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MINI PROJECT REPORT 2014 OVER SPEED ALARM FOR TWO-WHEELERS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have a great pleasure in submitting the mini project document. The project successful completion would be incomplete without mentioning the name of people who really helped us in accomplishing this project to successful one.

First of all we would like to thank God Almighty for his abundant grace and mercy which enabled us in the finalization of this project.

We are grateful to Dr. P Suresh Kumar, principal, college of engineering cherthala, for giving us valuable suggestions and support.

We are taking this opportunity to express our deep sense of obligation and gratitude to the help given by our Head of the department Prof.Pradeep M and our project coordinators for their guidance , supervision and constructive criticism in the successful completion of the project.

We also wish to thank our project guide Miss Krishnapriya B.J , Asst. professor , Electronics & Communication Department, for providing valuable guidance.

An excellent group of teaching and non- teaching staff helped us for this project. We owe much the assistance they gave us while doing the project.

ANULAKSHMI(13133663)

CHIPPI SIVADAS(13133669)

JIDHIN RAJ A(13133624)

SREEKUTTY(13133718)

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CHERTHALA 1 Dept. of ECE




ABSTRACT

An over speed alarm can be of great help to avoid accidents due to

over speed. This circuit can be implemented in every bike to avoid such

accidents occurring due to over speed.The bone of the circuit is the hall sensor

A1302.which work on the principle of Hall Effect

The frequency corresponding to the speed is converting to voltage by

frequency to voltage converter IC LM2917.this voltage is amplified using

differential amplifier is compared with the set limit speed using comparator.

whenever the speed become higher than set limit speed the alarm will sounds

and it stops whenever the speed become low than the set limit speed. however

this circuit acts as watchful friend to avoid accidents caused due over speed.



LIST OF FIGURES

NAME PAGE NO

FIG 2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM………………………………….6

FIG 3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM………………………………...9

FIG 4.2.1 RESISTORS………………………….………… …12

FIG 4.2.2 BC548 TRANSISTOR…………………….……….13

FIG 4.3.2.1 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK OF A1302……………..15

FIG 4.2.3.2 IC A1302………………………………………….16

FIG 4.2.4 INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LM358….….17

FIG 4.2.5 PIN OUT OF LM2917………………………………18

FIG 4.2.6 IC TL071 PINOUT……………………..…………..20

FIG 4.2.7 PINOUT OF CA3130……………………..…………21

FIG 4.2.8 PINOUT OF UM66……………………………..…...23

FIG 4.2.8 MELODY GENERATOR USING UM66 IC……….24

FIG 4.2.9 PINOUT OF 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR……..25

FIG 5.2 PCB LAYOUT……………………………………..….31



CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

1 Introduction

2 Block Diagram

3 Circuit Diagram & Description

4 Component list & Description

5 Implementation

6 Application

7 Conclusion

8 References

APPENDIX Data sheet



CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

. Riding of two wheeler needs constant attention. The moment you

become unmindful of the high speed, applying sudden breaks to avoid

obstacles may lead to an accident.

An over-speed alarm can be of great helpful to avoid such situations. It

acts like a watchful friend that warns you or make you aware whenever you

drive faster than the set speed limit.

So here we are presenting a simple circuit given further with a property

of Hall Effect. Hall Effect sensor is the bone of this circuit. Over speed

indicator totally depends on this sensor and the complete kit should be placed

on the handle and the speaker magnate is at the wheel drum. The whole circuit

uses 12v battery as the voltage source



CHAPTER 2

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG 2.1 Block diagram


Hall sensor

Frequency to voltage convertor

Comparator

Music generator

Loud speaker


2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

2.2.1 HALL SENSOR

Hall sensor is one of the major part of the project. A Hall effect sensor

is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response to a magnetic field.

Hall sensor, which works on the basis of Hall Effect. When the magnet aligns

with hall sensor a voltage is generated when the aligning is lost the voltage will

fall. Thus it produces a voltage proportional to magnetic field intensity.

2.2.2 FREQUENCY TO VOLTAGE CONVERTER

It consist of an input amplifier with built in hysteresis ,a charge pump

frequency to voltage convertor ,a versatile op-amp comparator with an

uncommitted output transistor and an active zener regulator. The inbuilt charge

pump technique converts frequency to proportional voltage with the help of

external passive components which is available at the shorted junction of pin

5&10

2.2.3 COMPARATOR

Output from the frequency to voltage convertor is fed to comparator

and compared with the reference voltage set using preset. The comparator

provide regulated 3.3V(via zener diode to music generator.

