Livestock Asignment Final

7/29/2019 Livestock Asignment Final

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Assignment

Potential of export in livestock and dairy sector

Presented to:

Prof. Zafar Hayat

Presented By:

Saleha Sattar 15

Asra Azeem 19

Shazia Javed 25

Faria Aslam 30

Aatiqa Khan 49

BBA (Hons.) Afternoon

(2008-12)

IBA, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

Date: 12-12-2011


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AGRICULTURE SECTOR

Pakistan has a rich and vast natural resource base, covering various

ecological and climatic zones; hence the country has great potential for

producing all types of food commodities. Agriculture has an important directand indirect role in generating economic growth. The importance of

agriculture to the economy is seen in three ways: first, it provides food to

consumers and fibers for domestic industry; second, it is a source of scarce

foreign exchange earnings; and third, it provides a market for industrial

goods.

Agriculture Sector Significance

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the Pakistani Economy,contributing 21% to Pakistans GDP and employing 45% of its labor force.Moreover, the single most important subsector of agriculture is livestock;including cows, buffalos and goats which provide milk, meat, hides andother raw materials for the local market. The livestock sector alonecontributes 11% of the countrys GDP,with an estimated 42 billion liters ofmilk produced per annum.

As per the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2009, Pakistan has a herd size of

around 63 million animals, which is the 3rd largest in the world. About 35million people are involved in dairy farming, deriving more than 40% of theirtotal income from livestock. For these farmers, dairy animals provide milkfor domestic consumption as well as meager income through the sale ofmilk. In rural Pakistani culture livestock is a store of wealth. It is viewed asimportant social capital and offers insurance to the owner in times offinancial distress.

Livestock Sector in Pakistan

Livestock production is the second biggest economic activity after crophusbandry for rural population in the country. Out of 137 million people inthe country, more than 92 million 67% live in the rural areas. Without givingthe proper care and attention to rural livestock kept in the villages andremote areas, the dreams of uplifting the socio-economic conditions of therural masses cant come true and the expected increase in this sector cant


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be envisaged. To develop the livestock sector as a whole, the needs of thesmall landholders, landless livestock owners or tenants are to be met ontime.

The package of husbandry innovations for rural farm animals demand thattechnologies that are cost effective, efficient, practicable and mostappropriate to local conditions should be introduced on mass scale, whichwill enable them to stand on their feet and make the livestock productionsystems more sustainable and viable in the country.

Impact of Livestock Sector on Pakistan Economy

Pakistan being an Agricultural based Economy has a greatpotential in Livestock.

Livestock has the share of 10.8% of Pakistans total GDP Livestock sector employs 35 million people and produces almost

$500 million of products. Vast majority is of small firms /SMEs of less than 2 hectors that

maintain herds of 1 to 3 animals. Pakistan is fortunate to be the home tract of some of the finest

natural breeds of livestock as compared with other regionalcountries.

There are two buffalo breeds namely, Kundi and Nili-Ravi and eight

discrete breeds of cattle. Breed improvement work in Pakistan has mainly revolved aroundartificial insemination (AI) programmes.

Objectives of dairy and livestock sector:The rural areas of the country are suitable for livestock rearing and the

people, both male and female, have the knowledge of rearing livestock. It

is, therefore, necessary that they are provided with facilities to own

livestock and rear them properly with the following objectives: To increase milk and meat production provide jobs to unemployed rural people, specially rural women

increase income of rural people

alleviate poverty in rural and less developed areas

help develop rural areas and eradicate social evils

provide food security


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increase efficiency of agriculture sector

provide security against crop failure

reactivate closed milk plants

improve milk collection system

increase export earning

Each farmers family should be provided with a credit facility from

agriculture bank/or any other commercial bank on easy terms and

condition like takawi loan for purchase of 10 milking animals i.e. six

buffaloes and four cows as mixed dairy farming is more profitable.

These dairy farms should be provided with required high protein diet

so that the milk contains more than six per cent fat.

Production of livestock products:

The per capita per annum availability of milk in the country is 80.5 liters,

and meat 16.5 kg which is far below the minimum required level of 27.5

grams of protein daily. Because of the acute shortage of animal protein in

diet, people are prone to various diseases particularly in the less developed

areas where the poor live.

Rural Livestock Production

Rural livestock production encompasses all phases of the management ofrural cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goat and draught animals in a scientificand desirable way according to the modern husbandry techniques. Thelatest innovations demand that their management should be understoodcorrectly and should be given due importance if the production from theanimals is desired up to their genetic potentials.It also embraces the avenues covering their proper and timely naturalbreeding or artificial insemination, balanced feeding, their proper andhygienic housing, adequate vaccination programs, proper disease coverand first-aid kits, manure handling and pollution control.

Out of 137 million people in the country 92 million 67%live in the rural areaswhile 45 million 33% dwell in the urban areas. Livestock production is thesecond biggest economic activity after crop husbandry for rural people in


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the country. The activities of this sub-sector account for 10-25% of theincome of small farmers and landless livestock producers.

Unless we take care of the rural livestock, the production potential of sucha huge number of animals can't be enhanced. The people's land holdingsgradually are getting smaller day by day creating a competitive atmospherebetween crop and livestock sector, which ultimately ends in another gameof food versus increasing human population. The latest situation regardingthe number and area of private farms as classified by size has beenreported by Census of Agriculture, 1990, which is presented below.

