V.P. Zharov, V.S. Letokhov: Laser Optoacoustic Spectroscopy, Springer Ser. Opt. Sei., Vol. 37 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1986)

6.34 J.C. Murphy, J.W. Maclachlan Spieer, L.C. Aamodt, B.S.H. Royce (eds.): Photo­acoustic and Photothermal Phenomena II, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci. , Vol. 62 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1990)

6.35 P. Hess (ed.): Photoacoustic, Photothermal, and Photochemical Processes in Gases, Topics Curr. Phys., Vol. 46 (Springer, Berlin , Heidelberg 1989) P. Hess, 1. Pelzl (eds.): Phtoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.58 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1988)

6.36 G.S. Hurst" M.G. Payne, S.P. Kramer, J.P. Young: Resonance ionization spec­troscopy and single atom detection. Rev. Mod. Phys. 51, 767 (1979)

6.37 V. S. Letokhov: Laser Photoionization Spectroscopy (Acadernie, Orlando, FL 1987) 6.38 D.H. Parker: Laser ionization spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy, in Ultrasensi­

tive Laser Spectroscopy, ed. by D.S. Kliger (Academic, New York 1983) pp. 233-310

6.39 P. Peuser, G. Herrmann, H. Rimke, P. Sattelberger, N. Trautmann, W. Ruster, F. Ames, 1. Bonn, H.J. Kluge, V. Krönert, E.W. Otten: Tracedetectionofplutonium by three-step photoionization with a laser system pumped by a cop per vapor laser. Appl. Phys. B 38,249 (1985)

6.40 H. Rinneberg, J. Neukammer, G. Jönson, H. Hieronymus, A. König, K. Vietzke: Rydbergszustände mit hohen Hauptquantenzahlen in äußeren Feldern. Phys. Blätter 42, 347 (1986)

6.41 R.F. Stebbings, F.B. Dunnings (eds.): Rydberg States 0/ Atoms and Moleeules (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1983)

730

6.42 D. Popescu, M.L. Pascu, C.B. Collins, B. W. Johnson, I. Popescu: Use of space charge amplification techniques in the absorption spectroscopy of Cs and CS2 . Phys. Rev. A8, 1666(1973)

6.43 K. Niemax: Spectroscopy using thermionic diode detectors. Appl. Phys. B 38, 1 (1985)

6.44 R. Beigang, W. Makat, A. Timmermann: A thermionic ring diode forhigh resultion spectroscopy. Opt. Commun. 49, 253 (1984)

6.45 R. Beigang, A. Timmermann: The thermionic annular diode: a sensitive detector forhighly excited atoms and molecules. Laser and Optoelectr. 4, 252 (1984)

6.46 G. S. Hurst, M. G. Payne: Principles and Applieations 0/ Resonanee Ionization Spee­troseopy (Hilger, Bristol 1988)

6.47 I.E.M. Goldsmith, I.E. Lawler: Optogalvanic spectroscopy. Conternp. Physics 22,235 (1981)

6.48 C. Dreze. Y. Demas, I.M. Gague: Mechanistic study of the optogalvanic effect in hollow cathode discharge. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 72, 912 (1982)

6.49 D. King, P. Schenck, K. Smith, J. Travis: Direct calibration of laser wavelength and bandwidth using the optocalvanic effect in hollow cathode lamps. Appl. Opt. 16,2617 (1977)

6.50 H.O. Behrens, G.H. Guthörlein. B. Hähner: Optogalvanische Spektroskopie. Laser & Optoektronik 14 27ff (1982), Heft 1

6.51 D. Feldmann: Optogalvanic spectroscopy of some molecules in discharges: NH2, N02, H2 andN2. Opt. Commun. 29, 67 (1979)

6.52 K. Kawakita, F. Fukada, K. Adachi. S. Maeda, C. Hirose: Doppler-free optogal­vanic spectrum ofHe2 (b3 IIg _f3 .du) transitions. J. Chem. Phys. 82,653 (1985)

6.53 J . C. Travis: Analytical optogal vanic spectroscopy in flames, in A nalytieal Laser Speetroseopy, ed. by S. Martellucci, A. N. Chester (eds.) (Plenum, New York 1985) p.213

6.54 B. Barbieri, N. Beverini, A. Sasso: Optogalvanic spectroscopy. Rev. Mod. Phys. 62,603 (1990)

6.55 G. Ullas, ~.B. Bai: Laser optogalvanic and emission spectrum of N2 in the 5400-6150 A region. J. Phys. 36, 647 (1991)

6.56 T. E. Gough, G. Scoles: Optothermal infrared spectroscopy, in Laser Speetroseopy V, ed. by A.R.W. McKellar. T. Oka, B.P. Stoichef, Springer Sero Opt. Sci., Vol. 30 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1981)p.337

6.57 R. E. Miller: Infrared laser spectroscopy, in A tomie and Molecular Beam Methods, ed. by G. Scolos (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford 1992)p.192

6.58 D. Bassi: Detection principles, in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, ed. by G. Scolos (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford 1992) p.153

6.59 Th. Platz, W. Demtröder: Sub-Doppler optothermal overtone spectroscopy of the ethylene and dichlor ethylene. Chem. Phys. Leu. 294, 397 (1998)

6.60 K.I. Button (ed.): Infrared and Submillimeter Waves (Academic, New York 1979) 6.61 K.M. Evenson, R.I. Saykally, D.A. Jennings, R.E. Curl, I.M. Brown: Far In­

frared Laser Magnetic Resonance, in Chemieal and Biochemical Applications 0/ Lasers, ed. by C.B. Moore (Academic, New York 1980) Chap. V K.M. Evenson, C.I. Howard: Laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in Laser Spectroscopy, ed. by R.G. Brewer. A. Mooradian (Plenum, New York 1974) p. 535

731

6.62 1. Pfeiffer, D. Kirsten, P. Kalkert, W. Urban: Sensitive magnetic rotation spectros­copy of the OH free radical fundamental band with a colour center laser. App. Phys. B 26, 173 (1981)

6.63 P.B. Davis, K.M. Evenson: Laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy of gaseous free radicals, in Laser Spectroscopy 1I, ed. by S. Haroche, 1. C. Pebay-Peyroula, T. W. Hänsch, S.E. Harris, Lecture Notes Phys., Vol.43 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1975) p.132

6.64 C. Pfelzer, M. Havenith, M. Peric, P. Mürtz, W. Urban: Faraday laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy ofvibrationally excited C2 H. 1. Mol. Phys. 176,28 (1996)

6.65 A. Hinz, 1. Pfeiffer, W. Bohle, W. Urban: Mid-infrared laser magnetic resonance using the Faraday and Voigt effects for sensitive detection. Mol. Phys. 45, 1131 (1982)

6.66 Y. Ueda, K. Shimoda: Infrared laser Stark spectroscopy, in Laser Spectroscopy 1I, ed. by S. Haroche, 1. C. Pebay-Peyroula, T. W. Hänsch, S.E. Harris, Lecture Notes Phys., Vol.43 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1975) p.186

6.67 L.R. Zink, D.A. Jenning; K.M. Evenson, A. Sasso, M. Inguscio: Newtechniques in laser Stark spectroscopy. 1. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4, 1173 (1987)

6.68 M. Inguscio: Coherent atomic and molecular spectroscopy in the far infrared. Phy­sica Scripta 37, 699 (1989)

6.69 W.H. Weber, K. Tanaka, T. Kanaka (guest eds.): Stark and Zeeman techniques in laser spectroseopy. 1. Opt. Soe. B 4, 1141 (1987)

6.70 R.1. Saykally, R. C. Woods: High resolution spectroseopy of moleeular ions. Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 32, 403 (1981)

6.71 C.S. Gudeman, R.1. Saykally: Velocity modulation infrared laser spetroscopy of moleeular ions. Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 35, 387 (1984)

6.72 C.E. Biom. K. Müller, R.R. Filgueira: Gas diseharge modulation using fast elee­tronie switehes. Chem. Phys. Lett. 140,489 (1987)

6.73 M. Gruebele, M. Polak, R. Saykally: Velocity modulation laser speetroseopy of negative ions. The infrared speetrum of SH- . J. Chem. Phys. 86, 1698 (1987)

6.74 M.B. Radunsky, R.1. Saykally: Eleetronic absorption spectroseopy of moleeular ions in plasmas by dye laser velocity modulation spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys. 87, 898 (1987)

6.75 Siehe z.B. G. Herzberg: Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, Vol.l (van Nostrand Reinhold, New Y ork 1950)

6.76 W. Demtröder, M. Stock: Molecular constants and potential curve of Na2 from laser-indueed f1uoreseence. 1. Mol. Spectrosc. 55, 476 (1975)

6.77 K.L. Kompa: Chemical Lasers, Topics Curr. Chem., Vol. 37 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1975)

6.78 P.1. Dagdigian, H.W. Cruse, A. Sehultz, R.N. Zare: ProductstateanalysisofBaO from the reaetions Ba +C02 and Ba +°2 , J. Chem. Phys. 61, 4450 (1974)

6.79 1.G. Pruett, R.N. Zare: State-to-state reaetion rates: Ba+HF (v=O, 1) --+ BaF (v =0-12) + H. 1. Chem. Phys. 64, 1774 (1976)

6.80 W. Demtröder, H. -J. Foth: Molekülspektroskopie in kalten Düsenstrahlen . Phys. Blätter 43, 7 (J an. 1987)

6.81 A.C. Hurley: lntroduction to the Electron Theory 0/ Small Moleeules (Aeademie, NewYork 1979)

6.82 M. Raab, H. Weiekenmeier, W. Demtröder: The dissoeiation energy of the cesium dimer. Chem. Phys. Lett. 88,377 (1982)

732

6.83 J.L. Kinsey: Laser-induced fluorescence. Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 28, 349-372 ( 1977)

6.84 L.J.R. Radziemski, R.W. Solunz, J.A. Paisner (eds.): Laser Spectroscopy and its Application (Dekker, New York 1986)

6.85 J . N. MilIer: Fluorescence Spectroscopy (Ellis Harwood, Singapore 1991) 6.86 O.S. Wolflich (ed.): Fluorescence Spectroscopy (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1992) 6.87 S. Martellucci, A. N. Chester (eds.): Analytical Laser Spectroscopy (Plenum, New

York 1985) 6.88 1. Wolfrum (guest ed.): Laser diagnostics in combustion. Appl. Phys. B 50, 439ff

(June 1990) 6.89 J.E.M. Goldsmith: Recent advances in flame diagnostics using fluorescence and

ionisation techniques, in Laser Spectroscopy VIII, ed. by S. Svanberg, W. Persson, Springer Ser. Opt. Sei., Vol. 55 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1987) p.337

6.90 K. L. Kompa, 1. Wanner (eds.): Laser Applications in Chemistry (Plenum, New York 1984)

6.91 E. W. Rothe, P. Andresen: Applications of tunable excimer lasers to combustion diagnosis. Appl. Opt. 36, 3971 (1997)

6.92 T. P. Hughes: Plasma andLaser Light (Hilger, Bristol 1975)

Kapitel 7

7.1 K. Shimoda: Line broadening and narrowing effects, in High-Resolution Laser Spec­troscopy, ed. by K. Shimoda, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol.13 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1976) p. 26

7.2 W.R. Bennet Jr.: Hole-burning effects in a He-Ne optical maser. Phys. Rev. 126, 580 (1962)

7.3 V.S. Letokhov, V.P. Chebotayev: Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopy, Springer Ser. Opt. Sei .. Vol.4 (Springer Berlin, Heidelberg 1977) T. W. Hänsch: Nonlinear high-resolution spectroscopy of atoms and moleeules . In Enrico Fermi School LXIV, 17 (1977)

7.4 W.E. Lamb: Theory of an optical maser. Phys. Rev. A 134, 1428 (1964) 7.5 V. S. Letokhov: Saturation spectroscopy, in High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy, ed.

by K. Shimoda, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol.13 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1976) p.95

7.6 M.D. Levenson: Introduction to Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopy, 2nd edn. (Aca­demic, New York 1986)

7.7 H. Gerhardt, E. Matthias, F. Schneider, A. Timmerman: Isotope shifts and hyper­fine structure of the 6s-7p-transition in the cesium isotopes 133, 135 and 137. Z. Physik A 288, 327 (1978)

7.8 H.J. Foth: Sättingungsspektroskopie an Molekülen. Diplomarbeit, Universität Kaiserslautern (1976)

7.9 M. S. Sorem, A. L. Schawlow: Saturation spectroscopy in molecular iodine by inter­modulated fluorescence. Opt. Commun. 5, 148 (1972)

7.10 H.J. Foth, F. Spieweck: Hyperfine structure of the R(98), (58-1)-line of 12 at A =

514.5 11m. Chem. Phys. Lett. 65, 347 (1979) 7.11 R.L. Barger, J .B. West, T.C. English: Frequency stabilization of a cw dye laser.