2.2.4 MUSIC GENERATOR

To generate music when the speed become high than the set limit speed



2.2.5 LOUD SPEAKER

A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer that

converts an electrical signal into sound. The speaker moves in accordance with

the variations of an electrical signal and causes sound waves to propagate

through a medium such as air or water



CHAPTER 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & DESCRIPTION

3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FIG 3.1.Circuit diagram



3.2 CIRCIT WORKING

Hallsensor A1302(IC1)gives an output proportional to the magnetic fiel

d intensity, which is converted into pulse by op-amp LM358. LED1 glows to

indicate a high pulse output. The sensitivity of op-amp LM358 can be adjusted

using preset VR1.

The output of LM358 (IC2) is applied to frequency-to-voltage

converter LM2917N (IC3).LM2917N consists of an input amplifier with bui

ltin hysteresis, a charge pump frequency-to-voltage converter, a versatile op-

amp/comparator with an uncommitted output transistor, and an active

zener regulator. The inbuilt charge

pump technique of LM2917N converts the frequency into a proportional volt

age with the help of external passive components (capacitor C3 and preset

VR2), which is available at shorted junction of pins 5 and 10. Preset VR2

is used to get stable output voltage.

The output of LM2917N is filtered by capacitors C4 and C5 and

applied to the non-inverting input (pin 3) of low-noise opamp TL071 (IC4).

IC4 is wired as a differential amplifier to amplify the difference between

its inverting and non-inverting inputs. Thus IC3 output proportional to the

speed change is amplified by op-amp IC4. The output from pin 6 of IC4 is

fed to comparator CA3130 and compared with the reference voltage set at its

pin 2 using preset VR4. The comparator provides regulated 3.3V (via

zener diode ZD1) to music generator UM66. The output of UM66 drives

speaker LS1 with the help of transistor T1, to sound an alarm whenever the

two wheeler over speeds.



The circuit is powered by the 7v battery of two wheeler. IC 7805 is

used to provide regulated 5V to IC1 & IC2. Capacitor C8 & C9 bypass the

ripples present in the supply. LED2 acts as power indicator and R12 limits the

current through LED2.

CHAPTER 4COMPONENT LIST AND DESCRIPTION

4.1 COMPONENT LIST1. RESISTORS - 220,470,10k,560k,100

2. CAPACITORS – 0.1u,22n(Polyester capacitor),

220u,470,0.47,2.20(Electrolytic capacitor)

3. IC LM2917

4. IC LM358

5. IC CA 3130

6. IC TL071

7. IC 7805

8. IC A1302

9. IC UM66

10. TRANSISTOR – BC548

11. DIODE – 1N4148,1N4007

12. LED

13. LOUDSPEAKER

14. 12V BATTERY



4.2 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

4.2.1 RESISTORS

A resistor is a two terminal electronic component that produces a

voltage across its terminal that is proportional to the electric current passing

through it in accordance with ohm’s law

.FIG 4.2.1 RESISTORS

Resistance

Resistance is the property of a component which restricts the flow of

electric current. Energy is used up as the voltage across the component drives

the current as heat.



Resistors used in electronics can have resistances as low as 0.1Ω or as

high as 10MΩ.size and position of the leads are relevant to equipment

designers; resistors must be physically large enough not to overheat when

dissipating power. We are using the ranges: 100 Ω to 100k.

4.2.2 TRANSISTOR BC548

The transistor is a component with 3electric wires coming out of it.

They are named B(base), C( collector) and E ( emitter).

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch

electronic signals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at

least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current

applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current flowing

through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled(output) power can be

much more than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides

amplification of a signal. Today, some transistors are packed individually, but

many more are found embedded in integrated circuit.



FIG 4.2.2 BC 548 TRANSISTOR

4.2.2.1 Transistor as a switch

Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, both for high-

power applications such as switched mode power supplies and for low power

applications such as logic gates.

4.2.2.2 Transistor as an amplifier

The common emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in

voltage in (VIN) changes the small current through the base of the transistor and

the transistor’s current amplification combines with the properties of the circuit



mean that small swings in VIN produce large change in VOUT. Here we are using

BC 548 which is a general purpose low power IC used for amplification.