Land Holdings in Pakistan

(Adopted from: Agricultural Statistics, 1999-2000)

Size of theFarm inhectares (ha)

No. of Farms Farm Area Av size ofFarm Area

(ha)Number % Hectare %

Private Farms 5070963 - 19149673 - 3.8

GovernmentFarms

149 - 103035 - -

All Farms 5071112 100 19252672 100 -

Under 0.5 678538 13 193126 1 0.3

0.5-


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Farming pattern has become very critical and poor due to the smallland holdings as is evident from the table. As the land holdings get smallerand smaller, the diffusion of new technologies becomes expensive anddifficult. So farmers should get the answer of their problems from thescientists keeping in view their socio-economic constraints.

Increase in district productivity:In the first phase, in each district about 5,000 farmers should be provided

with such credit for purchase of 10 milking animals (newly calved) i.e. about

Rs0.5 million including money for the purchase of cans, ropes, chains,

buckets and other relevant accessories with 15 days ration / fodder etc.

Each farmer would thus manage to produce about 40 to 50 liters of milk a

time and 100 liters a day. This way each district will produce an extra 0.5million liters of milk a day. Due to improved management and availability of

feed in the area production of milk would increase by 30 to 40 per cent.

Selection of district:

Districts for dairy farming and animal breeding should be carefully selected

for the purpose i.e. Malir in Karachi, Hyderabad, Badin, T.M. Khan, TandoAllah Yar, Matiari, half of Sukkur and half of Mirpurkhas, half of Jamshoro,

Dadu, Naushehro Feroze, Shikarpur, Larkana, Sukkur and Ghotki in Sindh.

This way about 7.5 million liters of milk would be produced daily and about

350,000 male and 350,000 female cow and buffalo calves would be

produced yearly with more manure for agricultural land.

Providing farmers with technical facilities:

To purchase milk from farmers and provide them technical facilities, a

concept may be adopted based on the pattern exercised in India, where

milk collection all required services are provided through one-window


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operation at a centre called dairy development and extension centre.

Dairy development and extension centre:

Every village with a population of about 500 farmers should be provided

with a dairy development and extension centre. The centre should register

the farmers of the area and provide them with facilities of milk collection;

supply of processed feed; artificial insemination service; health services;

parasite control; natural breeding services through high pedigreed bulls;

supply of multi-cutting, fodder seeds; credit facilities; and arranging cattle

shows to create a sense of competition among the farmers. The centre

should also arrange training of farmers both male and female on modernfarming system.

Free training services:

Animal health, parasite control, breeding and training services should be

provided free of charge, where as other services should be provided on no-

loss and no-profit basis.

Milk plants:

These dairy development and extension centres should be linked with milk

plants (at least 30 centers with one milk plant). These milk plants should

arrange credit facilities through banks on easy terms and conditions and

collect milk / from these centers, through tankers and arrange training ofmilk collectors and technical persons working at the centres. Modem

techniques of livestock management and production, competitions should

be arranged among these centres and awards ceremonies held for best

workers, milk collectors, farmers and fodder growers.


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Recovery of credit:

The recovery of credit, feed and other service charges should be madefrom the income of milk on weekly basis with 1-2 per cent additional charge

for development of the area like, roads, school buildings, furniture, medical

and maternity facilities etc. in consultation with the farmers / members of

the centre.

Systems of milk marketing:

New systems of milk marketing on pattern of India may be introduced i.e.sale through milk booths, both in localities of the rich and the poor, with

high and low fat contents along with other products like, yoghurt, ice cream,

ghee, lassi etc.

High yield:

The program, if introduced, would upgrade the livestock of the country by

introducing high yielding animals and specially breeding bulls in the farming

system, and modernize the technology of keeping animals healthy and

productive. Through this project in addition to other benefits, about 75,000

unskilled and about 25,000 skilled workers may be engaged in dairy jobs.

Prevailing Livestock Production Systems

The main prevailing livestock production systems include:

a) Traditional rural livestock production,b) Commercial milk production andc) Desert/rangelands livestock production.

Their little detail is presented in the ensuing lines.


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a) Rural Livestock Production

Most rural families rear 3-5 buffaloes and cattle for milk production and tryto meet their domestic demand. Some people sell their extra produce to the

neighboring families. Due to the improvement of infrastructure and marketroads, about 30 % of smallholders are now producing milk for sale in themarket. Usually male and female calves suckle the mothers and areretained during the lactation.

The best males are kept by farmers for breeding and the remaining malesare usually sold for slaughter whilst the females are kept for futurereplacements. Normally adult females are culled at the age of 8-10 yearsand every family tries to keep one female in milk every time.

b) Commercial Milk Production

The development of urban or peri-urban commercial dairy farms issomething new in livestock production; each dairy farm has about 20 ormore buffaloes and cows. The large commercial dairy herds range from100-500 buffaloes and cattle.

The commercial livestock farm owners purchase pregnant animals withcalf-at-foot from the open market. They always try to keep 5 % of their

animals in production. Male calves are usually sold for beef purpose. Mostof the dry and non-descript animals are sold for slaughter and only a fewmay be returned to rural areas for the next calving.

