Literature Review & Referencing

The Literature ReviewLeeanne Romane, Computer Science Librarian

University of WaterlooOctober 8, 2008

What is a Literature Review

“The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out…”

Language Centre, Asian Institute of Technology

Why do a Lit Review?

The purpose is to:•  define your research problem: find a

gap, ask a question, continue previous research, explore counter-claims

• read every source relevant to your research problem. *

• offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic

Is this a Summary?

“Although you need to summarize relevant research, it is also vital that you evaluate this work, show the relationships between different work, and show how it relates to your work”.

Language Center, Asian Institute of Technology

How does writing a Literature Review help you?

• Expands your knowledge about the topic

• Improves Information Seeking skills

• Improves Critical Thinking skills

A Literature Review should consist of:

• An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review

• Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely)

Components continued...

• Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others

• Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research

Ask yourself these questions:

• Start the process by asking yourself:• What is my research question?

• Am I looking at:• Theory• Methodology• Policy• Qualitative or Quantitative research

How to conduct the Literature Review

• Search for Resources

• Critical Review of the Literature

• Bibliography

Bibliography

• Know which citation style you are meant to follow

• Use RefWorks, but don’t rely on it 100%

Final Questions…

• Finish by asking yourself:

• How good has my review been?

• Have I found all the material?

• Has irrelevant material been excluded?

And more questions:

• Have I critically analyzed the literature?

• Have I assessed and discussed the strengths and weaknesses of the literature?

• Have I discussed that literature that is contrary to my perspective?

• Have I cited my sources correctly?

Citations

Or

Acknowledging the Source

Citations

Or

Acknowledging the Source

IN-TEXT CITATION

ALSO CALLED:PARENTHETICAL

CITATIONAUTHOR-DATE

REFERENCE

REFERENCE LIST

Citations

CitationA reference or listing of the key pieces of information about a work that make it possible to identify and locate it again. The citation normally include: author, title, place of publication, publisher, and date of publication for a book; and journal title, volume, number, issue, year, and page numbers for

an article or for a journal reference.

Reference

What we quoted in the text needs detail consisting of :

author name (Not inverted), title, pages of sources it could be as footnote, at the end of chapter or at the end of thesis.

Bibliography In the context of academic research, a list of books or references to sources cited, for further reading, usually printed at the end of an article or in the back matter of a book. This includes: author name, title, year, place of publication, publisher.

Foot Note  Any note used to further explain a detail outside of the main text. The term usually refers to notes at the bottom of a page

Ibid

Latin word and stands for "ibidem",

Meaning Same as above and is used in numerical references.

Example 4. E. Vijh, Latin for dummies (New York:

Academic, 1997), p.23. 5. Ibid. 6. Ibid., p.29.

The reference in no. 5 is the same as in no. 4 (E. Vijh, Latin for

dummies on page 23), whereas the reference in no. 6 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form "Ibid. <citation #>," (e.g."8. Ibid. 4" or "8. Ibid. 4, at 34"). Notice that "ibid." is always followed by a period/ full stop because it is itself an abbreviation

op cite  

A Latin word which stands for:

"opus citatum"

"opere citato",

Meaning as quoted above and is used in numerical references.

Example

9. R. Millan, Art of Latin Grammar (Academic: New York, 1997), p. 23.

10. G. Wiki, Language and Its Uses (Blah Ltd.: Old York, 2000), p. 17.

11. Millan, op. cit., p. 5.

The reference no. 11 is the same as in no 9.

(R. Millan, Art of Latin Grammar), although

the page is different.

Examples: for Ibid and Op-Cite

1. Henley and Bates (2007) Commercialization of SOEs, London, OUP.

2. Ibid., p.3.

3. Tom Lines (2006) Potential of Foreign Investment in Kenya, London, OUP.

4. Henley, OP Cite, p.5.

Types of Citation:

1. Numerical Citations

2. Non numerical Citations

Numeric styleCiting references within the text

Inside your essay

………….……the suggestion of technology inthe home has been explored by Baron [13]extensively. It was echoed by Thomas whopointed out that the Internet and email wouldbring the office into the home [14 p.56] within the next year.

…….however, the solution mentioned byBaron [13 p.124] was too far from what thepresent technology can offer…..

