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Technical Paper No 62002Leuroln~Tn1$lnl~lJ1JfI 62545
Study on Biology and Breeding of Orange-headed Temple Terrapin middot
Heosemys grandis (Gray)
Wonnut Hirunchulha
Chaiwat Ratanadadas
Kamthon Jaroonsak
Satun Inland Fisheries Station
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tYI~ 0-7478-1299 Tel 0-7478-1299
2545 2002
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middotfVI ~t1~LUJ1~HH~OZJ t1 42-42-2-1573-01 -1-492-070
~f)mnfdlJlf11)uUUYI 62545 Technical Paper No 62002
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Study on Biology and Breeding of Orange-headed Temple Terrapin
Heosemys grandis (Gray)
OJ 4JiIiIWWVI VIiIrulfl-fVIl Wonnut Hirunchulha b1lJ100lW rClWfil1 [Pl1M Chaiwat Ratanadadas
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Satun Inland Fisheries Station
Cl Inland Fisheries Division
Department of Fisheries
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
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n1 t1JU JJwVielbbJJ WWifwhwn tJ brltJn l1elfl n 1tlih JJlbWbdj1 n~ 1l1W bbihltliJu
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16
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17
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Il - shy
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bwtJd-JWI~Wmil6ltJ 37plusmn113 nTClmd-J mlWnJIln~(9)EllbilCltJ 276plusmn308 b6JlWllbd-Jll~ AJId-JtJ1J
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560 320 330 X
470 300 340 X
320 241 284 X
240 280 310 X
765 343 415 370 276 308 333 300 3 50 895 100
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bull bull
18 ilW~ilJIflJ ~JWfll-nJiJmJ-J~lJ (tJflVi
20
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v eJn1j-I 774 009 9339 505
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21
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d-JA 285 8020
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51
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315plusmn007 008 2977 plusmn 1 15
bull bull
24
21
17
15
13
y 41035 x + 3144
R 06295
11
26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
28
y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
20
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
11 i1UViflrlenffm~~~n1i~tWfni~lti1t1
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I $t I II ~
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n1JV1 bf91 lllulYlil~lYlmlJlru6ll bUf)lllniJillIlltirrU bf911ll U~mUU~mPl tif)n~lnilill
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26
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3
lJW11 L[91n~lwibrn 12 45
40 b~W~h~[91i EI1tilbUWLWi1~11Wbb~~~WV1 1lW111JEIlb~IllUlUEl1~hhVl1nW Vl1E1El1~bllW it I it I
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n1 t1JU JJwVielbbJJ WWifwhwn tJ brltJn l1elfl n 1tlih JJlbWbdj1 n~ 1l1W bbihltliJu
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11
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0- a- a Q ~ Ji ~V ~ (V I i rn il CJ ~ ~VI Um~~~ bWlb~flblJ ~W lJlJ1VTtfl b1 111 t1b llbVI el~j~ i-J WU lll bi -1VJlt1ll ru~~~lJ~Ufibb ~if1 bli
bull lt
16
lJJffhJ NtmiddotJi n wl ~W~b1t1J ~ 11JmV) t1~W~~~lViJlJhm i ~nrt~~i)Wbf1tJ9H 111
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hi mJblki 1 ) nhi 2-6 ~f1 1 VI~jr) rl l rWbb~b t9i lb1Jl Vlil mnJv6IlJlii l Uf)J~ij~lJnel(jILhb~I~~U
j I l dA o ~ j ~ ~ I 11 I ~ ~ (19 1 I
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17
~n ~rulJell1)l bli1WJ ltJ btl~f)n1ll bb-lJ--1 A~r)tJ1~1ri lJUI (9) In ~b~tJl flU1ll1ri~WL~ell1W1 (9) nr~ I 1I
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320plusmn006 b6JlW~hWlI~ mld-JmJbil~tJ 543plusmn008 bDW~bd-JlI~ fl1d-J~~U bwi1lln~n~rumJ1mn
n~1 ~lJIJ 1W1~VlnyJellnyJillellnrflCleltJeltl bb6llJ fN b~ClJf11tJb W1~Cl1t1m1~ biJelVilHtI~d-Jlru q 11
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q q q
brlfl~ntJl~rmil~tJ 800+170 nYClnfd-J AJId-Jn11lmVl eJlbU~tJ 339+551 b6JlW~bWfl~ AJId-JtJ1J
Il - shy
m~Ellbil~tJ 425plusmn354 b6JlW~bWlI~ ~JWbVlflb~tJntJl~rmil~tJ 298plusmn048 nTClnfd-J mld-Jn11l
I iI I V I
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n11l m(Jell bil~tJ 343plusmn156 b1W~ bW fl~ AJId-JtJ1J m~ell bil~tJ 415plusmn0 71 b1W~ bWll~ ~JWbrlfl ~~- v J A 11 d ~ltV
bwtJd-JWI~Wmil6ltJ 37plusmn113 nTClmd-J mlWnJIln~(9)EllbilCltJ 276plusmn308 b6JlWllbd-Jll~ AJId-JtJ1J
n~(9)ellbil~tJ 308+227 b1W~bd-JllJ bbw~Wrfb(h~JltJ~b~tJl~JtJell~I~1WUel~ 1 nnr~J1l1~ 4 llJ-
ln 69lJ ~llnnr~JIlhI66 7 bUelfb~Wilm~~WJW 19 ~ill ~1elmmrubil~tJ 475plusmn200 ~ell~il
bbW bb6lbbW~Weuro~b~tJl~JtJil1~I~lWtJil~ 2 Jll1ll 2 9lJ ~ln 6llJ ~mlnr~JIlhi 333 btlflfb~Wil n q
1ll~WJW 6 yJfll ~1flmmrubil~tJ 300plusmn141 ~illriilbbW ~llnnr~yJmUWllJbbCl~II~lnr~~flllll1tJ
Cl mtiI~1~l1 mbW~Weuro~b~tJl~JtJilI~I~1WUfl~ 1 bbClelI~I~bWUfl~ 2 ~~fl~1 nr~~ndJWliJbil~tJ11
443 bUilfb-nW~ 500 bUilfb-nW~ bbCl~lInnr~~il(9)fllm~ElClmtielltJ 1 b~flW I1l 2 Ufl bVl1nU
11
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(Ii) ) (Ylfll) (Ii)) () (Ii))
740 332 410 310 244 290 1 11242 2 50 6542 83 CD
790 354 420 320 270 295 ~ 4342 4 2 50 9642 96 2
560 320 330 X
470 300 340 X
320 241 284 X
240 280 310 X
765 343 415 370 276 308 333 300 3 50 895 100
plusmn035 plusmn156 plusmn071 plusmn120 plusmn308 plusmn227 plusmn141 plusmn650
bull bull
18 ilW~ilJIflJ ~JWfll-nJiJmJ-J~lJ (tJflVi
20
--~ ----~~----------~--~~----
tlfl1V~-Ib~m 7690 731 7381 1591
v eJn1j-I 774 009 9339 505
tl~1V~-Ib~meJ~~rrnij-I 14 2157 192 9156 844
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i1Wl~lJ 2542 VI lJ 11lJ WI iJ)ilelldJJ Iill tlilfl1ui1J1l1irn~ ill11fii1 iiWJLilJ~1 ii~vrW~11111
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y 41035 x + 3144 (R2
06295 pltO05)
dI ~ (f V ) V 1 V 0 V I wi ltV ~ trv
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iilJn1J Y = 66996 x + 81453 (R2=041 P lt 005) biJ)tJJPllllJ~lJvrWfi~lriel~lWJtKlJthW
nilljv-ielWjflj~lly]lrllJ~eltJfl 42 5 6 IlflitJ~ 9 10)lJ
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elrul1Jl~IU~tJ 290plusmn100 eljPllllili~tJii 11iIJPllllJ~W~lJvrVlfilU~tJ 881
21
~iIElW Elrut-lJli (oc) AYld-J~W~d-J~Ylfi()
nAl 275 8500
d-JA 285 8020
bd-J tJ 295 8940
Al A 300 9365
itJ 295 9245
~U~tJ plusmnSD 290 plusmn 100 8814 plusmn 555
b~El~ n Ll1 AJU rhVlWiI ~l~1~ nElEl nronnt ~ i1 n b~ll-ihh nniI~~~~c1WLt~Eln 1~ lO)Wbt~Eln~ ~
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b tiEl191 n iJ Lt~ El n 1 ~ bUWllU1 AU Vl~l11 nElEl n91 n l~m~ i1El~ bb~ElEl n n~11 U~bl ru~lWViEl~iJ tI~1~ b1JW
~m~lhjAEltJnWEl1t-11J ~Eld-J1~~~~w1~nWernUlb~1J1J1tJ 6 r)W ~mi1h~~muWll1VlaJ 1 n~~YPl~~d-JiJ III q q U
~ ~
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lJElU(9J1~lJ1lbUWl~JElU 1 l~ i1l il~ltJUWLb~Wm iI El1~tJ1nDEl~uWt-I~1 ~~~~lWViEl1 ~~W1J1-nil ~IO)W
n~lbti1lJW1i1~1 V~UfDiElWJh~~bt-Ii1d-JAd-JUi1~tJ1l U1blrub~lhIL~i11t1m~ ~m~lru~~ltJ ~~d-J U~blrulJ1
I I iI I
5 lIt1C911li LI711 bb~~lIWlC91~n l[~hVlYlf1fYf)f1ll n 1 li1Jel~bb~iWeuroVlVI(il~el~ b~Jl~JtIelTWlit1~llt1~l ~f1u~illln~JW14 (UelVl1) q q
rmL~h
tJ1J tJ1J 1lJll tJ1i
j W1ii1-1lYI 6
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51
1
164
173
31 53
JJ
44 50
51
10 w
315plusmn007 008 2977 plusmn 1 15
bull bull
24
21
17
15
13
y 41035 x + 3144
R 06295
11
26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
28
y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
20
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
11 i1UViflrlenffm~~~n1i~tWfni~lti1t1
ltOJ
l 1 9gt
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~n~ti 1 tiBnlln~tJlYlU~lb~IllU~~ntiU6lIIltil~bfln n~ lIIBti iJ bb~i~rfIltil~bfln~ti 1 lIIi~lln bull bull II
I $t I II ~
ntielll111 iSW bb~ d bf911l11d It Pl~lti6lj1ueltJ1II
tiUl bUBl~1 n bf911 n~wil~ltiL lIIruell ~tIt tiUl~ (j) ~B (j) Pl~B~ ~
YJll wnYlUf)~1tiUl1-l1nn~IUtiUn
n1J bbYl imlltJIlBl bf911l11dlt1 1tirrlWr~~ Wl~YlU U711Wn tI biYl1ml1 tJBtJVlnfil UlfliJ 1111
Wln~~~~fil ~dti~iilUlB~ti 1 b-DtifilUlBb~Bl VlltiL(j)ti vilbbYl fCntin1l11~j ~llllr)1 Lb6l
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(nn)
34
32
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22
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21
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26 28 3 32 34 36 38
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34
32
30
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22
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51
1
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173
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315plusmn007 008 2977 plusmn 1 15
bull bull
24
21
17
15
13
y 41035 x + 3144
R 06295
11
26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
28
y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
20
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
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Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
2
Ba
Cuara
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2
3
baska
grandis
subtrijuga
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4 Platysternidae 3
5
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nJmW~IWdW 10 bb~ (rhll(1Wn~m(9] 1 1 niinfw) VlU~11ltJJblil51u1(1nfl~lwltJJJl 57-81
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80
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10
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(IOn n nlJ6lelUt11W Lnlll1ItnJ) il1yenltJ~ L~nUeltJ tJmJWuhJ r1n~VIb~Oi1JJVIuLJl11lilrle
