Table of ContentsABSRACT..............................................................................................................................................2

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................3

Health impacts on human................................................................................................................3

Health impacts on plants.................................................................................................................3

Health impacts on animals...............................................................................................................4

2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY..................................................................................................................4

3. LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................................4

4. STUDY AREA AND SITE DISCRIPTION............................................................................................6

5. METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................................................7

POLLUTANTS MONITORING.............................................................................................................7

ASSESMENT OF PUBLIC AWARENESS AND HEALTH IMPACT...........................................................7

6. RESULTS.......................................................................................................................................8

POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION.........................................................................................................8

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF POLLUTANTS............................................................................9

PUBLIC AWARENESS AND HEALTH ASSESMENT............................................................................11

GRAPHICAL REPRESERNTATION.....................................................................................................12

7. DISCUSSION...............................................................................................................................13

8. RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................................15

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AND NOISE MONITORING AT JAIL ROAD LAHORE, AND THE ASSESMENT OF PUBLIC

HEALTH.

Wajeeha Saleem, Vania Maryam Nadeem, Mariya Quereshi

Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore

ABSRACT Air pollution the most important issue regarding to the environment of Pakistan or of even any other country of the world. As a second largest city of Pakistan the air quality of Lahore city should be the issue of important concern. Large number of studies had been conducted on the air quality of the city which revealed the worst air quality, and the problems related to it. The major source of outdoor air pollution in the city are industrial emissions, constructional pollution, and the most important vehicular pollution. The study was conducted in order to assess ambient air pollutants as well as the noise quality of one of the most populated road the Jail road of Lahore city. The only source of noise and air pollutants there were vehicles. Ambient air monitoring instrument, suspended pollutants monitor and noise monitor was used for the observations. For the determination of public awareness and health assessment a questionnaire was made to be filled by people who are directly exposed to the pollutants. The results of the study shown the highly increased value as compare to the allowable limits for almost all the pollutant (SOX, NOX, CO, TSP, except the percentage of LEL which was observed within the limits. Most of the people had the basic knowledge about air and noise pollution. The highest value of health problem people faced was of fatigue, stress, hypertension, lungs related problems and vision problems. It is recommended that the common man should made aware of all the health effects due to these two types of pollutants and solid steps should be taken to reduce the vehicular pollution which will ultimately decrease the hospital admission of patients with the diseases relating to the two types of pollution.

1. INTRODUCTION Any physical, chemical or biological materials that cause deterioration to human health or other living organisms and declination of the natural environment is cited as air pollution. Air pollution is divided into two categories: Outdoor or ambient air pollution and indoor air pollution. Both have significant impacts on life quality and health. Air pollutants falls into two categories : Primary air pollutants which are directly emitted into atmosphere such as NOx ,SOx

and CO while secondary air pollutants are those which are formed by chemical reactions between primary air pollutants such as ozone,NO2,NO3,HNO3 and H2SO4 etc.i

Ambient air quality also includes criteria air pollutants such as CO, NO2, SO2, O3, particulate matter and noise level.iThe word ‘noise’ has originated from Latin word “Nausea” referring to unwanted or unpleasant sound. Noise pollution is mainly due to transportation and horns used in vehicles. Vehicular noise pollution is one of the major environmental problems which is related to increase urbanization. Traffic noise has significant adverse health effects.iiAmong Asian countries. Pakistan have gone through rapid urbanization. Population explosion and a significant increase in automobile use and use of energy.iii

Ambient Air could be measured in terms of Ambient air standards which are NAAQs applicable for Pakistan, other than that WHO (Worlds Health Organization) had declared the threshold limits of ambient air pollutant which can cause mild or serious damage to health of the organism.The following table had defined the ambient air standards for the pollutants studied in this paper.iv,v

SERIAL NO.