Appl. Phys. Lett. 27, 31 (1975);

733

1. C. Bergquist, R. L. Barger , D.I. Glaze: High-resolution spectroscopy of calcium atoms, in Laser Spectroscopy IV, ed. by H. Walther, K. W. Rothe, Springer Ser. Opt. Sei., Vol.21 (Springer Berlin, Heidelberg 1979) p.120

7.12 Ch. Salomon, D. Hils, J.L. Hall: Laser stabilization at the millihertz level. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B5, 1576(1988)

7.13 I.L. Hall: The laser absolute wavelength standard problem. IEEE 1. QE-4, 638 (1968)

7.14 Ch. Hertzler, H.J. Foth: Sub-Doppler polarization spectra of He, N2 and Ar+ re­corded in discharges. Chem. Phys. LeU. 166,551 (1990)

7.15 R.E. Teets. F. V. Kowalski, W. T. Hili, N. Carlson, T. W. Hänsch. Laserpolariza­tion spectroscopy. Proc. SPIE 113, 80 (1977)

7.16 M.E. Rose: Elementary Theory 0/ Angular Momentum (Wiley. New York 1988) 7.17 R.N. Zare: Angular Momentum. Understanding Spatial Aspects in Chemistry and

Physics (Wiley, New York 1988) 7.18 G. Höning: Laser-induzierte Fluoreszenz und hochauflösende Doppler-freie Polari­

sations-spektroskopie am CS2 -Molekül. Dissertation, Universität Kaiserslautern (1980)

7.19 B. Hemmerling, R. Bombach, W. Demtröder: Polarization labelling spectroscopy ofLi2 -Rydberg-states. Z. Physik D 5, 165 (1987)

7.20 W. Ernst: Doppler-free polarization spectroscopy of diatomic moleeules in flame reactions. Opt. Commun. 44, 159 (1983)

7.21 M. Raab, G. Höning, W. Demtröder, C.R. Vidal: High resolution laser spectros­copy ofCs2 . 1. Chem. Phys. 76, 4370 (1982);

7.22 M. Göppert-Mayer: Über Elementarakte mit zwei Quantensprüngen. Ann. Phys. 9, 273 (1931)

7.23 W. Kaiser. C.G. Garret: Two-photon excitation in LLCA F2 : E~+. Phys. Rev.

Lett. 7. 229 (1961) 7.24 P. Bräunlich: Multiphoton spectroscopy, in Progress inAtomic Spectroscopy, ed. by

W. Hanle, H. Kleinpoppen (Plenum, NewYork 1978) 7.25 I.M. Worlock: Twophoton spectroscopy. in Laser Handbook, ed. byF.T. Arrec­

chi, E. O. Schulz-Dubois (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1972) 7.26 I. Powis, T. Baer, C. Y. Ng (eds.): High Resolution Laser Photoionization und Photo­

electron Studies (Wiley, Chichester 1995) 7.27 G.S. Hurst" M.G. Payne, S.P. Kramer, I.P. Young: Resonance ionization spec­

troscopy and single atom detection. Rev. Mod. Phys. 51, 767 (1979) 7.28 G. Hurst, M.G. Payne: Principles and applications of resonance ionisation spec­

troscopy, in Ultrasensitive Laser Spectroscopy, ed. by D. S. Kligler (Academic, New York 1983)

7.29 V. S. Letokhov: Laser Photoionization Spectroscopy (Academic, Orlando, FL 1987) 7.30 G. Grynberg, B. Cagnac: Doppler-free muitiphoton spectroscopy. Rep. Progr.

Phys. 40, 791-841 (1977) 7.31 B. Dick. G. Hohlneicher: Two-photon spectroscopy of dipole-forbidden transi­

tions. Theor. Chim. Acta 53,221 (1979); J. Chem. Phys. 70, 5427 (1979) 7.32 J. B. Halpern. H. Zacharias, R. Wallenstein: Rotational line strengths in two- and

three-photon transitions in diatomic molecules. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 79, 1 (1980) 7.33 K.D. Bonin, Th. 1. McIlrath: Two-photon electric dipole selection mies. 1. Opt.

Soc. Am. B 1, 52 (1984)

734

7.34 T.W. Hänsch, K. Harvey, G. Meisel, A.L. Schawlow: Two-photon spectroscopy of Na 3s-4d without Doppler-broadening using a cw dye laser. Opt. Commun. 11, 50 (1974)

7.35 T.W. Hänsch, S.A. Lee, R. Wallenstein, C. Wiemann: Phys. Rev. Lett. 34. 307 (1975); ibid. 35, 1262 (1975)

7.36 S. A. Lee, 1. Helmcke, 1. L. Hall, P. Stoicheff: Doppler-free two-photon transitions to Rydberg levels. Opt. Lett. 3, 141 (1978)

7.37 A. Timmermann: High resolution two-photon spectroscopy of the 6p23 Po _7p3 Po transition in stable lead isotopes. Z. Physik A 286,93 (1980)

7.38 E. Riedle, H.J. Neusser, E. W. Schlag: Electronic spectra of polyatomic molecules with resolved individual rotation al transitions: Benzene. 1. Chem. Phys. 75, 4231 ( 1981)

7.39 H.J. Neusser: Zwei-Photonen-Spektroskopie innerhalb der Doppler-Breite: Ein neuer Weg zur Untersuchung von innermolekularen Energieumverteilungsprozes­sen. Chimica 38, 379 (1984)

7.40 U. Schubert, E. Riedle, H.J. Neusser: Time evolution of individual rotational states after pulsed doppler-free two-photon excitation. J. Chem. Phys. 84, 5326 und ibid. 84, 6182 (1986)

7.41 M.V. Fedorov, A.E. Kazakov: Resonances and saturation in multiphoton bound­free transitions. Progr. Quant. Electr. 13, 1(1989)

7.42 P. Lambropoulos, S.1. Smith (eds.): Multiphoton Processes, Springer Ser. Atoms Plasmas, Vo1.2 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1984)

7.43 B. Cagnac: Multiphoton high resolution spectroscopy, in Atomic Physics 5, ed. by R. Marrus, M. Prior, H. Shugart(Plenum, NewYork 1977)p. 147

7.44 F.H.M. Faisal, R. Wallenstein, H. Zacharias: Three-photon excitation of xenon and carbon monoxide. Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 1138 (1977)

7.45 G.F. Bassani, M. Inguscio, T. W. Hänsch (eds.): The Hydrogen Atom (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1989)

7.46 E.A. Hildum, U. Boesl, D.H. Mclntyre, R.G. BeausoleiI, T.W. Hänsch: Meas­urement of the IS-2S frequency in atomic hydrogen. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 576 (1986)

7,47 S.A. Lee, R. Wallenstein. T.W. Hänsch: Hydrogen IS-2S-isoptope shift and IS Lamb shift measured by laser spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. LeU. 35, 1262 (1975)

7.48 J.R.M. Barr, I.M. Girkin, I.M. To\chard, A.1. Ferguson: Interferometric meas­urement of the ISI/2 -2S1/2 transition frequency in atomic hydrogen. Phys. Rev. Leu. 56, 580 (1986)

7.49 F. Biraben, 1.C. Garreau, L. Julien: Determination of the Rydberg constant by Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy of hydrogen Rydberg states. Europhys. LeU. 2, 925 (1986)

7.50 T. Andreae, W. König, R. Wynands, D. Leibfried, F. Schmidt-Kahn, C. Zimmer­mann. D. Meschede, T. W. Hänsch: Absolute frequency messurements of the hydrogen Is-2s transition and a new value of the Rydberg constant. Phys. Rev. Leu, 69, 1923 (1992)

7.51 F. Biraben, B. de Beauvoir, F. Nez, L. Hilio, 1. Julien, B. Cagnac: Accurate spec­troscopy and simple atomic systems: Metrology offundamental constants and test of quantum electrodynamics, in [Lit.l.lh, S.93]

7.52 Th. Udem, A. Huber, B. Gross, 1. Reichert, M. Prevedelli, M. Weitz, T.W. Hänsch: Phase coherent frequency measurements of the hydrogen Is-2s transition and its isotope shift, in [Lit.l.lh, S.87]

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7.53 K. Danzmann, K. Grützmacher, B. Wende: Doppler-free two-photon polarization spectroscopy measurement of the Stark-broadenend profile of the hydrogen Ha line inadenseplasma. Phys. Rev. Let!. 57, 2151(1986)

7.54 M.D. Levenson. G.L. Eesley: Polarization selective optical heterodyne detection for dramatically improved sensitivity in laser spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. 19, 1 (1979)

7.55 M. Raab. A. Weber: Amplitude-modulated heterodyne polarization spectroscopy. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2, 1476 (1985)

7.56 F. V. Kowalski, W. T. Hili, A. L. Schawlow: Saturated interference spectroscopy. Opt. Let!. 2, 112 (1978)

7.57 R. Schieder: Interferometricnonlinearspectroscopy. Opt. Commun. 26.113 (1978)

Kapitel 8

8.1 G. Placek: Rayleigh-Streuung und Raman-Effekt, in Handbuch der Radiologie, Vol. VI., ed. by E. Marx (Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig 1934) S.205ff

8.2 D.A. Long: Raman Spectroscopy (McGraw-Hill, New York 1977) 8.3 M.C. Tobin:LaserRamanSpectroscopy(Wiley, NewYork 1971 8.4 A. Weber (ed.): Raman Spectroscopy oj Gases and Liquids, Topics Curr. Phys.,

Vol.11 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1979) 8.5 W. Kiefer, D.A.Long (eds.): Non-Linear Raman Spectroscopy and Its Chemical