4.2.3 HALL SENSOR

The Hall sensor IC A1302 is continuous-time, ratio metric, linear Hall-

effect sensor IC. It is optimized to accurately provide a voltage output that is

proportional to an applied magnetic field. These devices have a quiescent

output voltage that is 50% of the supply voltage. Two output sensitivity

options are provided: 2.5 mV/G typical for the A1302 and 1.3 mV/G typical

for the A1302.

The Hall-effect integrated circuit included in this device includes a Hall

sensing element, a linear amplifier, and a CMOS Class A output structure.

Integrating the Hall sensing element and the amplifier on a single chip

minimizes many of the problems normally associated with low voltage level

analog signals.

High precision in output levels is obtained by internal gain and offset

trim adjustments made at end-of-line during the manufacturing process. These

features make the A1302 ideal for use in position sensing systems, for both

linear target motion and rotational target motion. They are well suited for

industrial applications over extended temperature ranges, from -40°C to

125°C.



FIG 4.2.3.1 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A1302



FIG 4.2.3.2 HALL SENSOR IC

4.2.4 IC LM358

The LM358 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally

frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed

specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of

voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low

power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power

supply voltage.

The LM358 is available in a chip sized package (8-Bump micro SMD)

using National’s micro SMD package technology.


Features: Low-noise output Fast power-on time

Ratio metric rail-to-rail output

4.5to 6.0 V operation Solid-state reliability


FIG 4.2.4 INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LM358

FEATURES:

Internally frequency compensated for unity gain

Large dc voltage gain: 100 Db

Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated)

Wide power supply range: 3V to 32V.

Very low supply current drain (500 μA)—essentially independent of

supply voltage

Low input offset voltage: 2 mV

Input common-mode voltage range includes ground

Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage

Large output voltage swing



4.2.5 LM2917N IC

LM2917N is a frequency to voltage converter high gain op amp IC,

designed to operate as a relay, lamp and other load when the input frequency

reaches or exceeds the selected rate. The tachometer uses the charge pump

technique and offers frequency doubling for low ripple. It has full input

protection. The op amp/comparator is fully compatible with the tachometer

and has a floating transistor as its output. This feature allows either a ground or

supply referred load of up to 50 mA. The collector may be taken above VCC

up to a maximum VCE of 28V.

FIG 4.2.5 PIN DIAGRAM



Features: Ground referenced tachometer input interfaces directly with variable

reluctance magnetic pickups.

Op amp/comparator has floating transistor output

50 mA sink or source to operate relays, solenoids, meters, or LEDs.

Frequency doubling for low ripple.

Built-in zener on LM2917

Ground referenced tachometer is fully protected from damage due to

swings above VCC and below ground.

Applications

Over/under speed sensing.

Frequency to voltage conversion (tachometer) .

Speedometer.

Breaker point dwell meters.

Hand-held tachometer.

Speed governors.

Automotive door lock control.

Clutch control.

Horn control.



4.2.6 TL071 IC

The JFET-input operational amplifiers in the TL07x series are designed

as low-noise versions of the TL08x series amplifiers with low input bias and

offset currents and fast slew rate. The low harmonic distortion and low noise

make the TL07x series ideally suited for high-fidelity and audio preamplifier

applications.

Each amplifier features JFET inputs (for high input impedance)

coupled with bipolar output stages integrated on a single monolithic chip.

The C-suffix devices are characterized for operation from 0°C to 70°C.

The I-suffix devices are characterized for operation from –40°C to 85°C. The

M-suffix devices are characterized for operation over the full military

temperature range of –55°C to 125°C.


Features

Low Power Consumption

Wide Common-Mode and

Differential Voltage

Ranges

Low Input Bias and Offset

Currents.

Output Short-Circuit

Protection


FIG 4.2.6 TL071 PINOUT

4.2.7 CA3130 IC

Gate-protected P-Channel MOSFET (PMOS) transistors are used in the

input circuit to provide very-high-input impedance, very-low-input current,

and exceptional speed performance. The use of PMOS transistors in the input

stage results in common-mode input-voltage capability down to 0.5V below

the negative-supply terminal.

A CMOS transistor-pair, capable of swinging the output voltage to

within 10mV of either supply-voltage terminal is employed as the output

circuit.The CA3130 Series circuits operate at supply voltages ranging from 5V

to 16V, (±2.5V to ±8V). They can be phase compensated with a single external

capacitor, and have terminals for adjustment of offset voltage for applications

requiring offset-null capability.