POLLUTANT WHO NAAQS

1. Oxygen % 20.9 ------2. Sox ppm 0.008 0.05 ppm 3. NOx ppm 0.005 ppm 0.05 ppm 4. hydrogen sulfide ppm ------ 0.03 ppm (1

hr)5. LEL % < 10% OSHA -------6. Carmon monoxide ppm 10.0 ppm 9 ppm7. Suspended Particulate

matter mg-3o.o2 0.5

8. Noise dB 70 85

Health impacts on humanMany studies show that ambient air pollutants have serious adverse health effects on human health. like particulate matter exposure triggers lung and heart problems including bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, cardiovascular diseases and sinus congestion etc.Irritation of eyes, throat,nose, coughing and sneezing are mild symptoms of inhaling air pollutants.vi Despite of air pollution,noise pollution largely have significant health effects including dizziness, blurring of vision, headaches are more frequent along with stress, hypertension, insomnia, fluctuations of heart rhythms. Long time exposure to high level of noise causes hearing declination leading to deafness.vii

Health impacts on plantsPollutants such as NOX and SOX in air reacts with water to form acid rain that is dangerous to plants and trees.It damages leaves of plants.Ozone holes in stratosphere allows UV rays to enter Earth atmosphere and damage plants while ground level ozone causes blockage of stomata which leads to declination of respiration in plants and also inhibits photosynthesis process which results in stunted growth. Ozone also effects plant by directly entering the stomata and causes decay of plants.viii

Health impacts on animalsPollutants such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide damages respiratory system of birds more than mammals because birds show higher rates of respiration. Heavy metals such as lead damages gastrointestinal tract, nervous, respiratory and circulatory system of animals. Acid rain decreases pH of water which is harmful for aquatic invertebrates and fish. Amphibian species are more prone to declination because its larval stages are more susceptible to acidification. Air pollutants indirectly effects wildlife by bringing a devastating change in ecosystem. Many species of mollusks and crustaceans need calcium for their shell development are also dependent on sensitivity of pH level which imbalance due to water acidification by acid rain.Therefore, monitoring pollutants of ambient air plays a crucial role in formulating blueprint for measuring adherence to WHO and NAAQS values to achieve progress towards environmental aims.vi

2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The basic purpose of this research project was to:

Measure and monitor the ambient air quality and Noise level in one of the busiest and heavily populated road of Lahore city.

Comparison of pollutants level observed with the authenticated standards of WHO and NAAQS.

The assessment of public awareness about air and noise pollution. To assess the impact of these vulnerable pollutants on human health.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW Air and noise pollution is significantly increasing now a days in populous cities including Lahore. The study finds its importance because dense vehicular emissions are degrading environment as well as health of citizens. In this present research, monitoring of ambient air pollution and noise pollution has been done on Jail Road, Lahore and health assessment has been observed of the pollutants on citizens. Due to financial crisis, Pakistan lags behind in purchasing machinery and equipment from abroad for pollution control. Literature review of other studies that supports the present study has been discussed in this section.One study showed effect of vehicular and industrial emissions on the ambient air quality of Lahore, Pakistan. The study showed that atmosphere of Lahore is on alarming situation. It is heavily polluted with criteria pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, particulate matter (TSP and PM10), lead and noise level. Study was conducted on

ten different areas of Lahore in which ambient air quality for these pollutants was measured. Results shown that levels of SO2,,lead and suspended particulates were high which means that it is exceeding ambient air quality standards of US EPA and WHO guidelines. Most of the sites showed high levels of 24 hours average of noise exceeding the WHO guidelines for noise level. In this study, focus was mainly on the intensity of air pollution in Lahore and aware management to monitor ambient air and take steps to lessen and improve ambient air.i

Similar study was conducted at 19 different sites of Lahore in which parameters of tropospheric layer of ambient air were monitored which include PM2.5, NO2, NO, SO2, CO and were compared with NEQS and USEPA standards. These pollutants were measured for three months in which June showed higher concentration of PM2.5, NO and NO2 but in July, level of these pollutants significantly falls below the NEQS limits but still values were exceptionally greater than USEPA ambient air quality standards.SO2 level was minimal than both NEQS and USEPA. The study also showed that industrial and vehicular areas were gravely polluted as compared to residential and commercial areas.xiv

One study also reveals harsh reality about effects of air pollution on citizens of Lahore. Lahore is consider as second largest populous city of Pakistan with implacable air pollution. Urbanization and motorization trend has increased tremendously due to which vehicular emissions are at their peaks on roads of Lahore. Unchecked vehicular emissions are catastrophic for environment of city and heath of citizens .Given data by department of environment protection showed that Lead was detected in blood of traffic constables which was about 35 ug/dl and lead level in school children who dwell near mall road, circular road, Yakki gate and Shalimar was 38 ug/dl. These values were exceptionally higher than accepted level of 20 ug/dl. Due to lack of transport policy, hindrance by institutes and organizations, change in policy of usage of land, substandard monitoring and managing system for ambient air quality. This study is about planning of strategies to lessen environmental impacts by city District Government Lahore.ix