n1 t1JU JJwVielbbJJ WWifwhwn tJ brltJn l1elfl n 1tlih JJlbWbdj1 n~ 1l1W bbihltliJu
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1W11li flJlwm)1l1rIell
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11
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bVl fl~middotJ tlhLflu 1 LlllYjPlLiJfJq ~1 t1 1 CIaU fjJru~dll1~)81l Iu1Vn1ulJIljrJ ll i) l ltoi) bWililm~ ~ 1- ~
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16
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hi mJblki 1 ) nhi 2-6 ~f1 1 VI~jr) rl l rWbb~b t9i lb1Jl Vlil mnJv6IlJlii l Uf)J~ij~lJnel(jILhb~I~~U
j I l dA o ~ j ~ ~ I 11 I ~ ~ (19 1 I
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17
~n ~rulJell1)l bli1WJ ltJ btl~f)n1ll bb-lJ--1 A~r)tJ1~1ri lJUI (9) In ~b~tJl flU1ll1ri~WL~ell1W1 (9) nr~ I 1I
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320plusmn006 b6JlW~hWlI~ mld-JmJbil~tJ 543plusmn008 bDW~bd-JlI~ fl1d-J~~U bwi1lln~n~rumJ1mn
n~1 ~lJIJ 1W1~VlnyJellnyJillellnrflCleltJeltl bb6llJ fN b~ClJf11tJb W1~Cl1t1m1~ biJelVilHtI~d-Jlru q 11
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q q q
brlfl~ntJl~rmil~tJ 800+170 nYClnfd-J AJId-Jn11lmVl eJlbU~tJ 339+551 b6JlW~bWfl~ AJId-JtJ1J
Il - shy
m~Ellbil~tJ 425plusmn354 b6JlW~bWlI~ ~JWbVlflb~tJntJl~rmil~tJ 298plusmn048 nTClnfd-J mld-Jn11l
I iI I V I
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n11l m(Jell bil~tJ 343plusmn156 b1W~ bW fl~ AJId-JtJ1J m~ell bil~tJ 415plusmn0 71 b1W~ bWll~ ~JWbrlfl ~~- v J A 11 d ~ltV
bwtJd-JWI~Wmil6ltJ 37plusmn113 nTClmd-J mlWnJIln~(9)EllbilCltJ 276plusmn308 b6JlWllbd-Jll~ AJId-JtJ1J
n~(9)ellbil~tJ 308+227 b1W~bd-JllJ bbw~Wrfb(h~JltJ~b~tJl~JtJell~I~1WUel~ 1 nnr~J1l1~ 4 llJ-
ln 69lJ ~llnnr~JIlhI66 7 bUelfb~Wilm~~WJW 19 ~ill ~1elmmrubil~tJ 475plusmn200 ~ell~il
bbW bb6lbbW~Weuro~b~tJl~JtJil1~I~lWtJil~ 2 Jll1ll 2 9lJ ~ln 6llJ ~mlnr~JIlhi 333 btlflfb~Wil n q
1ll~WJW 6 yJfll ~1flmmrubil~tJ 300plusmn141 ~illriilbbW ~llnnr~yJmUWllJbbCl~II~lnr~~flllll1tJ
Cl mtiI~1~l1 mbW~Weuro~b~tJl~JtJilI~I~1WUfl~ 1 bbClelI~I~bWUfl~ 2 ~~fl~1 nr~~ndJWliJbil~tJ11
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11
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(Ii) ) (Ylfll) (Ii)) () (Ii))
740 332 410 310 244 290 1 11242 2 50 6542 83 CD
790 354 420 320 270 295 ~ 4342 4 2 50 9642 96 2
560 320 330 X
470 300 340 X
320 241 284 X
240 280 310 X
765 343 415 370 276 308 333 300 3 50 895 100
plusmn035 plusmn156 plusmn071 plusmn120 plusmn308 plusmn227 plusmn141 plusmn650
bull bull
18 ilW~ilJIflJ ~JWfll-nJiJmJ-J~lJ (tJflVi
20
--~ ----~~----------~--~~----
tlfl1V~-Ib~m 7690 731 7381 1591
v eJn1j-I 774 009 9339 505
tl~1V~-Ib~meJ~~rrnij-I 14 2157 192 9156 844
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y 41035 x + 3144 (R2
06295 pltO05)
dI ~ (f V ) V 1 V 0 V I wi ltV ~ trv
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iilJn1J Y = 66996 x + 81453 (R2=041 P lt 005) biJ)tJJPllllJ~lJvrWfi~lriel~lWJtKlJthW
nilljv-ielWjflj~lly]lrllJ~eltJfl 42 5 6 IlflitJ~ 9 10)lJ
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21
~iIElW Elrut-lJli (oc) AYld-J~W~d-J~Ylfi()
nAl 275 8500
d-JA 285 8020
bd-J tJ 295 8940
Al A 300 9365
itJ 295 9245
~U~tJ plusmnSD 290 plusmn 100 8814 plusmn 555
b~El~ n Ll1 AJU rhVlWiI ~l~1~ nElEl nronnt ~ i1 n b~ll-ihh nniI~~~~c1WLt~Eln 1~ lO)Wbt~Eln~ ~
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b tiEl191 n iJ Lt~ El n 1 ~ bUWllU1 AU Vl~l11 nElEl n91 n l~m~ i1El~ bb~ElEl n n~11 U~bl ru~lWViEl~iJ tI~1~ b1JW
~m~lhjAEltJnWEl1t-11J ~Eld-J1~~~~w1~nWernUlb~1J1J1tJ 6 r)W ~mi1h~~muWll1VlaJ 1 n~~YPl~~d-JiJ III q q U
~ ~
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lJElU(9J1~lJ1lbUWl~JElU 1 l~ i1l il~ltJUWLb~Wm iI El1~tJ1nDEl~uWt-I~1 ~~~~lWViEl1 ~~W1J1-nil ~IO)W
n~lbti1lJW1i1~1 V~UfDiElWJh~~bt-Ii1d-JAd-JUi1~tJ1l U1blrub~lhIL~i11t1m~ ~m~lru~~ltJ ~~d-J U~blrulJ1
I I iI I
5 lIt1C911li LI711 bb~~lIWlC91~n l[~hVlYlf1fYf)f1ll n 1 li1Jel~bb~iWeuroVlVI(il~el~ b~Jl~JtIelTWlit1~llt1~l ~f1u~illln~JW14 (UelVl1) q q
rmL~h
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j W1ii1-1lYI 6
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51
1
164
173
31 53
JJ
44 50
51
10 w
315plusmn007 008 2977 plusmn 1 15
bull bull
24
21
17
15
13
y 41035 x + 3144
R 06295
11
26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
28
y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
20
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
11 i1UViflrlenffm~~~n1i~tWfni~lti1t1
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l 1 9gt
ritiV1eltiell~tI L~TWntlel1~tJeltJU~blnn~h~titn~ml~lih iilD1JIlUl~V~n Lb~ J II
LL~rfItitB~i1~ n~ mb6llII~urn nrfIti Lt9hWntJntilJ~1~Vlnllu~ ntiYJlliJi~UlVl rfItiun UBU bL6lYJ1I~I-l U q I q
~n~ti 1 tiBnlln~tJlYlU~lb~IllU~~ntiU6lIIltil~bfln n~ lIIBti iJ bb~i~rfIltil~bfln~ti 1 lIIi~lln bull bull II
I $t I II ~
ntielll111 iSW bb~ d bf911l11d It Pl~lti6lj1ueltJ1II
tiUl bUBl~1 n bf911 n~wil~ltiL lIIruell ~tIt tiUl~ (j) ~B (j) Pl~B~ ~
YJll wnYlUf)~1tiUl1-l1nn~IUtiUn
n1J bbYl imlltJIlBl bf911l11dlt1 1tirrlWr~~ Wl~YlU U711Wn tI biYl1ml1 tJBtJVlnfil UlfliJ 1111
Wln~~~~fil ~dti~iilUlB~ti 1 b-DtifilUlBb~Bl VlltiL(j)ti vilbbYl fCntin1l11~j ~llllr)1 Lb6l
bllBlJUl (~lnnlj~BUmlJ iJb~tm~ni(eltJ tlmr)uu~bJrutn~Vlb6l~1WYlUbf91111u(j)
Nutaphand (1979) j
Jl1fCln6lIl bb6llllY4trfl bbf1~YlUV1UJbVlIlYlWl Wlbm~tJ bbf1StiL(j)ih~tJ ~l1~UllY4rnlUelelm~tJl
mUf)lJf)luJbVllllV1tJ hJYlUn1JbbYl1m~ltJIlf)l b~IllUIYl~ I tI I 11 Y
n1JV1 bf91 lllulYlil~lYlmlJlru6ll bUf)lllniJillIlltirrU bf911ll U~mUU~mPl tif)n~lnilill
iJMl1lJ1Jf)lbf911~Ililntilll b-Dti mJ l1lm~ J bb6llJil b~eln1~f)U1nUllY4fjiJ~Ulb9IllQil~lUlU q U q U
~ ~
Uilf)tJLti~ft11U~bdrul~ bb~bm~lt11~ljJ1frufilj 1 bLf91n1fUI bf9111uuilf)tJ I I 11 I
~1 blihYlj]UU11uuilf)tJbtJtibf911llQ~V1el1~tJf)tJtuUll11tltll~tIf)tJUtiun bYlJI~Il1lrulb[Phllu~Yl
bt9l1VIn brr11 blI~tlJ bb6lbrr11 b~f)tJ ~tl ~Y4~f)jnUntJ-llti1Jtlj Nutaphand (1979) n~l~ brr11l1111mfCl tJ
YlUl-l1nbuiJJbVllllV1tJ bb6lPlU1V1tJllBUUllJ1UiltltJl~ ~-ltltiwnt1nIltiltitillJ~1 Lrr11-r~l Lbil-l II
26
12 -tnltN~VI1l=8JjlUn
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o
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12
3
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bVl fl~middotJ tlhLflu 1 LlllYjPlLiJfJq ~1 t1 1 CIaU fjJru~dll1~)81l Iu1Vn1ulJIljrJ ll i) l ltoi) bWililm~ ~ 1- ~
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16
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j I l dA o ~ j ~ ~ I 11 I ~ ~ (19 1 I
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17
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q q q
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Il - shy
m~Ellbil~tJ 425plusmn354 b6JlW~bWlI~ ~JWbVlflb~tJntJl~rmil~tJ 298plusmn048 nTClnfd-J mld-Jn11l
I iI I V I
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bwtJd-JWI~Wmil6ltJ 37plusmn113 nTClmd-J mlWnJIln~(9)EllbilCltJ 276plusmn308 b6JlWllbd-Jll~ AJId-JtJ1J
n~(9)ellbil~tJ 308+227 b1W~bd-JllJ bbw~Wrfb(h~JltJ~b~tJl~JtJell~I~1WUel~ 1 nnr~J1l1~ 4 llJ-
ln 69lJ ~llnnr~JIlhI66 7 bUelfb~Wilm~~WJW 19 ~ill ~1elmmrubil~tJ 475plusmn200 ~ell~il
bbW bb6lbbW~Weuro~b~tJl~JtJil1~I~lWtJil~ 2 Jll1ll 2 9lJ ~ln 6llJ ~mlnr~JIlhi 333 btlflfb~Wil n q
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Cl mtiI~1~l1 mbW~Weuro~b~tJl~JtJilI~I~1WUfl~ 1 bbClelI~I~bWUfl~ 2 ~~fl~1 nr~~ndJWliJbil~tJ11
443 bUilfb-nW~ 500 bUilfb-nW~ bbCl~lInnr~~il(9)fllm~ElClmtielltJ 1 b~flW I1l 2 Ufl bVl1nU
11
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(Ii) ) (Ylfll) (Ii)) () (Ii))
740 332 410 310 244 290 1 11242 2 50 6542 83 CD
790 354 420 320 270 295 ~ 4342 4 2 50 9642 96 2
560 320 330 X
470 300 340 X
320 241 284 X
240 280 310 X
765 343 415 370 276 308 333 300 3 50 895 100
plusmn035 plusmn156 plusmn071 plusmn120 plusmn308 plusmn227 plusmn141 plusmn650
bull bull
18 ilW~ilJIflJ ~JWfll-nJiJmJ-J~lJ (tJflVi
20
--~ ----~~----------~--~~----
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v eJn1j-I 774 009 9339 505
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y 41035 x + 3144 (R2
06295 pltO05)
dI ~ (f V ) V 1 V 0 V I wi ltV ~ trv
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21
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d-JA 285 8020
bd-J tJ 295 8940
Al A 300 9365
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173
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51
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315plusmn007 008 2977 plusmn 1 15
bull bull
24
21
17
15
13
y 41035 x + 3144
R 06295
11
26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
28
y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
20
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
11 i1UViflrlenffm~~~n1i~tWfni~lti1t1
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I $t I II ~
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n1JV1 bf91 lllulYlil~lYlmlJlru6ll bUf)lllniJillIlltirrU bf911ll U~mUU~mPl tif)n~lnilill
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26
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3
lJW11 L[91n~lwibrn 12 45
40 b~W~h~[91i EI1tilbUWLWi1~11Wbb~~~WV1 1lW111JEIlb~IllUlUEl1~hhVl1nW Vl1E1El1~bllW it I it I
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1IEI mii1El-)~1 LL[91nvll1lInrltJIlW1lEllr11ni (2529) nri1J~lbvl1mmiddot)IW(I~~YrW(nW1uUlbLf1hlW
L~tJI~1ni1 LIOlW
27
n i~d i~1oJ bl~~Ufl7l iVlditJJiJ 1 ~1UbdClimn~ ~W~ b~tJU~rf71llJ-l b~ElUnI-JJ1i~Wfi1i-l
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1 iJgf9ljlf11jJll1~ 6667 bUElfbJlUI7l bb~iJ~IWdU1~ 19 ~Ell iiJWbb~
