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meore dabadeba

vaJa-fSavela Tanamedrove saqarTvelos udidesi geniosia. misi poeturi Semoqmedebis mwvervalia tragikuli Txrobisa da humanisturi paTosis poemebi („aluda qeTelauri“, 1888; „stumar-maspinZeli“, 1893 da „gvelis mWameli“, 1901), romlebSic erTmaneTs erwymis vaJas indi-vidualuri filosofia, saerTo-kavkasiuri miTi da zogadsakacobrio adamianuri tragedia. am poemebSi e.w. zekacebi, protagonistebi – aluda, joyola, aRaza da mindia – xelaxla daibadebian da mTel sazogadoebasTan erTad „Zvel“ sakuTar Tavsac – winare gmirebsac – Seejaxebian.

yvela adamianma icis, rom igi erTxel ibadeba. yvelam icis Tavisi dabadebis dRe, Tumca ara-vin icis danamdvilebiT, rom kidev erTxel SeiZleba daibados; arada, samive poemaSi xdeba es

„adamianis cxovrebaSi ori didi dRea — erTi, rodesac davibadeT da meore, rodesac aRmovaGineT, Tu risTvis [davibadeT]“.

uiliam barkli, Sotlandieli Teologi da bibliis mkvlevari

levan berZeniSvilivaJa

literatura

vaJa – meore dabadeba

xelaxali dabadeba, samive poemaSi dgeba fausturi WeSmaritebis wami, romelic Cerdeba, radgan mSvenieria. dro orad iyofa: erTi – „yvelas dro“, tradiciuli dro – mimdinareobs, rogorc mimdinareobda da meore – „gmiris dro“ – Cerdeba da udrooba – „uJamo Jami“ dgeba. aTvlis wer-tilia swored is mTavari dRe gmiris cxovrebaSi, rodesac is TavisTvisac moulodnelad aRmoa-Cens, Tu risTvis daibada; gmiri Tavis cxovrebaSi am yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan rames aRmoa-Cens, Tavzari daecema da mas Seipyrobs warsuli, araswori cxovrebis gamo sindisis qenjna.

pirveli versia: „aluda qeTelauri“

esaa nawarmoebi, romelic qarTul da, saerTod, msoflio literaturaSi gansakuTrebul ad-gils ikavebs, vinaidan igi gacilebiT metia, vidre vaJas poema; esaa garkveuli manifesti imisa, Tu ra aris adamiani da ra simaRleze SeiZleba avides adamiani sakuTar TavSi garkvevis mizniT. gaerkvie sakuTar TavSi, ̀ Seican Tavi Seni~ („gnoTi seauton“) – ewera apolonis taZars delfoSi. aluda qeTelauri – es umaRlesi simaRle, romelic miRweulia isedac Zalian maRali pozicii-dan. es ar aris konkia, aluda aRiarebuli lideria, romelic gaxdeba, marTalia, araRiarebuli, magram meti, vidre lideri, igi gaxdeba ze-lideri, zekaci, TiTqmis RmerTi.

aludas zneobrivi cvlilebebis gza ar aris gza A punqtidan B punqtamde. esaa gza A punqti-dan zemoT, esaa gza cisken, RmerTisken, RmerTobisken. poemis dasawyisSive naTqvamia, rom aluda iyo davlaTiani, anu iRbliani, svebediani, RvTisgan dalocvili. sxvagan vaJa ambobs: „fSavels zogi kaci zogs xatze iRbliani hgonia... winwasuls kacs is eZaxis davlaTians“. Sesabamisad, alu-da iyo primus inter pares – pirveli TanasworTa Soris, anu TemSi gamorCeuli vaJkaci, romelic sxvebze ukeT akmayofilebs Temis wevrisTvis dadgenil kriteriumTa wyebas. rodesac mteri mtrobas Cadis, aluda ar elodeba aravis, ar eTaTbireba aravis, ar Txovs aravis rCevas – igi pir-dapir daedevneba mters, radgan is aris gadawyvetilebis erTpirovnulad mimRebi, saukeTeso Satilioneli mebrZoli, gudanis jvris kai ymobis umaRles wertilze mdgomi, aRiarebuli avto-ritetis mqone pirovneba; igi TemSi pativcemuli da yvelasaTvis sayvareli gmiria. amasobaSi orma RilRvelma xevsurebis cxenebi moitaca, maT Soris aludas cxenicaa. aludam icis, rogor unda miagnos mters da rogor unda gauswordes. iolad miagno da pirveli mteri swrafad mokla.