Further study showed that noise and dust can be measured with computerized techniques also .Study was conducted on different road crossings of Lahore in which “Digital Sound Level Meter” was used to monitor noise level and dust was analyzed and measured with help of “Device Micro dust Pro Kit” to detect air pollution.”Windust Computer Software” recovers data to present it and “Traffic Noise Model” is a computerized program to monitor noise level.x

Next study was conducted in Saudi Arabia, Mecca (2012) which was documented as highly polluted area where millions of pilgrims performed Hajj every year.The situation of pollution magnifies during Hajj. Elevated levels of tracer carbon monoxide combustion up to 57 ppmv were reported while level of VOC were 1200 ppb in the tunnels. This study showed that to ensure health of pilgrims in future, plan should be chalked out to reduce combustion sources and fossil fuel evaporation source.xi

This study has been taken from the report of the Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) which relates urban air quality and vehicular emissions. Urbanization has increased in developing countries due to which quality of air is declining in urban areas. Air pollution has become a significant problem. According to World Health Organization (WHO) report that every year 800,000 people are put to death due to air pollution. Vehicular emissions has adverse impact on health and economy. Most susceptible residents are women, children and old people that

dwell near that crowded urban areas. This paper elaborates about prevalence of political and technological solutions.xii

According to a base line study conducted by B. Ghori and M. Mansha during the year 2003-2004, as the data was collected from five major cities of Pakistan with temporal and spatial parameters, it was concluded that CO level was highest in Quetta as compared to other urban areas, while the level of other pollutants like SO2, NOX, PM and O3 were highest in Lahore. The variation of pollutant levels was observed with the changing climatic conditions of the specific area. It was clear from the results that Lahore was among the most polluted cities of Pakistan. xiii

Due to the sensitive immune and respiratory systems children are among the most receptive of diseases related to the poor air quality for example asthma, bronchitis, respiratory illness, deficits in lungs growth, and increased infant mortality rate, the statement concluded by American Academy of pediatrics.xiv

The concerned department related to the environmental quality of Pakistan the Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) has conducted numerous studies on the air quality of the country. Majority of the studies concluded the poor air quality of Pakistan during the last decade. The major pollutant responsible is PM included both PM10 and TSP in most of the major cities including Lahore, Islamabad, Karachi and Rawalpindi.xv

WHO declared Air pollution as the major environmental issue of the 21 century especially for developing countries. The issue snatches the lives of 8 million people every year.xvi

Another study conducted by WHO in 2000 concluded that about 30% of the respiratory diseases among the patients were only due to the increased amount of repairable particulate matter present in ambient air.xvii

In addition to the numerous health effects related to the particulate matter including lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, inflexibility of respiratory muscles, scientists now believe that particulate matter also play there role in the increase of earth’s temperature which we call global warming.iv

The idea of Punjab government to commercialize the city is also adding fuel to the fire, the government authorities of Lahore declared 89 of the city roads fit for commercial purposes. This step making the city environment worst.xviii

According WHO guidelines for Europe intense noise pollution could be the threshold for hypertension and myocardial infarction. Another survey concluded that more the 120 million people of the world are suffering from hearing problems.xix

4. STUDY AREA AND SITE DISCRIPTION Lahore is consider as second largest city of Pakistan and province Punjab’s capital also. Lahore population is crossing over 5 million. It is situated between 31°15′-31°45′ N and 74°01′-74°39′ E.District of Sheikhupura covers it by north and west, Wahgah border is on east and District Kasur covers south of Lahore. River Ravi flows and oozes out from north direction of Lahore. The city expands on total area of about 1772 sq.km. Lahore experiences extreme hot weather and time duration of summers is too long from May to July in which temperature goes from 40-48

0C.Monsoon and dust storms are scarce.13.2% of Lahore contribution with 5.6% of average growth rate is partly responsible for national economy. Population is exploding a year at rate of 4%.This sudden explosion of growth is declining and effecting health of residents of Lahore due to increase urbanization and usage of automobiles. Heavy transport system of Lahore is main cause in deteriorating health and city environment. Increase automobile usage has added pollutants to atmosphere which damages health of residents of Lahore. Every year many cases of respiratory illness such as bronchitis, asthma etc have been reported. Vehicle noise and unwanted use of horns is aggravating hearing problems and insomia.