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n
gtshy
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b1l~tJ 305 1JYl11b1l~b~tJ61 -e1f9lnm1Yfn bUElfbJlW17l JjWlf71~m7l1~U1ViUn
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28
f1)1tJ~ul~
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29
2529 n1J~nltl~UEll~UnljJllhj1lElH[hm~ellU 11j~Irn1J1hIJl
2539
39 V1ih
rllflr ~l91li1~llU 1JJruUVl ~1rU1lrlV1~ ll~ ~~~tJ lVil~rl 2529 ~nltln1n~lbull w bull
melTW1WUtlV11 91 bYltJIJ ll6lV11 rnfiJjIJllI1fi 39(4)391-421
tJJbtJlIU bll1J~1~U tluWll ~~1rudl~ LLi1 lltlVifltf ~JruPln~ eJ6l1ltl~1 IlllJWJJIJ lb6l1rYi bbtl6l Co
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~tH~tVHltlnin~I~WhnjEnW J1J~1JnljthIJl 637
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Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
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Il - shy
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I iI I V I
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bwtJd-JWI~Wmil6ltJ 37plusmn113 nTClmd-J mlWnJIln~(9)EllbilCltJ 276plusmn308 b6JlWllbd-Jll~ AJId-JtJ1J
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560 320 330 X
470 300 340 X
320 241 284 X
240 280 310 X
765 343 415 370 276 308 333 300 3 50 895 100
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18 ilW~ilJIflJ ~JWfll-nJiJmJ-J~lJ (tJflVi
20
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21
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26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
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= 04 152
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22
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3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
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melTW1WUtlV11 91 bYltJIJ ll6lV11 rnfiJjIJllI1fi 39(4)391-421
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6(2)1 48
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ilf 48 (3)5-10
Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
7
Ylu~lnin11Qlb~uil9llltllilmlhm~fl1b~tli~l7lnliVll7liltllij~lV1UmU~tJ 4698 5114 bbil~ ~ ~
5584 n~JJ 1fl1V11J~19lJ~ 1 2 bbil~ 3 rl1JJih()u il9lJlbbilm~tli1~l 1592 1508 bbil~ 1380 1
tllV11J~I1lJ~ 1 2 bbil~ 3 11l1JJ~1()U fl11lJ1Jtll7l 100 btltlfbJ1m11Vln~I1lJtllV11J b~tlinJJlVll7l~tlU
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20 00-2400 1~n1 J~VI~l1 b~tlYl ~l1fllf1JJ iilIJill fPlJJ ~b~191niu11J~n1111JltJil~b~tJl7llltll
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n1 t1JU JJwVielbbJJ WWifwhwn tJ brltJn l1elfl n 1tlih JJlbWbdj1 n~ 1l1W bbihltliJu
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11
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0- a- a Q ~ Ji ~V ~ (V I i rn il CJ ~ ~VI Um~~~ bWlb~flblJ ~W lJlJ1VTtfl b1 111 t1b llbVI el~j~ i-J WU lll bi -1VJlt1ll ru~~~lJ~Ufibb ~if1 bli
bull lt
16
lJJffhJ NtmiddotJi n wl ~W~b1t1J ~ 11JmV) t1~W~~~lViJlJhm i ~nrt~~i)Wbf1tJ9H 111
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hi mJblki 1 ) nhi 2-6 ~f1 1 VI~jr) rl l rWbb~b t9i lb1Jl Vlil mnJv6IlJlii l Uf)J~ij~lJnel(jILhb~I~~U
j I l dA o ~ j ~ ~ I 11 I ~ ~ (19 1 I
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17
~n ~rulJell1)l bli1WJ ltJ btl~f)n1ll bb-lJ--1 A~r)tJ1~1ri lJUI (9) In ~b~tJl flU1ll1ri~WL~ell1W1 (9) nr~ I 1I
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320plusmn006 b6JlW~hWlI~ mld-JmJbil~tJ 543plusmn008 bDW~bd-JlI~ fl1d-J~~U bwi1lln~n~rumJ1mn
n~1 ~lJIJ 1W1~VlnyJellnyJillellnrflCleltJeltl bb6llJ fN b~ClJf11tJb W1~Cl1t1m1~ biJelVilHtI~d-Jlru q 11
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q q q
brlfl~ntJl~rmil~tJ 800+170 nYClnfd-J AJId-Jn11lmVl eJlbU~tJ 339+551 b6JlW~bWfl~ AJId-JtJ1J
Il - shy
m~Ellbil~tJ 425plusmn354 b6JlW~bWlI~ ~JWbVlflb~tJntJl~rmil~tJ 298plusmn048 nTClnfd-J mld-Jn11l
I iI I V I
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n11l m(Jell bil~tJ 343plusmn156 b1W~ bW fl~ AJId-JtJ1J m~ell bil~tJ 415plusmn0 71 b1W~ bWll~ ~JWbrlfl ~~- v J A 11 d ~ltV
bwtJd-JWI~Wmil6ltJ 37plusmn113 nTClmd-J mlWnJIln~(9)EllbilCltJ 276plusmn308 b6JlWllbd-Jll~ AJId-JtJ1J
n~(9)ellbil~tJ 308+227 b1W~bd-JllJ bbw~Wrfb(h~JltJ~b~tJl~JtJell~I~1WUel~ 1 nnr~J1l1~ 4 llJ-
ln 69lJ ~llnnr~JIlhI66 7 bUelfb~Wilm~~WJW 19 ~ill ~1elmmrubil~tJ 475plusmn200 ~ell~il
bbW bb6lbbW~Weuro~b~tJl~JtJil1~I~lWtJil~ 2 Jll1ll 2 9lJ ~ln 6llJ ~mlnr~JIlhi 333 btlflfb~Wil n q
1ll~WJW 6 yJfll ~1flmmrubil~tJ 300plusmn141 ~illriilbbW ~llnnr~yJmUWllJbbCl~II~lnr~~flllll1tJ
Cl mtiI~1~l1 mbW~Weuro~b~tJl~JtJilI~I~1WUfl~ 1 bbClelI~I~bWUfl~ 2 ~~fl~1 nr~~ndJWliJbil~tJ11
443 bUilfb-nW~ 500 bUilfb-nW~ bbCl~lInnr~~il(9)fllm~ElClmtielltJ 1 b~flW I1l 2 Ufl bVl1nU
11
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(Ii) ) (Ylfll) (Ii)) () (Ii))
740 332 410 310 244 290 1 11242 2 50 6542 83 CD
790 354 420 320 270 295 ~ 4342 4 2 50 9642 96 2
560 320 330 X
470 300 340 X
320 241 284 X
240 280 310 X
765 343 415 370 276 308 333 300 3 50 895 100
plusmn035 plusmn156 plusmn071 plusmn120 plusmn308 plusmn227 plusmn141 plusmn650
bull bull
18 ilW~ilJIflJ ~JWfll-nJiJmJ-J~lJ (tJflVi
20
--~ ----~~----------~--~~----
tlfl1V~-Ib~m 7690 731 7381 1591
v eJn1j-I 774 009 9339 505
tl~1V~-Ib~meJ~~rrnij-I 14 2157 192 9156 844
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i1Wl~lJ 2542 VI lJ 11lJ WI iJ)ilelldJJ Iill tlilfl1ui1J1l1irn~ ill11fii1 iiWJLilJ~1 ii~vrW~11111
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y 41035 x + 3144 (R2
06295 pltO05)
dI ~ (f V ) V 1 V 0 V I wi ltV ~ trv
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iilJn1J Y = 66996 x + 81453 (R2=041 P lt 005) biJ)tJJPllllJ~lJvrWfi~lriel~lWJtKlJthW
nilljv-ielWjflj~lly]lrllJ~eltJfl 42 5 6 IlflitJ~ 9 10)lJ
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elrul1Jl~IU~tJ 290plusmn100 eljPllllili~tJii 11iIJPllllJ~W~lJvrVlfilU~tJ 881
21
~iIElW Elrut-lJli (oc) AYld-J~W~d-J~Ylfi()
nAl 275 8500
d-JA 285 8020
bd-J tJ 295 8940
Al A 300 9365
itJ 295 9245
~U~tJ plusmnSD 290 plusmn 100 8814 plusmn 555
b~El~ n Ll1 AJU rhVlWiI ~l~1~ nElEl nronnt ~ i1 n b~ll-ihh nniI~~~~c1WLt~Eln 1~ lO)Wbt~Eln~ ~
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b tiEl191 n iJ Lt~ El n 1 ~ bUWllU1 AU Vl~l11 nElEl n91 n l~m~ i1El~ bb~ElEl n n~11 U~bl ru~lWViEl~iJ tI~1~ b1JW
~m~lhjAEltJnWEl1t-11J ~Eld-J1~~~~w1~nWernUlb~1J1J1tJ 6 r)W ~mi1h~~muWll1VlaJ 1 n~~YPl~~d-JiJ III q q U
~ ~
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lJElU(9J1~lJ1lbUWl~JElU 1 l~ i1l il~ltJUWLb~Wm iI El1~tJ1nDEl~uWt-I~1 ~~~~lWViEl1 ~~W1J1-nil ~IO)W
n~lbti1lJW1i1~1 V~UfDiElWJh~~bt-Ii1d-JAd-JUi1~tJ1l U1blrub~lhIL~i11t1m~ ~m~lru~~ltJ ~~d-J U~blrulJ1
I I iI I
5 lIt1C911li LI711 bb~~lIWlC91~n l[~hVlYlf1fYf)f1ll n 1 li1Jel~bb~iWeuroVlVI(il~el~ b~Jl~JtIelTWlit1~llt1~l ~f1u~illln~JW14 (UelVl1) q q
rmL~h
tJ1J tJ1J 1lJll tJ1i
j W1ii1-1lYI 6
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51
1
164
173
31 53
JJ
44 50
51
10 w
315plusmn007 008 2977 plusmn 1 15
bull bull
24
21
17
15
13
y 41035 x + 3144
R 06295
11
26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
28
y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
20
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
11 i1UViflrlenffm~~~n1i~tWfni~lti1t1
ltOJ
l 1 9gt
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~n~ti 1 tiBnlln~tJlYlU~lb~IllU~~ntiU6lIIltil~bfln n~ lIIBti iJ bb~i~rfIltil~bfln~ti 1 lIIi~lln bull bull II
I $t I II ~
ntielll111 iSW bb~ d bf911l11d It Pl~lti6lj1ueltJ1II
tiUl bUBl~1 n bf911 n~wil~ltiL lIIruell ~tIt tiUl~ (j) ~B (j) Pl~B~ ~
YJll wnYlUf)~1tiUl1-l1nn~IUtiUn
n1J bbYl imlltJIlBl bf911l11dlt1 1tirrlWr~~ Wl~YlU U711Wn tI biYl1ml1 tJBtJVlnfil UlfliJ 1111
Wln~~~~fil ~dti~iilUlB~ti 1 b-DtifilUlBb~Bl VlltiL(j)ti vilbbYl fCntin1l11~j ~llllr)1 Lb6l
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470 300 340 X
320 241 284 X
240 280 310 X
765 343 415 370 276 308 333 300 3 50 895 100
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18 ilW~ilJIflJ ~JWfll-nJiJmJ-J~lJ (tJflVi
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(nn)
34
32
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= 04 152
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Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
9
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Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
10
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18 ilW~ilJIflJ ~JWfll-nJiJmJ-J~lJ (tJflVi
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Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
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18 ilW~ilJIflJ ~JWfll-nJiJmJ-J~lJ (tJflVi
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(nn)
34
32
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melTW1WUtlV11 91 bYltJIJ ll6lV11 rnfiJjIJllI1fi 39(4)391-421
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6(2)1 48
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ilf 48 (3)5-10
Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
12
3
14
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bVl fl~middotJ tlhLflu 1 LlllYjPlLiJfJq ~1 t1 1 CIaU fjJru~dll1~)81l Iu1Vn1ulJIljrJ ll i) l ltoi) bWililm~ ~ 1- ~
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LJ ~~ lJ middotI ru 10 ulVi ~lpWr1r~ ~n~lbV1nri rNbbmvh-1 1 1~amp~~U b~mm~bVl n nunsrltJ ~~t~L6gtil
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16
lJJffhJ NtmiddotJi n wl ~W~b1t1J ~ 11JmV) t1~W~~~lViJlJhm i ~nrt~~i)Wbf1tJ9H 111