Normally, commercial farmers do not keep milch animals after onelactation but usually sell them in the market for slaughter purposes andreplace the herd by purchasing high yielding animals from rural areas whenprices are low. This is also a negative practice, which will decrease thenumber of productive animals, thereby causing a significant reduced milkproduction.

The "Landhi Cattle Colony" is the world's biggest concentration ofbuffaloes/cattle at one place. This colony usually referred to cattle colony isclose to Karachi. In this colony and its vicinity, more than 250000 buffaloesand cattle are kept together for milk production. However, dairy beef is thesecond biggest product obtained from these animals.


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d) Desert/Rangelands Livestock ProductionOf the total 80 million hectare area of the country49 million hectares in

under different ranges, which is 62 % of the countrys, total area? Indeserts, sheep, goats, cattle and camels are kept for milk production,

draught power and transport.

The cattle are reared in some base areas where water and grazing

facilities are usually available. Sheep, goats and camels are kept in either

nomadic system or transhumant system. Nomadic flocks keep on moving

constantly in search of grazing. Grazing is generally free of cost, but in

winter during shortage of natural grasses, the shepherd may need to buy

some feed from some other sources.

The nomads sell their animals during the period of feed scarcity; therefore

in winter the price of sheep and goats is slightly lower than prevailing in the

rainy season. Under the transhumant system, the whole human population

with their livestock wealth migrates from desert areas or cold regions of

northern parts of the country to the nearest irrigated or low lying lands but

this always creates stress towards feed resources and affects the grazing

capacity of the lands.

This migration also affects the feed and meat prices in the market. Now

lets dwell on some of the main measures to alleviate these riddles to uplift

the production systems for the enhancement of the production potentials of

the livestock.

Types of Ruminants

1. Large Ruminants2. Small Ruminants

3. Draught Animals


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Large Ruminants

There are 45 million large ruminants in our country including 22.4 and 23.3

million cattle and buffaloes, respectively. Indigenous, Bosindicus (alsocalled humped or zebu cattle) belong mainly to three types based on thepurpose and performance viz; milch type, draught type and dual-purposetype animals. Sahiwal and Red Sindhi are recognized as dairy (milch)types, Dajal and Bhagnari are heavy draught, Dhanni a medium draughtand Lohani and Rojhan are light draught breeds, while Tharparker bullocksdo well as draught animals and their females are good milk providers sothis type belongs to the dual-purpose cattle.

According to a careful estimate,20%of the cattle population is purebred,5% crossbred or exotic ones while the rest 75% are no-descript cattle. Theincrease in crossbred cattle in the past has resulted due to indiscriminatecrossbreeding and readily available artificial insemination (AI) services.Conception rates in cattle have been reported as 30-60% depending onweather conditions and during summer months it reaches as low as 10%.

Globally there are about 165.72 million buffaloes at present. Out of these75 % habitat in Asian countries. Although India houses 56 % of thebuffaloes and 14 % of the world are found in Pakistan, but best buffalo

specimens are available in Pakistan. According to a report, the bestbuffaloes are available in Pakistan, which has been termed as Black Goldof Asia by FAO (1997). Average yield per lactation has been referred as1800-2500 liters while few specimens can produce up to 6,000 liters in 305days.

Types of buffaloes:

There are mainly four types of buffaloes found in the world.

1. Swamp buffalo are found in many paddy growing and marshy areasof Asian countries.

2. Indian buffaloes are called as Murrah Buffaloes3. While the buffalo available in our country belongs to the class of

Water buffaloes.4. Feral buffaloes are also available in wild state in some countries like

Indonesia, Borneo, Brunei, Brazil, Australia and America.


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Cattle and Buffaloes of Pakistan

As mentioned above, Pakistan has been blessed by nature with the bestblack gold of Asia i.e.; water buffalo. Two famous breeds exist in the

country, as Nilli-Ravi a heavy breed found in Punjab and Kundi, a lightbreed inhabited in Sindh. Both of these breeds are well reputed and arecomparatively better yielder than cattle.

Cattle Breeds Buffalo Breeds

Milch Breeds

Sahiwal and Red Sindhi Nili-Ravi and KundiDraught Breeds

Heavy

Bhagnari and Dajal

Medium

Dhanni

Light

Lohani and Rojhan

Dual-Purpose Breed

Tharparkar

Small Ruminants

Small ruminants include sheep (24.4 million) and goats (49.1 million).There are about twenty eight (28) or even more sheep breeds which areclassified into two groups viz; thin-tailed and fat-tailed sheep. Thin tailsheep are generally found in irrigated areas and fat tail breeds in aridrangelands and mountainous areas of Sindh, NWFP and Azad Kashmir.

According to another FAO survey nineteen sheep breeds are classified


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under the thin tail category while twenty-eight sheep breeds come underthe fat tailed sheep.

However, the total sheep breeds and their distribution in different provincein the country are presented in. Usually sheep are kept for wool and muttonproduction. The wool is of coarse quality and is mostly used in the localcarpel industry. Local sheep breeds generally breed once a year andrarely produce twins. Annual lambing rate is about 80% on overall basis.

Various Breeds of Sheep in Pakistan

Goats are kept for milk and meat production and they can be classified intomilch and meat categories. Out of total breeds, eleven famous breeds ofgoats in Pakistan are classified keeping mainly their types in view. The

Beetle, Dera Din Panah (DDP) and Kamori are called "poor man's cow"because of their good milk production.

