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Anhang 1
Übersicht über relevante Vorschriften
Vorschriften für Finanzinstrumente
Vorschriften des AICPA Garnmittee on Accounting Procedure
ARB 43 Restatement and Revision of Accounting Research Bulletins
Vorschriften des AICPA Accounting Principles Board
APB Opinion 14
APB Opinion 25
Accounting for Convertible Debt and Debt Issued with Stock Purehase Warrants Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees
Vorschriften des Financial Accounting Standards Board
SFAS 52 Foreign Currency Translation SFAS 80 Accounting for Futures Contracts SFAS 105 Disdosure of Information About Financial Instruments
with Off-Balance-Sheet Risk and Financial Instruments with Concentrations of Credit Risk
SFAS 107 SFAS 114 SFAS 115
SFAS 119
SFAS 123
Disdosures About Fair Value fo Financial Instruments Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities Disdosure aboute Derivative Financial Instrumentsand Fair Value of Financial Instruments Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation
Das "Conceptual Framework"
SFAC 1
SFAC 2 SFAC 3
SFAC 4
SFAC 5
SFAC 6
Objectives of Financial Reporting by Business Enterprises Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information Elements of Financial Statements of Business Enterprises57
Objectives of Financial Reporting by Nonbusiness Organizations Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprises Elements of Financial Statements
57 vollständig ersetzt durch SFAC 6
185
Anhang 2
Qualitative Merkmale von Bilanzinformationen58
Bias Bias in measurement is the tendency of a measure to fall more often on one side than the other of what it represents instead of being equally likely to fall on either side.
Comparability The quality of information that enables users to identify similarities in and differences between two sets of economic phenomena.
Completeness The inclusion in reported information of everything material that is necessary for faithful representation of the relevant phenomena.
Conservatism A prudent reaction to uncertainty to try to ensure that uncertainty and risks inherent in business situations are adequately disclosed.
Consistency Conformity from period to period with unchanging policies and procedures.
Feedback Value The quality of information that enables users to confirm or correct prior expectations.
Materiality The magnitude of an omission or misstatement of accounting information that, in the light of surrounding circumstances, makes it probable thet the judgement of a reasonable person relying on the information would have been changed or influenced by the omission or misstatement.
Neutrality Absence in reported information ofbi-
as intended to attain a predetermined result or to induce a particular mode of behavior.
Predictive Value The quality of information that helps users to increase the likelihood of correctly forecasting the outcome of past or present events.
Relevance The capacity of information to make a difference in a decision by helping users to form predictions about the outcomes of past, present, and future events or to confirm or correct prior expectations.
ReHability The quality of information that assures that information is reasonably free from error and bias and faithfully represents what it purports to represent.
Representational Faithfulness Correspondence or agreement between a measure or description and the phenomenon that it purports to represent (sometimes called validity).
Timeliness Having information available to a decision maker before it loses its capacity to influence decisions.
Understandability The quality of information that enables users to perceive its significance.
Verifiability The ability through consensus among measurers to ensure that information represents what it purports to represent or that the chosen method of measurement has been used without error or bias.
58FASB ( 1993)[62], Vol. II, SFAC 2, S. 1025f.
186
Anhang 3
Die zehn Elemente des Jahresabschlusses59
Assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events (~ 25).
Liabilities areprobable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of a particular entity to transfer assets of provide services to other entities in the future as a result of past transactions or events (~ 35).
Equity or net assets is the residual interest in the assets of an entity that remains after deducting its liabilities (~ 49).
Investments by owners are increases in equity of a particular business enterprise resulting from transfers to it from other entities of something valuable to obtain or increase ownership interests ( or equity) in it (~ 66).
Distribution to owners are decreases in equity of a particular business enterprise resulting from transferring assets, rendering services, or incurring liabilities by the enterprise to owners (~ 67).
Comprehensive income is the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from nonowner sources (~ 70).
59FASB {1993)[62), Vol. li, SFAC 6, S. 1108f.; Paragraphenangaben beziehen sich auf SFAC 6.
Revenues are inflows or other enhancements of assets of an entity or settlement of its liabilities (or a combination of both) from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or other activities that constitute the entity's ongoing major or central operations (~ 78).
Expenses Expenses are outflows or other using up of assets or incurrences of liabilities (or a combination of both) from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or carrying out other activities that constitute the entity's ongoing major or central operations (~ 80).
Gains are increases in equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transactions of an entity and from all other transactions and other events and circumstances affecting the entity except those that result from revenues or investments by owners (~ 82).
Losses are decreases in equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transactions of an entity and from all other transactions and other events and circumstances affecting the entity except those that result from revenues or investments by owners (~ 83).