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j I l dA o ~ j ~ ~ I 11 I ~ ~ (19 1 I
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17
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q q q
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Il - shy
m~Ellbil~tJ 425plusmn354 b6JlW~bWlI~ ~JWbVlflb~tJntJl~rmil~tJ 298plusmn048 nTClnfd-J mld-Jn11l
I iI I V I
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bwtJd-JWI~Wmil6ltJ 37plusmn113 nTClmd-J mlWnJIln~(9)EllbilCltJ 276plusmn308 b6JlWllbd-Jll~ AJId-JtJ1J
n~(9)ellbil~tJ 308+227 b1W~bd-JllJ bbw~Wrfb(h~JltJ~b~tJl~JtJell~I~1WUel~ 1 nnr~J1l1~ 4 llJ-
ln 69lJ ~llnnr~JIlhI66 7 bUelfb~Wilm~~WJW 19 ~ill ~1elmmrubil~tJ 475plusmn200 ~ell~il
bbW bb6lbbW~Weuro~b~tJl~JtJil1~I~lWtJil~ 2 Jll1ll 2 9lJ ~ln 6llJ ~mlnr~JIlhi 333 btlflfb~Wil n q
1ll~WJW 6 yJfll ~1flmmrubil~tJ 300plusmn141 ~illriilbbW ~llnnr~yJmUWllJbbCl~II~lnr~~flllll1tJ
Cl mtiI~1~l1 mbW~Weuro~b~tJl~JtJilI~I~1WUfl~ 1 bbClelI~I~bWUfl~ 2 ~~fl~1 nr~~ndJWliJbil~tJ11
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11
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740 332 410 310 244 290 1 11242 2 50 6542 83 CD
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560 320 330 X
470 300 340 X
320 241 284 X
240 280 310 X
765 343 415 370 276 308 333 300 3 50 895 100
plusmn035 plusmn156 plusmn071 plusmn120 plusmn308 plusmn227 plusmn141 plusmn650
bull bull
18 ilW~ilJIflJ ~JWfll-nJiJmJ-J~lJ (tJflVi
20
--~ ----~~----------~--~~----
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v eJn1j-I 774 009 9339 505
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21
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d-JA 285 8020
bd-J tJ 295 8940
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bull bull
24
21
17
15
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y 41035 x + 3144
R 06295
11
26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
28
y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
20
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
11 i1UViflrlenffm~~~n1i~tWfni~lti1t1
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n1JV1 bf91 lllulYlil~lYlmlJlru6ll bUf)lllniJillIlltirrU bf911ll U~mUU~mPl tif)n~lnilill
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26
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L~tJI~1ni1 LIOlW
27
n i~d i~1oJ bl~~Ufl7l iVlditJJiJ 1 ~1UbdClimn~ ~W~ b~tJU~rf71llJ-l b~ElUnI-JJ1i~Wfi1i-l
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n
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28
f1)1tJ~ul~
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2529 n1J~nltl~UEll~UnljJllhj1lElH[hm~ellU 11j~Irn1J1hIJl
2539
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melTW1WUtlV11 91 bYltJIJ ll6lV11 rnfiJjIJllI1fi 39(4)391-421
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6(2)1 48
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Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
14
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Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
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ilf 48 (3)5-10
Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
16
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j I l dA o ~ j ~ ~ I 11 I ~ ~ (19 1 I
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17
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320plusmn006 b6JlW~hWlI~ mld-JmJbil~tJ 543plusmn008 bDW~bd-JlI~ fl1d-J~~U bwi1lln~n~rumJ1mn
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q q q
brlfl~ntJl~rmil~tJ 800+170 nYClnfd-J AJId-Jn11lmVl eJlbU~tJ 339+551 b6JlW~bWfl~ AJId-JtJ1J
Il - shy
m~Ellbil~tJ 425plusmn354 b6JlW~bWlI~ ~JWbVlflb~tJntJl~rmil~tJ 298plusmn048 nTClnfd-J mld-Jn11l
I iI I V I
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n11l m(Jell bil~tJ 343plusmn156 b1W~ bW fl~ AJId-JtJ1J m~ell bil~tJ 415plusmn0 71 b1W~ bWll~ ~JWbrlfl ~~- v J A 11 d ~ltV
bwtJd-JWI~Wmil6ltJ 37plusmn113 nTClmd-J mlWnJIln~(9)EllbilCltJ 276plusmn308 b6JlWllbd-Jll~ AJId-JtJ1J
n~(9)ellbil~tJ 308+227 b1W~bd-JllJ bbw~Wrfb(h~JltJ~b~tJl~JtJell~I~1WUel~ 1 nnr~J1l1~ 4 llJ-
ln 69lJ ~llnnr~JIlhI66 7 bUelfb~Wilm~~WJW 19 ~ill ~1elmmrubil~tJ 475plusmn200 ~ell~il
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1ll~WJW 6 yJfll ~1flmmrubil~tJ 300plusmn141 ~illriilbbW ~llnnr~yJmUWllJbbCl~II~lnr~~flllll1tJ
Cl mtiI~1~l1 mbW~Weuro~b~tJl~JtJilI~I~1WUfl~ 1 bbClelI~I~bWUfl~ 2 ~~fl~1 nr~~ndJWliJbil~tJ11
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11
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560 320 330 X
470 300 340 X
320 241 284 X
240 280 310 X
765 343 415 370 276 308 333 300 3 50 895 100
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bull bull
18 ilW~ilJIflJ ~JWfll-nJiJmJ-J~lJ (tJflVi
20
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21
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21
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26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
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y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
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3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
11 i1UViflrlenffm~~~n1i~tWfni~lti1t1
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L~tJI~1ni1 LIOlW
27
n i~d i~1oJ bl~~Ufl7l iVlditJJiJ 1 ~1UbdClimn~ ~W~ b~tJU~rf71llJ-l b~ElUnI-JJ1i~Wfi1i-l
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1 iJgf9ljlf11jJll1~ 6667 bUElfbJlUI7l bb~iJ~IWdU1~ 19 ~Ell iiJWbb~
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n
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b1lW~hal L9l~ iJrldlI-Jf71n16Jl~IUdW 17 -29 ~Ell7l1bb~ j~tJbdfllLWn1JYfmtJUt9ld 92-150 r)W ~ElruVlJ1il lJ
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b1l~tJ 305 1JYl11b1l~b~tJ61 -e1f9lnm1Yfn bUElfbJlW17l JjWlf71~m7l1~U1ViUn
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28
f1)1tJ~ul~
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2529 n1J~nltl~UEll~UnljJllhj1lElH[hm~ellU 11j~Irn1J1hIJl
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melTW1WUtlV11 91 bYltJIJ ll6lV11 rnfiJjIJllI1fi 39(4)391-421
tJJbtJlIU bll1J~1~U tluWll ~~1rudl~ LLi1 lltlVifltf ~JruPln~ eJ6l1ltl~1 IlllJWJJIJ lb6l1rYi bbtl6l Co
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6(2)1 48
~ ElUW11 ~~1rlJdl~ ~Vi6l V1~U91lll lbi1 rllVi6l El1IJflnJ1U1Yi 2532 niJYit7J6lEll Co bull
Yrn1li b[hmtl1W1un~Ellb~IJ jltJ~1tm1jtrIJIJW11l11 2533 mlJtlJIJ~
ilf 48 (3)5-10
Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
17
~n ~rulJell1)l bli1WJ ltJ btl~f)n1ll bb-lJ--1 A~r)tJ1~1ri lJUI (9) In ~b~tJl flU1ll1ri~WL~ell1W1 (9) nr~ I 1I
Vl(9)ClellVl 1 bbCl 2 ~Wl(9tJl~rnbu~tJ 1672plusmn153 nfd-J AJId-Jn~lbil~tJ 332plusmn011 L1W~bd-JlI~
320plusmn006 b6JlW~hWlI~ mld-JmJbil~tJ 543plusmn008 bDW~bd-JlI~ fl1d-J~~U bwi1lln~n~rumJ1mn
n~1 ~lJIJ 1W1~VlnyJellnyJillellnrflCleltJeltl bb6llJ fN b~ClJf11tJb W1~Cl1t1m1~ biJelVilHtI~d-Jlru q 11
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q q q
brlfl~ntJl~rmil~tJ 800+170 nYClnfd-J AJId-Jn11lmVl eJlbU~tJ 339+551 b6JlW~bWfl~ AJId-JtJ1J
Il - shy
m~Ellbil~tJ 425plusmn354 b6JlW~bWlI~ ~JWbVlflb~tJntJl~rmil~tJ 298plusmn048 nTClnfd-J mld-Jn11l
I iI I V I
bliI~JltJy)V1~Clellb~tJl~JtJernUl~lJ(UelVl 2) b~lbVlflerntJl~rmil~tJ 765+035 mClnfw mld-J q Il shy
n11l m(Jell bil~tJ 343plusmn156 b1W~ bW fl~ AJId-JtJ1J m~ell bil~tJ 415plusmn0 71 b1W~ bWll~ ~JWbrlfl ~~- v J A 11 d ~ltV
bwtJd-JWI~Wmil6ltJ 37plusmn113 nTClmd-J mlWnJIln~(9)EllbilCltJ 276plusmn308 b6JlWllbd-Jll~ AJId-JtJ1J
n~(9)ellbil~tJ 308+227 b1W~bd-JllJ bbw~Wrfb(h~JltJ~b~tJl~JtJell~I~1WUel~ 1 nnr~J1l1~ 4 llJ-
ln 69lJ ~llnnr~JIlhI66 7 bUelfb~Wilm~~WJW 19 ~ill ~1elmmrubil~tJ 475plusmn200 ~ell~il
bbW bb6lbbW~Weuro~b~tJl~JtJil1~I~lWtJil~ 2 Jll1ll 2 9lJ ~ln 6llJ ~mlnr~JIlhi 333 btlflfb~Wil n q
1ll~WJW 6 yJfll ~1flmmrubil~tJ 300plusmn141 ~illriilbbW ~llnnr~yJmUWllJbbCl~II~lnr~~flllll1tJ
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443 bUilfb-nW~ 500 bUilfb-nW~ bbCl~lInnr~~il(9)fllm~ElClmtielltJ 1 b~flW I1l 2 Ufl bVl1nU
11
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1 gt I1YI~
4
V11nlcVi 2 ~1jnrn rI)1lJn~1~ bb~~~)1lJtJ1)m~~leWllfl~yh)blJJ~Wfi -rl)~b)~1n1~)1~11l ~1W)Wl~ bb~~fY17l~1n1~ytmUWIi)lJfl~b~1Vi)1[J ~Vll~fl~ q
J iI cv i b~ tJ~ l)tJfl1jn~tJ nm
q
w1jnn
bull ltV
WflWWn q
m1~ tJ1) w1VlWn m1~ tJ1) ~1W)W~ rJWb~flWU
mJ~Wfi q
~1W)W ~n fYm1 rJWb~flWU ~tJb)~1 o
l1W)W
(nn) (TIlJ) (TIlJ) (nn) (1llJ) (1llJ) (nll~ ~)1l1~ 1~ bUWIil ytn ~YlmuWIi) (rJW) i~~fl~fll
(Ii) ) (Ylfll) (Ii)) () (Ii))
740 332 410 310 244 290 1 11242 2 50 6542 83 CD
790 354 420 320 270 295 ~ 4342 4 2 50 9642 96 2
560 320 330 X
470 300 340 X
320 241 284 X
240 280 310 X
765 343 415 370 276 308 333 300 3 50 895 100
plusmn035 plusmn156 plusmn071 plusmn120 plusmn308 plusmn227 plusmn141 plusmn650
bull bull
18 ilW~ilJIflJ ~JWfll-nJiJmJ-J~lJ (tJflVi
20
--~ ----~~----------~--~~----
tlfl1V~-Ib~m 7690 731 7381 1591
v eJn1j-I 774 009 9339 505
tl~1V~-Ib~meJ~~rrnij-I 14 2157 192 9156 844
lJWl~ilelll1hill 11f1n1JV1iJ)flellbimbi~vrWfi~JtJmnnJflll1ir~L~m~lJeJiilJiJmJJ (tJel
~ 1) VIlJ11hil1i1ilWliJ)Jll1irmU~tJ 1 53 f11lJ JPl(nlJnh-JlU~tJ 11 llWDlllJIflJ ibfl
i1Wl~lJ 2542 VI lJ 11lJ WI iJ)ilelldJJ Iill tlilfl1ui1J1l1irn~ ill11fii1 iiWJLilJ~1 ii~vrW~11111
wntJ ~i1lJW1 rn1l1 qJ1non Uih~i1lJWl~1VI qJ~ltwrlWi~hjl rlW brntJ iUVI1 elth-l~J11WliJ)lJflJJ1Virn1dJJi1
11WlbilJ~lJvrWD1rn tJ lflJIrlUlIWl rnlJelJ i1~vrWfib1111el ihJi1irtJ ii1 fruVlll ii nDllflllJiilJ f1l iJPlJ1lJ~lJ~Wfibull w