Their average milk yield is 250-310liters for a lactation period of 90-100days. Barbari, Chapper and Teddy are famous for meat while Pak Angora,Bikaneri, Kaghani and Khurrasani are kept for mohair and hair. The Beetle,DDP and Nachi yield good size skins. Goats usually breed more than oncea year and twinning is very common (49 %) especially in Teddy breed thatoften gives 2-3 kids per kidding. Five kids per parturition have also beenrecorded.

Important Goat Breeds of Pakistan

Milch Breeds Meat Mohair Skin

Beetle Barbari Pak Angora Beetle

Dera Din Panah Chapper Bilkaneri Dera DinPanah

Kamori Teddy Kaghani Nachi

Khurasani


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Important Sheep Breeds of Pakistan

Draughts Animals

There are about 5.2 million draught animals in the country. Theprincipal draught animals include camels, donkeys, horses and muleswhich are 0.8, 3.9, 0.3 and 0.2 million, respectively. The draught animals inirrigated areas are generally bought while in Barani areas they are farm

bred. Cow and buffalo bullocks also provide traction power at the farms androads. Camels, donkeys and mules are the main pack animals. Horses areusually used for riding and traction power.

Traditionally, livestock have been kept for draught purpose and most of themeat and milk produced was consumed by the owner and his family. Theaverage cultivar in the country possesses a pair of bullocks but due to the

Thin Tail Sheep Fat Tail Sheep

Bakkarwal Balkhi

Buchi Bibrik

Cholistani Dumbi

Damani Gojal

Kacchi Harnai

Kaghani Hashtnagri

Kail Kohai GhizerKali Michni

Kajli Pahari

Kooka Rakhshani

Lohi Salt Range

Poonchi Tirahi

Sipli Waziri

Thalli -


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onset of mechanization the draught animals are becoming distinctgradually. The work animals can start their work at the age of three andcan go up to 10-15 years depending upon the intensity of utilization,feeding pattern and health care. However, much more scientific work isneeded in this sector to find out the relationship of their feeding andmanagement to their work performance.

Importance of livestock sector

Share in value-addition

The share of crops in value-addition in agriculture has graduallydeclined from 65.1 per cent in 1990-91 to 47.5 per cent in 2005-06,while the share of livestock has increased from 29.8 to 49.6 per cent.Livestock contributes almost 10 per cent of overall export earnings.

Growth:

The livestock sector posted a steady growth of around five per cent inthe last decade. However, the growth slowed down to 2.6 per cent in2003-04 and 2.3 per cent in 2004-05 but it shot up to eight per centduring 2005-06.

Milk productionwithin this sector, milk is the largest and the single most importantcommodity. Despite decades of neglect, Pakistan is the 5th largestmilk producer in the world. The total value of milk produced is higherthan the value of two major crops, that is, wheat and cotton.


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Pakistans share in world milk production (five per cent) is double itsshare in global population. The increase in production recorded so faris largely due to rise in number of animals rather than an increase inper dairy animal yield.

International comparison shows that the productivity (annual yield perdairy animal) of New Zealand dairy animals is three times thePakistan average. This difference is due to a variety of reasons thatinclude better genetics and technology, animal health services,proper nutrition and etc.

Poverty reduction

With 35 million people engaged the role of livestock in rural economy

is critical. On an average each family holds about 2-3 cattle/buffaloand 3-4 sheep/goats and derives 30 to 40 per cent of its income fromit. The most effective means of alleviating poverty is introducingmeasures that target the poor directly. The livestock sector has closelinks with poverty reduction.

Livestock production is one important enterprise in which small scalerural producers can successfully engage to improve their livelihoodand obtain a relatively constant stream of income thus moving from

subsistence to market orientation. However, low productivity hasadded to income inequalities of livestock farmers. The majority ofpoor households, especially landless or small landowners, depend onlivestock for income.

Role of women

the role of women as providers of labor is important. Pakistani ruralwoman spends between one-fifth and one-quarter of her workinghours in livestock related activities; the grazing and watering ofanimals, the sale of products to agents, and the care of sick animals.In cleaning animals and caring for sick ones, the work of both sexesis approximately the same. Women are exclusively responsible forcleaning sheds, manure collection, egg collection and selling produceto villagers.


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Increasing protein intake

an effective way of increasing the protein intake of poor is by

enhancing livestock production. Another approach is to create higherdemand for labor and services provided by the poor. The spill-overeffects from such growth is limited because large-scale livestockproduction tends to be capital and energy intensive as opposed tolabor-intensive. Growth in large-scale commercial sector is unlikely togenerate additional employment opportunities for the rural poor.

Source of employment and income

a preferred approach is to make best use of labor-intensiveinnovations that make use of surplus family labor and, to a lesserextent, create some local employment opportunities for non-familymembers. In rural areas farming, livestock, and non-farm activitiesare major sources of employment and income. The incidence ofpoverty is higher for those who depend solely on livestock and lowerfor those who have both crop farming and livestock activities. Themajority of non-poor depends on crops while the poor on livestock.