This study is conducted on 93-Jail Road of Lahore which is very hustle and bustle area of Lahore with dense traffic flow, government and private hospitals, restaurants and parks are in the surrounding.

Figure 1 Location area of research

Jail Road with immense vehicular emissions. Therefore it is necessary to monitor ambient air pollution and noise pollution and their health impacts on citizens dwelling in Lahore.xx

Climatic conditions of the area during the study was conducted were dry and sunny, no rain or high speed wind was observed. The temperature varies from 24 C to 31 C during the study period.

5. METHODOLOGY POLLUTANTS MONITORING

Ambient air pollutants consisting on CO, NOX, SOX, LEL (Low Explosive Levels), H2S, and O2

deficiency level was detected from the monitoring point through portable gas detection equipment. Total suspended particles present in the air were measured using Micro dust monitoring kit. Noise level was also monitored using noise monitoring equipment. The instruments were placed at the distance of 7.5m from road boundary, and the reading were taken.

Monitoring was done thrice a day on the average on 24 hours per day for the 7 consecutive days of the week starting from 17, March, 2015 to 24, March, 2015.

ASSESMENT OF PUBLIC AWARENESS AND HEALTH IMPACTTo establish a data regarding to the awareness of people about noise and air pollution, and to determine the impact of poor ambient air quality on public health, a questionnaire was prepared consisting on 15 questions. The questionnaire was filled by the participants who are directly exposed to the hazardous pollutants of air and high noise levels. About 60 people were agreed to fill the questionnaire. The participants were consisting of Traffic wardens, Guards of colleges, hospitals and banks located near to the monitoring points, and Shop keepers.

6. RESULTS POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION

The monitoring data for the specific pollutants SOX, NOx, TSP, LEL (Low Explosive Levels), H2S, H2S, Noise and O2 level was collected and compiled. The results are given in the following table

Date Time O2

%NOX

ppmSox

ppmH2Sppm

LEL%

CO%

PMmgm-3

NoisedB

Tuesday 17-03-

15

9:00 am 20.3 2 0.3 2.4 4.0 18 0.47 91

3:00 pm 20.1 3 1.2 2.9 5.1 19 1.23 1108:00 pm 20.5 2 2.3 3.1 3.1 14 1.98 89Average 20.

32.3 1.2 2.8 4.0 17 1.22 96.6

Wednesday

18-03-15

9:00 am 20.4 1 0.4 2.2 3.8 15 0.67 91

3:00 pm 20.0 3 1.8 2.9 4.9 17 1.42 1158:00 pm 20.1 3 2.4 2.8 3.2 17 1.88 98Average 20.

12.3 1.5 2.3 3.9 16.

31.32 101.3

Thursday19-03-

15

9:00 am 20.6 2 0.5 2.3 3.6 14 0.65 89

3:00 pm 20.2 4 1.9 2.7 4.8 18 1.56 1168:00 pm 20.3 2 2.8 3.2 3.7 19 1.97 92

Average 20.3

2.6 1.7 2.7 4.0 17 1.39 99

Friday20-03-

15

9:00 am 20.7 2 0.4 2.1 3.2 14 0.64 91

3:00 pm 20.1 4 0.8 2.6 5.0 17 1.89 1098:00 pm 20.3 4 2.1 3.4 3.9 19 2.13 98

Average 20.3

3.3 1.1 2.7 4.0 16.6

3.4 99.3

Saturday21-03-

15

9:00 am 21.2 2 0.4 0.7 2 10 0.24 78.5

3:00 pm 20.3 3 0.9 2.7 4.1 14 0.87 918:00 pm 20.1 4 1.6 1.4 3 16 2.89 110

Average 20.5

3 0.9 1.6 3.0 13.3

1.3 93.1

Sunday22-03-

15

9:00 am 21.7 1 0.1 0.2 1.9 14 0.21 78.1

3:00 pm 20.9 2 0.2 1.7 2.1 16 0.78 898:00 pm 20.1 4 1.2 1.2 4.2 19 2.46 105

Average 20.9

2.3 0.5 1.0 2.7 16.3

1.9 90.7

Monday23-03-

15

9:00 am 20.4 1 0.3 1.5 3 14 0.54 79

3:00 pm 20.1 4 1.2 3.2 4 16 1.29 1058:00 pm 20.0 3 1.9 2.9 2.8 19 2.12 101Average 20.