y 41035 x + 3144 (R2
06295 pltO05)
dI ~ (f V ) V 1 V 0 V I wi ltV ~ trv
LlJfl J JPlil l1fl1Jr] ~11eltJilelilJellJflW1Wlmilmlfl1 (y) fllJW1VlWfllJel mmI11 VI1JlJ JPlJIlJ~lJVIWDiJ)j
iilJn1J Y = 66996 x + 81453 (R2=041 P lt 005) biJ)tJJPllllJ~lJvrWfi~lriel~lWJtKlJthW
nilljv-ielWjflj~lly]lrllJ~eltJfl 42 5 6 IlflitJ~ 9 10)lJ
jtJIJflllWf11j0ff1tJJ11lJC11Iffll~flWf1lJJll~Wfitijn~1WltJW 2542 HLJil1 83 - 96 1W Vi
elrul1Jl~IU~tJ 290plusmn100 eljPllllili~tJii 11iIJPllllJ~W~lJvrVlfilU~tJ 881
21
~iIElW Elrut-lJli (oc) AYld-J~W~d-J~Ylfi()
nAl 275 8500
d-JA 285 8020
bd-J tJ 295 8940
Al A 300 9365
itJ 295 9245
~U~tJ plusmnSD 290 plusmn 100 8814 plusmn 555
b~El~ n Ll1 AJU rhVlWiI ~l~1~ nElEl nronnt ~ i1 n b~ll-ihh nniI~~~~c1WLt~Eln 1~ lO)Wbt~Eln~ ~
~
1~ U(]n bb~l~~ c1W~t~Eln1~~El nd-J1 ~JEli1 n ~~1~ neJEl n djW[9hlA~1Wi1~1t1WU1 iJEl~ nWn1nlnVh~ltJ ~ ~
10)1 nd-J ~Hbi1 ~P11xrh1 1 ~ n b~l~ b~1~nElElnlO)ln 1~ nJ~iIEl~~~m~lru~~A1d-JWmd-JLbWltA~lJEl~ bt~Eln1~
b tiEl191 n iJ Lt~ El n 1 ~ bUWllU1 AU Vl~l11 nElEl n91 n l~m~ i1El~ bb~ElEl n n~11 U~bl ru~lWViEl~iJ tI~1~ b1JW
~m~lhjAEltJnWEl1t-11J ~Eld-J1~~~~w1~nWernUlb~1J1J1tJ 6 r)W ~mi1h~~muWll1VlaJ 1 n~~YPl~~d-JiJ III q q U
~ ~
~U1 (9J1i1 J11WVl~~iJ~WWW(keel) (9Ji1ElilbbWl ~A1 l~b~~nJ~iIEl~t-I~1 ~L~WLLm n~ n J~iIEl~Vl~~ L~~W~iI ~
lJElU(9J1~lJ1lbUWl~JElU 1 l~ i1l il~ltJUWLb~Wm iI El1~tJ1nDEl~uWt-I~1 ~~~~lWViEl1 ~~W1J1-nil ~IO)W
n~lbti1lJW1i1~1 V~UfDiElWJh~~bt-Ii1d-JAd-JUi1~tJ1l U1blrub~lhIL~i11t1m~ ~m~lru~~ltJ ~~d-J U~blrulJ1
I I iI I
5 lIt1C911li LI711 bb~~lIWlC91~n l[~hVlYlf1fYf)f1ll n 1 li1Jel~bb~iWeuroVlVI(il~el~ b~Jl~JtIelTWlit1~llt1~l ~f1u~illln~JW14 (UelVl1) q q
rmL~h
tJ1J tJ1J 1lJll tJ1i
j W1ii1-1lYI 6
tnJ mJ tnJ
51
1
164
173
31 53
JJ
44 50
51
10 w
315plusmn007 008 2977 plusmn 1 15
bull bull
24
21
17
15
13
y 41035 x + 3144
R 06295
11
26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
28
y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
20
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
11 i1UViflrlenffm~~~n1i~tWfni~lti1t1
ltOJ
l 1 9gt
ritiV1eltiell~tI L~TWntlel1~tJeltJU~blnn~h~titn~ml~lih iilD1JIlUl~V~n Lb~ J II
LL~rfItitB~i1~ n~ mb6llII~urn nrfIti Lt9hWntJntilJ~1~Vlnllu~ ntiYJlliJi~UlVl rfItiun UBU bL6lYJ1I~I-l U q I q
~n~ti 1 tiBnlln~tJlYlU~lb~IllU~~ntiU6lIIltil~bfln n~ lIIBti iJ bb~i~rfIltil~bfln~ti 1 lIIi~lln bull bull II
I $t I II ~
ntielll111 iSW bb~ d bf911l11d It Pl~lti6lj1ueltJ1II
tiUl bUBl~1 n bf911 n~wil~ltiL lIIruell ~tIt tiUl~ (j) ~B (j) Pl~B~ ~
YJll wnYlUf)~1tiUl1-l1nn~IUtiUn
n1J bbYl imlltJIlBl bf911l11dlt1 1tirrlWr~~ Wl~YlU U711Wn tI biYl1ml1 tJBtJVlnfil UlfliJ 1111
Wln~~~~fil ~dti~iilUlB~ti 1 b-DtifilUlBb~Bl VlltiL(j)ti vilbbYl fCntin1l11~j ~llllr)1 Lb6l
bllBlJUl (~lnnlj~BUmlJ iJb~tm~ni(eltJ tlmr)uu~bJrutn~Vlb6l~1WYlUbf91111u(j)
Nutaphand (1979) j
Jl1fCln6lIl bb6llllY4trfl bbf1~YlUV1UJbVlIlYlWl Wlbm~tJ bbf1StiL(j)ih~tJ ~l1~UllY4rnlUelelm~tJl
mUf)lJf)luJbVllllV1tJ hJYlUn1JbbYl1m~ltJIlf)l b~IllUIYl~ I tI I 11 Y
n1JV1 bf91 lllulYlil~lYlmlJlru6ll bUf)lllniJillIlltirrU bf911ll U~mUU~mPl tif)n~lnilill
iJMl1lJ1Jf)lbf911~Ililntilll b-Dti mJ l1lm~ J bb6llJil b~eln1~f)U1nUllY4fjiJ~Ulb9IllQil~lUlU q U q U
~ ~
Uilf)tJLti~ft11U~bdrul~ bb~bm~lt11~ljJ1frufilj 1 bLf91n1fUI bf9111uuilf)tJ I I 11 I
~1 blihYlj]UU11uuilf)tJbtJtibf911llQ~V1el1~tJf)tJtuUll11tltll~tIf)tJUtiun bYlJI~Il1lrulb[Phllu~Yl
bt9l1VIn brr11 blI~tlJ bb6lbrr11 b~f)tJ ~tl ~Y4~f)jnUntJ-llti1Jtlj Nutaphand (1979) n~l~ brr11l1111mfCl tJ
YlUl-l1nbuiJJbVllllV1tJ bb6lPlU1V1tJllBUUllJ1UiltltJl~ ~-ltltiwnt1nIltiltitillJ~1 Lrr11-r~l Lbil-l II
26
12 -tnltN~VI1l=8JjlUn
-tnltN~vtJ1u
o
lYl111
mllWthnnlfl~1tJ1hnWmb11l lhmb~~~~1J)Uth Wl1 wn tJ~1jU1W
U~b d ru~l1(Ml [91~1JW1 IL[91 b~~~tWbWY1 eJwJ1rn bU~tJ m~n1~ flJ1~n~1lniI)-) ~
~
~
~
J bU~tJ 341 b~W[91b~[91i fll1~tJ1dnrIEIlbUfltJ 16 bIW~h~[91i bWY1bWtJihl1rmU~tJ
3
lJW11 L[91n~lwibrn 12 45
40 b~W~h~[91i EI1tilbUWLWi1~11Wbb~~~WV1 1lW111JEIlb~IllUlUEl1~hhVl1nW Vl1E1El1~bllW it I it I
LWi11W11~~UWl~IllUlut~t1nvllfl1tJtiJ~ln bilElj~lnnn~utiJu~tnflbilElbbfl11lb~I[911~flJl~b~EI ~Elnr~Elj~l~ih[911fl
bflEllElElW bL~W bmW~1 tJ fY1il~lb [911flUWbbeJWbn~~~IWVfEllYJn bbeJWrl~~~lt1IlWn111lEll bbeJWLn~I 1lElum-IEIl rJ~Ul[911flElElWil~I~m~ 1Jl~Ul[911fl
PIJ1I-HLfYln (PhlLVUl(
b~1J1tJ bW Y1 ~il1JW1l1b[91n~1 LW Y1bWtJ i I I
b-if1 nrIEll ~JeJV1W1JWl1L[91bbflbbljl bbi1 LvilrW~-)~~I~Irn19i(l~~YrWfil~ ~l el Inub911 bWY1 biltJV1 llElUI~1 b -ifl nrIEl~bdEl[91n1~1)1r~Wl~tJleli1iJn~ bLfl~hW~11lEl~ bvl1JltJ LWY1~~L~1fWLLfl
tJ111~lnn~ILIl1VlJlm~Y1bWtJ LL[91nllll~lnntJllW1lEl~ ~~~tJ Lbflflru (2529) nfhJ~1 b911
Vul~mii3Jn1ijJ~3JWU~bL~n1iJ1li1i I lV (tv ~ QJ dA
1[91111 tJ tJ ~ ~ W W n n WYll n f11lJWbbfl nflll flW (I~ ~
I
1J~WnrVll L~~IOlqW jEl)IIOl tJ1i n~ nrr~~nfliLLfIJ~1 ~1 LUWnlJv1E1 1l rutJ~m~Wfiw b~ tJIniLLVJn
1IEI mii1El-)~1 LL[91nvll1lInrltJIlW1lEllr11ni (2529) nri1J~lbvl1mmiddot)IW(I~~YrW(nW1uUlbLf1hlW
L~tJI~1ni1 LIOlW
27
n i~d i~1oJ bl~~Ufl7l iVlditJJiJ 1 ~1UbdClimn~ ~W~ b~tJU~rf71llJ-l b~ElUnI-JJ1i~Wfi1i-l
iJWiVlI-J Lf71tJJiJ1~bdflilhl-Jirubdfli 2000 Ul~m~~bdfll 0400 Ul~nl rnnnljVlf71flEl~L~mbb~
1 iJgf9ljlf11jJll1~ 6667 bUElfbJlUI7l bb~iJ~IWdU1~ 19 ~Ell iiJWbb~
rlJlI-JtJ1d 52-59
(254 bb7l11liJ1lW1 f711n~b~tJ~
vJ61irtJ bbflrl ru
~mtru~lleljl~ ~nl1rul1l b7l1V1dltJ bb -nlrl~ltJ11l1ri1lUI f711n~b~m nUL~1ri~udjEll bb7lil
n
gtshy
U1Viun 57-81
b1lW~hal L9l~ iJrldlI-Jf71n16Jl~IUdW 17 -29 ~Ell7l1bb~ j~tJbdfllLWn1JYfmtJUt9ld 92-150 r)W ~ElruVlJ1il lJ
bull Y
b1l~tJ 305 1JYl11b1l~b~tJ61 -e1f9lnm1Yfn bUElfbJlW17l JjWlf71~m7l1~U1ViUn
11I~tJ 508 n1I-J rldiI-Jn~ilmf71ElJlil~tJ 664 bllU~Ll-Jllj rl11I-JtJ11ndMEllb1l~tJ b1Iu~hI-Jllj ~
n 1 JVl f71flEl~ fl1JU 611I-J1 Jtl UlI-J 1HUjLu-n ulWn 1 j l~ llYrWfb7l 1V1d lU1mb~JElj n 1 JElu1mfb ~ El flJrlJ 1I-J
28
f1)1tJ~ul~
31~ f111
4 1
29
2529 n1J~nltl~UEll~UnljJllhj1lElH[hm~ellU 11j~Irn1J1hIJl
2539
39 V1ih
rllflr ~l91li1~llU 1JJruUVl ~1rU1lrlV1~ ll~ ~~~tJ lVil~rl 2529 ~nltln1n~lbull w bull
melTW1WUtlV11 91 bYltJIJ ll6lV11 rnfiJjIJllI1fi 39(4)391-421
tJJbtJlIU bll1J~1~U tluWll ~~1rudl~ LLi1 lltlVifltf ~JruPln~ eJ6l1ltl~1 IlllJWJJIJ lb6l1rYi bbtl6l Co
nJtl1Wbb6l 1
nremJjIJlJ1~ f9l
21 -lUi
~~~tJ bVilY1rl lJrJlldtJ ~llIJUVl~ rlTVi6l tlrnIJVllbWIWIVl Lb6l q
~tH~tVHltlnin~I~WhnjEnW J1J~1JnljthIJl 637
bb~ 3-ntJ 2525 lL6lM)lJ~dW~W~uhJ1~f9l1W
6(2)1 48
~ ElUW11 ~~1rlJdl~ ~Vi6l V1~U91lll lbi1 rllVi6l El1IJflnJ1U1Yi 2532 niJYit7J6lEll Co bull
Yrn1li b[hmtl1W1un~Ellb~IJ jltJ~1tm1jtrIJIJW11l11 2533 mlJtlJIJ~
ilf 48 (3)5-10
Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
1 gt I1YI~
4
V11nlcVi 2 ~1jnrn rI)1lJn~1~ bb~~~)1lJtJ1)m~~leWllfl~yh)blJJ~Wfi -rl)~b)~1n1~)1~11l ~1W)Wl~ bb~~fY17l~1n1~ytmUWIi)lJfl~b~1Vi)1[J ~Vll~fl~ q
J iI cv i b~ tJ~ l)tJfl1jn~tJ nm
q
w1jnn
bull ltV
WflWWn q
m1~ tJ1) w1VlWn m1~ tJ1) ~1W)W~ rJWb~flWU
mJ~Wfi q
~1W)W ~n fYm1 rJWb~flWU ~tJb)~1 o
l1W)W
(nn) (TIlJ) (TIlJ) (nn) (1llJ) (1llJ) (nll~ ~)1l1~ 1~ bUWIil ytn ~YlmuWIi) (rJW) i~~fl~fll
(Ii) ) (Ylfll) (Ii)) () (Ii))
740 332 410 310 244 290 1 11242 2 50 6542 83 CD
790 354 420 320 270 295 ~ 4342 4 2 50 9642 96 2
560 320 330 X
470 300 340 X
320 241 284 X
240 280 310 X
765 343 415 370 276 308 333 300 3 50 895 100
plusmn035 plusmn156 plusmn071 plusmn120 plusmn308 plusmn227 plusmn141 plusmn650
bull bull
18 ilW~ilJIflJ ~JWfll-nJiJmJ-J~lJ (tJflVi
20
--~ ----~~----------~--~~----
tlfl1V~-Ib~m 7690 731 7381 1591
v eJn1j-I 774 009 9339 505
tl~1V~-Ib~meJ~~rrnij-I 14 2157 192 9156 844
lJWl~ilelll1hill 11f1n1JV1iJ)flellbimbi~vrWfi~JtJmnnJflll1ir~L~m~lJeJiilJiJmJJ (tJel
~ 1) VIlJ11hil1i1ilWliJ)Jll1irmU~tJ 1 53 f11lJ JPl(nlJnh-JlU~tJ 11 llWDlllJIflJ ibfl
i1Wl~lJ 2542 VI lJ 11lJ WI iJ)ilelldJJ Iill tlilfl1ui1J1l1irn~ ill11fii1 iiWJLilJ~1 ii~vrW~11111
wntJ ~i1lJW1 rn1l1 qJ1non Uih~i1lJWl~1VI qJ~ltwrlWi~hjl rlW brntJ iUVI1 elth-l~J11WliJ)lJflJJ1Virn1dJJi1
11WlbilJ~lJvrWD1rn tJ lflJIrlUlIWl rnlJelJ i1~vrWfib1111el ihJi1irtJ ii1 fruVlll ii nDllflllJiilJ f1l iJPlJ1lJ~lJ~Wfibull w
y 41035 x + 3144 (R2
06295 pltO05)
dI ~ (f V ) V 1 V 0 V I wi ltV ~ trv
LlJfl J JPlil l1fl1Jr] ~11eltJilelilJellJflW1Wlmilmlfl1 (y) fllJW1VlWfllJel mmI11 VI1JlJ JPlJIlJ~lJVIWDiJ)j
iilJn1J Y = 66996 x + 81453 (R2=041 P lt 005) biJ)tJJPllllJ~lJvrWfi~lriel~lWJtKlJthW
nilljv-ielWjflj~lly]lrllJ~eltJfl 42 5 6 IlflitJ~ 9 10)lJ
jtJIJflllWf11j0ff1tJJ11lJC11Iffll~flWf1lJJll~Wfitijn~1WltJW 2542 HLJil1 83 - 96 1W Vi
elrul1Jl~IU~tJ 290plusmn100 eljPllllili~tJii 11iIJPllllJ~W~lJvrVlfilU~tJ 881
21
~iIElW Elrut-lJli (oc) AYld-J~W~d-J~Ylfi()
nAl 275 8500
d-JA 285 8020
bd-J tJ 295 8940
Al A 300 9365
itJ 295 9245
~U~tJ plusmnSD 290 plusmn 100 8814 plusmn 555
b~El~ n Ll1 AJU rhVlWiI ~l~1~ nElEl nronnt ~ i1 n b~ll-ihh nniI~~~~c1WLt~Eln 1~ lO)Wbt~Eln~ ~
~
1~ U(]n bb~l~~ c1W~t~Eln1~~El nd-J1 ~JEli1 n ~~1~ neJEl n djW[9hlA~1Wi1~1t1WU1 iJEl~ nWn1nlnVh~ltJ ~ ~
10)1 nd-J ~Hbi1 ~P11xrh1 1 ~ n b~l~ b~1~nElElnlO)ln 1~ nJ~iIEl~~~m~lru~~A1d-JWmd-JLbWltA~lJEl~ bt~Eln1~
b tiEl191 n iJ Lt~ El n 1 ~ bUWllU1 AU Vl~l11 nElEl n91 n l~m~ i1El~ bb~ElEl n n~11 U~bl ru~lWViEl~iJ tI~1~ b1JW
~m~lhjAEltJnWEl1t-11J ~Eld-J1~~~~w1~nWernUlb~1J1J1tJ 6 r)W ~mi1h~~muWll1VlaJ 1 n~~YPl~~d-JiJ III q q U
~ ~
~U1 (9J1i1 J11WVl~~iJ~WWW(keel) (9Ji1ElilbbWl ~A1 l~b~~nJ~iIEl~t-I~1 ~L~WLLm n~ n J~iIEl~Vl~~ L~~W~iI ~
lJElU(9J1~lJ1lbUWl~JElU 1 l~ i1l il~ltJUWLb~Wm iI El1~tJ1nDEl~uWt-I~1 ~~~~lWViEl1 ~~W1J1-nil ~IO)W
n~lbti1lJW1i1~1 V~UfDiElWJh~~bt-Ii1d-JAd-JUi1~tJ1l U1blrub~lhIL~i11t1m~ ~m~lru~~ltJ ~~d-J U~blrulJ1
I I iI I