Strengthen economic growth

although, the economics of livestock production is heavily distorted infavour of large-scale producers, yet this sector has enormouspotential to combat poverty and strengthen economic growth. Itsprojected growth in livestock offers a unique opportunity; a rapidlygrowing market of which many rural people already have theexperience and which they can enter without the need for substantialresources and training. Enhancing production doesnt offer auniversal solution to rural poverty but for many it represents apractical way to build assets and financial security. Livestockdevelopment is imperative for strengthening of the national economyas it has full potential for job creation, meeting food requirements and


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taking a very active part in export drive in globalization.

Higher Livestock, Dairy Export

Pakistan has great potential for livestock and dairy export and it must be

tapped if the country is to come out of present economic limbo.

Federal Minister for Agriculture, Food and Livestock, Khair Mohammad

Junejo stated this during a visit to Zenith Associates - a slaughter house

recently cleared by the UAE and Saudi Arabia for export meat to these

countries.

Need for new exporters:

This big potential requires new exporters to join the export-run. It is

because the prospective market was so big that one or two exporters would

feel isolated once their orders expand and supplies shrink. For this reason,

there must be at least 20 to 25 exporters tapping the whole world.

Limited market of Pakistani exporters:

Current market of Pakistani exporters is limited to the Gulf States only, and

this needed to be expanded to Europe. Due to diseases like Mad Cow and

Foot and Mouth, European domestic supplies have dipped drastically; this

gap could be filled by the Pakistani exporters if they plan properly.

The government had been setting up a laboratory for quality testing. Under

the World Trade Organization regime after 2004, it would only be quality

that could determine share of any country. For this reason, the governmentwas trying to prepare local exporters to compete at the world level.

Though livestock forms 38 per cent of the countrys agricultural economy,

its share in the gross domestic product (GDP) was only 11 per cent. The

meat exports were still hovering around Rs1 billion only. Minister had asked


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his hosts to facilitate more investors in the livestock export process and

help country stabilize economically.

0.320m Animals Exported

3, 20,489 animals had been exported to different countries under thecommercial export of live animals through open policy since May, 2009.

During last two financial years, 70,440 cattle, 64,849 buffaloes, 1, 84,777goats and sheep, AND 423 camels are exported.

Giving the break-up, a total of 5,515 animals, including 1,260 cattle, 1,825buffaloes, 2,430 goats and sheep were exported in the year 2008-09.

In year 2009-10 the export soared to 3, 14,947 animals, including 69,180cattle, 63,024 buffaloes, 1, 82,347 goats and sheep and 423 camels.The countries where these animals were exported, included Saudi Arabia,the UAE, Iran, AfghanistanIn addition, 6,976 animals were exported during the period through NOCissued by ministry of livestock and dairy development to foreign dignitariesthrough diplomatic, Oman and Bahrain.

Returns from Goat Farming:

Sheep and goat farming has a great scope in Sindh due to climaticconditions, canal network, forest areas, pastures within valleys, grass alongcanal and road sides, and efficient laborforce.

Advantage of small animals:

The rearing of small animals has greateradvantages over other livestock. Thisbusiness not only supplements thefarmers income but also complimentscrop production by providing means ofsubsistence and employment in rural area. The province is home to manyimportant sheep and goat breeds.


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Importance of small ruminants:

Small ruminants for various reasons play an important role in agriculturesince they do not require costly inputs. Their meat, milk and the converted

dairy products are valuable goods. The products of small ruminant such aswool and skin are of secondary importance. Small ruminant farming is anintegral part of agricultural production system. These provide protein,particularly to those living in rural areas.

Maintenance of goat and sheep flocks:

Goat and sheep flocks are maintained through traditional productionsystem. Their feeding requirement is met through grazing. Their main

management is climate, vegetation, resources, disease control and feedsupplement.

In a study, it was found that the majority 59 per cent animals are fed fromfields, 20 per cent use stall feeding and 21 per cent grazing as well as stallfeeding. About 51 per cent feeding is dependent on tree leaves, cut fodderand kitchen waste - 29 per cent on tree leaves and 20 per cent on cutfodder.

The major portion of milk is consumed by kids/lambs and the remaining

quantity by the family. A very small quantity of milk is marketed after mixingit with cow and buffalo milk.

The sheep producer use traditional method of shearing i.e., cut by simplescissor. A majority of the 92 per cent respondents said that they shear theiranimal twice a year while eight per cent did it once. About 56 per cent sellwool on per sheep basis while 44 per cent on per kg base. On an average,sheep wool is sold for Rs8 per kg and Rs10 per animal.

Birth rates:

Multiple birth rates indicate that 60 per cent of sheep give single birth whileremaining of 40 per cent twin births. Same 60 per cent goat give twin birthswhile 29 per cent single, whereas 11 per cent goat give birth to triplets.


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Diseases:

Small ruminants are affected by bacterial disease with seven per centreporting viral disease and six per cent, both bacterial and viral diseases inthe study area. About 67 per cent get their animals vaccinated while 33 percent are unaware of it.

Almost every household uses family labor for milking. Similarly, for manuregathering 38 per cent use family male labor and 14 per cent hire male,whereas 40 per cent use family female and eight per cent children.

Marketing comprises movement of livestock and their products (food and

raw material) from the farm to final consumer. In case of products, themarketing continued through processing which changes the nature andform or use of the product. It includes processing, grading and packing.