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amis Semdeg iwyeba epikuri sidiadis epi-zodi: mucalisa da aludas brZola. am brZo-lis aRwerisas aluda ityvis: `sam me vesro-le, sam – iman, mesamiT davasruliao~, magram ar aris sami nasroli: aludam mucals or-jer esrola, mucalma – samjer. sul sam-sami gasrola iyo, magram pirveli mucals ar ek-uTvnoda, pirveli gasroliT aludam muca-lis „lamazi Zma“ gamoasalma sicocxles. ro-gorc Cans, „ukana ricxviT“ aludam mucalis ZmisTvis nasroli tyviac mucals miawera da amiT aRmofxvra is gansxvaveba, rac manamde jer kidev arsebobda mis gonebaSi mucalsa da mis Zmas Soris – Zmas aludam marjvena mo-aWra, rogorc mucalisgan gansxvavebul, „Cveulebriv“ mters, xolo mucals xeli ver moaWra – `codva ario~. Tavidan am brZolaSi yvelaferi ise mimdinareobda, rogorc ma-namde mravalgzis momxdara aludas cxovre-baSi: brZola, mtris sikvdili, marjvenis mokveTa, gmirobis dadastureba da misi, ase vTqvaT, ganvrcoba. aqac Cveuli scenariT midioda yvelaferi, sanam mterma sikvdilis win damdgar gansakuTrebul „WeSmaritebis wamSi“ ucnauri, moulodneli nabiji ar ga-dadga:

`Tofic aludas gaugdo,

erTs kidev etyvis sityvasa:

exla Sen iyos, rjul-ZaRlo,

xels ar Cavardes sxvisasa~.

rva sityva, sul rva sityva Tqva sikvdi-lis win mucalma, Tan am sityvebidan erTi tradiciuli, religiuri mtrobis sityva iyo – „rjul-ZaRlo“. imqveynad mimavali mu-calis saqcielma da sityvebma jer Searyia aludas rwmena, sabolood ki fundamentu-rad Secvala aluda qeTelauri, amoayirava Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari, uyoymano da ueWveli msoflmxedveloba da Zirfesvianad Secvala RirebulebaTa sistema, romelsac xevsurTa Temi saukuneebis manZilze ayali-bebda da saTuTad inaxavda. am wuTamde samya-ro aludasTvis Sav-TeTri iyo. xevsurebi TeTri, keTili Zalis „monaTluli“, „rju-liani“ warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, xolo qiste-bi – Savi, boroti Zalis, „mounaTlavi“, „ur-julo“, devTan, eSmakTan da alTan wilnaya-ri Svilebi, „ZaRlebi“ da „ZaRlis jiSisani“. momakvdavi mucalis moqmedebam manamde Ta-vis simarTleSi absoluturad darwmune-bul gmirs pirvelad gauCina arsebiTi xasia-Tis SekiTxva – sworad cxovrobs Tu ara?

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marTla aRemateba zneobrivad „mounaTlav“ mucals, romelsac sikvdilis win Tavisive mkvle-lisTvis Tofi – mTieli kacisTvis uZvirfasesi saCuqari – emeteba?

mokluli mucalis cxedarTan muxlCaxrili, cremlmomdgari aludasgan ibadeba axali si-cocxle, axali aluda qeTelauri, romelsac samyaro aRar eCveneba Zveleburad Cvenad da sxvi-sad, keTilad da borotad, TeTrad da Savad. mokluli mtris mimarT igi imsWvaleba TavisTvis moulodneli mowiwebiTa da Zmobis suliskveTebiT. aluda ivseba axali enTuziazmiT, sicocx-lis axali sixaruliT. axali aludas azriT, gmiroba mtris damarcxeba da misTvis marjvenis moWra ki ar aris, namdvili gmiroba mterSi mtrobis aRmofxvra, ucxoSi Zmis danaxvaa. namdvili gmiri ar klavs, namdvil gmirs uyvars. mtroba ar arsebobs. am axali ideiT isea moculi aluda qe-Telauri, rom daufiqreblad eubneba xevsurebs: `im cxonebulsa mucalsa rkina sdebiyo gula-da~.