5 lIt1C911li LI711 bb~~lIWlC91~n l[~hVlYlf1fYf)f1ll n 1 li1Jel~bb~iWeuroVlVI(il~el~ b~Jl~JtIelTWlit1~llt1~l ~f1u~illln~JW14 (UelVl1) q q
rmL~h
tJ1J tJ1J 1lJll tJ1i
j W1ii1-1lYI 6
tnJ mJ tnJ
51
1
164
173
31 53
JJ
44 50
51
10 w
315plusmn007 008 2977 plusmn 1 15
bull bull
24
21
17
15
13
y 41035 x + 3144
R 06295
11
26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
28
y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
20
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
11 i1UViflrlenffm~~~n1i~tWfni~lti1t1
ltOJ
l 1 9gt
ritiV1eltiell~tI L~TWntlel1~tJeltJU~blnn~h~titn~ml~lih iilD1JIlUl~V~n Lb~ J II
LL~rfItitB~i1~ n~ mb6llII~urn nrfIti Lt9hWntJntilJ~1~Vlnllu~ ntiYJlliJi~UlVl rfItiun UBU bL6lYJ1I~I-l U q I q
~n~ti 1 tiBnlln~tJlYlU~lb~IllU~~ntiU6lIIltil~bfln n~ lIIBti iJ bb~i~rfIltil~bfln~ti 1 lIIi~lln bull bull II
I $t I II ~
ntielll111 iSW bb~ d bf911l11d It Pl~lti6lj1ueltJ1II
tiUl bUBl~1 n bf911 n~wil~ltiL lIIruell ~tIt tiUl~ (j) ~B (j) Pl~B~ ~
YJll wnYlUf)~1tiUl1-l1nn~IUtiUn
n1J bbYl imlltJIlBl bf911l11dlt1 1tirrlWr~~ Wl~YlU U711Wn tI biYl1ml1 tJBtJVlnfil UlfliJ 1111
Wln~~~~fil ~dti~iilUlB~ti 1 b-DtifilUlBb~Bl VlltiL(j)ti vilbbYl fCntin1l11~j ~llllr)1 Lb6l
bllBlJUl (~lnnlj~BUmlJ iJb~tm~ni(eltJ tlmr)uu~bJrutn~Vlb6l~1WYlUbf91111u(j)
Nutaphand (1979) j
Jl1fCln6lIl bb6llllY4trfl bbf1~YlUV1UJbVlIlYlWl Wlbm~tJ bbf1StiL(j)ih~tJ ~l1~UllY4rnlUelelm~tJl
mUf)lJf)luJbVllllV1tJ hJYlUn1JbbYl1m~ltJIlf)l b~IllUIYl~ I tI I 11 Y
n1JV1 bf91 lllulYlil~lYlmlJlru6ll bUf)lllniJillIlltirrU bf911ll U~mUU~mPl tif)n~lnilill
iJMl1lJ1Jf)lbf911~Ililntilll b-Dti mJ l1lm~ J bb6llJil b~eln1~f)U1nUllY4fjiJ~Ulb9IllQil~lUlU q U q U
~ ~
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~1 blihYlj]UU11uuilf)tJbtJtibf911llQ~V1el1~tJf)tJtuUll11tltll~tIf)tJUtiun bYlJI~Il1lrulb[Phllu~Yl
bt9l1VIn brr11 blI~tlJ bb6lbrr11 b~f)tJ ~tl ~Y4~f)jnUntJ-llti1Jtlj Nutaphand (1979) n~l~ brr11l1111mfCl tJ
YlUl-l1nbuiJJbVllllV1tJ bb6lPlU1V1tJllBUUllJ1UiltltJl~ ~-ltltiwnt1nIltiltitillJ~1 Lrr11-r~l Lbil-l II
26
12 -tnltN~VI1l=8JjlUn
-tnltN~vtJ1u
o
lYl111
mllWthnnlfl~1tJ1hnWmb11l lhmb~~~~1J)Uth Wl1 wn tJ~1jU1W
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J bU~tJ 341 b~W[91b~[91i fll1~tJ1dnrIEIlbUfltJ 16 bIW~h~[91i bWY1bWtJihl1rmU~tJ
3
lJW11 L[91n~lwibrn 12 45
40 b~W~h~[91i EI1tilbUWLWi1~11Wbb~~~WV1 1lW111JEIlb~IllUlUEl1~hhVl1nW Vl1E1El1~bllW it I it I
LWi11W11~~UWl~IllUlut~t1nvllfl1tJtiJ~ln bilElj~lnnn~utiJu~tnflbilElbbfl11lb~I[911~flJl~b~EI ~Elnr~Elj~l~ih[911fl
bflEllElElW bL~W bmW~1 tJ fY1il~lb [911flUWbbeJWbn~~~IWVfEllYJn bbeJWrl~~~lt1IlWn111lEll bbeJWLn~I 1lElum-IEIl rJ~Ul[911flElElWil~I~m~ 1Jl~Ul[911fl
PIJ1I-HLfYln (PhlLVUl(
b~1J1tJ bW Y1 ~il1JW1l1b[91n~1 LW Y1bWtJ i I I
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1IEI mii1El-)~1 LL[91nvll1lInrltJIlW1lEllr11ni (2529) nri1J~lbvl1mmiddot)IW(I~~YrW(nW1uUlbLf1hlW
L~tJI~1ni1 LIOlW
27
n i~d i~1oJ bl~~Ufl7l iVlditJJiJ 1 ~1UbdClimn~ ~W~ b~tJU~rf71llJ-l b~ElUnI-JJ1i~Wfi1i-l
iJWiVlI-J Lf71tJJiJ1~bdflilhl-Jirubdfli 2000 Ul~m~~bdfll 0400 Ul~nl rnnnljVlf71flEl~L~mbb~
1 iJgf9ljlf11jJll1~ 6667 bUElfbJlUI7l bb~iJ~IWdU1~ 19 ~Ell iiJWbb~
rlJlI-JtJ1d 52-59
(254 bb7l11liJ1lW1 f711n~b~tJ~
vJ61irtJ bbflrl ru
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n
gtshy
U1Viun 57-81
b1lW~hal L9l~ iJrldlI-Jf71n16Jl~IUdW 17 -29 ~Ell7l1bb~ j~tJbdfllLWn1JYfmtJUt9ld 92-150 r)W ~ElruVlJ1il lJ
bull Y
b1l~tJ 305 1JYl11b1l~b~tJ61 -e1f9lnm1Yfn bUElfbJlW17l JjWlf71~m7l1~U1ViUn
11I~tJ 508 n1I-J rldiI-Jn~ilmf71ElJlil~tJ 664 bllU~Ll-Jllj rl11I-JtJ11ndMEllb1l~tJ b1Iu~hI-Jllj ~
n 1 JVl f71flEl~ fl1JU 611I-J1 Jtl UlI-J 1HUjLu-n ulWn 1 j l~ llYrWfb7l 1V1d lU1mb~JElj n 1 JElu1mfb ~ El flJrlJ 1I-J
28
f1)1tJ~ul~
31~ f111
4 1
29
2529 n1J~nltl~UEll~UnljJllhj1lElH[hm~ellU 11j~Irn1J1hIJl
2539
39 V1ih
rllflr ~l91li1~llU 1JJruUVl ~1rU1lrlV1~ ll~ ~~~tJ lVil~rl 2529 ~nltln1n~lbull w bull
melTW1WUtlV11 91 bYltJIJ ll6lV11 rnfiJjIJllI1fi 39(4)391-421
tJJbtJlIU bll1J~1~U tluWll ~~1rudl~ LLi1 lltlVifltf ~JruPln~ eJ6l1ltl~1 IlllJWJJIJ lb6l1rYi bbtl6l Co
nJtl1Wbb6l 1
nremJjIJlJ1~ f9l
21 -lUi
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~tH~tVHltlnin~I~WhnjEnW J1J~1JnljthIJl 637
bb~ 3-ntJ 2525 lL6lM)lJ~dW~W~uhJ1~f9l1W
6(2)1 48
~ ElUW11 ~~1rlJdl~ ~Vi6l V1~U91lll lbi1 rllVi6l El1IJflnJ1U1Yi 2532 niJYit7J6lEll Co bull
Yrn1li b[hmtl1W1un~Ellb~IJ jltJ~1tm1jtrIJIJW11l11 2533 mlJtlJIJ~
ilf 48 (3)5-10
Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
V11nlcVi 2 ~1jnrn rI)1lJn~1~ bb~~~)1lJtJ1)m~~leWllfl~yh)blJJ~Wfi -rl)~b)~1n1~)1~11l ~1W)Wl~ bb~~fY17l~1n1~ytmUWIi)lJfl~b~1Vi)1[J ~Vll~fl~ q
J iI cv i b~ tJ~ l)tJfl1jn~tJ nm
q
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bull ltV
WflWWn q
m1~ tJ1) w1VlWn m1~ tJ1) ~1W)W~ rJWb~flWU
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l1W)W
(nn) (TIlJ) (TIlJ) (nn) (1llJ) (1llJ) (nll~ ~)1l1~ 1~ bUWIil ytn ~YlmuWIi) (rJW) i~~fl~fll
(Ii) ) (Ylfll) (Ii)) () (Ii))
740 332 410 310 244 290 1 11242 2 50 6542 83 CD
790 354 420 320 270 295 ~ 4342 4 2 50 9642 96 2
560 320 330 X
470 300 340 X
320 241 284 X
240 280 310 X
765 343 415 370 276 308 333 300 3 50 895 100
plusmn035 plusmn156 plusmn071 plusmn120 plusmn308 plusmn227 plusmn141 plusmn650
bull bull
18 ilW~ilJIflJ ~JWfll-nJiJmJ-J~lJ (tJflVi
20
--~ ----~~----------~--~~----
tlfl1V~-Ib~m 7690 731 7381 1591
v eJn1j-I 774 009 9339 505
tl~1V~-Ib~meJ~~rrnij-I 14 2157 192 9156 844
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i1Wl~lJ 2542 VI lJ 11lJ WI iJ)ilelldJJ Iill tlilfl1ui1J1l1irn~ ill11fii1 iiWJLilJ~1 ii~vrW~11111
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y 41035 x + 3144 (R2
06295 pltO05)
dI ~ (f V ) V 1 V 0 V I wi ltV ~ trv
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iilJn1J Y = 66996 x + 81453 (R2=041 P lt 005) biJ)tJJPllllJ~lJvrWfi~lriel~lWJtKlJthW
nilljv-ielWjflj~lly]lrllJ~eltJfl 42 5 6 IlflitJ~ 9 10)lJ
jtJIJflllWf11j0ff1tJJ11lJC11Iffll~flWf1lJJll~Wfitijn~1WltJW 2542 HLJil1 83 - 96 1W Vi
elrul1Jl~IU~tJ 290plusmn100 eljPllllili~tJii 11iIJPllllJ~W~lJvrVlfilU~tJ 881
21
~iIElW Elrut-lJli (oc) AYld-J~W~d-J~Ylfi()
nAl 275 8500
d-JA 285 8020
bd-J tJ 295 8940
Al A 300 9365
itJ 295 9245
~U~tJ plusmnSD 290 plusmn 100 8814 plusmn 555
b~El~ n Ll1 AJU rhVlWiI ~l~1~ nElEl nronnt ~ i1 n b~ll-ihh nniI~~~~c1WLt~Eln 1~ lO)Wbt~Eln~ ~
~
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10)1 nd-J ~Hbi1 ~P11xrh1 1 ~ n b~l~ b~1~nElElnlO)ln 1~ nJ~iIEl~~~m~lru~~A1d-JWmd-JLbWltA~lJEl~ bt~Eln1~
b tiEl191 n iJ Lt~ El n 1 ~ bUWllU1 AU Vl~l11 nElEl n91 n l~m~ i1El~ bb~ElEl n n~11 U~bl ru~lWViEl~iJ tI~1~ b1JW
~m~lhjAEltJnWEl1t-11J ~Eld-J1~~~~w1~nWernUlb~1J1J1tJ 6 r)W ~mi1h~~muWll1VlaJ 1 n~~YPl~~d-JiJ III q q U
~ ~
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lJElU(9J1~lJ1lbUWl~JElU 1 l~ i1l il~ltJUWLb~Wm iI El1~tJ1nDEl~uWt-I~1 ~~~~lWViEl1 ~~W1J1-nil ~IO)W
n~lbti1lJW1i1~1 V~UfDiElWJh~~bt-Ii1d-JAd-JUi1~tJ1l U1blrub~lhIL~i11t1m~ ~m~lru~~ltJ ~~d-J U~blrulJ1
I I iI I
5 lIt1C911li LI711 bb~~lIWlC91~n l[~hVlYlf1fYf)f1ll n 1 li1Jel~bb~iWeuroVlVI(il~el~ b~Jl~JtIelTWlit1~llt1~l ~f1u~illln~JW14 (UelVl1) q q
rmL~h
tJ1J tJ1J 1lJll tJ1i
j W1ii1-1lYI 6
tnJ mJ tnJ
51
1
164
173
31 53
JJ
44 50
51
10 w
315plusmn007 008 2977 plusmn 1 15
bull bull
24
21
17
15
13
y 41035 x + 3144
R 06295
11
26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
28
y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
20
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
11 i1UViflrlenffm~~~n1i~tWfni~lti1t1
ltOJ
l 1 9gt
ritiV1eltiell~tI L~TWntlel1~tJeltJU~blnn~h~titn~ml~lih iilD1JIlUl~V~n Lb~ J II
LL~rfItitB~i1~ n~ mb6llII~urn nrfIti Lt9hWntJntilJ~1~Vlnllu~ ntiYJlliJi~UlVl rfItiun UBU bL6lYJ1I~I-l U q I q
~n~ti 1 tiBnlln~tJlYlU~lb~IllU~~ntiU6lIIltil~bfln n~ lIIBti iJ bb~i~rfIltil~bfln~ti 1 lIIi~lln bull bull II
I $t I II ~
ntielll111 iSW bb~ d bf911l11d It Pl~lti6lj1ueltJ1II
tiUl bUBl~1 n bf911 n~wil~ltiL lIIruell ~tIt tiUl~ (j) ~B (j) Pl~B~ ~
YJll wnYlUf)~1tiUl1-l1nn~IUtiUn
n1J bbYl imlltJIlBl bf911l11dlt1 1tirrlWr~~ Wl~YlU U711Wn tI biYl1ml1 tJBtJVlnfil UlfliJ 1111
Wln~~~~fil ~dti~iilUlB~ti 1 b-DtifilUlBb~Bl VlltiL(j)ti vilbbYl fCntin1l11~j ~llllr)1 Lb6l
bllBlJUl (~lnnlj~BUmlJ iJb~tm~ni(eltJ tlmr)uu~bJrutn~Vlb6l~1WYlUbf91111u(j)
Nutaphand (1979) j
Jl1fCln6lIl bb6llllY4trfl bbf1~YlUV1UJbVlIlYlWl Wlbm~tJ bbf1StiL(j)ih~tJ ~l1~UllY4rnlUelelm~tJl
mUf)lJf)luJbVllllV1tJ hJYlUn1JbbYl1m~ltJIlf)l b~IllUIYl~ I tI I 11 Y
n1JV1 bf91 lllulYlil~lYlmlJlru6ll bUf)lllniJillIlltirrU bf911ll U~mUU~mPl tif)n~lnilill
iJMl1lJ1Jf)lbf911~Ililntilll b-Dti mJ l1lm~ J bb6llJil b~eln1~f)U1nUllY4fjiJ~Ulb9IllQil~lUlU q U q U
~ ~
Uilf)tJLti~ft11U~bdrul~ bb~bm~lt11~ljJ1frufilj 1 bLf91n1fUI bf9111uuilf)tJ I I 11 I
~1 blihYlj]UU11uuilf)tJbtJtibf911llQ~V1el1~tJf)tJtuUll11tltll~tIf)tJUtiun bYlJI~Il1lrulb[Phllu~Yl
bt9l1VIn brr11 blI~tlJ bb6lbrr11 b~f)tJ ~tl ~Y4~f)jnUntJ-llti1Jtlj Nutaphand (1979) n~l~ brr11l1111mfCl tJ
YlUl-l1nbuiJJbVllllV1tJ bb6lPlU1V1tJllBUUllJ1UiltltJl~ ~-ltltiwnt1nIltiltitillJ~1 Lrr11-r~l Lbil-l II
26
12 -tnltN~VI1l=8JjlUn
-tnltN~vtJ1u
o
lYl111
mllWthnnlfl~1tJ1hnWmb11l lhmb~~~~1J)Uth Wl1 wn tJ~1jU1W
U~b d ru~l1(Ml [91~1JW1 IL[91 b~~~tWbWY1 eJwJ1rn bU~tJ m~n1~ flJ1~n~1lniI)-) ~
~
~
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J bU~tJ 341 b~W[91b~[91i fll1~tJ1dnrIEIlbUfltJ 16 bIW~h~[91i bWY1bWtJihl1rmU~tJ
3
lJW11 L[91n~lwibrn 12 45
40 b~W~h~[91i EI1tilbUWLWi1~11Wbb~~~WV1 1lW111JEIlb~IllUlUEl1~hhVl1nW Vl1E1El1~bllW it I it I
LWi11W11~~UWl~IllUlut~t1nvllfl1tJtiJ~ln bilElj~lnnn~utiJu~tnflbilElbbfl11lb~I[911~flJl~b~EI ~Elnr~Elj~l~ih[911fl