Applications (Reidel, Dordrecht 1982) 8.6 D.J. Gardiner, P. R. Grawes: Practical Raman Spectroscopy (Springer, Berlin, Hei­

dei berg 1989) 8.7 J. Loader: BasicLaser Raman Spectroscopy (Heyden/Sadtler. London 1970) 8.8 G. Herzberg: Molecular Spectra and Molecular Strucutre II. Injrared and Raman

Spectra (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1945) 8.9 A. Wehr: High-resolution rotational Raman spectra of gases. in [Lit. 8.4, Kap. 3] 8.10 J.R. Downey, G.J. Janz: Digital methods in Raman spectroscopy. Adv. Injrared

and Raman Spectroscopy 1, 1-34 (Heyden, London 1975) 8.11 W. Knippers, K. Van Helvoort, S. Stolle: Vibrational overtones ofthe homonuclear

diatomics N2 , O2 , D2 observed by the spontaneous Raman effect. Chem. Phys. Let!. 121,279 (1985)

8.12 K. van Helvoort, R. Fantoni, W.L. Meerts, J. Reuss: Internal rotation in CH3 CD3 : Raman spectroscopy of torsional overtones. Chem. Phys. LeU. 128. 494 (1986)

8.13 G.J. Rosasco, E.S. Etz, W.A. Cassat: The analysis of discrete fine particles by Raman spectroscopy. Appl. Spectroscopy 29, 396 (1975)

8.14 W. Kiefer: Recent techniques in Raman-spectroscopy. Adv. Injrared and Raman Spectroscopy 3, 1 (Heyden, London 1977)

8.15 E.G. Rodgers, D.P. Strommer: A multifunctional spinning cell for obtaining Raman spectra ofmicro sampies. Appl. Spectrosc. 35, 215 (1981)

8.16 J.J. Barret, D. R. Siebert, G.A. West: Applications of photoacoustic Raman spec­troscopy, in Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy, ed. by W. Kiefer, D.A. Long (Reidel, Dordrecht 1982)

8.17 B.F. Henson, G.V. Hartland, V.A. Venturo, R.A. Hertz, P.M. Felker: Stimu­lated Raman spectroscopy in the PI region of isotopically substituted benzene dimers. Chem. Phys. LeU. 176,91 (1991)

736

8.18 W. Kiefer: Special techniques and applications, in Injrared and Raman Spectroscopy (VCH, Weinheim 1993) S.465ff

8. 19 B. Schrader (ed. ): Injrared and Raman Spectroscopy (V CH, Weinheim 1993) 8.20 D.A. Long: The polarisability and hyperpolarizability tensors, in Nonlinear Raman

Spectroscopy and Its Chemical Applications, ed. by W. Kiefer, D.A. Long (Rei­dei, Dordrecht 1982)

8.21 W. Kiefer: Raman-Spektroskopie, in Spectroskopie amorpher und kristalliner Fest­körper, hsg.v. D. Haarer, H.W. Spiess (Stein kopf, Darmstadt 1995)

8.22 L. Beardmore, H.G.M. Edwards, D.A. Long, T.K. Tan: "Raman spectroscopic measurements of temperature in a natural gas/air flame, in Lasers in Chemistry, ed. by M.A. West (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1977)

8.23 A. Leipertz: Laser Raman-Spektroskopie in der Wärme- und Strömungstechnik. Physik in u. Zeit 12, 107 (1981)

8.24 Siehez.B. R.LH. Clark, R.E. Hester(eds.):AdvancesinInjraredandRamanSpec-troscopy, Vols.1-1O (Heyden, London 1972-1985)

8.25 J.J. Laserna: Modern Techniques in Raman Spectroscopy (Wiley, Chilester 1996) 8.26 E.L Woodbury, W.K. Ng: Proc. IRE 50, 2367(1962) 8.27 G. Eckhardt, R. W. Hellwarth, F.L McClung, S.E. Schwartz, D. Weiner, E.J.

Woodbury: Phys. Rev. Lett. 9,455 (1962) SeeE.J. Woodbury, G.M. Eckhardt: US Patent Nr. 3,371,265 (27. Februar 1968)

8.28 W. Kaiser, M. Maier: Stimulated Rayleigh Brillouin and Raman-spectroscopy, in Laser Handbook, ed. by F. T. Arrecchi, E. O. Schulz-Dubois (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1972) p.1077

8.29 N. B1oembergen: NonlinearOptics, 3rdptg. (Benjamin, NewYork 1977) 8.30 C.S. Wang: The stimulated Raman proeess, in Quantum Electronics: A Treatise,

Vol.1, ed. byH. Rabin, C.L. Tang (Academie, NewYork 1975)Chap.7 8.31 W. Kiefer: Nonlinear Raman spectroscopy, in Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy,

ed. by B. Schrader (VCH, Weinheim 1993) 8.32 F. Moya, S.A.L Druet, LP .E. Taran: Rotation-vibration spectroseopy of gases by

CARS, in Laser Spectroscopy 1I, ed. by S. Haroche, LC. Pebay-Peyroula, T.W. Hänsch, S.E. Harris, Leeture Notes Phys., Vol.43 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1975)p.66

8.33 J. W. Nibler, G. V. Knighten: Coherent anti-Stokes Raman speetroscopy, in Raman Spectroscopy oj Gases and Liquids, ed. by A. Weber, Topics Curr. Phys., Vol.ll (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1979) Chap7

8.34 J . P. Taran: Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman speetroscopy, in Laser Spectroscopy III, ed. by J.L. Hall, J. L. Carlsten, Springer Ser. Opt. Sei., Vol. 7 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1977) p. 315

8.35 E.K. Gustafson, R.L. Byer: High-resolution CARS-speetroscopy in supersonic ex­pansion, in Laser Spectroscopy VI, ed. by H.P. Weber, W. Lüthy, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.40 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1983) p.326

8.36 S.A. Akhmanov, A.F. Bunkin, S.G. Ivanov, N.!. Koroteev, A.!. Kourigin, !.L. Shumay: Development of CARS for measurement of moleeular parameters, in Tun­able Lasers and Applications ed. by A. Mooradian, Springer Ser. Opt. Sei., Vol. 3 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1976)p.389

8.37 L.A. Carreira, M.L. Horowitz: CARS in condensed media, in Non-Linear Raman Spectroscopy and Its Chemical Applications, ed. by W. Kiefer, D.A.Long (Rei­dei, Dordrecht 1982) p. 367

737

8.38 H.W. Schröter, H. Frunder, H. Berger, 1.P. Boquillon, B. Lavorel, G. MiIlet: High resolution CARS and inverse Raman spectroscopy, in Adv. Nonlinear Spectros­copy 3, 97 (Wiley, New York 1987)

8.39 S.A. Druet, 1.P.E. Taran: CARS Spectroscopy, Prog. Quant. Electr. Vol. 7, 1-72 (Persuman Press, London 1981)

8.40 T.1. Vikers: Quantitative resonance Raman spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 26, 341 (1991)

8.41 H. W. Schrötter: Group theory for various Raman scatter-processes, in Non-Linear Raman Spectroscopy and lts Chemical Applications, ed. by W. Kiefer, D.A.Long (Reidel, Dorndrecht 1982) p.143

8.42 P. D. Maker: Nonlinear light scattering in methane, in Physics oj Quantum Electron­ics ed. by P.L. Kelley, B. Lax, P.E. Tannenwaldt (McGraw-HiIl, New York 1960)p.60

8.43 K. Altmann, G. Strey: Enhancement of the scattering intensity for the hyper­Raman effect. Z. Naturforsch. 32a, 307 (1977)

8.44 S.1. Cyvin, 1.E. Rauch, 1.C. Decius: Theory of hyper-Raman effects. 1. Chem. Phys. 43, 4083 (1965)

8.45 M. Lapp, C.M. Penney: Raman measurements on flames. Adv. lnjrared and Ra­man Spectroscopy 3, 204 (Heyden, London 1977)

8.46 M. Lapp, C.M. Penney (eds.): Laser Raman Gas Diagnostics (Plenum, New York 1974)

8.47 T. Dreier, B. Lange, 1. Wolfrum, M. Zahn: Determination of temperature and concentration of molecular nitrogen, oxygen and methane with CARS. Appl. Phys. B 45, 183 (1988)

8.48 H.W. Schrötter, H. Frunder, H. Berger, 1.P. Boquillon. b. Lavorel, G. Millot: High resolution CARS and inverse Raman spectroscopy. In Adv. Nonlinear Spec­troscopy 15, (Wiley, New York 1987)

8.49 1. W. Nibler, J.1. Young: Nonlinear Raman spectroscopy of gases. Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 38, 349 (1987)

8.50 G. Marowsky, V. V. Smirnov (eds.): Coherent Raman Spectroscopy, Springer Proc. Phys., Vol. 63 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1992)

8.51 M. Schmitt, G. Knopp, A. Materny, W. Kiefer: The application of femtosecond time-resolved CARS for the investigation of ground- and excited state molecular dynamics ofmolecules in the gas phase. J. Phys. Chem. A 102,4059 (1998)

Kapitel 9

9.1 R. Abjean, M. Leriche: On the shapes of absorption lines in a divergent atomic beam. Opt. Commun. 15, 121 (1975)

9.2 R. W. Stanley: Gaseous atomic beam light source. 1. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 350 (1966) 9.3 W. Demtröder, F. Paech, R. Schmiedl: Hyperfine-structure in the visible spectrum

ofN02 . Chem. Phys. Lett. 26, 381 (1974); 9.4 R. Schmiedl, I.R. Bonilla, F. Paech, W. Demtröder: Laser spectroscopy of N02

under very high resolution. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 8,236 (1977) 9.5 L.A. Hackei, K.H. Casleton, S.G. Kukolich, S.Ezekiel: Observation ofmagnetic

octopole and scalar spin-spin interaction in 12 using laser spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 568 (1975); 1. Opt. Soc. Am. 64, 1387 (1974)

738

9.6 J.B. Atkinson, 1. Becker, W. Demtröder: Hyperfine structure of the 625 nm band in the a3 ITu +-X1 Eg transitions fo Na2' Chem. Phys. Leu. 87, 128 (1982); ibid. 87,92 (1982)

9.7 C. Duke, H. Fischer, H.J. Kluge, H. Kremling, Th. Kühl, E. W. OUen: Determi­nation ofthe isotope shift of 190Hg by on-line laser spectroscopy. Phys. LeU. A 60, 303 (1977)

9.8 P. Jacquinot: Atomic beam spectroscopy, in High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy, ed. by K. Shimoda, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol.13 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1976) p.51

9.9 G. Nowicki, K. Bekk, I. Göring, A. Hansen, H. Rebel, G. Schatz: Nuclearcharge radii and nuclear moments of neutron deficient Ba-isotopes from high resolution laser spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. C 18, 2369 (1978)

9.10 W. Lange, J. Luther, A. Steudel: Dye lasers in atomicspectroscopy, in Adv. Atomic and Molecular Physics, Vol.10 (Academic, New York 1974)

9.11 Ch. Whitehead: Molecular beam spectroscopy. Europ. Spectrosc. New 57, 10 (1984);

9.12 G. Scoles (ed.): Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods (Oxford Uni. Press, Oxford 1988, 1992) Vols.Iamd 11

9.13 J.P. Bekooij: High resolution molecular beam spectroscopy at microwave and opti­cal frequencies. PhD Thesis, University ofNijmwegen (1983)