mucalma aluda vaJkacad aRiara, magram aluda misTvis mainc mteri, urjulo darCa. keTil-Sobili mucali Tavis Tavze amaRlda, rodesac Tofi mters aCuqa, magram aluda mucalze win wa-vida: misTvis mokluli mteri aRar aris mteri, „urjulo“ da „rjul-ZaRli“, misTvis mucali uk-ve „cxonebulia“. cxoneba, qristianuli rwmeniT, adamianis sulis xsnaa, rac qristesTan SeerTe-bas niSnavs, es ki mahmadianisTvis SeuZlebelia; magram axali aluda muslim mucals am Sanss TviTneburad aniWebs. mas maSinve cxared ekamaTebian: „ras ambob, qistis cxoneba ar dawerila rjulada“, magram aluda am naTqvams pasuxis Rirsadac ar Tvlis, is „cxonebuli“ mucalis qebas agrZelebs: „miT vaqeb vaJkacobasa, ar iyideba fulada.“ is, rasac aluda ambobs, imdenad gaugeba-ria, rom xevsurebs urCevniaT, mas ubralod ar daujeron da CaTvalon, rom igi diacurad gamo-eqca mters. aludas TiTqosda Seuryeveli avtoriteti, misi Seudarebeli vaJkacoba, Temis wina-Se misi Zveli damsaxureba erT wamSi daimsxvra. iolad gaimetes sayvareli gmiri xevsurebma, rad-gan yofili gmiris gameteba ufro advilia, vidre misi gaugebari „axali“ azrovnebis gageba. axa-li azrovneba mtrobaze uaris Tqmaa, xolo mtroba ra aris, amas vaJa saocari xilviT warmoad-gens: „visac mteroba maswyurdes...“ mtroba SurisZiebaTa dausrulebeli jaWvia. mtroba daus-rulebeli da maradiulia. mkvleloba mkvlelobas moiTxovs. am jaWvis garRveva mxolod Suris-Ziebaze uaris TqmiT SeiZleba. uaris Tqma ki mxolod maSin SeiZleba, Tu mteri aRar arsebobs. aludam SeZlo am jaWvis garRveva, radgan misTvis mucali mteri ar aris, Sesabamisad, mteri ara-vin aris.

`Cven vityviT, kacni Cvena varT,

marto Cven gvzdian dedani,

Cvena vscxondebiT, urjuloT

kuprSi mieliT qSenani.

amis TqmiT vwara-maraobT...

RvTisSvilT ukeTes ician.

yvelani marTals amboben

gana, vinaca hfician?~

vaJa – meore dabadeba

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„amis TqmiT vwara-maraobT“ – vis gulisxmobs aluda? yvelas – Tems, xevisbers, yvelas, vinc „hficavs“. aludas ukve eWvi epareba, rom xevisbers da Tems esmodes simarTle. aluda martoa, mxolod man icis simarTle, mxolod man icis, rom mteri ar arsebobs.

aludam yvela wesi daarRvia, mounaTlavis monaTvla moindoma, rjuli aigdo, saklavi Tavisi xeliT Seswira maSin, roca, Temis adaT-wesis Tanaxmad, mxolod xevisbers SeeZlo xatobisas xat-Si miyvanili saklavis dakvla. sasjeli daundobelia: aludas saxlis direni umtvries, col-Svi-li autires, mokveTes, anu soflidan gaaZeves, rogorc umZimesi danaSaulis Camdeni, cixe-sax-lis karebi daulewes, saZovari cecxls misces, saqoneli Temis sasargeblod gamorekes, arc misi naTesavebi daindes...

meore versia: „stumar-maspinZeli“

„stumar-maspinZelSi“ qistma joyolam Sin miipatiJa WiuxebSi gacnobili xevsuri monadire, romelic swrafad daimegobra, radgan masTan axlo sulieri naTesaoba igrZno. Temma joyolas stumarSi mravali qisti vaJkacis mkvleli, qisteTis daundobeli mteri – zviadauri Seicno; aRelvebulma qistebma stumarmaspinZlobis wesi daarRvies; stumari Seipyres da Tavis axal mkvdars Sesawirad daakles; zviadauri egzistencialur situaciaSi ar Sedrka da, qistebis sa-erTo aRiarebiT, maTs mkvdars „ar Seewira“; rogorc ki mis stumars Tavs daesxnen, joyolasTvis dadga is gadamwyveti wami. „stumar-maspinZelSi“ mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT viTareba garTule-bulia, radgan is wami joyolas meuRlisTvis, aRazasTvisac, dgeba (aSkara paralelia „aluda qe-TelaurTan“: mucali sikvdilis winaSe ar Sedrka da ucxotomeli aluda „atirda, rogorc qa-li“; zviadauri sikvdilis win ar Sedrka da igi aseve ucxotomelma qalma, aRazam, daitira).