FIG 4.2.7 PINOUT OF CA3130

Features• MOSFET Input Stage Provides:

- Very High ZI = 1.5 TΩ (1.5 x 1012Ω) (Type)

- Very Low II . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5pA (Type) at 15V Operation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .= 2pA (Type) at 5V Operation

• Ideal for Single-Supply Applications

• Common-Mode Input-Voltage Range Includes

Negative Supply Rail; Input Terminals can be Swung 0.5V

Below Negative Supply Rail

• CMOS Output Stage Permits Signal Swing to Either (or both) Supply Rails.



4.2.8 UM66 IC

Here is a simple melody generator circuit you can make using an IC.

The UM66 series are CMOS IC’s designed for using in calling bell, phone and

toys. It has a built in ROM programmed for playing music. The device has

very low power consumption. Thanks for the CMOS technology. The melody

will be available at pin3 of UM66 and here it is amplified by using Q1 to drive

the speaker. Resistor R1 limits the base current of Q1 within the safe values.

Capacitor C1 is meant for noise suppression.

Features:

Power supply must be between 1.5V & 4.5V .Do not exceeds 4.5 V.

Speaker can be driven with external NPN transistor.

Melody begins from the first note if power is reseted.

Assemble the circuit on a good quality common board.

If transistor HE8050S is not available use any NPN transistor like

BC548 or 2N2222.



FIG 4.2.8 PIN OUT OF UM66

Pin description:

Pin No

Function Name

1 Melody output Output2 Supply voltage (1.5V - 4.5V) Vcc3 Ground (0V) Ground



FIG 4.2.8 MELODY GENERATOR USING UM66 IC

4.2.9 7805, 5V regulator IC

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is member of 78xx

series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may

have fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage

regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in 78xx

indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V


http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/melody-generator-usin-um66.jpg


regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at

input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.

FIG 4.2.9 PINOUT OF 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Pin Description:

Pin No

Function Name

1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input2 Ground (0V) Ground



3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output

Features:

Output Current up to 1A.

Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.

Thermal Overload Protection.

Short Circuit Protection.

Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

CHAPTER 5IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 PCB LAYOUT DESIGN



The first step of assembling is to procure a printing circuit board .The

fabrication of the PCB plays a crucial role in the electronic field. The success

of a circuit is also depends on the PCB. As far as the cost is concerned the

more than 25% of the total cost is gone for the PCB design and fabrication.

Design of a PCB is consider as the last step in electronics circuit design

as well as the first step in production of the PCBs. It forms a distant factor in

electronics circuit’s performance and reliability. The productivity of the PCB

and its assembly and service ability also depends on the design. The designing

of the PCB consist of the designing of the layout followed by the generation of

the artwork. LIVE WIRE PCBWIZARD is a feature rich software package for

designing electronics circuit diagrams.

PCB Fabrication Techniques

The steps in PCB fabrication techniques are described below. The steps

involved are selection of media, photo resist lamination, exposure, developing,

etching, and drilling, cutting, soldering, and finally case making.

A. Media

Artwork quality is very development on both the output devices and

the media is used. It is not necessary to use a transparent artwork medium -

long as it is reasonably translucent to UV, its fine less translucent material may

need a slightly longer exposure time. Line definitions, black opaqueness and

toner/ink retention are much more important.

B. Output Devices

Laser printers offer the best all-round solutions. These are affordable,

fast and good-quality. The printer used must have at least 600dpi resolution for



all but the simplest PCB's as you will usually be working in multiples of

0.06cm (40 tracks per inch). 600dpi divides into 40, so you get consistent

spacing and line width. It is very important that the printer produces a good

solid black with no toner pinholes. If you're planning to buy a printer for PCB

use, do some test prints on tracing paper to check the quality first. If the printer

has a density control, set it to the blackest.

C. Photo resist PCB Lamina

Always use good-quality, pre-coated photo resist fiber glass (FR4)

board. Check carefully for scratches in the protective covering and on the

surface after peeling off the covering. You don't need darkroom or subdued

lighting when handling boards, as long as you avoid direct sunlight, minimize

unnecessary, and develop immediately after UV exposure. D. Exposure

The photo resist board needs to be exposed to UV light through the

artwork, using a UV exposure box. UV exposures units can easily made using

standard fluorescent lamp ballasts and UV tubes. For small PCB's two or four

8-watt, 30.5cm tubes will be adequate. For larger (A3) units, four 38cm tubes

are ideal.