9.14 W. Demtröder, H.I. Foth: Molekülspektroskopie in kalten Düsenstrahlen. Phys. BläUer43, 7 (1987)

9.15 P.W. Wegener (ed.): Molecular Beams and Low Density Gas Dynamics (Dekker, NewYork 1974)

9.16 K. Bergmann, U. Hefter, P. Hering: Molecular beam diagnostics with internal state selection. Chem. Phys. 32, 329 (1978), J. Chem. Phys. 65,488 (1976)

9.17 G. Herzberg: Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure (van Nostrand, New York 1950)

9.18 U. Hefter, K. Bergmann: Spectroscopic detection methods, in Atomic and Molecu­lar Beam Methods, ed. by G. Scoles (Oxford Univ. Press, New York 1988) Vol. 1, p.193

9.19 M. Kappes, S. Leutwyler: Molecular beams of clusters, in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, ed. by G. Scoles (Oxford Univ. Press, New York 1988) Vol.l, p.380

9.20 D.H. Levy: Spektroskopie ultrakalter Gase. Spektrum der Wissenschaft, S.74 (April 1984)

9.21 D.H. Levy, L. Wharton, R.E. Smalley: Laser spectroscopy in supersonicjets, in Chemical and Biochemical Applications 0/ Lasers, VoI.II, ed. by C.B. Moore (Academic, New York 1977)

9.22 G. Persch: Analyse des sichtbaren N02-Spektrums. Kombination verschiedener laserspektroskopischer Techniken im kalten Molekularstrahl. Dissertation, Univer­sität Kaiserslautern (1988)

9.23 F. Bylicki, G. Persch, E. Mehdizadeh, W. Demtröder: Saturation spectroscopy and OODR ofN02 in acollimated molecularbeam. Chem. Phys. 135,255 (1989)

9.24 T. Kröckertskothen, H. Knöckel, E. Tiemann: Molecular beam spectroscopy on FeO. Chem. Phys. 103,335 (1986)

9.25 G. Meijer, B. Janswen, 1.1. ter Meulen, A. Dynamus: High-resolution Lamb-dip spectroscopy on OD and SiCI in a molecular beam. Chem. Phys. Leu. 136, 519 (1987)

739

9.26 G. Meijer, G. Berden, W.L. Meerts: Spectroscopy on triphenylamine and its van der Waals complexes. Chem. Phys. 163,209 (1992)

9.27 S.L. Kaufman: High resolution laser spectroscopy in fast beams. Opt. Commun. 17,309(1976)

9.28 R.A. Holt, M. Carre, S. Abed, M. Larzilliere, 1. Lerme, M.G. Gailard: Doppler­modulated fast -ion-beam laser spectroscopy. Opt. Commun. 48, 403 (1984)

9.29 H.T. Duong, P. Jacquinot, P. Juncar, I. Liberman, 1. Pinard, 1.L. Vialle: High­resolution laser spectroscopy of the D-lines of the on-line produced radioactive sodium isotopes, in Laser Spectroscopy Il, ed. by S. Haroche, J. C. Pebay-Peyroula, T. W. Hänsch, S. E. Harris, Lecture Notes Phys., Vol.43 (Springer, Berlin, Heidel­berg 1975) p.144

9.30 1. Eberz, U. Dinger, T. Honiguchi, G. Huber, H. Lochmann, R. Menges, R. Kirchner, D. Klepper, T. Kühl, D. Marx, E. Roeckl, D. Schnudt, G. Ulm: Colli­near laser spectroscopy on 108g 108m In using an ion source with bunched beam rel­ease. Z. Physik A 323, 119 (1986)

9.31 B.A. Huber, T.M. Miller, P.C. Cosby, H.D. Zeman, R.L. Leon, 1.T. Moseley, 1.R. Peterson: Laser-ion coaxial beam spectroscopy. Rev. Scient. Instrum. 48, 1306 (1977)

9.32 M. Dufay, M.L. Gaillard: High-resolution studies in fast ion beams, inLaserSpec­troscopy 1Il, ed. by 1.L. Hall, 1. L. Carlsten, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol. 7 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1977)p.231

9.33 S. Abed, M. Broyer, M. Carre, M.L. Gaillard, M. Larzilliere: High resolution spectroscopy of N2 0+ in the near ultraviolet, using PIBLAS (Past-Ion-Beam Laser Spectroscopy). Chem. Phys. 74, 97 (1983)

9.34 L. Andric, H. Bissantz, E. Solarte, P. Linder: Photofragment spectroscopy of mo­lecular ions: Design and performance of a new aparatus using coaxial beams. Z. Physik D 8,371 (1988)

9.35 1. Lerme, S. Abed, R.A. Hold, M. Larzilliere, M. Carre: Measurementofthefrag­ment kinetic energy distribution in laser photopredissociation of N2 0+. Chem. Phys. Lett. 96, 403 (1983)

9.36 H. Stein, M. Erben, K. L. Kompa: Infrared photodissociation of sulfurdioxide ions in a fast ion beam. 1. Chem. Phys. 78, 3774 (1983)

9.37 O. Poulsen: Resonant fast-beam interactions: Saturated absorption and two-photon absorption, in Atomic Physics 8, ed. by I. Lindgren, S. Svanberg, A. Rosen (Ple­num, New Y ork 1983) p .485

9.38 M. A. Johnson, R.N. Zare, 1. Rostas, S. Leach: Resolution of the A/Bphotoionisa­tion branching ratio paradox for the 12C02 13(000) state. 1. Chem. Phys. 80,2407 (1984)

9.39 D. Klapstein, S. Leutwyler, 1.P. Maier, C. Cossart-Magos, D. Cossart, S. Leach:

The B2 A"2 -+ X2 p" transition of 1,3,5-C6 P3 Ht and 1, 3,5-C6 P3 Dt in discharge

and supersonic freejet emission sources. Mol. Phys. 51, 413 (1984) 9.40 P. Erman, O. Gustafsson, P. Lindbiom: A simple supersonicjet dis charge source

for sub-Doppler spectroscopy. Phys. Scripta 38, 789 (1988) 9.41 D.M. Lubman (ed.): Lasers and Mass Spectrometry (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford

1990) 9.42 W. C. Wiley, I. H. McLaren: Time-of-flight mass spectrometer with improved reso­

lution. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 26, 1150 (1955)

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9.43 V. Beutel. H.G. Krämer, G.L. Bahle, M. Kuhn, K. Weyers, W. Demtröder: High resolution isotope selective laser spectroscopy of Ag2 molecules. ]. Chem. Phys. 98, 2699 (1973)

9.44 H.G. Krämer: Laser-Spektroskopie an kleinen Alkali-Clustern. Dissertation, Universität Kaiserslautern (1998)

9.45 K. Walter, R. Weinkauf, U. Boesl. E.W. Schlag: Molecular ion spectroscopy: Mass selected resonant two-photon dissociation spectra of CH3 1+ and CD3 1+. J. Chem. Phys. 89,1914(1988)

9.46 H.]. Neusser: Multiphoton mass spectrometry and unimolecularn ion decay. Int'I]. Mass Spectrom. 79, 141 (1987)

9.47 E. W. Schlag (ed.): Time 01 Flight Mass Spectrometry and Its Applications (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1994)

Kapitel 10

10.1 R.A. Bernheim: Optical Pumping, an Introduction (Benjamin, New York 1965) 10.2 B. Budick: Optical pumping methods in atomic spectroscopy. Adv. inAt. Mol. Phys.

3,73 (Academic, New York 1967) 10.3 R. N. Zare: Optical pumping of molecules, in Int~ Colloquium on Doppler-Free Spec­

troscopic Methodslor Simple Molecular Systems (CNRS, Paris 1974) p.29 10.4 M. Broyer, G. Gouedard, 1.C. Lehmann, 1. Vigue: Optical pumping ofmolecules.

Adv. inAt. Mol. Phys. 12, 164 (Academic, New York 1976) 10.5 G. zu Putlitz: Determination of nuc1ear moments with optical double resonance.

Springer Tracts Mod. Phys. 37, 105 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1965) 10.6 C. Cohen-Tannoudji: Optical pumping with lasers. in Atomic Physics IV, ed. by G.

zuPutlitz, E.W. Weber, A. Winnacker(Plenum, NewYork 1975)p.589 10.7 B. Decomps. M. Dumont, M. Duc1oy: Linear and nonlinear phenomena in laser

optical pumping, in Laser Spectroscopy 01 Atoms and Molecules, ed. by H. Walther, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol.2 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1976) p.284

10.8 R.N. Zare: AngularMomentum (Whiley, NewYork 1988) 10.9 K. Bergmann: State selection via optical methods, in Atomic and Molecular Beam

Methods, ed. by G. Scoles (Oxford Univ. Press. Oxford 1988) p.293 10.10 H.G. Weber, Ph. Brucat, W. Demtröder, R.N. Zare: Measurement of N02

2 B2 -state g-values by optical radio frequency double-resonance. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 75,58 (1979)

10.11 1.1. Rabi: Zur Methode der Ablenkung von Molekularstrahlen. Z. Physik 54, 190 (1929)

10.12 H. Kopfermann: Kernmomente (Akad. Verlagsanstalt, Frankfurt 1956) N.F. Ramsay: Molecular Beams, 2nd edn. (Clarendom, Oxford 1989)

10.13 ] .C. Zorn, T.C. English: Molecular beam electric resonance spectroscopy. Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 9, 243 (Academic, New York 1973)

10.14 D.D. Nelson, G.T. Fraser, K.1. Peterson, K. Zhao, W. Klemperer: The mi­crowavespectrum ofK=Ostatesof Ar-NH3 . 1. Chem. Phys. 85, 5512 (1986)

10.15 S.D. Rosner, R.A. Holt, T.D. Gaily: Measurement of the zero-field hyperfine structure of a single vibration-rotation level of Na2 by a laser-fluorescence molecu­lar-beam-resonance. Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 785 (1975)

10.16 A.G. Adam, S.D. Rosner, T.D. Gaily, R.A. Holt: Coherenceeffects in laser-fluo­rescence molecular beam magnetic resonance. Phys. Rev. A 26, 315 (1982)

741

10.17 A.G. Adam: Laser-fluorescence rnolecular-bearn-resonance studies of Na2 line­shapeduetoHFS, PhD. Thesis, Univ. ofWesternOntario, London, Ontario(l981)

10.18 W. Ertrner, B. Hofer: Zerofield hyperfine structure rneasurernents ofthe rnetastable states 3d 24s 4 F3/2 9/2 of * Sc using laser-fluorescence-atornic bearn rnagnetic reso­nance technique. Z. Physik A 276,9 (1976)

10.19 1. Pernbczynski, W. Ertrner, V. Johann, S. Penselin, P. Stinner: Measurernent of the hyperfine structure of rnetastable atornic states of 55 Mrn, using the ABMR­LIRF-rnethod. Z. PhysikA 291,207 (1979); ibid. A 294,313 (1980)

10.20 D.J .E. Ingrarn: Hochlrequenz- und Mikrowellenspektroskopie (Franzis, München 1976)

10.21 G. W. Chantry (ed.): Modern Aspects 01 Microwave Spectroscopy (Acadernic, London 1979)

10.22 K. Shirnoda: Double resonance spectroscopy by means of a laser, in Laser Spectros­copy 01 Atoms and Molecules, ed. by H. Walther, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol.2 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1976) p.197