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garkveuli mokrZaleba sikvdilis fenomenis winaSe. uiSviaTes SemTxvevaSi adamiani ugulebel-yofs am models da swored sikvdilis win avlens zeadamianur siTamames, romelic scdeba moT-xovnili krZalvis imperativs. swored am adamianis meSveobiT dgeba is wami da damkvirvebeli ada-miani aRmoaCens, rom sinamdvileSi brma da yru yofila, ver xedavda da ar esmoda. kvdeba Zveli da ibadeba axali aluda, gvyavs Zveli da axali joyola, Zveli da axali aRaza da Zveli da axali min-dia. Zveli aluda brma da yrua – is ver xedavs, rom mucali mteri ar aris. Zveli joyola brma da yrua – is ver xedavs, rom zviadauri mteri ar aris (poeturi bedis ironiiT, is imasac ver xedavs, rom zviadauri zviadauria da sityvaze endoba, „WieliT gadmoxvewili“ vinme nunua hgonia, rad-

mesame versia: „gvelis mWameli“

„gvelis mWamelSi“ mindia 12 weli qajebs hyavT Sepyrobili. igi, gausaZlisi tyveobis dasrulebisa da TviTmkvlelobis mizniT, qajebis tradiciul menius – gvelis xorcs – eziareba; mixvdeba, rom qajebma sibrZne gve-lad moaCvenes, rom „hzizReboda saWmelad“ da isev ise, mxatvruli pauzis gareSe, daud-geba is wami („axalad suli Caedga, axali xor-ci aisxa; gulis xedva da Tvalebis, rogorc brmas da yruvs, gaexsna“).

aludas, joyolasa da aRazas xelaxal dabadebas win uZRoda mtris, sxva gmiris, sikvdili da misi uCveulo, araprognozire-badi moqmedeba egzistencialur situacia-Si. „aluda qeTelaurSi“ esaa mucali, „stu-marmaspinZelSi“ – zviadauri. rogorc saxa-rebaSia naTqvami, „ukueTu ara marcuali if-qlisaჲ davardes queyanasa da mokudes, igi martoჲ egos; xolo ukueTu mokudes, mra-valn nayofni gamoiRos“ (ioane, 12, 24). Tu marcvali-mucali ar mokvda, aluda ar dai-badeba; Tu zviadauri ar mokvda, ar daibade-bian joyola da aRaza. ase dadginda mizezSe-degobrivi xazi: mucalis sikvdili ➔ alu-das dabadeba, zviadaurze Tavdasxma ➔ jo-yolas dabadeba, zviadauris sikvdili ➔ aRazas dabadeba. „gvelis mWamelSi“ mizez-Sedegobrivi xazi „Seikra“: mindias ardamd-gari sikvdili (gvelis xorcis Wama) ➔ mindi-as dabadeba.

adamiani cxovrobs sazogadoebaSi, icavs mis RirebulebaTa sistemas da aRwevs Tavis maRal adgils sazogadoebaSi. igi naTlad xedavs samyaros da mas cxadad esmis samyaro-si. mas ase hgonia. ase hgonia Tavad am samya-rosac. swored am dros raRac moxdeba, vi-Rac mokvdeba da sikvdilis win iseT rames Ca-idens, rasac momakvdavi adamianisgan ar elodebian. Sesabamisad, igulisxmeba, rom arsebobs sikvdilisa da mis winaSe moqmede-bis modeli, romelSic ganmsazRvreli da fuZemdebluria usityvo pativiscema da

vaJa – meore dabadeba

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gan „icrua zviadaurma, Tvisi saxeli damala“). Zveli mindia brmaa da yrua – mas ar esmis mcenare-Ta, frinvelTa da cxovelTa ena. yvelaze tragikuli ki isaa, rom swored Zvel, winare-gmirebs hgoniaT, rom yvelaze ukeT xedaven da esmiT.

axaldabadebuli zegmirisTvis Tvalis axela dinamikuri procesia: Tvalis axela nel-nela xdeba. aluda xelaxla daibada da mucals xeli ar mosWra, magram, miuxedavad xelaxla dabadebi-sa, aludam xeli mosWra mucalis Zmas; miuxedavad imisa, rom aludam mucals xeli ar mosWra, mtrad mainc miiCnia; mxolod Semdeg mixvdeba aluda, rom mtroba saerTod ar arsebobs.