Mall Piri:

The livestock markets are locally called Mall Piri held weekly in nearbytowns where buyers and sellers strike deals. Such markets are held daily inbig cities located in consumption areas. These offer good business for

brokers and agents of big traders and marginal traders. Producers oftenhesitate to sell their animals in these markets because of the exploitationby agents, transportation problem, huge expenses involved in the form ofmarketing charges and feeding and the time consumed during visits.

Simplicity of livestock producers:

There are no standards to weigh livestock and their carcasses. The deal isstruck through estimation which becomes the basis of price offered by a

buyer. The brokers and agents are clever in bargaining while guessing thehelplessness of a seller. Almost all livestock producers are simple andilliterate people.

Markets for livestock products:


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Primary market:

A primary market is a patch of ground near a village where livestock fromsame or surrounding villages is brought for sale. These are also designated

as local or producer market.

Secondary markets:

Secondary markets are located in towns to which livestock traded at villagemarkets are brought for sale. These markets are also called transitmarkets. Local town committees control these markets.

Tertiary markets:

Tertiary markets are located in large cities where animals are usuallybrought from secondary or primary markets. These are also designated asregional markets. Import and export of livestock occurs internationally fromone country to the other from the national markets. The purchaser directlycontacts the seller and negotiates the price without the help of

intermediary, while at other times a broker serves as a catalyst forsettlement of prices.

Goat farming in Sindh:

In Sindh, sheep and goat wealth is in the hands of poor people. Goatfarming is carried out as a way of life instead at commercial scale. The goatfarming units are not operated efficiently due to poor knowledge of modernpractices. The system needs improvement.

Livestock Constraints

Livestock is a major sector in agriculture. Livestock accounts for 52.2 % ofagricultural value added. It contributes 11%to Gross Domestic Products(GDP). About 30-35 million rural people depends directly or indirectly onlivestock sector for their livelihoods. It has potential to absorb more rural


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workforce to alleviate rural poverty if proper attention is given to this sector.

Pakistan is proud to be worlds fifth largest milk producer. In addition to foodproducts, livestock sector also provide draught power, milk, meat, eggs,

manure which is used as fuel or fertilizer, feathers, fiber, hides, and horns.In todays world, it role in food security cannot be overstated. In order toachieve sustained development in agriculture, it is extremely important forthe government to give more attention to livestock and dairy sector.

Realizing its significance to poverty alleviation, the government has startedgiving some attention to this sector but no big national or internationalinvestment have been seen in dairy, beef, mutton or carpet wool productionsub- sectors of livestock. Most of the livestock production system is still

orthodox and rural subsistence oriented. Some investment in this sector isappreciable but still there is a lot which need to be done.

It is pre-request for the sustainable economy of the country to increase theanimal production. There are many issues in the animal production whichshould be addressed properly. Constraints and problems to increaselivestock or animal production are almost similar in Asian countries.

The most considerable constraints in Pakistan are nutrition, animal health,animal productivity/genetic make-up of the animals, provision of finance tolivestock farmers, livestock extension and marketing. These factors arebriefly discussed below.

Nutrition

Adequate nutrition is a major problem in livestock production. Without

providing the required nutrition to the animal the genetic potential cannot beexploited. It is yet to be decided that how much nutrients our animals needsto express their full genetic potential of productivity.

To develop feeding standards of buffaloes, cattle, sheep and goat, noserious effort has been made. It is difficult for extensions to recommendaccurately to livestock farmers that what standard he has to follow to feed


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his cow for cost-effective milk and meat productivity.

Some advancement has been made in this regard however there is a lotneed to done for revolution in animal nutrition. The availability of greenfodder is not sufficient. Fodder availability can be ensured round the year by

following the year around fodder availability chart to cultivate fodder.Cotton cake (Khal) was considered a balance diet by the farmers but in factit is unbalanced diet which leads to less productivity.Wheat and rice straw (toorhi) is commonly used by the farmers for theiranimals without urea treatment. Urea treatment is strongly recommendedbecause by this practice the nutritional value of straw can be increased upto 70 percent. It was commonly observed that farmers do not know that howto treat the straw. There is need to educate the farmers in this regard.

Preservation of fodder can play an important role in nutrition. Silage and

Hey making are common techniques to preserve fodder. The preservedfodder has more nutritional value and can be used by animals in theseasonal starvation. But farmers do not practice the silage and hey makingwhich exacerbate the nutritional deficiency.Wanda is considered a complete diet for the animals by the village peopleand they use to feed it to the pregnant and lactation animals. It is not a goodpractice because wanda is not a balanced diet and animal need nutrients inaddition to this. As farmers do not have awareness about the fact, theirignorance leads under nutrition of animals.