10.23 K. Shirnoda: Infrared-rnicrowave double resonance, in Laser Spectroscopy [Il, ed. by J.L. Hall, 1. L. Carlsten, Springer Ser. Opt. Sei., Vol. 7 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1975) p. 279

10.24 H. Jones: Laser rnicrowave-double-resonance and two-photon spectroscopy. Corn­rnentsAt. Mol. Phys. 8, 51(1978)

10.25 F. Tang, A.Olafson, 1. O.Henningsen: A study of the methanol laser with a 500 MHztunableC02 laser. Appl.Phys. B47, 47 (1988)

10.26 R. Neumann, F. Träger, G. zu Putlitz: Laser-rnicrowave spectroscopy, in Progr. Atomic Spectroscopy, ed. by H.L. Byer. H. Kleinpoppen (Plenum, New York 1987)

10.27 G. Meijer, G. Berden, W.L. Meerts, E. Hunzinger, M.S. de Vries, H.R. Wendt: Spectroscopy on triphenylarnone and its van der Waals cornplexes. Chern. Phys. 163,209 (1992)

10.28 R.W. Field, A.D. English, T. Tanaka, D.O. Harris, P.A. Jennings: Microwave­optical double resonance with a cw dye laser: BaO Xl E and AlE. J. Chern. Phys. 59,2191 (1973)

10.29 R.A. Gottscho, 1. Brooke, Koffend, R.W. Field, J.R. Lornbardi: J.Chern. Phys. 68.4110 (1978)

10.30 J.M.Cook, G. W. Hills, R.F. Curl: Microwave-optical double resonance spectrurn of NH2 . J. Chern. Phys. 67. 1450 (1977)

10.31 W.E. Ernst, S. Kindt: A rnolecular bearn laser-rnicrowave double resonance spec­trorneter for precise rneasurernents of high ternperature rnolecules. Appl. Phys. B 31,79 (1983)

10.32 W.J. Childs: Cornrnents At. Mol. Phys. 13,37 (1983) 10.33 W. E. Ernst, S. Kindt, T. Törring: Precise stark-effect rneasurernents in the 2 E­

groundstateofCaCI. Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 979(1983) 10.34 G. Herzberg: Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure [(van Nostrand Reinhold,

NewYork 1956) 10.35 W. Derntröder, D. Eisei, H.J. Foth, G. Höning, M. Raab, H.J. Vedder, D.

Zevgolis: Sub-doppler laser spectroscopy of sm all rnolecules. J. Mol. Structure 59, 291 (1980)

10.36 F. Bylicki, G. Perseh, E. Mehdizadeh, W. Derntröder: Saturation spectroscopy and OOD R of N02 in a collirnated rnolecular bearn. Chern. Phys. 135, 255 (1989)

742

10.37 S.A. Edelstein, T.P. Gallagher: Rydbergatoms. Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 14,365 (Aca­demic, New York 1978)

10.38 R.F. Stebbings, F.B. Dunnings: Rydberg States 0/ Atoms and Molecules (Cam­bridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1983)

10.39 Th. Gallagher: Rydberg Atoms (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1994) 10.40 H. Figger: Experimente an Rydberg-Atomen und Molekülen.Phys. in unserer Zeit

15,2(1984) 10.41 J.A.C. Gallas, H. Walther, E. Werner: Simple formula for the ionization rate of

Rydberg states in static electric fields. Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 867 (1982) 10.42 C.E. Theodosiou: Lifetimes of alkali-metal-atom Rydberg states. Phys. Rev. A 30,

2881 (1984) 10.43 J. Neukarner, H. Rinneberg, K. Vietzke, A. König, H. Hieronymus, M. Kohl,

H.J. Grabka: Spectroscopy of Rydberg atoms at n =500. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59,2947 (1987)

10.44 K.H. Weber, K. Niemax: Impact broadening of very high Rb Rydberg levels by Xe. Z. Physik A 312, 339 (1983)

10.45 R. Beigang, W. Makat, A. Timmermann, P.J. West: Hyperfine-induced n-mixing in high Rydbergstates of 87 Sr. Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 771(1983)

10.46 T.F. Gallagher, W.E. Cooke: Interactions of blackbody radiation with atoms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 835 (1979)

10.47 L. Holberg, J.L. Hall: Measurement of the shift of Rydberg energy levels induced by blackbody radiation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 230 (1984)

10.48 H. Figger. G. Leuchs, R. Strauchinger, H. Walther: A photon detector for submil­limeter wavelengths using Rydberg atoms. Opt. Commun. 33, 37 (1980)

10.49 C.Fahre, S.Haroche: Spectroscopy of one- and two-electron Rydberg atoms, in [Lit.1O.38, p.117]

10.50 J. Boulmer, P. Camus, P. Pillet: Double Rydberg spectroscopy ofthe Barium atom. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B4, 805 (1987)

10.51 I.C. Percival: Planetaryatoms. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London)A353, 289(1977) 10.52 J. Boulmer, P. Camus, P. PiIlet: Autoionizing Double Rydberg States in Barium, ed.

by H.B. Gilbody, W.R. Newell, F.H. Read, A.C. Smith, Electronic and Atomic Collisions (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1988)

10.53 D. Wintgen, H. Friedrich: Classical and quantum mechanical transition between regularity and irregularity. Phys. Rev. A 35, 1464 (1987)

10.54 G.Wunner: Gibt es Chaos in der Quantenmechanik? Phys. Blätter 45, 139 (Mai 1989)

10.55 A. Holle, G. Wiebusch, J. Main, K.H. Welge, G. Zell er, G. Wunner, T. Ertl, H. Ruder: Hydrogenic Rydberg atoms in strong magnetic fields. Z. Physik D 5, 271 (1987)

10.56 H. Rottke, K.H. Welge: Photoionization of the hydrogen atom near the ionization limit in strong electric fields. Phys. Rev. A 33,301 (1986)

10.57 R.S. Freund: High Rydberg molecules, in [Lit.lO. 38, p. 355] 10.58 D. Eisei, W. Demtröder, W. Müller, P. Botschwina: Autoionization spectraofLi2

and the X2 Eg+ ground state ofLit. Chem. Phys. 80, 329 (1983) 10.59 M. Schwarz, R. Duchowicz, W. Demtröder, Ch. Jungen: Autoionizing Rydberg

states of Li2 : analysis of electronic-rotational interactions. J. Chem. Phys. 89, 5460 (1988)

10.60 eh.H. Greene, Ch. Jungen: Molecular applications of quantum defect theory. Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 21, 51 (Academic, New York 1985)

743

10.61 S. Fredin. D. Gavyacq, M. Horani. Ch. Jungen. G. Lefevre. F. Masnou-Seeuws: S and d Rydberg series of NO probed by double resonance multiphoton ionization. Mol. Phys. 60. 825 (1987)

10.62 P. Goy, M. Bordas, M. Broyer, P. Labastie, B. Tribellet: Microwave transitions be­tween molecular Rydberg states. Chem. Phys. Leu. 120. 1 (1985)

10.63 P. Filipovicz. P. Meystere, G. Rempe. H. Walther: Rydberg atoms, a testing ground forquantum electrodynamics. Opt. Acta 32, 1105 (1985)

10.64 C.J. Latimer: Recent experiments involving highly excited atoms. Conternp. Phys. 20.631 (1979)

10.65 J .C. Gallas. G. Leuchs. H. Walther, H. Figger: Rydberg atoms: high resolution spectroscopy and advances. At. Mol. Phys. 20, 414 (1985)

10.66 V.S. Letokhov, V.P. Chebotajev: NonlinearLaserSpectroscopy, SpringerSer. Opt. Sci., Vol.4 (Springer. Berlin, Heidelberg 1977) Chap.5

10.67 Th. Hänsch, P. Toschek: Z. Physik 236,213 (1970) 10.68 H. Weickenmeier. V. Diemer. M. Wahl. M. Raab. W. Demtröder. W. Müller:

Accurate ground state potential of CS2 up to the dissociation limit. J. Chem. Phys. 82,5354 (1985)

10.69 H. Weickemeier, V. Diemer, W. Demtröder. M. Broyer: Hyperfine interaction between the singlet and triplet ground states of Cs2. Chem. Phys. Leu. 124, 470 (1986)

10.70 Hai.Lung Dai (ed.): Molecular spectroscopy and dynamics by stimulated emission pumping. 1. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7. 1802 (1990)

10.71 K. Bergmann, W. Shore: Coherent population transfer. Adv. Phys. Chem. (1993) 10.72 R. Teets, R. Feinberg, T. W. Hänsch, A.L. Schawlow: Simplification ofspectra by

polarization labelling. Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 683 (1976) 10.73 N. W. Carlson, A.J. Taylor, K.M. Jones, A.L. Schawlow: Two step polarization­

labelling spectroscopy ofexcited states ofNa2' Phys. Rev. A 24.822 (1981) 10.74 B. Hemmerling, R. Rombach, W. Demtröder. N. Spies: Polarization labelling

spectroscopy ofmolecular Li2 Rydberg states. Z. Physik D S, 165 (1987) 10.75 W.E. Ernst: Microwave-optical polarization spectroscopy of the X2 E state of SrF.

Appl. Phys. B 30,2378 (1983) 10.76 W.E. Ernst, T. Törring: Hyperfine Structure in the X2 E state of CaCI measured

with microwave optical polarization spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A 27, 875 (1983)

Kapitel 11

11.2 I.S. Marshak: PulsedLightSources(ConsultantsBureau. NewYork.1984) 11.2 P. Richter. 1.D. Kimel, G.C. Moulton: Pulsed nitrogen laser: Dynamical UV beha­

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11.20 H.A. Haus: Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics (Prentice Hall, New York 1982) 11.21 B. Kopnarsky, W. Kaiser, K.H. Drexhage: New Ultrafast Saturable Absorbers for

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11.26 S.R. Rotman, C. Roxlo, D. Bebelaar, T.K. Yee, M.M. Salour: Generation, stabili­zation and amplification of subpicosecond pulses. Appl. Phys. B 28, 319 (1982)

11.27 G.W. Fehrenbach, K.1. Gruntz, R.G. Ulbrich: Subpicosecond light pulses from synchronously pumped mode-Iocked dye lasers with composite gain and absorber medium. Appl. Phys. Lett. 33, 159 (1978)

11.28 D. Kühlke, V. Herpers, D. von der Linde: Characteristics of a hybridly mode­locked cw dye laser. Appl. Phys. B 38,233 (1985)

11.29 R.H. Johnson: Characteristics of acousto-optic cavity dumping in a mode-Iocked laser. IEEE 1. QE-9, 255 (1973)

11. 30 B. Couillaud, V. Fossati-Bellani: Modelocked Lasers and Ultrashort Pulses I, 11. Laser and Applications, Vol.IV, No.l, 79; andNo.2, 91(Jan. andFeb. 1985)

11.31 R.L. Fork, C.H. BritoCruz, P.C. Becker, C.V. Shank: Compression of optical pulses to six femtoseconds by using cubic phase compensation. Opt. Lett. 12, 483 (1987)

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11. 35 M. C. Nuss, R. Leonhardt, W. Zinth: Stable operation of a synchroneously pumped colliding pulse mode-Iocked ring dye laser. Opt. Lett. 10, 16 (1985)

11.36 A. Haus: Optical fiber solitons. Proc. IEEE 81,970 (1993) 11. 37 G. P. Agrawal: Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic, San Diego 1989)

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11.38 D. Marcuse: Pulse distortion in single-mode fibers. Appl. Opt. 19, 1653 (1980) 11.39 E.B. Treacy: Optical pulse compression with diffraction gratings. IEEE 1. QE-5,

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filter-guided soliton transmission at 106 Gbits/s. Opt. Lett. 19,704 (1994) 11.45 L.F. Mollenauer, R.H. Stolen: The soliton laser. Opt. Lett. 9, 13 (1984) 11.46 F.M. Mitschke, L.F. Mollenauer: Stabilizing the soliton laser. IEEE J. QE-22,

2242 (1986) 11.47 F.M. Mitschke, L.F. Mollenauer: Ultrahort pulses from the soliton laser. Opt.