187
Anhang 4 Beispiel einer Veröffentlichung nach Statement 10760
Note V: Disdosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each dass of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value:
Cash and short-term investments For short-term instruments, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.
Investment securities and trading account assets For securities and derivative instruments held for trading purposes (which include bonds, interest rate futures, options, interest rate swaps, securities sold not owned, caps and floors, foreign currency contracts, and forward contracts) and marketable equity securities held for investment purposes, fair values are based on quoted market prices or dealer quotes. For other securities held as investments, fair value equals quoted market price, if available. If a quoted market price is not available, fair value is estimated using quoted market prices for similar securities.
Loan receivables For certain homogeneaus categories of loans, such as some residential mortgages, credit card receivables, and other consumer loans, fair value is estimated using the quoted market prices for securities backed by similar loans, adjusted for differences in loan characteristics. The fair value of other types of loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities.
Deposit Liabilities The fair value of dcmand deposits, savings accounts, and certain money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair value of fixed-rnaturity certificates of deposit is estimated using the rates currently affered for deposits of similar rernaining maturities.
Long-term debt Rates currently available to the Bank for debt with similar terms and rernaining maturities are used to estimate fair value of existing debt.
Interest mte swap agreements The fair value of interest rate swaps ( used for hedging purposes) is the estirnated arnount that the Bank would receive or pay to terminate the swap agreements at the reporting date, taking into account current interest rates and the current creditworthiness of the swap counterparties.
Commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, and financial guarantees written
The fair value of commitments is estimated using the fees currently charged to enter into
similar agreements, taking into account the rernaining terms of the agreements and the present creditworthiness of the counterparties. For fixed-rate loan comrnitments, fair value also considers the difference between current Ievels of interest rates and the committed rates. The fair value of guarantees and letters of credit is based on fees currently charged for similar agreements or on the estimated cost to terminate them or otherwise settle the obligations with the counterparties at the reporting date.
188
The estimated fair values of the Bank's financial instruments are as follows:
1993 1992
Carrying Fair Carrying Fair Amount Value Amount Value
Financial assets: Cash and short-term investments $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX
Trading account assets $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX
Investment securities $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX
Loans $XXX $XXX
Less: allowance for loan Iosses ($XXX) ($XXX) Loans, net of allowance $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX
Financialliabilities: Deposits $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX Securities sold not owned $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX
Long-term debt $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX
U nrecognized financial instruments":
Interest rate swaps: In a net receivable position $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX
In a net payable position ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX)
Commitments to extend credit ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX)
Standby letters of credit ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX)
Financial guarantees written ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX)
"The amounts shown under "carrying amount" represent accruals or deferred income (fees) from those unrecognized financial instruments. Irrterest rate swaps and other derivative instruments entered into as trading activities are included in "trading account assets" or "securities sold not owned".
60Beispiel aus: Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 107, Appendix B, vgl. FASB (1993)[62], Vol. I, S. 1397 ff. Diese beispielhafte Veröffentlichung entspricht den typischen Veröffentlichungen im Jahresabschluß einer Finanzinstitution. SFAS 107 gilt jedoch nicht nur für Banken, sondern ebenso für jede andere Art von Unternehmen.
189
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Aus unserem Programm
Christof Wemer Anstett Financial Futures im Jahresabschluß deutscher Kreditinstitute 1997. XVIII, 148 Seiten, 41 Abb., Br. DM 89,-/ ÖS 650,-/ SFr 81,DUV Wirtschaftswissenschaft ISBN 3-8244-0330-7 Dieses Buch befaßt sich eingehend mit Fragen der Bilanzierung, Bewertung und Publizierung von Financial Futures im Jahresabschluß. Es arbeitet die Wesensmerkmale und Besonderheiten heraus und stellt die notwendigen Grundsätze ordnungsgemäßer Buchführung dar.
Claus Buhleier Harmonisierung der Rechnungslegung bei langfristiger Auftragsfertigung Perspektiven für die Bilanzierung in Deutschland und Österreich 1997. XVII, 260 Seiten, Broschur DM 98,-/ ÖS 715,-/ SFr 89,GABLER EDITION WISSENSCHAFT ISBN 3-8244-6488-8 Der Autor analysiert die Gewinnrealisierungsvorschriften für die deutsche, österreichische, britische und US-amerikanische sowie für die lAS-Rechnungsiegung und entwickelt einen Lösungsvorschlag im Rahmen des Konzeptes der "additiven Gewinnreaiisierung".