12.6 1.4 2.3 3.3 16.

31.31 95

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF POLLUTANTSAll the pollutants observed were separately represented in graphical forms as given below. Each graph portrayed the variation in pollutants level trice a day. Following are the graphical representations of the above table.

Tuesday

Wednesd

ay

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Monday19

19.5

20

20.5

21

21.5

22

Oxygen Level

9:00 AM 3:00 PM 8:00 PMWHO

Tuesday

Wednesd

ay

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Monday0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Sulfer Oxides

9:00 AM 3:00 PM 8:00 PMWHO NAAQs

Tuesday

Wednesd

ay

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Monday0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

4.5

Nitrogen Oxides

9:00 AM 3:00 PM 8:00 PMWHO NAAQs

Tuesday

Wednesd

ay

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Monday0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

Hydrogen Sulfide

9:00 AM 3:00 PM8:00 PM NAAQs

Tuesday

Wednesd

ay

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Monday0

2

4

6

8

10

12

lower Explosive Limits

9:00 AM 3:00 PM8:00 PM OSHA

Tuesday

Wednesd

ay

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Monday02468

101214161820

Carbon monoxide

9:00 AM 3:00 PM 8:00 PMWHO NAAQs

Tuesday

Wednesd

ay

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Monday0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Suspended Particulate Matter

9:00 AM 3:00 PM 8:00 PMWHO NAAQs

Tuesday

Wednesd

ay

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Monday0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Noise

9:00 AM 3:00 PM 8:00 PMWHO NAAQs

PUBLIC AWARENESS AND HEALTH ASSESMENTFor the determination of hazardous effects on people who are direly exposed to these pollutants a questionnaire comprising on the related questions was made to be filled by common public. Results are portrayed in the following table

GRAPHICAL REPRESERNTATIONAll the

results determined in the above table had been compiled in the form of following graphs and discussed in later section

Public awareness about both the types of pollution is given below

Sr No Question Yes No

1. Awareness about Air pollution 53 07

2. Awareness about Noise pollution

46 14

3. Breathing problems 32 28

4. Lack of Concentration 43 17

5. Fatigue 54 06

6. Stress 49 11

7. Hypertension 38 22

8. Back and Neck discomfort 47 13

9. Sinus Congestion 26 34

10. Coughing, throat irritation 46 14

11. Hearing Problems 41 19

12. Blurred vision 52 08

13. Ear Pain 46 14

14. Eye, Nose irritation 41 19

15. sleep/insomnia 31 29

Aware77%

Un-aware23%

Public Awareness about Noise Pollution

Aware Unaware

Aware 88%

Unaware 12%

Public Awareness about Air Pol-lution

Aware Unaware

Impact of vulnerable pollutants on the public directly exposed to the pollutants was as following

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

32

43

5449

38

47

26

46 41

52 46

41

31

Health Assesment Breathing problemsLack of ConcentrationFatigueStressHypertension Back and Neck discomfort Sinus CongestionCoughing, throat irritationHearing Problems Blurred visionEar Pain Eye, Nose irritationsleep/insomnia

Health Problems

Parti

cipa

nts

7. DISCUSSIONJail road is one of the most busiest road of Lahore, the presence of school, colleges, hospitals, restaurants, and the most popular family park of the city makes it extraordinarily busy road. The major source of the pollution was vehicular pollution at the point of observation. There was very less chance of other sources of pollutions like constructional causes, or industrial emissions, the area does not stands among the constructional or industrial areas of the city.

Tailpipe emissions included pollutants like LEL the lower explosive fuels comprising of the variety of hydrocarbons including benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, and other organic pollutants. Other pollutants including increased Noise levels, H2S, NOx, Sox, CO, and total suspended particles which are tiny enough to penetrate deep down the upper respiratory system and disturb the human breathing mechanism. The pollutants are chosen to be monitored due there vulnerable health effects on mankind.