Leu. 12,407 (1987) 11.48 W. Kaiser (ed.): Ultrashort Laser Pulses, 2nd edn., Topics Appl. Phys'., Vol.60

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dye laser, in Ultrashort Light Pulses, ed. by S.L. Shapiro, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol.18 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1977) Chap.3

11.51 R.L. Fork, C.V. Shank, R.T. Yen: Amplification of 70-fs optical pulses to Gigawatt powers. AppI.Phys.Lett. 41, 223 (1982)

11.52 F.P. Schäfer: Neue Methoden zur Erzeugung von ultra-kurzen Laserimpulsen. Laser Optoelektronik 16, 95 (1984)

11.53 U. Keller: Ultrafast solid-state lasertechnology. Appl. Phys. B 58,347 (1994) 11.54 A. Müller, Z. Bor: Farbstofflaser mit verteilter Rückkopplung zur Erzeugung von

Pikosekunden-Impulsen. Laser Optoelektronik 16, 187 (1984) 11.55 Photodioden (InGaAs-PIN-Dioden) mit Anstiegszeiten <25ps sind kommerziell

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11.58 C.H. Lee: Picosecond OptoelectronicsDevices (Academic, NewYork 1984) 11.59 Hamamatsu: Streak Camera System. Datenblatt 1994 (D-82211 Herrsching) 11.60 D.J . Bowley: Measuring ultrafast pulses. Lasers Optoelectronics 6, 81 (1987) 11.61 H.P. Weber: Method for pulsewidth measurement of ultrashort light pulses, using

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11.65 A. Unsöld, B. Baschek: Der Neue Kosmos, 6. Aufl. (Springer Berlin, Heidelberg 1999)

11.66 J.R. Lakowicz, B.P. Maliwal: Construction and performance of a variable-fre­quency phase-modulation fluorometer. Biophys.Chemistry 19, 13 (1984) und Bio­phys.J.46,463(1984)

11.67 R.E. Imhof, F.H.Read: Measurements of Iifetimes of atoms, molecules and ions. Rep. Progr. Phys. 40, 1 (1977)

11. 68 D. V. 0' Connor, D. Phillips: Time-Correlated Single-Plwton Counting (Academic, New York 1989)

11.69 M.C.E. Huber, R.J. Sandeman: The measurement of oscillator strengths. Rep. Progr. Phys. 49, 397 (1986)

11.70 J. Carlson: Accurate time resolved laser spectroscopy on sodium and bismuth atoms. Z.Physik D9, 147 (1988)

11.71 W. Wien: Über Messungen der Leuchtdauer der Atome und der Dämpfung der Spektrallinien. Ann. Physik 60,597 (1919)

11. 72 P. Hartmetz, H. Schmoranzer: Lifetime and absolute transition probabilities of the 2P lO eS l ) level ofNeI by beam-gas-dye laser spectroscopy. Z. Physik A 317,1 (1984)

11.73 D. Schulze-Hagenest, H. Harde, W. Brandt, W. Demtröder: Fast beam-spectro­scopy by combined gas-celliaser excitation for cascade free measurements of highly excited states. Z. Physik A 282, 149 (1977)

11.74 L. Ward, o. Vogel, A. Arnesen, R. Hallin, A. Wännström: Accurateexperimen­tallifetimes of excited levels in Na II, Sd II. Phys.Scripta 31, 149 (1985)

11. 75 H. Schmoranzer, P. Hartmetz, D. Marger, J. Dudda: Lifetime measurement of the B2E+ u (v =0) state of l4N2 + by the beam-dye-Iaser method. J.Phys. B 22,1761 (1989)

11. 76 A. Lauberau, W. Kaiser: Picosecond investigations of dynamic processes in polya­tomic molecules and Iiquids. in Chemical and Biochemical Applications 0/ Lasers II, ed. by C.B.Moore (Academic, NewYork 1977)

11. 77 W. Zinth, M. C. Nuss, W. Kaiser: A picosecond Raman-technique with resolution four times better than obtained by spontaneous Raman spectroscopy. [Lit. 11. 91III, S.91]

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11.80 K.J. Weingarten, M.J. W. RodweIl, D.M. Bloom: Picosecond optical sampling of GaAs integratedcircuits. IEEE J. QE-24, 198 (1988)

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11. 82 C. F. Klingshirn: Semiconductor Optics (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1995) 11.83 T, Baumert, M. Grosser, R. Thalweiser, G, Gerber: Femtosecond time-resolved

molecular multiphoton-ionisation: The Naz system. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3753 (1991)

11. 84 T. Baumert, G. Gerber: Femtosecond spectrosopy od molecules and clusters. Adv. Atom. , Mol. and Opt. Phys. 35, 163-208 (1995)

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11.86 M. Chergvi (ed.): Femtochemistry (World Scientific, Singapore 1996) 11. 87 A.H. Zewail: Femtochemistry (World Scientific, Singapore 1994) Vois. land II 11.88 M.A. EI-Sayed, I. Tanaka, Y. Molin: Ultra fast Processes in Chemistry and Biology

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Kapitel 12

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12.11 G. von Oppen: Measurements of state multipoles using level crossing techniques. Commen. At. Mol. Phys. 15,87 (1984)

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12.18 W. Lange, J. Mlynek: Quantum beats in transmission by time resolved polarization spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 1373 (1978)

12.19 J. Mlynek, W. Lange: A simple method of observing coherent ground-state transi­ents. Opt. Commun. 30,337 (1979)

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12.22 H. Bitto, J .R. Huber: Molecular quantum beat spectroscopy. Opt. Commun. 80, 184 (1990)

12.23 W. Sharfin, M. Ivanco, St. Wallace: Quantum beat phenomena in the fluorescence decay ofthe C(I B2) State of S02' J. Chem. Phys. 76, 2095 (1982)

12.24 P.J. Brucat, R.N. Zare: N02 A 2 B2 state properties from Zeeman quantum beats. 1. Chem. ~hys. 78, 100 (1983); ibid. 81,2562 (1984)

12.25 P. Schmidt, H. Bitto, 1.R. Huber: Excited state dipole moments in a polyatomic molecule determined by Stark quantum beat spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys. 88, 696 ( 1988)

12.26 N. Ochi. H. Watanabe, S. Tsuchiya, S. Koda: Rotationally resolved laser-induced fluorescence and Zeeman quantum beat spectroscopy of the V I B2 state of jet cooled CS2. Chem. Phys. 113, 271 (1987)

12.27 H. Bitto, A. Levinger, J .R. Huber: Optical-radio-frequency double resonance spec­troscopy with quantum beat detection. Z. Physik D 28,303 (1993)

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Kapitel 13

13.1 P.R. Berman: Studies of collisions by laser spectroscopy. Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 13, 57 (1977)

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13.20 D. ZevgQlis: Untersuchung inelastischer Stoß prozesse in Alkali-Dämpfen mit Hilfe spektral- und zeitaufgelöster Laserspektroskopie. Dissertation, Kaiserslautern (1980)

13.21 T.A. Brunner, R.D. Driver, N. Smith, D.E. Pritchard: Rotational energy transfer in NarXe collisions. J. Chem. Phys. 70, 4155 (1979); Phys. Rev. Leu. 41,856 (1978)

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13.23 R. Schinke: Theory 0/ Rotational Transitions in Molecules, Int'l Conf. Phys. Elect. At. Collisions XIII (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1984) p.429

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13.26 E. Nikitin, L. Zulicke: Theorie chemischer Elementarprozesse (Vieweg, Braun­schweig 1985)

13.27 E.K. Kraulinya, E.K. Kopeikana, M.L. Janson: Excitation energy transfer in atom-molecule interactions of sodium and potassium vapors. Chem. Phys. Leu. 39, 565 (1976); Opt. Spectrosc. 41, 217 (1976)

13.28 L.K. Lam, T. Fujiimoto, A.C. Gallagher, M. Hessel: Collisional excitation transfer between Na und Na2' J. Chem. Phys. 68, 3553 (1978)

13.29 H. Hulsman, P. Willems: Transfer of electronic excitation in sodium vapour. Chem. Phys. 119,377 (1988)

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13.35 M. Allegrini, P. Bicchi, L. Moi: Cross-section rneasurements for the energy transfer oollisions Na(3P) +Na(3P) .... Na(5S,4D) +Na(3S). Phys. Rev. A 28, 1338 (1983)

13.36 J. Huenneckens, A. Gallagher: Radiation diffusion and saturation in optically thick Na vapor. Phys. Rev. A 28,238 (1983)

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13.101 K. Burnett: Spectroscopy of collision complexes, in Electronic and Atomic Colli­sions, ed. by J. Eicbler, I. V. Hertel, N. Stoltenfoth (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1984) p.649

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15.80 W. Schade: Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur zeitaufgelösten Fluoreszenzspek­troskopie mit kurzen Laserpulsen. Habilitationsschrift, Universität Kiel (1992) W. Schade: Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy for diagnostics of oil-pollution in water, in Laser in Remote Sensing, ed. by C. Werner, V. Klein, K. Weber (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1991) pp.53-61

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15.82 J. Wolfrum: Laser in combustion: From simple models to real devices. 27th [nt' Symp. on Combustion (Combustion Inst., Pittburgh, PA 1998) p.l R. Suntz, H. Becker, P. Monkhouse, 1. Wolfrum: Two-dimensional visualization of the flame front in an internal combustion engine by laser-induced fluorescence of OH radicals. Appl. Phys. B47, 287 (1988)

15.83 A.M. Wodtke, L. Hüwel, H. Schlüter, H. Voges, G. Meijer, P. Andresen: High sensitivity detection of NO in a flame using a tunable Ar-F-!aser. Opt. Lett. 13,910 (1988)

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Boston 1990) 15.133 Siehe z:b viele Beiträge in der Zeitschrift Lasers in Medical Sciences 15.134 R. Pratesi, C.A. Sacchi (eds.): Lasers in Photomedicine and Photobiology, Springer

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Sei., Vol.31 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1982) 15.136 L. Goldmann (ed.): The BiomedicalLaser(Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1981) 15.137 S.L. Marcus: In Lasers in Medicine, ed. by G. Pettit, R. W. Wayant (Wiley, New

York 1995) 15.138 S. Svanberg: New developments in laser medicine. Physica Scripta T 72, 69 (1997) 15.139 G. Pettit, R.W. Wayant:LasersinMedicine(Plenum. NewYork 1995) 15.140 Siehe Z. B. Beiträge in der Zeitschrift: Lasermedizin (Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart)