E. Developing

Does not use sodium hydroxide for developing photo resist laminates.

It is a completely and utterly dreadful stuff for developing PCB's. Apart from

its causticity, it is very sensitive to both temperature and concentration, and

made-up solution doesn't last long. When it's too weak it doesn't develop at all,

and when too strong it strips all the resist off. It is almost impossible to get

reliable and consistent results, especially when making PCB's in an

environment with temperature variations. A much better developer is a silicate-



based product that comes as a liquid concentrate. You can leave the board in it

for several times the normal developing time without noticeable degradation.

This also means that it is not temperature critical no risk of stripping at warmer

temperatures. Made-up solution also has a very long shelf-life and lasts until

it’s used up. You can make the solution up really strong for very fast

developing.

F. Etching

Ferric chloride etchant is a messy stuff, but easily available and cheaper

than most alternatives. It attacks any metal stainless steel. So when up a PCB

etching area, uses a plastic or ceramic sink, with plastic fitting and screws

wherever possible, and seals any metal screws with silicone. Copper water

pipes may get splashed or dripped-on, so sleeve or cover them in plastic; heat-

shrink sieving is great if you're installing new pipes.

G. Tin Plating

Tin-plating a PCB makes it a lot easier to solder, and is pretty much

essential for surface mount boards. Unless you have access to a roller tinning

machine, chemical tinning is the only option. Unfortunately, tin- plating

chemicals are expensive but the results are usually worth it. If you don't tin-

plate the board, either leave the photo resist coating on or spray the board with

rework flux to prevent the copper from oxidizing. Room-temperature tin-

plating crystals produce a good finish in a few minutes. There are other tinning

chemicals available, some of which require mixing with acid or high-

temperature use.

H. Drilling

If you have fiber glass (FR4) board, you must use tungsten carbide



drill bits. Fibre glass eats normal high-speed steel (HSS) bits very rapidly,

although HSS drills are all right for odd larger sizes (>2mm).Carbide drill bit

are expensive and the thin ones snap very easily. When using carbide drill bits

below 1mm, you must use a good vertical drill stand; you will break very

quickly without one. Carbide drill bits are available as straight-shank or thick

shank. In straight shank, the whole bit is the diameter of the hole, and in thick

shank, a standard -size shank tapers down to the hole size.

I. Cutting

A small guillotine is the easiest way to cut fiber glass laminate.

Ordinary saws will be blunted quickly unless these are carbide tipped, and the

dust can, cause sink irritation. A carbide tail- saw blade in a jig saw might be

worth a tray. It’s also easy to accidently scratch through protective film when

sawing, causing photo resist scratches and broken teaks on finished board. A

sheet metal guillotine is also excellent for cutting boards provided the blade is

fairly sharp. To make cut outs, drill series of small holes, punch out the end

file to size. Alternatively, use after saw or small hack saw, but be prepared to

replace blade often. With practice it is possible two do corner cut outs with a

guillotine but you have two be very careful that you don't over cut.

J. Soldering

Soldering is the joining together of two metals to give physical bonding

and good electrical conductivity. It is used primarily in electrical and electronic

circuitry. Solder is a combination of the metal, which are solid at normal room

temperature and became liquid at between 180 °c and 200 ° c. Solder bonds

well to vary metals and extremely well to copper. Soldering is a necessary skill

you need to learn to successfully build the electronics circuit. It is a primary

way how electronics components are connected to circuit boards, and some



time directly to other components. For soldering we can use the soldering iron.

5.2 PCB LAYOUT

FIG 5.2 PCB LAYOUT

CHAPTER 6APPLICATIONS



The circuit helps to prevent accidents in two wheelers due to over

speed. Using micro controllers and interfacing with GPS we could set the

speed limit accordingly to the speed limit of the road we travel .

CHAPTER 7



CONCULSION

Here we are using electronic device for reducing the accidents

occurring due to the high speed of riders. If any uncertain condition comes

than our device may help in alarming the person for the increment in speed to

the limit. So that rider may reduce the speed and we can stop that accident. Its

main advantage is of low cost and no risk. This job is totally non risky of using

this kit.



CHAPTER 8REFERENCES

MAGAZINES Electronics For You, published on May 2011

REFERENCE TEXT BOOK

Opamps And Linear Integrated Circuits By Ramakant Gaikwad




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