Health

Livestock health is a limiting factor to productivity. A major problem is thelack of knowledge and awareness about the productive benefits of diseasecontrol. Those farmers, who are aware of the benefits, have limited accessto appropriate vaccines and therapeutic drugs. Animal production systemsare affected by different types of diseases with varying capacity. The

disease i.e. helminthosis and tick-borne are more important regardinganimal productivity. In short the diseases can seriously affect productivityand profitability.Vaccination and treatment for the animals was generally ignored by thelivestock farmers which results huge losses regarding productivity andnumber of heads. Farmers use to inject oxytocin to lactating animals for milklet down which entirely hazardous for reproductive organs and productivity


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as well.Farmers use to practice traditional methods for animal cure whichexacerbate the problems for animal health. Lack of diagnosis of diseases ismajor factor in low productivity. Due to insufficient diagnostic laboratories

the doctors use hit and trial methods for diagnose and cure which resultsinefficiency in the treatment.Mastitis (inflammation of udder) is a major problem in lactating animal. Itsignificantly decreases the milk production. Farmers have no awarenessabout the diagnosis and cure about this disease. Farmers usually care theirdiseased animals up to 2-3 days but this disease needs care up to 10 days.External and internal parasites of animals also cause low productivity. It isimportant to check the fecal sample in every month to diagnose and deworm the animals. But the practice is ignored by the farmers.In Pakistan, quacks (neem hakeem) are very active in curing animals in thevillages. These non-technical persons often treat animals with hit and trialmethods which some time cause even death of the animal.

Animal Productivity/Genetic Potential

Pakistan has breeds with low genetic potential Sire (bull). The breeds withbest potential such as Sahiwal cow and Nili-Ravi buffalo are rarely found at

the farms of small and medium farmers who contribute the big share ofheads. These pure breeds are in fact in danger. There is need to save andexploit the genetic potential of the high yielding breeds. It is commonobservation that there is a trend among farmers to cross the animals byimported semen. This practice is a big threat to our local and potentialbreeds. It is interesting to tell that Australia had demanded the 100 pureSahiwal breed and Pakistan could not provide. It shows that the country isbeing lost the breed.

Lack of Livestock Credit

To establish the modern livestock farms, it needs huge investment. Unlikecrop sector, livestock sector required more capital. The absence of creditdisbursement to small and medium-scale farmers the involvement of poor inthe commercialization of livestock production is restricted.


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Poor Livestock Extension Activities

Livestock extension wing in the country is poorly performing and biasedtoward large farmers tending to neglect poor rural livestock-keepers. Publicsector Follow a top-down transfer of technology approach. It is nowuniversally accepted that this approach is not result oriented instead bottomup approach should be adopted in which the participation of the livestockfarmers should be ensured. In extension programs only large ruminants arefocused and the other species are almost excluded which need to beaddressed.The extension services are concentrated in the areas where potential for

livestock is high. The services should be evenly provided to the farmers,and neglected areas in fact deserve more. The extension messages are notfrequently disseminated through print and electronic media. There is direneed to educate the farmers as without educating there the dream of highproductivity cannot be realized.

Poor Marketing System

Proper marketing system encourages the animal productivity. Poormarketing system is also a significant constraint in the animal productivity.Private sectorhas organized the farmers association for their own interest.These associations collect milk for the organizations. Regarding marketingfarmers are on the mercy of beoparies and dodhies. These market playersexploit the poor farmers. There should be systematic marketing systemwhich could ensure the profit share of the farmers.

Why Technology Doesn't Reach The Roots?

In the past, many efforts have been launched in this regard but those couldnot sustain and perished without harvesting the fruitful results. Of the manybig reasons, the most significant was that those innovations were notbased on the needs of the small landholders, tenants and landlesslivestock owners. The farmers should get the answer of their problems from


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the scientists and extension workers that are cost-effective, economical,efficient, practicable, adjustable, approachable, and solution oriented.These cheap technologies should also be coupled with economicincentives and services in the public and private sector. Before we discussthe measures of improvement, the prevailing livestock situation would bereviewed firstly.

Livestock Market:

Protecting Animals against Diseases

A very big livestock market is set up in Karachi every year for about amonth during Eid-ul-Azha where over one million animals - about 0.4million large ruminants and more than 0.6 million small ruminants - arebrought from various parts of the country.

Over 60 per cent of these animals belong to Punjab, 40 per cent to ruralSindh and 10 per cent to Balochistan.

These sacrificial animals which are specially fed and reared are mostlybeautiful and fat and fetch high prices.


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The Karachi cattle market set up on the occasion of Eid is one of thelargest livestock market in Asia. As far as large ruminants are concernedabout 0.5 per cent of them are crossbreed of Frisian and Cherolias whichfetch higher prices than local animals. Some animals are sold for more thana few hundred thousand rupees each.

Local animals reared specially for sacrifice mainly in Punjab andsurrounding areas are Cholistani Dajal and Dhani breeds; in Balochistanare Bhaghnari; and in Sindh are Tharparkar and Kankrej breeds.

As these animals come from every part of the country, the owners who arefamiliar with foot-and-mouth disease and conditions prevalent at thelivestock markets get their animals vaccinated.

But new farmers or the farmers coming from far-flung areas, where there isno such facility, or the farmers who are not familiar with the disease and itslosses, and the traders who purchase animals one to two months prior tothe festival do not vaccinate their animals which are prone to the disease.

After reaching the market these animals may get infected with the diseaseand spread it to other healthy animals.

Foot-and-mouth is a viral disease which is highly infectious. The mainsymptoms of the disease is high fever (104oF to 105oF), vesicles ontongue, gums, dental pad, inner side of lips, mammary glands and foot withdribbling of saliva from mouth.

Sometimes the saliva is blood-stained and the animal is unable to eat andwalk.

Especially the foreign crossbreed animals are highly prone to such disease.