769

Sachverzeichnis

Abbremsung von Atomen 620 Abklingkurve 33 Ableitungsspektroskopie 347 Ablenkung durch Photonen 623 Absorption 11,21 - gesättigte 333 - lineare 330 - nichtlineare 332 - Resonator-interne 390 - stoß induzierte 598 - Zweiphotonen-Absorption 363 Absorptionskoeffizient 30 Absorptionsmessungen 688 Absorptionsprofil, spektrales 27 Absorptionsquerschnitte 361 Absorptionsspektroskopie 283 - im externen Resonator 290 - innerhalb des Laserresonators 290 - mit Mehrmodenlaser 292 - mit Phasenmodulation 287 - über Resonatorabklingzeit 296 adiabatische Abkühlung 417 adiabatische Expansion 415 Airy-Formeln 102 aktive atomare Filter 693 aktive Modenkopplung 480 akustische Resonanzzelle 304 Alexandrit-Laser 238 Alignment 440 analytische Laseranwendungen 676 Anregungsspektroskopie 298 Anregungsspektrum, gefiltert 414 Anti-Helmholtz-Feld 629 Antireflexbeschichtung 116 Anti-Stokes Komponente 384 Argonlaser 202 ASE-Unterdrückung 249 Astigmatismus 83 atomare Filter 692 Atomfalle 627 Atomlaser 640

Atomstrahlresonanz-Methode 450 Auflösungsvermögen 127 - spektrales 80,84,91 außerordentlicher Strahl 122 Austauschreaktion 594 Autoionisation 465 Autokorrelation 512 Autokorrelationsprofil 514 axiale Moden 182

Bandabstand 151 Bandfilter 119 BBO-Kristall 279 BEC 637 Beer'sches Absorptionsgesetz 26 Bennet-Loch 337 Beschleunigungskühlung 427 Besetzungsinversion 170 Besetzungsverteilung 325 Bestrahlungsstärke 16 Beta-Barium-Borat 279 Beugung 176 Beugungsverluste 184 Bilanzgleichungen 173 Bildverstärker 167 Blazewinkel 91 Bolometer 146,315 Boltzmann-Verteilung 12 Born-Oppenheimer Näherung 323 Bose-Einstein Kondensation 636 BOSER 640 Box-CARS 402 Boxcar-System 519,540 Bragg-Zelle 478 Brechungsindex 24 - linearer 29 - nichtlinearer 494 Brewster-Prisma 210

CARS 398 CARS-Anwendungen 407

771

Cäsium-Uhr 663 cavity ring-down Spektroskopie 296 cavity-dumping 478 CCD-Array 79 CCD-Detektoren 159 Cerodur 216 Chirp 494 Clebsch-Gordon-Koeffizienten 359 CO2 -Laser 205 colliding pulse mode-Iocking 489 CPM-Laser 489 cross-over Signal 350

detailliertes Gleichgewicht 581 Detektivität - spektrale 152 - spezifische 143 Detektoren 140, 142 - Absoluteichung 149 - Empfindlichkeit 143 - photovoltaische 153 - pyroelektrische 149 - Temperaturabhängigkeit 147 - thermische 145 - Zeitkonstante 144 DFDL 506 Dicke-Narrowing 63 Dicke-Superstrahlung 544 dielektrische Polarisation 258 dielektrische Schichten 114 differentieller Wirkungsgrad 239 differentieller Wirkungsquerschnitt 586 differentielles LIDAR 689 Differenzfrequenzerzeugung 273 Differenz-Raman-Spektroskopie 389 Dioden-Arrays 159 Dipolkraft 634 Dispersion 21 Dispersion der Luft 134 Dispersion des FPI 110 Dispersionskurven 87 Dispersionsrelationen 25,27 distributed feed back-Laser 506 DNA-Spektroskopie 702 Doppelbrechung 263 Doppelresonanz-Spektroskopie 438 Doppelresonanztechniken 438,470 Doppler-Anemometrie 700 Doppler-Breite 54 Doppler-Effekt 53 - linearer 53 - quadratischer 612

772

Doppler-freie Zweiphotonen-Absorp-tion 364,366

Doppler-freie-Spektroskopie 341,366,409 Doppler-Untergrund 369 Doppler-Verbreiterung 52 Doppler-Verschiebung 54 Dreiphotonen-Spektroskopie 374 dressed atoms 597 dritte Ableitung 348 Druckverbreiterung 60 Dunkelstrom 164 durchstimmbare Interferometer 120 durchstimmbarer Laser 220 dye laser 244

Eigendruckverbreiterung 60 Eigenschwingungen 6 Einatom-Maser 650 Einmoden-Laser 203 Einstein-Koeffizienten 11,28,34 Eintrittsspalt 83 Einzelphotonennachweis 306 Einzelpulsanregung 519 elastische Stöße 58 Elektronenstoßanregung 577 elektro-optischer Effekt 125 Emissionsrate 13 Energiedichte 9 Energietransfer 569 - in DNA 702 - photonenunterstützter 599 Energietransferlaser 578 Entartungsparameter 41 Etalon 106 Etendue 128 Excimer-Laser 255 Exciplex 256 Exzeß 109

Fabry-Perot-Interferometer 106 Fabry-Perot Lambdameter 137 Farbstofflaser 202, 244 - Anordnungen 246 - Betriebsdaten 246 - Resonatortypen 251 Farbzentren 240 - laser 241 Feldionisation 461 Feldverteilung 181 Femtosekundenpulse 488 Fenster-Doppelbrechung 353 FIBLAS 432

Finesse 104 Fizeau-Lambdameter 141 Flammenanalyse 406, 696 Flugzeitlinienbreiten 71 Flugzeit-Spektrometer 435 Fluoreszenz - abklingkurve 522 - methode 328 - nachweis 300 Fokussierung, optimale 372 Fourier-Spektrometer 96 Fox-SmithcCavity 96,208 Frank-Condon Faktor 323 Fraunhofer-Linien 21 freier Spektral bereich 93, 103, 112 frequency offset locking 227, 349 Frequenz-Chirp 494 - kette 663 - messung 661 - modulation 286 Frequenzversatz-Technik 349 Fresnel-Zahl 179 Fundamentalmoden 182 FWHM47

Gauß-Funktion 54 geometrisches Kühlen 418 gesättigte Verstärkung 194 Geschwindigkeit, wahrscheinlichste 54 Geschwindigkeitsklasse 339 - Modulations-Spektroskopie 319 - Verteilung 419 Gittergeister 92 - Gleichung 88 - Monochromator 79 - Paar 497 - Spektrograph 87 Glauber-Zustand 667 Golay-Zellen 148 Gravitationswellendetektor 672 Grenzfrequenz 157 Gruppengeschwindigkeitsdispersion 494 Güteschaltung 475,488 GVD 494

Halbleiterlaser 233 Halbleiter-Spektroskopie 527 Halbwertsbreite 47 Hanle-Effekt 532 Hänsch-Anordnung 247 harte Stöße 564 Heatpipe 568

Hematophorphyrin 709 HeNe-Laser 201 Heterodyne-Spektroskopie 377,554,556,

561 Hohlraumstrahlung 16 holographisches Gitter 92 Homodyne-Spektroskopie 556 homogene Linienbreite 64 Hönl-London Faktor 323 HPD-Methode 710 Hyperfeinstruktur 343,348,416 Hyperpolarisierbarkeit 392 Hyper-Raman-Effekt 404 Hysterese 649

Idlerwelle 278 Indexellipsoid 263 Induktionszerfall 549 induzierte Absorption 11 induzierte Emission 11 induzierte Raman-Spektroskopie 393 inelastische Stöße 58 inelastische Stoß querschnitte 569 Infrarot-optische Doppelresonanz 452 inhomogenes Linienprofil 335 instabile Resonatoren 189 integraler Wirkungsquerschnitt 572 Intensität 16 - stabilisierung 212 Interferenz - filter 117 - ordnung 88 - rauschen 362 - -Ringsystem 138 - -Spektroskopie 378 Interferometer 93 - durchstimmbare 120 - ebenes 106 - konfokales 111 Intracavity-Absorption 290 Intracavity-Spekroskopie 292 Inversion 170 Ionenfalle 641 Ionenkühlung 433 Ionenspektroskopie 431 Ionisationsspektroskopie 305 isotopenselektiver Nachweis 678 Isotopentrennung 683 Isotopomer 434 isotrope Strahlung 10

Iones-Matrizen 19

773

J ones-Vektoren 19,20

Kalorimeter 150 kaskadenfreie Lebensdauern 523 KDP-Kristall 264 Kerr-Lens-Modelocking 499 Kleinsignalverstärkung 197 kohärente Spektroskopie 531 Kohärenz 35 - Bedingung 40 - Fläche 36 - Länge 36,38 - räumliche 39 - Volumen 40,43 - zeitliche 37 Kohärenzen 531 Koinzidenz-Methode 133,520 Kollimationsverhältnis 412 kollineare Laserspektroskopie 427 kollineare Phasenanpassung 277 konfokaler Resonator 184 konfokales FPI 111 kontinuierliche Spektren 21 Kontrast 103 Korrelationsfunktion 510 Korrelations-Spektroskopie 555 Korrelationsspektroskopie 705 Korrelator 509 Kreuzkorrelationsverfahren 691 künstlicher Stern 691 Kurzzeitschwankungen 216

Lambdameter 77, 131 Lambda-Typ OODR 467 Lamb-dip 340,426 - Stabilisierung 347 Lambert I sches Gesetz 16 Lamb-peak 345 Lamb-Verschiebung 374 Langzeitdrift 215 Laser - ablation 698 - -Doppler-Anemometrie 700 - -induzierte chemische Reaktionen 678 - -induzierte Fluoreszenz 321 - -Lithotripsie 711 - mikroskop 706 - -Moden 193 - -Rabi-Spektroskopie 448 - -Raman-Spektroskopie 381 Laserresonatoren - Beugungsverluste 184

774

- Feldverteilung 181 - Frequenzspektrum 190 - Fresnel-Zahl 179 - instabile 186 - konfokale 181 - Moden 182 - Reflexionsverluste 177 - sphärische 185 - stabile 186 - Stabilitäts bedingung 187 Laserspektrometer 224 Lawinendioden 155 Lebensdauer 32 - -Messungen 515 Lenard-J on es Potential 62 Level-Crossing-Spektroskopie 532 Lichtfallen 636 Lichtgeschwindigkeit 134 Lichtstärke 80 - von Spektrometern 126

LID AR-Verfahren 688 LIF 321 lineare Dispersion 81 Linienbreite 227 Linienbreite, natürliche 48, 653 Linienbreiten-Einengung 654 Linien - Breiten 227 - Filter 118 - Flügel 565 - Profil 47 - Selektion 204 - Spektren 10 - Stärke 31 - Verbreiterung - homogene 64 - inhomogene 64 Littman-Konfiguration 247 Littrow-Anordnung 88 Littrow-Gitter 88 LMR -Spektroskopie 316 Lochbrennen 199 longitudinale Relaxationszeit 531 Lorentz-Profil 50 Lyot-Filter 94, 122,252

magnetische Resonanz-Spektroskopie 316 magneto-optische Falle 627 Malvern-Korrelator 560 Markierungs-Spektroskopie 470 massenselektive Laserspektroskopie 434