bflEllElElW bL~W bmW~1 tJ fY1il~lb [911flUWbbeJWbn~~~IWVfEllYJn bbeJWrl~~~lt1IlWn111lEll bbeJWLn~I 1lElum-IEIl rJ~Ul[911flElElWil~I~m~ 1Jl~Ul[911fl
PIJ1I-HLfYln (PhlLVUl(
b~1J1tJ bW Y1 ~il1JW1l1b[91n~1 LW Y1bWtJ i I I
b-if1 nrIEll ~JeJV1W1JWl1L[91bbflbbljl bbi1 LvilrW~-)~~I~Irn19i(l~~YrWfil~ ~l el Inub911 bWY1 biltJV1 llElUI~1 b -ifl nrIEl~bdEl[91n1~1)1r~Wl~tJleli1iJn~ bLfl~hW~11lEl~ bvl1JltJ LWY1~~L~1fWLLfl
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1[91111 tJ tJ ~ ~ W W n n WYll n f11lJWbbfl nflll flW (I~ ~
I
1J~WnrVll L~~IOlqW jEl)IIOl tJ1i n~ nrr~~nfliLLfIJ~1 ~1 LUWnlJv1E1 1l rutJ~m~Wfiw b~ tJIniLLVJn
1IEI mii1El-)~1 LL[91nvll1lInrltJIlW1lEllr11ni (2529) nri1J~lbvl1mmiddot)IW(I~~YrW(nW1uUlbLf1hlW
L~tJI~1ni1 LIOlW
27
n i~d i~1oJ bl~~Ufl7l iVlditJJiJ 1 ~1UbdClimn~ ~W~ b~tJU~rf71llJ-l b~ElUnI-JJ1i~Wfi1i-l
iJWiVlI-J Lf71tJJiJ1~bdflilhl-Jirubdfli 2000 Ul~m~~bdfll 0400 Ul~nl rnnnljVlf71flEl~L~mbb~
1 iJgf9ljlf11jJll1~ 6667 bUElfbJlUI7l bb~iJ~IWdU1~ 19 ~Ell iiJWbb~
rlJlI-JtJ1d 52-59
(254 bb7l11liJ1lW1 f711n~b~tJ~
vJ61irtJ bbflrl ru
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n
gtshy
U1Viun 57-81
b1lW~hal L9l~ iJrldlI-Jf71n16Jl~IUdW 17 -29 ~Ell7l1bb~ j~tJbdfllLWn1JYfmtJUt9ld 92-150 r)W ~ElruVlJ1il lJ
bull Y
b1l~tJ 305 1JYl11b1l~b~tJ61 -e1f9lnm1Yfn bUElfbJlW17l JjWlf71~m7l1~U1ViUn
11I~tJ 508 n1I-J rldiI-Jn~ilmf71ElJlil~tJ 664 bllU~Ll-Jllj rl11I-JtJ11ndMEllb1l~tJ b1Iu~hI-Jllj ~
n 1 JVl f71flEl~ fl1JU 611I-J1 Jtl UlI-J 1HUjLu-n ulWn 1 j l~ llYrWfb7l 1V1d lU1mb~JElj n 1 JElu1mfb ~ El flJrlJ 1I-J
28
f1)1tJ~ul~
31~ f111
4 1
29
2529 n1J~nltl~UEll~UnljJllhj1lElH[hm~ellU 11j~Irn1J1hIJl
2539
39 V1ih
rllflr ~l91li1~llU 1JJruUVl ~1rU1lrlV1~ ll~ ~~~tJ lVil~rl 2529 ~nltln1n~lbull w bull
melTW1WUtlV11 91 bYltJIJ ll6lV11 rnfiJjIJllI1fi 39(4)391-421
tJJbtJlIU bll1J~1~U tluWll ~~1rudl~ LLi1 lltlVifltf ~JruPln~ eJ6l1ltl~1 IlllJWJJIJ lb6l1rYi bbtl6l Co
nJtl1Wbb6l 1
nremJjIJlJ1~ f9l
21 -lUi
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~tH~tVHltlnin~I~WhnjEnW J1J~1JnljthIJl 637
bb~ 3-ntJ 2525 lL6lM)lJ~dW~W~uhJ1~f9l1W
6(2)1 48
~ ElUW11 ~~1rlJdl~ ~Vi6l V1~U91lll lbi1 rllVi6l El1IJflnJ1U1Yi 2532 niJYit7J6lEll Co bull
Yrn1li b[hmtl1W1un~Ellb~IJ jltJ~1tm1jtrIJIJW11l11 2533 mlJtlJIJ~
ilf 48 (3)5-10
Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
bull bull
18 ilW~ilJIflJ ~JWfll-nJiJmJ-J~lJ (tJflVi
20
--~ ----~~----------~--~~----
tlfl1V~-Ib~m 7690 731 7381 1591
v eJn1j-I 774 009 9339 505
tl~1V~-Ib~meJ~~rrnij-I 14 2157 192 9156 844
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i1Wl~lJ 2542 VI lJ 11lJ WI iJ)ilelldJJ Iill tlilfl1ui1J1l1irn~ ill11fii1 iiWJLilJ~1 ii~vrW~11111
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y 41035 x + 3144 (R2
06295 pltO05)
dI ~ (f V ) V 1 V 0 V I wi ltV ~ trv
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iilJn1J Y = 66996 x + 81453 (R2=041 P lt 005) biJ)tJJPllllJ~lJvrWfi~lriel~lWJtKlJthW
nilljv-ielWjflj~lly]lrllJ~eltJfl 42 5 6 IlflitJ~ 9 10)lJ
jtJIJflllWf11j0ff1tJJ11lJC11Iffll~flWf1lJJll~Wfitijn~1WltJW 2542 HLJil1 83 - 96 1W Vi
elrul1Jl~IU~tJ 290plusmn100 eljPllllili~tJii 11iIJPllllJ~W~lJvrVlfilU~tJ 881
21
~iIElW Elrut-lJli (oc) AYld-J~W~d-J~Ylfi()
nAl 275 8500
d-JA 285 8020
bd-J tJ 295 8940
Al A 300 9365
itJ 295 9245
~U~tJ plusmnSD 290 plusmn 100 8814 plusmn 555
b~El~ n Ll1 AJU rhVlWiI ~l~1~ nElEl nronnt ~ i1 n b~ll-ihh nniI~~~~c1WLt~Eln 1~ lO)Wbt~Eln~ ~
~
1~ U(]n bb~l~~ c1W~t~Eln1~~El nd-J1 ~JEli1 n ~~1~ neJEl n djW[9hlA~1Wi1~1t1WU1 iJEl~ nWn1nlnVh~ltJ ~ ~
10)1 nd-J ~Hbi1 ~P11xrh1 1 ~ n b~l~ b~1~nElElnlO)ln 1~ nJ~iIEl~~~m~lru~~A1d-JWmd-JLbWltA~lJEl~ bt~Eln1~
b tiEl191 n iJ Lt~ El n 1 ~ bUWllU1 AU Vl~l11 nElEl n91 n l~m~ i1El~ bb~ElEl n n~11 U~bl ru~lWViEl~iJ tI~1~ b1JW
~m~lhjAEltJnWEl1t-11J ~Eld-J1~~~~w1~nWernUlb~1J1J1tJ 6 r)W ~mi1h~~muWll1VlaJ 1 n~~YPl~~d-JiJ III q q U
~ ~
~U1 (9J1i1 J11WVl~~iJ~WWW(keel) (9Ji1ElilbbWl ~A1 l~b~~nJ~iIEl~t-I~1 ~L~WLLm n~ n J~iIEl~Vl~~ L~~W~iI ~
lJElU(9J1~lJ1lbUWl~JElU 1 l~ i1l il~ltJUWLb~Wm iI El1~tJ1nDEl~uWt-I~1 ~~~~lWViEl1 ~~W1J1-nil ~IO)W
n~lbti1lJW1i1~1 V~UfDiElWJh~~bt-Ii1d-JAd-JUi1~tJ1l U1blrub~lhIL~i11t1m~ ~m~lru~~ltJ ~~d-J U~blrulJ1
I I iI I
5 lIt1C911li LI711 bb~~lIWlC91~n l[~hVlYlf1fYf)f1ll n 1 li1Jel~bb~iWeuroVlVI(il~el~ b~Jl~JtIelTWlit1~llt1~l ~f1u~illln~JW14 (UelVl1) q q
rmL~h
tJ1J tJ1J 1lJll tJ1i
j W1ii1-1lYI 6
tnJ mJ tnJ
51
1
164
173
31 53
JJ
44 50
51
10 w
315plusmn007 008 2977 plusmn 1 15
bull bull
24
21
17
15
13
y 41035 x + 3144
R 06295
11
26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
28
y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
20
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
11 i1UViflrlenffm~~~n1i~tWfni~lti1t1
ltOJ
l 1 9gt
ritiV1eltiell~tI L~TWntlel1~tJeltJU~blnn~h~titn~ml~lih iilD1JIlUl~V~n Lb~ J II
LL~rfItitB~i1~ n~ mb6llII~urn nrfIti Lt9hWntJntilJ~1~Vlnllu~ ntiYJlliJi~UlVl rfItiun UBU bL6lYJ1I~I-l U q I q
~n~ti 1 tiBnlln~tJlYlU~lb~IllU~~ntiU6lIIltil~bfln n~ lIIBti iJ bb~i~rfIltil~bfln~ti 1 lIIi~lln bull bull II
I $t I II ~
ntielll111 iSW bb~ d bf911l11d It Pl~lti6lj1ueltJ1II
tiUl bUBl~1 n bf911 n~wil~ltiL lIIruell ~tIt tiUl~ (j) ~B (j) Pl~B~ ~
YJll wnYlUf)~1tiUl1-l1nn~IUtiUn
n1J bbYl imlltJIlBl bf911l11dlt1 1tirrlWr~~ Wl~YlU U711Wn tI biYl1ml1 tJBtJVlnfil UlfliJ 1111
Wln~~~~fil ~dti~iilUlB~ti 1 b-DtifilUlBb~Bl VlltiL(j)ti vilbbYl fCntin1l11~j ~llllr)1 Lb6l
bllBlJUl (~lnnlj~BUmlJ iJb~tm~ni(eltJ tlmr)uu~bJrutn~Vlb6l~1WYlUbf91111u(j)
Nutaphand (1979) j
Jl1fCln6lIl bb6llllY4trfl bbf1~YlUV1UJbVlIlYlWl Wlbm~tJ bbf1StiL(j)ih~tJ ~l1~UllY4rnlUelelm~tJl
mUf)lJf)luJbVllllV1tJ hJYlUn1JbbYl1m~ltJIlf)l b~IllUIYl~ I tI I 11 Y
n1JV1 bf91 lllulYlil~lYlmlJlru6ll bUf)lllniJillIlltirrU bf911ll U~mUU~mPl tif)n~lnilill
iJMl1lJ1Jf)lbf911~Ililntilll b-Dti mJ l1lm~ J bb6llJil b~eln1~f)U1nUllY4fjiJ~Ulb9IllQil~lUlU q U q U
~ ~
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~1 blihYlj]UU11uuilf)tJbtJtibf911llQ~V1el1~tJf)tJtuUll11tltll~tIf)tJUtiun bYlJI~Il1lrulb[Phllu~Yl
bt9l1VIn brr11 blI~tlJ bb6lbrr11 b~f)tJ ~tl ~Y4~f)jnUntJ-llti1Jtlj Nutaphand (1979) n~l~ brr11l1111mfCl tJ
YlUl-l1nbuiJJbVllllV1tJ bb6lPlU1V1tJllBUUllJ1UiltltJl~ ~-ltltiwnt1nIltiltitillJ~1 Lrr11-r~l Lbil-l II
26
12 -tnltN~VI1l=8JjlUn
-tnltN~vtJ1u
o
lYl111
mllWthnnlfl~1tJ1hnWmb11l lhmb~~~~1J)Uth Wl1 wn tJ~1jU1W
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~
~
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J bU~tJ 341 b~W[91b~[91i fll1~tJ1dnrIEIlbUfltJ 16 bIW~h~[91i bWY1bWtJihl1rmU~tJ
3
lJW11 L[91n~lwibrn 12 45
40 b~W~h~[91i EI1tilbUWLWi1~11Wbb~~~WV1 1lW111JEIlb~IllUlUEl1~hhVl1nW Vl1E1El1~bllW it I it I
LWi11W11~~UWl~IllUlut~t1nvllfl1tJtiJ~ln bilElj~lnnn~utiJu~tnflbilElbbfl11lb~I[911~flJl~b~EI ~Elnr~Elj~l~ih[911fl
bflEllElElW bL~W bmW~1 tJ fY1il~lb [911flUWbbeJWbn~~~IWVfEllYJn bbeJWrl~~~lt1IlWn111lEll bbeJWLn~I 1lElum-IEIl rJ~Ul[911flElElWil~I~m~ 1Jl~Ul[911fl
PIJ1I-HLfYln (PhlLVUl(
b~1J1tJ bW Y1 ~il1JW1l1b[91n~1 LW Y1bWtJ i I I
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tJ111~lnn~ILIl1VlJlm~Y1bWtJ LL[91nllll~lnntJllW1lEl~ ~~~tJ Lbflflru (2529) nfhJ~1 b911
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1[91111 tJ tJ ~ ~ W W n n WYll n f11lJWbbfl nflll flW (I~ ~
I
1J~WnrVll L~~IOlqW jEl)IIOl tJ1i n~ nrr~~nfliLLfIJ~1 ~1 LUWnlJv1E1 1l rutJ~m~Wfiw b~ tJIniLLVJn
1IEI mii1El-)~1 LL[91nvll1lInrltJIlW1lEllr11ni (2529) nri1J~lbvl1mmiddot)IW(I~~YrW(nW1uUlbLf1hlW
L~tJI~1ni1 LIOlW
27
n i~d i~1oJ bl~~Ufl7l iVlditJJiJ 1 ~1UbdClimn~ ~W~ b~tJU~rf71llJ-l b~ElUnI-JJ1i~Wfi1i-l
iJWiVlI-J Lf71tJJiJ1~bdflilhl-Jirubdfli 2000 Ul~m~~bdfll 0400 Ul~nl rnnnljVlf71flEl~L~mbb~
1 iJgf9ljlf11jJll1~ 6667 bUElfbJlUI7l bb~iJ~IWdU1~ 19 ~Ell iiJWbb~
rlJlI-JtJ1d 52-59
(254 bb7l11liJ1lW1 f711n~b~tJ~
vJ61irtJ bbflrl ru
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n
gtshy
U1Viun 57-81
b1lW~hal L9l~ iJrldlI-Jf71n16Jl~IUdW 17 -29 ~Ell7l1bb~ j~tJbdfllLWn1JYfmtJUt9ld 92-150 r)W ~ElruVlJ1il lJ
bull Y
b1l~tJ 305 1JYl11b1l~b~tJ61 -e1f9lnm1Yfn bUElfbJlW17l JjWlf71~m7l1~U1ViUn
11I~tJ 508 n1I-J rldiI-Jn~ilmf71ElJlil~tJ 664 bllU~Ll-Jllj rl11I-JtJ11ndMEllb1l~tJ b1Iu~hI-Jllj ~
n 1 JVl f71flEl~ fl1JU 611I-J1 Jtl UlI-J 1HUjLu-n ulWn 1 j l~ llYrWfb7l 1V1d lU1mb~JElj n 1 JElu1mfb ~ El flJrlJ 1I-J
28
f1)1tJ~ul~
31~ f111
4 1
29
2529 n1J~nltl~UEll~UnljJllhj1lElH[hm~ellU 11j~Irn1J1hIJl
2539
39 V1ih
rllflr ~l91li1~llU 1JJruUVl ~1rU1lrlV1~ ll~ ~~~tJ lVil~rl 2529 ~nltln1n~lbull w bull
melTW1WUtlV11 91 bYltJIJ ll6lV11 rnfiJjIJllI1fi 39(4)391-421
tJJbtJlIU bll1J~1~U tluWll ~~1rudl~ LLi1 lltlVifltf ~JruPln~ eJ6l1ltl~1 IlllJWJJIJ lb6l1rYi bbtl6l Co
nJtl1Wbb6l 1
nremJjIJlJ1~ f9l
21 -lUi
~~~tJ bVilY1rl lJrJlldtJ ~llIJUVl~ rlTVi6l tlrnIJVllbWIWIVl Lb6l q
~tH~tVHltlnin~I~WhnjEnW J1J~1JnljthIJl 637
bb~ 3-ntJ 2525 lL6lM)lJ~dW~W~uhJ1~f9l1W
6(2)1 48
~ ElUW11 ~~1rlJdl~ ~Vi6l V1~U91lll lbi1 rllVi6l El1IJflnJ1U1Yi 2532 niJYit7J6lEll Co bull
Yrn1li b[hmtl1W1un~Ellb~IJ jltJ~1tm1jtrIJIJW11l11 2533 mlJtlJIJ~
ilf 48 (3)5-10
Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
21
~iIElW Elrut-lJli (oc) AYld-J~W~d-J~Ylfi()
nAl 275 8500
d-JA 285 8020
bd-J tJ 295 8940
Al A 300 9365
itJ 295 9245
~U~tJ plusmnSD 290 plusmn 100 8814 plusmn 555
b~El~ n Ll1 AJU rhVlWiI ~l~1~ nElEl nronnt ~ i1 n b~ll-ihh nniI~~~~c1WLt~Eln 1~ lO)Wbt~Eln~ ~
~
1~ U(]n bb~l~~ c1W~t~Eln1~~El nd-J1 ~JEli1 n ~~1~ neJEl n djW[9hlA~1Wi1~1t1WU1 iJEl~ nWn1nlnVh~ltJ ~ ~
10)1 nd-J ~Hbi1 ~P11xrh1 1 ~ n b~l~ b~1~nElElnlO)ln 1~ nJ~iIEl~~~m~lru~~A1d-JWmd-JLbWltA~lJEl~ bt~Eln1~
b tiEl191 n iJ Lt~ El n 1 ~ bUWllU1 AU Vl~l11 nElEl n91 n l~m~ i1El~ bb~ElEl n n~11 U~bl ru~lWViEl~iJ tI~1~ b1JW