Marcus Falk Prüfung der generalnormkonformen Rechnungslegung bei langfristiger Fertigung Erfüllung der Generalnorm des § 264 Abs.2 HGB aus Sicht des Abschlußprüfers 1996. XIX, 168 Seiten, Broschur DM 89,-/ ÖS 650,-/ SFr 81,GABLER EDITION WISSENSCHAFT ISBN 3-8244-6332-6 Das Buch zeigt, welche Anforderungen an die Rechnungslegung zu stellen sind, damit der Generalnorm des § 264 Abs.2 HGB entsprochen wird. Die entscheidenden Prüfungsgebiete Herstellungskosten, Verlustantizipation und Gewinnausweis werden ausführlich behandelt.
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Harald Helmschrott Leasinggeschäfte in der Handels- und Steuerbilanz 1997. XXI, 297 Seiten, Broschur DM 98,-/ ÖS 715,-/ SFr 89,GABLER EDITION WISSENSCHAFT ISBN 3-8244-6457-8 Der Autor setzt sich mit den handelsrechtliehen wie den steuerlichen Stellungnahmen auseinander und behandelt die Ergebnisse des Beratenden Forums für Rechnungslegung der EU-Kommission sowie die Stellungnahme lAS 17 des International Accounting Standards Committee.
Norbert Hübner Die Publizität des Finanzvermögens im Jahresabschluß Diskrepanz zwischen Anspruch und Realität? 1996. XXXIII, 469 Seiten, Broschur DM 128,-/ ÖS 934,-/ SFr 114,GABLER EDITION WISSENSCHAFT ISBN 3-8244-6220-6 Der Autor entwickelt ein Alternativmodell für die Publizitätsanforderungen für Aktiengesellschaften, das die gestellten Anforderungen sowohl in der Theorie als auch im praktischen Einsatz erfüllt.
Karl Kirchgesser Die verdeckte Gewinnausschüttung als Entgelt-Differenz Alternative zivil- und steuerrechtliche Folgen 1996. XVIII, 175 Seiten, 10 Abb., 4 Tab., Broschur DM 89,-/ ÖS 650,-/ SFr 81,-DUV Wirtschaftswissenschaft ISBN 3-8244-0288-2 Der Autor entwickelt eine Rechtsfolgenkombination für die verdeckte Gewinnausschüttung, die im Gegensatz zum Anrechnungsverfahren weder in die Gewinnverteilung noch -verwendung eingreift.
Peter Mauritz Konzepte der Bilanzierung und Besteuerung derivativer Finanzinstrumente 1997. XXXII, 370 Seiten, Broschur DM 118,-/ ÖS 861,-/ SFr 105,GABLER EDITION WISSENSCHAFT ISBN 3-8244-6444-6 Der Autor weist nach, daß die bislang praktizierten Methoden der kompensatorischen Bilanzierung von Finanzderivaten nicht dem geltenden Bilanzrecht entsprechen.
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Axel Risse International Accounting Standards für den deutschen Konzernabschluß 1996. XXII, 341 Seiten, Broschur DM 118,-/ ÖS 861,-/ SFr 105,GABLER EDITION WISSENSCHAFT ISBN 3-8244-6300-8 Die International Accounting Standards (lAS) werden auch in nächster Zeit neben den US-amerikanischen Rechnungslegungsstandards die einzigen Normen sein, die eine Basis für eine weltweite Akzeptanz deutscher Konzernabschlüsse bilden können.
Jan-Philipp Sauthoff Der Firmenwert im Konzernabschluß Probleme der Bilanzierung und Aussagefähigkeit 1996. XXX, 451 Seiten, Broschur DM 128,-/ ÖS 934,-/ SFr 114,GABLER EDITION WISSENSCHAFT ISBN 3-8244-6449-7 Der konzernbilanzielle Firmenwert ist eine zentrale Größe der Konzernrechnungslegung. Jan-Philipp Sauthoff zeigt, unter welchen Bedingungen konzernbilanzielle Firmenwerte entstehen und wie die Regelungen der Folge- und Endbilanzierung des konzernbilanziellen Firmenwertes auszulegen sind.
Rolf Scheffels Fuzzy-Logik in der Jahresabschlußprüfung Entwicklung eines wissensbasierten Systems zur Analyse der Vermögens-, Finanz- und Ertragslage 1996. XXVIII, 245 Seiten, Broschur DM 98,-/ ÖS 715,-/ SFr 89,GABLER EDITION WISSENSCHAFT ISBN 3-8244-6313-X Im Mittelpunkt des Systems steht eine umfassende Kennzahlenhierarchie. Das zur Interpretation der Kennzahlen und der Interdependenzen notwendige Expertenwissen wird mit Hilfe der Fuzzy-Logik abgebildet und in der Wissensbasis des Systems hinterlegt.
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