The conditions which favour the outbreak of this disease are cold weathermainly the months of November, December, February and March, stresson animals, overcrowding of the animals, keeping animals in hard and hillyareas, unsanitary conditions, areas infested with flies and mosquitoes, non-availability and shortage of fresh and clean water, supply of hard and dryfodder or spoiled green fodder containing fungus and keeping the animalsstanding for a long period in open space without any shelter.


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Fodder contaminated with concrete and mud inflicts injuries to the tongueand mouth of the animal while consuming food which usually results in theinfection.

In case of outbreak of the disease, heavy losses are suffered by the cattletraders as the sacrificial animals become weak, lose weight and beauty anddo not attract buyers.

Many of the animals also die of this disease. The sign of the disease in abigger market is very clear.

If the crossbreed animals show symptoms of the disease first, it is obviousto be a foot-and-mouth disease, and soon the local animals of the market

also get infected with this viral disease which, if not controlled, soonassumes epidemic proportion. The disease is contagious and spreads veryrapidly.

Protection against the disease: A comprehensive plan is needed tocontrol the disease.

The area of the market should be separated into blocks and givennumbers. Each block should be allowed to accommodate only 1,000animals to make it technically easy to look after them.

At the entry points of the cattle market shallow ditches should be made andfilled with formalin solution with a concentration of three per cent to four percent or copper sulphate solution four to five per cent so that animals andworkers while entering into the market pass through this solution which killsthe pathogenic organism.

The foreign crossbreed animals should be kept away from the local breed;the premises should be kept clean, hygienic and sprayed with disinfectants

daily to kill mosquitoes, flies and bugs; clean wooden mangers should beused for feeding the animals and they should be cleaned daily.

Animal waste and other garbage should be removed from the premises.The animals and traders should be provided with sheds and clean andfresh water.


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Fodder should be protected against contamination specially mud andconcrete particles.

The market managers and head of the veterinary department should workin close coordination to control any epidemic. For full animal health cover,one veterinary aid centre fully staffed and equipped with a sick ward per10,000 animals should be established, and one mobile unit working 24hours should be set up. In case of any disease, the sick animals should besegregated from healthy one and kept in sick ward and treated accordinglyuntil cured.

In case of symptom like foot-and-mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis(same symptoms like foot-and-mouth) the animal in addition to mouth washwith alum solution, should be treated with antibiotic or sulpha drugs.

Protection of animals against such diseases at livestock market isnecessary to save both the cattle sellers and buyers from losses andpreventing the disease to assume an epidemic proportion.

Rural Dairy Farming And Alleviation Of Poverty

There are about 125 million livestock in the country, of which 50 per centare large ruminants (cattle and buffaloes) and 50 per cent small ruminants

(sheep and goats) which is growing at a rate of 35 per cent annually.

Punjab and Sindh are the major holders of the livestock i.e. 52 per cent and26 per cent respectively with the best milch breeds of cattle and buffaloes.The area is suitable for dairy farming with a lot of potential for its growth.The sector is important both from food security point of view and jobopportunities for around 10 million people of Sindh. The country is earningabout Rs60 billion from dairy export every year.


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About 75 per cent of the rural population is engaged in livestock rearing

and its livelihood depends on this important sector.

Livestock contributes about 9.4 per cent to the GDP, and 40 per cent value

addition to agriculture sector. More than 90 per cent farmers are small

holders and possess about 1-4 animals. Hardly five per cent have more

than 100 animals and are busy in their farming business at commercial

level.

Steps to be taken for improving the sector:

Unabated increase in animal population may not be a solution. Theappropriate way to go forward is through increases in yield and notnumber through better genetic technology, animal healthcare andmore nourishing feed for livestock. This strategy can help the low-income groups in procuring sustainable livelihoods in rural and peri-urban areas.

Another area which needs attention is to improve and extendveterinary services to village level. Production of green fodder shouldbe increased by growing high yielding varieties and followingimproved agronomic practices. The animal herders at village levelshould be educated to use urea and molasses with roughages forimproved nutritive value.

The depleted range lands in desert, arid and semi-arid regions shouldbe improved by adopting well-established technology for each region.

Scattered livestock herders should be organized on community basis. Arrangements should be made to collect and take milk to the nearest

centre for chilling before transporting the same to a processing plant. The village organizations should be provided advisory services and

training for better management of their animals by improving theirbreeds, feed, and health. Necessary veterinary services should beprovided at grassroots level, besides improving their marketingsystem.

Since the livelihood profiles and productivity patterns of the large,landless community of livestock owners and the other community of


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landed livestock owners are different, it is desirable to follow ofnuanced and different strategies for the two communities.

Conclusion

The dairy and livestock sector has a huge potential of exports. What itneeds is little attention for growth and development by the government. Thegovernment should pay a lot of attention to this sector as it will not onlyincrease our productions but the products from this sector can bring a lotforeign exchange for the country. The kinds of livestock that we have in ourcountry are of excellent quality. And the production can be madecommercial if government efforts are there. The exports of such qualitygoods can help us to improve the image of the country in the world market.

Thus this good image for the dairy and livestock products would help us tomake a market for the other products as well. Hence, overall exports of thecountry will increase which is beneficial for the country.

Documents

Livestock Asignment Final