In a recent discussion on technology athome, Steve Bass [15] commented that thereis no need to rush into……..

p.12

At the end of the essay

Reference list:12…………13. M. Baron. Technology in the home. ComputersTomorrow, 1996, 13(4), 123-125.14. A. J. Thomas. The electronic cottage. Bristol:Petrie Press, 1995.15. S. Bass. Home office: upgrade or buy new?Part 1. PC World. 8 September 2004. [Online]Available from:http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,117490-page,1-c,upgrading/article.html [Accessed 20January 2005].16……………………

p.103

1. Harvard Referencing Style2. APA3. MLA 4. Chicago Style5.Turabian Style – based on Chicago

Style6. ASA7. CBE - Council of Biology Editors8. IEEE

Which one Style to use?

Ask your Supervisor which style he /she wants you to use.

If there is no preference, you can use any of the style described.

HarvardAuthor (s), Date, Title of Book, Title of Article/Title of Periodical, Volume, Page, Place of Publication, Publisher.

Citation Details

How to quote through diff sources?

BookAuthor (s) Date, Title of Book, Place of Publication, Publisher

Henley John [1987] Converging on the evanescent, San-Francisco, Threshold Publications.

Book with one author

More than Two Authors

Jagezai Aurangzeb, et al [1976] Introduction to Political Science, 3rd ed., Macgraw, Hill Koga, Ltd., Tokyo.

et al is an Italian Phrase derived from “et alia” means and others.

JournalAuthor (s) Date, Title of Article, Title of Journal, Volume, Pages, Place of Publication, Publisher.

Khan Hamadullah [2007] Senior Citizens in Pakistan: A Case Study of Karachi. Journal of Independent Studies and Research, (Bi- Annual), volume: 2, no: 5, Karachi, SZABIST-Khi.

WebsiteLynch, T. (1996) Pakistan’s Foreign Policy. Retrieved October 8, 1997, from Web site: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psi

phi/DS9/ep/503r.html

Newspaper ArticleFarooqui Jalees, [Jan 27 – Feb 2,

2003] Sugar Economy’s Complexities, Daily Dawn Karachi, EBR section, p.I.

News Paper without Author

Daily Dawn, Karachi [ Feb 17, 2003] Export Through Karachi Customs up by 19 pc, Staff Reporter.

Encyclopedia

Encyclopedia Americana, 1999, ed., v.11.

Documents

U.S Department of State [Jan 2003] Declaration of the U.N Conference on Food and Agriculture, War Document Series, no. 2162.

Interview

John Naught [12 May 2002] CEO Primus Co. San Jose, California.

Radio and TV Program

BBC ‘Hard Talk’, 28 October 2002, narrator xyz,

Corporate/Organization as an Author

Ohio State University, [1977] College of Administrative Science, Center for Human Resources, The National Longitudinal Surveys Handbook.

State/Organization as an Author

Pakistan Government of [2003] Economic Survey 2002-3, Islamabad.

State Bank of Pakistan [2002] Annual Report 2001-2, Karachi.

Haleem Shaikh (2000). Coping Strategies of Counseling Professionals, Master’s Thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Thesis

Bethesda (1980) National Institute on Mental Health, Drug abuse [videotape]

Videotape

Cassette/CD:

Lake, F. L. (Author and speaker). (1989). Bias and organizational decision making [Cassette/CD]. Gainesville: Edwards

Green, C. (2000, April 16). History & philosophy of psychology web resources. Retrieved May 22, 2001,

from ttp://www.yorku.ca/dept.htm

Web page

In source, if the date is unknown:1. If the date is unknown, make a

guess and indicate [ca 2007].

2. If impossible to guess the date then indicate [no date].

Sample Reference List

Calvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of

aggression. Retrieved August 21, 2002 from:

http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html

Flory, R. K. (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of

minimum inter-food interval. Journal of the

Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 12, 825-828.

Flory, R. K. (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio

schedule of reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16, 383-

386.

Conti:

One Author Example: (Kosik, 1999, p. 127)

Two Authors – citation Example: (Kosik & Martin, 1999, p.

127)

Three or more authors citation: Example (Wilson et al., 2000)

Citation in the text

Text with Harvard Citations Style

Example:The notion of an indivisible college has

been explored in the sciences (Crow, 1980). It’s absence amongst historians is noted by Sticks (1981b). As Barton (1985) points out that they have no assistant or are reluctant to delegate (Smith, 1988, Chump 1999).

Text with Numerical Citations Style [APA]Example:

The notion of an indivisible college has

been explored in the sciences1. It’s absence amongst historians is noted by

Sticks 2.

As Barton points out that they have no

assistant or are reluctant to delegate3

References[Numerical Citation]

1. R. Millan, "Art of Latin grammar" (Academic, New York, 1997), p. 23.

2. Ibid, 1

3. G.Wiki "Blah and its uses" (Blah Ltd., Old York, 2000), p.17.

4. R. Millan, Op cit