Oxygen deficiency was observed almost at the time of mid days two basic reasons were combustion of vehicular fuel, and the decreased number of oxygen reservoirs ‘the trees’. Lowest oxygen level is observed at the study area is 20.0 % which at depth hours of the day around 8:00 pm, the major reason is the increased level in traffic load due to the presence of hospitals in the area, as compared to the peak hours traffic load is obviously less in depth hours because of closing time of schools and colleges the other basic reason is trees which are O2 producers at the day time became O2 consumers and CO2 producers at depth hours hence this was actually the basic reason of lack of oxygen at night times. Highest O2 level 21.7% is observed on Sunday day-6 the reason could be the decreased traffic load due to the weekend working people and students stay homes in early morning. It is a matter of fact that the decreased traffic load in early mornings of weekends cause the decreased of every pollutant related to vehicular emissions. Average O2 level of all the seven days was between 20.1 – 20.9 %, while WHO standards recommend the level of Oxygen in ambient air must not be below 20.9. The prominent decrease in O2 levels along with many other factors could cause damage to the health of public directly exposed to the poor air quality. The questionnaire survey about 54% people are suffering from Asthma and other breathing problems.

NOx level observed at the early hours of weekends or public holiday which was on the day-7 of 23 March (Pakistan day) is between 0.9-1.0 ppm. Highest amounts of NOx which was 4ppm in air was observed at the peak hours of the day along with the depth hours of weekends especially Saturday and the day of public holiday. Average level of NOx during the all seven days varied between 2.3 – 3.3 ppm.

Government of Lahore had tried its best to shrink the number of private transports by introducing a reliable bus services for a common people, but at the same time this step introduced the increased level of SO2 in the ambient air quality of the city. The average level of SO2 varied from

0.5 – 1.7 ppm. The incomplete combustion of diesel fuel used in buses and trucks emit the excess amount of SO2 in the air which is the primary source for many secondary toxic pollutants. Acid rain is among the worst faces of effects of SOx and NOx in air.

Lower explosive levels (hydrcarbons) composed of a mixture of organic components including carcinogens, protein disrupters, blood poisners and nervous attackers. They had a slow and silent effect of human health, but the effect could be fatal and non-reversible in the end. There amount varied again with the increased or decreased level of traffic flow in the research location. The average values were between 3.7% to 4.0%, where the srtandards of WHO allows only 0.005 ppm concentration of the pollutant in ambient air. Health effect of this much increased level of LEL is clear from the fact that about 64% people are patients of hypertension.

The next pollutant CO was observed at the location is as high as 19% of the total constituents of air, the highest amount was observed at peak rush hours at the afternoons of weekdays at the depth hours of weekends. The concentration which is allowed by WHO and NAAQs are 10 ppm and 5 mgm-3, respectively. Pollutant concentration again directly proportional to the flow of traffic on road. Average value varied between 13.3% to 17%. The most popular health effect of carbon monoxide is its capacity to bind with blood hemoglobin at to effect the carrying capacity of blood Oxygen. Many other respiratory problems are also associated with elevated level of CO. CO is placed on the top of the list of most vulnerable pollutants of tailpipe emissions.

The value of total suspended particles in air varies from 1.3 to 3.4 mgm -3, the level of elevation could be measured by the fact that WHO allows only 0.02 mgm-3, while flexibility has been given in NAAQs. Heavy traffic loads of Trucks, Buses could add fuel to the fire. Heavy duty vehicles can add increased amount of per hour emissions as compared to the small and private vehicles. Health impacts could be revealed by the data that about 43% of the public directly exposed to the poor air were suffering from sinus congestion, 53% from breathing problems, 76% from coughing and throat irritation, 61% from eye and nose irritation, 86% of public was suffering from visual problems like blurred vision etc.

Noise Near hospitals patients disturbance OSHA for traffic wardens 103 for 1.4 hours

8. RECOMMENDATIONSFollowing recommendations are made:

The forceful implementation of laws and legislations formed by WHO and EPA-Pak, is the requirement of the present time.

Environmental protection policies and strategies should be strengthened. Lead and dangerous hydrocarbons containing fuel contents should be replaced by

environmental friendly low explosive fuels. Use of public transport instead of use of private transport by every individual could be

helpful in the reduction of street pollution. This could definitely helpful in the reduction of vehicular emissions, and will decrease the hazards of related diseases

With the above recommendation it is required to replace diesel fuel in buses with some other eco-friendly fuel which emit less amount of Sox in ambient air.

Interacity railway system (City Circular Service) could be another suggestion to reduce the transport of the city and the emerging trend of motorization.

Government and responsible authorities should stand up and try there level best to make people aware about both types of pollution especially noise pollution and its ill effects.

Proper maintenance and cleaning of engines and vehicular body should be assured.

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