miuxedavad xelaxla dabadebisa, joyola aRiarebs, rom xevsurebi mtrebi arian; ebrZvis ki-dec am mtrebs, magram erTi mteri – zviadauri – uyvars, igi misi megobaria (moqmedebs religiuri principi „giyvardes mteri Seni“). xevsurebi mtrebad rCebian aRazasTvisac, Tumca zviadauri misTvisac gamonaklisia. „gvelis mWamelis“ mindia yvelaze ufro ubeduri personaJia, radgan misi axali codna humanizmis sazRvrebsac gascda da mTeli cocxali samyaro „gaayalba“ (aris-toteleseul Sefasebas Tu gavixsenebT „poetikidan“, mindia yvelaze ufro tragikulia vaJa-fSavelas gmirebs Soris iseve, rogorc evripide yvelaze ufro tragikulia Zvel berZen tragi-kosTa Soris, radgan mis tragediebSi gmirTa sikvdilis Semdeg samyaroSi samarTlianobis ba-lansi aRar aRdgeba, esqilesa da sofokles tragediebisgan gansxvavebiT). vaJas gmirebidan alu-da yvelaze ufro Sors wavida: jer Seiyvara mteri da mere daadgina, rom igi mteric ar yofila, daadgina, rom Cveni warmodgena imis Taobaze, rom viciT, Tu vin cxondeba da vis moelis „kuprSi qSenani“, ubralod, yalbia. aluda am codniT ar kmayofildeba, moqmedebs rusTveliseuli prin-cipiT „ara viqm, codna ras margebs filosofosTa brZnobisa“ da Setevaze gadadis: xatobaze

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upirispirdeba xevisber berdias, mucalis saxelze Sav kurats Tavad swiravs da mas „Ta-vis lamazis ZmisTvina“ „undomlad mok-luls“ uwodebs. swored am moqmedebis Sede-gad gadawydeba aludas bedic: mas moikveTen da poema aludasa da misi ojaxis Temidan gansvliT sruldeba.

gardaqmnis wamis Semdeg vaJas gmirebis bedi sxvadasxvagvarad ganviTarda: joyola mters marto SeebrZola („martokam unda vi-omo, mTelma jaregam mnaxosa“) da uTanaswo-ro brZolaSi mokvda, Tumca amis Semdegac ver moigo Temis guli, Tavad es umagaliTo gmirobac Tavxedobad CauTvales („exlac masxarad agvigdo“) da saerTo sasaflaoze dakrZalvac ar aRirses; aRazam ver gauZlo joyolasa da zviadauris sikvdils, aseve, zviadauris mimarT gaCenili gaugebari grZnobiT movlenil eldas (Tavadac aRia-rebs: „guls miklavs, gonebas mirevs fiqrebi gaugebari“) da Tavi moikla („waiRo wyalma aRaza, lamsa da qviSas Sahria“). mindiam ver gauZlo yofierebis cdunebas, col-Svili-sadmi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas da dakar-ga is RvTaebrivi niWi, romelic manamde ebo-Za da romelic mas yvela adamianisgan gamo-arCevda.

vaJas didi gmirebidan aluda qeTelauri mainc gamorCeulia. man SeZlo mtrobaze am-aRleba da Tavis TavSi RvTaebrivi mSvido-bis povna. amitom uSlis poemis bolos col-sa da dedas Temis wyevlas:

`javrobiT etyvis aluda:

diacno, nu xarT ybedada,

modiT, momyeviT, vidinoT,

RmerTm es gvarguna bedada.

jvars ar awyinoT, Tems nu swyevT,

nu gadiqceviT cetada!~

Temma moiZula is, magram Tavad aludas ar SeuZlia sZuldes Temi, radgan rogorc Cvens macxovars, masac esmis, rom mtrobaSi Caflul, sisxlSi mcxovreb mis Tems, Tana-soflelebs, Tanamemamuleebsa da mTlianad Tanamedroveebs unda miutevos, radgan maT ar ician, ras sCadian.

ase iqca mtrobisTvis dabadebuli, aR-zrdili da momzadebuli vaJkaci yvelas Sem-wynarebel da mtrobis gauqmebis gmirad. swored esaa meored dabadeba – imis gageba, Tu risTvis vCndebiT amqveynad.

vaJa – meore dabadeba

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