Matrixelement 34,370 Mehrmodenlaser 201 Mehrphotonen-Spektroskopie 363 Mehrschichtenspiegel 116 Melasse, optische 626 Michelson-Interferometer 37,95,131 Mikrowellendetektor 462 MIM-Diode 158,276 mittlere Photonenzahl pro Mode 14,41 Moden 5 - Abstand 191 - Dichte 8 - Frequenz 190 - Kopplung 480 - aktive Modenkopplung 488 - passive Modenkopplung 484 - Selektion 205,211 -Sprung 221 - Struktur 180, 193 - Wechselwirkung 197 mode pulling 196 Modulations-Spektroskopie 286 Molekularstrahlen 409 Molekülionen 427ff,433 Monochromator 78 MOPS 472 Mößbauer-Effekt 613 MOT 627 Multiplikationsfaktor 162,310

Nachweisempfindlichkeit 263 Nahfeldverteilung 190 natürliche Linienbreite 48 NEA-Kathoden 164 NEP 143 nichtlineare Absorption 330 - Optik 258 - optische Kristalle 260, 263ff - Raman-Spektroskopie 392 - Ramsey-Resonanzen 609 - Spektroskopie 330,425

Oberflächen-Raman-Spektroskopie 390 Oberton-Raman-Spektroskopie 388 offene Resonatoren 177 OMA 145,168 OODR 454 optische Achse 263 - atomare Filter 692 - Bandfilter 119 - Bloch-Gleichung 545 - Frequenzstandards 661

- Frequenzteiler 665 - Gleichrichtung 259 - HF-Doppel resonanz 444 - Korrelator 509 - Melasse 624 - Mikrowellen-Doppelresonanz 449 - Nutation 548 - parametrische Oszillatoren 277 - Ramsey-Resonanzen 601 - Resonatoren 175 - Vielkanalanalysatoren 145, 166, 168 optisches Kühlen 617 optisches Pumpen 439 optoakustische Spektroskopie 302 optogalvanische Spektroskopie 310 optothermische Spektroskopie 313 Orientierungsgrad 440 OSA 169 Oszillator - gedämpfter 23 Oszillatorenstärke 28 Ozonreaktion 681

parametrische Oszillatoren 277 passive Modenkopplung 480 Paul-Falle 642 Penning-Falle 641 Phasenanpassung 261 - Diffusion 230 - Dispersion 497 - Flächen 74 - Methode 517 - Raum 42 - Relaxationszeit 547 - Schwankungen 667 - Störungsstöße 60 - Übergänge 649 photoakustische Spektroskopie 302 Photo - Dioden 151 - Dissoziation 430,596,683 - Effekt 144 - Fragment-Spektroskopie 436 - Leiter 153 - Multiplier 162 Photonen-Besetzungszahl 13,41 - Echo 544 - Rauschen 666 - Rückstoß 612,618 - Zähl methode 166 photovoltaische Detektoren 153 Piezoelement 217

775

Piezoregelung 217 PIN-Diode 157 1r-Puls 545 Planck' sche Strahlungsformel 9 planetarische Atome 464 Pockels-Zelle 213 Poisson-Verteilung 229, 648 Polarisation 19 Polarisationsgrad 391 - Gradientenkühlung 632 - Interferometer 94 - Markierung 470 - Signale 357 - Spektroskopie 351 Polarisierbarkeit 382,634 Prädissoziation 697 Prismenspektrograph 78 Pseudopolarisationsvektor 546 Puls - kompression 493 - schneideverfahren 483 - verstärkung 504

zug-Interferenz 551 Pump-Proben-Technik 525

Q-Faktor 177,650 Q-switching 475 Quadrupol-Ionenfalle 642 Quantenausbeute 161, 163,203 Quantenbeat-Spektroskopie 538 Quantenrauschen 668 Quantensprünge 646 Quasiphasenanpassung 266 quenching-collisions 58 Quetschzustand 669 Rabi-Oszillationen 652 Rabi-Technik 447 radiale Dispersion 113 Raman-aktive Schwingungen 386 - Kühlung 633 - Laser 280, 398 - Prozess 280 - Spektroskopie 381 - Streuquerschnitte 385 Ramsey-Interferenzen 603 Ramsey-Resonanzen 60 I Rayleigh-Kriterium 82 Rayleigh-Länge 373 Rayleigh-Streuung 383 Reaktive Stöße 592 Reflexionsfinesse 104 Reflexionsvermögen 100

776

Regelkreis 218 Rekombinationskontinuum 22 Relaxationszeit - longitudinale 531 - transversale 531 REMPI310 resonante CARS 400 resonante Mehrphotonen-Ionisation 310 resonante Raman-Streuung 382 Resonatoren 175 - instabile 189 - konfokale 185,188 - stabile 186 Resonatorgüte 177 Retrorefl ektor 131, 687 Rhodamin 244,256 Richardson-Gleichung 164 Riesenpuls 475 Ringresonator 253 Röntgendiagnostik 713 Röntgenlaser 272 Rotations-Korrelator 512 Rückstoß-Dublett 614 Rydberg-Atome 460 Rydberg-Zustände 459

Sättigung 333 - Intensität 334 - Parameter 67, 333 - Spekroskopie 341,425 - Spektrum 343,344 - Verbreiterung 694 Schadstoff-Spektrosk~pie 694 Schawlow-Townes-Beziehung 231 Schottky-Diode 158 Schwellwertbedingung 171 Schwellwertinversion 173 Schwingungstemperatur 422 seeded beam 422 Seiten band-Kühlung 644 Selbstphasenmodulation 493 Siegert-Relation 559 Sigmameter 135 single-mode Laser 214 Sisyphus-Kühlung 631 slope-efficiency 231 Smaragd-Laser 239 Solarkonstante 18 Solitonen laser 502 spatial hole burning 199,239 Speicherzustand 646 spektrale Energiedichte 8 spektrale Halbwertsbreite 38

spektrale Strahlungsstärke 15 spektraler Strahlungsstrom 15 spektrales Auflösungsvermögen 80,98 Spektraphon 302 Spektren 21 Spektrographen 78 Spektrometer 79 Spektroskopie - Absorptions-Spektroskopie 283 - Anregungs-Spektroskopie 298 - Doppler-freie Spektroskopie 341-366,409 - heterodyne Spektroskopie 377,554 - im Automotor 618 - im Laserresonator 290 - in Ionenstrahlen 427 - innerhalb der natürlichen Linien-

breite 654 - intracavity Spektroskopie 290 - Ionisations-Spektroskopie 305 - kohärente Spektroskopie 531 - Korrelations-Spektroskopie 555 - magnetische Resonanz-Spektroskopie 316 - Mehrphotonen-Spektroskopie 363 - mit Frequenzmodulation 286 - mit Mehrmodenlasern 292 - mit Phasenmodulation 287 - Modulations-Spektroskopie 286 - nichtlineare Spektroskopie 330 - opto-akustische Spektroskopie 310 - opto-thermische Spektroskopie 313 - Polarisations-Spektroskopie 351 - Pulszug-Interferenz-Spektroskopie 551 - Sättigungs-Spektroskopie 341 - Sub-Doppler-Spektroskopie 412 - Überlagerungs-Spektroskopie 553 - von biologischen Molekülen 702 - von biologischen Prozessen 704 - von Mikroben 705 - von Schadstoffen 693 - von Strömungs vorgängen 700 - von Verbrennungsprozessen 695 - zeitaufgelöste Spektroskopie 579 - Zweiphotonen-Spektroskopie 363 Spiegel dispersion 492 Spikes 475 Spin-Echo 544 spontane Emission 12 squeezed States 669 Stabilitätsbedingung 187 Stabilitätsparameter 188 Stark-Spektroskopie 319 Stark -Verbreiterung 62

stationärer Laserbetrieb 174 Stern-Vollmer-Gleichung 516 Stimulated-emission pumping 470 stimulierte Raman-Streuung 393,660 STIRAP 590 Stokes-Oberwellen 387 Stokes-Stahlung 395 Stöße 563 - harte 564 - laserunterstützte 597 - reaktive 592 - superelastische 576 - weiche 564 - zwischen angeregten Atomen 576 stoß induzierte Absorption 518 stoß induzierte OOD R 456 Stoßpaar 57 Stoßprozesse 563 Stoß querschnitte 572 Stoß relaxation 526 Stoß satelliten 570 Stoß-Spektroskopie 583 Stoß verbreiterung 57, 564 Strahlkollimation 412 Strahltaille 184 Strahlungsdichte 15,17,18 Strahlungsdichte des He-Ne-Lasers 18 Strahlungsstrom 16 Strahlungszerfall 33 Streakkamera 507 Strom-Spannungskurve 154 stufenweise Anregung 459 Sub-Doppler-Spektroskopie 412 Sub-Poisson-Verteilung 648 Summenfrequenzerzeugung 268 Surface-enhanced Raman-

Spektroskopie 390 Suszeptibilität 260 synchrones Pumpen 486

TEM-Moden 182 Temperaturdurchstimmung 264,274 thermionische Heatpipe 309 thermische Strahlung 8 thermisches Gleichgewicht 14 Thermistor 147 Titan-Saphir-Laser 238 Translationstemperatur 222 Transmission 102 Transmissionsverluste 172 transversale Relaxationszeit 334,531 Triplett-Quencher 245

777

Tumordiagnose 709

Übergangswahrscheinlichkeit 32 Überkreuzungssignal 350 Überlagerungsspektroskopie 553 Überschallstrahlen 415 Ultraschall-Modulation 478 Umweltforschung 685 unvollständige Interferenz 107

Vakuum-Fluktuationen 668 Verbrennungsvorgänge 695 Verdampfungskühlung 637 Verquetschungsgrad 670 Verstärkungsfaktor 165, 172 Verstärkungsprofil 194 - homogenes 198 - inhomogenes 199 verzö gerte Koinzidenzen 520 vibronische Laser 237 Vidicon 167 Vielfach-Reflexionszelle 283 Vielkanaldetektor 138 Vielstrahlinterferenz 94, 99 Vierwellenmischung 671 virtueller Zustand 364, 382 Voigt-Effekt 318 Voigt-Notation 260 Voigt-Profil57,412 V -Typ-Doppelresonanz 454 VUV-Erzeugung 270

778

Walk-offVerluste 108 Wanderwellen-DFDL 506 weiche Stöße 564 Wellenlängen-Absolutmessung 225 - Durchstimmung 220 - Eichung 225 - Messung 130 - Stabilisierung 219 Wellenpaketdynamik 528 Widerstandsrauschen 165 Wien-Verfahren 522 Wigner-Kristall 648 Winkeldispersion 80,90 Wirkungsquerschnitt 572

Young' sches Doppelspalt-Exp. 39

Zeeman-Quantenbeats 540 Zeit-Amplituden-Wandler 520 zeitaufgelö ster Fluoreszenznachweis 579 Zeitkonstante 144 Zeitverhalten von Lasern 473 Zustandssumme 9 Zustandsverteilung von Molekülen 326 Zweiniveausystem 65 Zweiphotonen-Absorption 363 - Fluoreszenz 514 - Ramsey-Resonanzen 606 - Übergänge 363 Zweistrahl-Interferenz 94 Zweistufen-Ionisation 308