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Literature Research
Bob Ryan 2004
Getting Started Next
The B
asic Issu
es
• What are the different assumptions about the nature of financial reality that inform research?
• What is the role of theory in acquiring knowledge about financial and accounting reality?
• How does research progress?
Types o
f Litera
ture
R
ese
arch
• underpinning further empirical or theoretical research
• historical reconstruction of the development of ideas
• bibliometric analytical
Tw
o w
ays o
f creatin
g
know
ledg
e (ju
stified tru
e b
elie
f (P
lato
) )
Externalobject
Externalobject
Individualsubject
Individualsubject
beliefsbeliefs
perceptionsperceptions
appearanceappearance
knowledgeknowledge
reasonreason
The kn
ow
ledge d
ivid
e
• Plato• Ideal forms • The supremacy of
reason• Foundations of
western rationalism (Descartes, Rousseau, Marx and others)
• tenacious in Western culture — especially for those who have spent considerable time throughout their education improving their powers of reason
• Influence on social and political thought
• Aristotle• Observation, enumeration and
categorisation• The supremacy of evidence• Foundations of western
empiricism (Locke, Mill and Berkeley)
• dominant in Britain were the trade guilds and the professions in the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The entrants to these trades were not generally the product of a classical education system and their expertise relied on the transfer of skills by word of mouth — master to apprentice.
• Influence on science and technology
– Darwin– Newton
Em
piricism
an
d th
e
develo
pm
ent o
f scien
ce
• Naïve induction (Bacon, Darwin, Newton)– Knowledge is created by repeated observation
and the inference of general conclusions.
• Logical positivism (the Vienna Circle, Sir Alfred Ayer)
• Methodological Falsificationism• The neo-empiricists (Fayerabend, Lakatos,
Kuhn, Hansen)
The n
eo-e
mpiricists
• Facts are not neutral but are laden with our theories
• We can conceive of two ways of understanding the world: conceptual (theoretical) and empirical (factual)
• Science (knowledge) progresses and is focused not of the creation of theories but on paradigms (Kuhn), Research Programmes (Lakatos) or networks of models (Hesse)
The tw
o w
orld
model
The hidden objects of experience
The observed objects of experience
Our expectations of experience
Our construction of experience
Our concepts of experience
The unobservable objects of experience
Concept
Theory/Model
Hypothesis
Observation
Experimentation
Triangulation
Theory (understanding)
Conservation (primary literature)
Observation (discovery)
ResearchDissemination Application(secondary literature) (tertiary literature)
AcademicJournals / books Refereed / PhDs
BooksNon –refereed sources
ProfessionalMagazinesetc
The lite
ratu
re
Modes o
f litera
ture
rese
arch
• Induction
• Research programmes
• Network models
• The classical literature search (data base retrieval)
• The creation of the disciplinary ‘tree’
• The creation of the disciplinary network
Papin
eau’s T
ree
discipline school group individual
Papin
eau’s T
ree Primary
Core Terms(shared by allresearchers)
Specialist Core Terms(shared by a group of collaboratingresearchers)
TertiaryCore Terms(shared by majorSchools within a subject area)
SecondaryCore Terms(shared by majorsubdivisions in thediscipline)
Axioms of Rationality
Individualrationality(unbounded)
Systematicmarketrationality
Unconditionalhomogenous beliefs
Conditionalhomogenous beliefs
fully revealing prices. . . . .etc
Hesse
’s netw
ork th
eory
*********
*********
The sta
r burst
time
spread
1-1.5 years
Revie
w a
lgorith
m
• Search for key citations (one per relevant reading) over last year
• repeat back (say) five years• look for three or four common
citations• back chain looking for nova, stars
and satellites• when the ‘net’ is in place then look
for underlying connection of ideas
Evaluating the primary citation
citation
advancing
degenerating
Homage
Privilege
Academicchallenge
Integritychallenge
FraudOverstatement
TheoreticalrefutationEmpiricalcontradiction
An e
xam
ple
of a
litera
ture
net
De Angelo andMasulis (1980)
Bernea, Haugen and Senbet (1981)
Modigliani (1982)Kim (1982)
John and Kalay (1982)
Schall (1982)
Bradley et al (1984)
Myers (1984)
Kane et al (1984)
Ross (1985)Green and
Talman(1985)
Coase, R., (1937)Theory of the Firm4 Economica, n.s. 386-405
Knight, F H., (1921)Risk, Uncertainty and Profit reprinted1965, Harper and Row (1965, New York)
Robinson, E.A.G (1932)The Problem of Management and the Size of the Firm 44 The Economic Journal, 242-257
Marshall,A.,The Principles of Economics 8Ed.Macmillan, (1930) London
Robinson, J., (1933)Economics of Imperfect Competition 25
Plant,A.,(1932)Trends in Business Administration12 Economics, 387
Kaldor, N., (1934)The Equilibrium of the Firm44 Economic Journal, 70-91)
Disse
rtatio
n stru
cture