~m~lhjAEltJnWEl1t-11J ~Eld-J1~~~~w1~nWernUlb~1J1J1tJ 6 r)W ~mi1h~~muWll1VlaJ 1 n~~YPl~~d-JiJ III q q U
~ ~
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lJElU(9J1~lJ1lbUWl~JElU 1 l~ i1l il~ltJUWLb~Wm iI El1~tJ1nDEl~uWt-I~1 ~~~~lWViEl1 ~~W1J1-nil ~IO)W
n~lbti1lJW1i1~1 V~UfDiElWJh~~bt-Ii1d-JAd-JUi1~tJ1l U1blrub~lhIL~i11t1m~ ~m~lru~~ltJ ~~d-J U~blrulJ1
I I iI I
5 lIt1C911li LI711 bb~~lIWlC91~n l[~hVlYlf1fYf)f1ll n 1 li1Jel~bb~iWeuroVlVI(il~el~ b~Jl~JtIelTWlit1~llt1~l ~f1u~illln~JW14 (UelVl1) q q
rmL~h
tJ1J tJ1J 1lJll tJ1i
j W1ii1-1lYI 6
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51
1
164
173
31 53
JJ
44 50
51
10 w
315plusmn007 008 2977 plusmn 1 15
bull bull
24
21
17
15
13
y 41035 x + 3144
R 06295
11
26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
28
y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
20
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
11 i1UViflrlenffm~~~n1i~tWfni~lti1t1
ltOJ
l 1 9gt
ritiV1eltiell~tI L~TWntlel1~tJeltJU~blnn~h~titn~ml~lih iilD1JIlUl~V~n Lb~ J II
LL~rfItitB~i1~ n~ mb6llII~urn nrfIti Lt9hWntJntilJ~1~Vlnllu~ ntiYJlliJi~UlVl rfItiun UBU bL6lYJ1I~I-l U q I q
~n~ti 1 tiBnlln~tJlYlU~lb~IllU~~ntiU6lIIltil~bfln n~ lIIBti iJ bb~i~rfIltil~bfln~ti 1 lIIi~lln bull bull II
I $t I II ~
ntielll111 iSW bb~ d bf911l11d It Pl~lti6lj1ueltJ1II
tiUl bUBl~1 n bf911 n~wil~ltiL lIIruell ~tIt tiUl~ (j) ~B (j) Pl~B~ ~
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Wln~~~~fil ~dti~iilUlB~ti 1 b-DtifilUlBb~Bl VlltiL(j)ti vilbbYl fCntin1l11~j ~llllr)1 Lb6l
bllBlJUl (~lnnlj~BUmlJ iJb~tm~ni(eltJ tlmr)uu~bJrutn~Vlb6l~1WYlUbf91111u(j)
Nutaphand (1979) j
Jl1fCln6lIl bb6llllY4trfl bbf1~YlUV1UJbVlIlYlWl Wlbm~tJ bbf1StiL(j)ih~tJ ~l1~UllY4rnlUelelm~tJl
mUf)lJf)luJbVllllV1tJ hJYlUn1JbbYl1m~ltJIlf)l b~IllUIYl~ I tI I 11 Y
n1JV1 bf91 lllulYlil~lYlmlJlru6ll bUf)lllniJillIlltirrU bf911ll U~mUU~mPl tif)n~lnilill
iJMl1lJ1Jf)lbf911~Ililntilll b-Dti mJ l1lm~ J bb6llJil b~eln1~f)U1nUllY4fjiJ~Ulb9IllQil~lUlU q U q U
~ ~
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bt9l1VIn brr11 blI~tlJ bb6lbrr11 b~f)tJ ~tl ~Y4~f)jnUntJ-llti1Jtlj Nutaphand (1979) n~l~ brr11l1111mfCl tJ
YlUl-l1nbuiJJbVllllV1tJ bb6lPlU1V1tJllBUUllJ1UiltltJl~ ~-ltltiwnt1nIltiltitillJ~1 Lrr11-r~l Lbil-l II
26
12 -tnltN~VI1l=8JjlUn
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o
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~
~
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J bU~tJ 341 b~W[91b~[91i fll1~tJ1dnrIEIlbUfltJ 16 bIW~h~[91i bWY1bWtJihl1rmU~tJ
3
lJW11 L[91n~lwibrn 12 45
40 b~W~h~[91i EI1tilbUWLWi1~11Wbb~~~WV1 1lW111JEIlb~IllUlUEl1~hhVl1nW Vl1E1El1~bllW it I it I
LWi11W11~~UWl~IllUlut~t1nvllfl1tJtiJ~ln bilElj~lnnn~utiJu~tnflbilElbbfl11lb~I[911~flJl~b~EI ~Elnr~Elj~l~ih[911fl
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PIJ1I-HLfYln (PhlLVUl(
b~1J1tJ bW Y1 ~il1JW1l1b[91n~1 LW Y1bWtJ i I I
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I
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1IEI mii1El-)~1 LL[91nvll1lInrltJIlW1lEllr11ni (2529) nri1J~lbvl1mmiddot)IW(I~~YrW(nW1uUlbLf1hlW
L~tJI~1ni1 LIOlW
27
n i~d i~1oJ bl~~Ufl7l iVlditJJiJ 1 ~1UbdClimn~ ~W~ b~tJU~rf71llJ-l b~ElUnI-JJ1i~Wfi1i-l
iJWiVlI-J Lf71tJJiJ1~bdflilhl-Jirubdfli 2000 Ul~m~~bdfll 0400 Ul~nl rnnnljVlf71flEl~L~mbb~
1 iJgf9ljlf11jJll1~ 6667 bUElfbJlUI7l bb~iJ~IWdU1~ 19 ~Ell iiJWbb~
rlJlI-JtJ1d 52-59
(254 bb7l11liJ1lW1 f711n~b~tJ~
vJ61irtJ bbflrl ru
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n
gtshy
U1Viun 57-81
b1lW~hal L9l~ iJrldlI-Jf71n16Jl~IUdW 17 -29 ~Ell7l1bb~ j~tJbdfllLWn1JYfmtJUt9ld 92-150 r)W ~ElruVlJ1il lJ
bull Y
b1l~tJ 305 1JYl11b1l~b~tJ61 -e1f9lnm1Yfn bUElfbJlW17l JjWlf71~m7l1~U1ViUn
11I~tJ 508 n1I-J rldiI-Jn~ilmf71ElJlil~tJ 664 bllU~Ll-Jllj rl11I-JtJ11ndMEllb1l~tJ b1Iu~hI-Jllj ~
n 1 JVl f71flEl~ fl1JU 611I-J1 Jtl UlI-J 1HUjLu-n ulWn 1 j l~ llYrWfb7l 1V1d lU1mb~JElj n 1 JElu1mfb ~ El flJrlJ 1I-J
28
f1)1tJ~ul~
31~ f111
4 1
29
2529 n1J~nltl~UEll~UnljJllhj1lElH[hm~ellU 11j~Irn1J1hIJl
2539
39 V1ih
rllflr ~l91li1~llU 1JJruUVl ~1rU1lrlV1~ ll~ ~~~tJ lVil~rl 2529 ~nltln1n~lbull w bull
melTW1WUtlV11 91 bYltJIJ ll6lV11 rnfiJjIJllI1fi 39(4)391-421
tJJbtJlIU bll1J~1~U tluWll ~~1rudl~ LLi1 lltlVifltf ~JruPln~ eJ6l1ltl~1 IlllJWJJIJ lb6l1rYi bbtl6l Co
nJtl1Wbb6l 1
nremJjIJlJ1~ f9l
21 -lUi
~~~tJ bVilY1rl lJrJlldtJ ~llIJUVl~ rlTVi6l tlrnIJVllbWIWIVl Lb6l q
~tH~tVHltlnin~I~WhnjEnW J1J~1JnljthIJl 637
bb~ 3-ntJ 2525 lL6lM)lJ~dW~W~uhJ1~f9l1W
6(2)1 48
~ ElUW11 ~~1rlJdl~ ~Vi6l V1~U91lll lbi1 rllVi6l El1IJflnJ1U1Yi 2532 niJYit7J6lEll Co bull
Yrn1li b[hmtl1W1un~Ellb~IJ jltJ~1tm1jtrIJIJW11l11 2533 mlJtlJIJ~
ilf 48 (3)5-10
Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
I I iI I
5 lIt1C911li LI711 bb~~lIWlC91~n l[~hVlYlf1fYf)f1ll n 1 li1Jel~bb~iWeuroVlVI(il~el~ b~Jl~JtIelTWlit1~llt1~l ~f1u~illln~JW14 (UelVl1) q q
rmL~h
tJ1J tJ1J 1lJll tJ1i
j W1ii1-1lYI 6
tnJ mJ tnJ
51
1
164
173
31 53
JJ
44 50
51
10 w
315plusmn007 008 2977 plusmn 1 15
bull bull
24
21
17
15
13
y 41035 x + 3144
R 06295
11
26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
28
y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
20
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
11 i1UViflrlenffm~~~n1i~tWfni~lti1t1
ltOJ
l 1 9gt
ritiV1eltiell~tI L~TWntlel1~tJeltJU~blnn~h~titn~ml~lih iilD1JIlUl~V~n Lb~ J II
LL~rfItitB~i1~ n~ mb6llII~urn nrfIti Lt9hWntJntilJ~1~Vlnllu~ ntiYJlliJi~UlVl rfItiun UBU bL6lYJ1I~I-l U q I q
~n~ti 1 tiBnlln~tJlYlU~lb~IllU~~ntiU6lIIltil~bfln n~ lIIBti iJ bb~i~rfIltil~bfln~ti 1 lIIi~lln bull bull II
I $t I II ~
ntielll111 iSW bb~ d bf911l11d It Pl~lti6lj1ueltJ1II
tiUl bUBl~1 n bf911 n~wil~ltiL lIIruell ~tIt tiUl~ (j) ~B (j) Pl~B~ ~
YJll wnYlUf)~1tiUl1-l1nn~IUtiUn
n1J bbYl imlltJIlBl bf911l11dlt1 1tirrlWr~~ Wl~YlU U711Wn tI biYl1ml1 tJBtJVlnfil UlfliJ 1111
Wln~~~~fil ~dti~iilUlB~ti 1 b-DtifilUlBb~Bl VlltiL(j)ti vilbbYl fCntin1l11~j ~llllr)1 Lb6l
bllBlJUl (~lnnlj~BUmlJ iJb~tm~ni(eltJ tlmr)uu~bJrutn~Vlb6l~1WYlUbf91111u(j)
Nutaphand (1979) j
Jl1fCln6lIl bb6llllY4trfl bbf1~YlUV1UJbVlIlYlWl Wlbm~tJ bbf1StiL(j)ih~tJ ~l1~UllY4rnlUelelm~tJl
mUf)lJf)luJbVllllV1tJ hJYlUn1JbbYl1m~ltJIlf)l b~IllUIYl~ I tI I 11 Y
n1JV1 bf91 lllulYlil~lYlmlJlru6ll bUf)lllniJillIlltirrU bf911ll U~mUU~mPl tif)n~lnilill
iJMl1lJ1Jf)lbf911~Ililntilll b-Dti mJ l1lm~ J bb6llJil b~eln1~f)U1nUllY4fjiJ~Ulb9IllQil~lUlU q U q U
~ ~
Uilf)tJLti~ft11U~bdrul~ bb~bm~lt11~ljJ1frufilj 1 bLf91n1fUI bf9111uuilf)tJ I I 11 I
~1 blihYlj]UU11uuilf)tJbtJtibf911llQ~V1el1~tJf)tJtuUll11tltll~tIf)tJUtiun bYlJI~Il1lrulb[Phllu~Yl
bt9l1VIn brr11 blI~tlJ bb6lbrr11 b~f)tJ ~tl ~Y4~f)jnUntJ-llti1Jtlj Nutaphand (1979) n~l~ brr11l1111mfCl tJ
YlUl-l1nbuiJJbVllllV1tJ bb6lPlU1V1tJllBUUllJ1UiltltJl~ ~-ltltiwnt1nIltiltitillJ~1 Lrr11-r~l Lbil-l II
26
12 -tnltN~VI1l=8JjlUn
-tnltN~vtJ1u
o
lYl111
mllWthnnlfl~1tJ1hnWmb11l lhmb~~~~1J)Uth Wl1 wn tJ~1jU1W
U~b d ru~l1(Ml [91~1JW1 IL[91 b~~~tWbWY1 eJwJ1rn bU~tJ m~n1~ flJ1~n~1lniI)-) ~
~
~
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J bU~tJ 341 b~W[91b~[91i fll1~tJ1dnrIEIlbUfltJ 16 bIW~h~[91i bWY1bWtJihl1rmU~tJ
3
lJW11 L[91n~lwibrn 12 45
40 b~W~h~[91i EI1tilbUWLWi1~11Wbb~~~WV1 1lW111JEIlb~IllUlUEl1~hhVl1nW Vl1E1El1~bllW it I it I
LWi11W11~~UWl~IllUlut~t1nvllfl1tJtiJ~ln bilElj~lnnn~utiJu~tnflbilElbbfl11lb~I[911~flJl~b~EI ~Elnr~Elj~l~ih[911fl
bflEllElElW bL~W bmW~1 tJ fY1il~lb [911flUWbbeJWbn~~~IWVfEllYJn bbeJWrl~~~lt1IlWn111lEll bbeJWLn~I 1lElum-IEIl rJ~Ul[911flElElWil~I~m~ 1Jl~Ul[911fl
PIJ1I-HLfYln (PhlLVUl(
b~1J1tJ bW Y1 ~il1JW1l1b[91n~1 LW Y1bWtJ i I I
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tJ111~lnn~ILIl1VlJlm~Y1bWtJ LL[91nllll~lnntJllW1lEl~ ~~~tJ Lbflflru (2529) nfhJ~1 b911
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1[91111 tJ tJ ~ ~ W W n n WYll n f11lJWbbfl nflll flW (I~ ~
I
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1IEI mii1El-)~1 LL[91nvll1lInrltJIlW1lEllr11ni (2529) nri1J~lbvl1mmiddot)IW(I~~YrW(nW1uUlbLf1hlW
L~tJI~1ni1 LIOlW
27
n i~d i~1oJ bl~~Ufl7l iVlditJJiJ 1 ~1UbdClimn~ ~W~ b~tJU~rf71llJ-l b~ElUnI-JJ1i~Wfi1i-l
iJWiVlI-J Lf71tJJiJ1~bdflilhl-Jirubdfli 2000 Ul~m~~bdfll 0400 Ul~nl rnnnljVlf71flEl~L~mbb~
1 iJgf9ljlf11jJll1~ 6667 bUElfbJlUI7l bb~iJ~IWdU1~ 19 ~Ell iiJWbb~
rlJlI-JtJ1d 52-59
(254 bb7l11liJ1lW1 f711n~b~tJ~
vJ61irtJ bbflrl ru
~mtru~lleljl~ ~nl1rul1l b7l1V1dltJ bb -nlrl~ltJ11l1ri1lUI f711n~b~m nUL~1ri~udjEll bb7lil
n
gtshy
U1Viun 57-81
b1lW~hal L9l~ iJrldlI-Jf71n16Jl~IUdW 17 -29 ~Ell7l1bb~ j~tJbdfllLWn1JYfmtJUt9ld 92-150 r)W ~ElruVlJ1il lJ
bull Y
b1l~tJ 305 1JYl11b1l~b~tJ61 -e1f9lnm1Yfn bUElfbJlW17l JjWlf71~m7l1~U1ViUn
11I~tJ 508 n1I-J rldiI-Jn~ilmf71ElJlil~tJ 664 bllU~Ll-Jllj rl11I-JtJ11ndMEllb1l~tJ b1Iu~hI-Jllj ~
n 1 JVl f71flEl~ fl1JU 611I-J1 Jtl UlI-J 1HUjLu-n ulWn 1 j l~ llYrWfb7l 1V1d lU1mb~JElj n 1 JElu1mfb ~ El flJrlJ 1I-J
28
f1)1tJ~ul~
31~ f111
4 1
29
2529 n1J~nltl~UEll~UnljJllhj1lElH[hm~ellU 11j~Irn1J1hIJl
2539
39 V1ih
rllflr ~l91li1~llU 1JJruUVl ~1rU1lrlV1~ ll~ ~~~tJ lVil~rl 2529 ~nltln1n~lbull w bull
melTW1WUtlV11 91 bYltJIJ ll6lV11 rnfiJjIJllI1fi 39(4)391-421
tJJbtJlIU bll1J~1~U tluWll ~~1rudl~ LLi1 lltlVifltf ~JruPln~ eJ6l1ltl~1 IlllJWJJIJ lb6l1rYi bbtl6l Co
nJtl1Wbb6l 1
nremJjIJlJ1~ f9l
21 -lUi
~~~tJ bVilY1rl lJrJlldtJ ~llIJUVl~ rlTVi6l tlrnIJVllbWIWIVl Lb6l q
~tH~tVHltlnin~I~WhnjEnW J1J~1JnljthIJl 637
bb~ 3-ntJ 2525 lL6lM)lJ~dW~W~uhJ1~f9l1W
6(2)1 48
~ ElUW11 ~~1rlJdl~ ~Vi6l V1~U91lll lbi1 rllVi6l El1IJflnJ1U1Yi 2532 niJYit7J6lEll Co bull
Yrn1li b[hmtl1W1un~Ellb~IJ jltJ~1tm1jtrIJIJW11l11 2533 mlJtlJIJ~
ilf 48 (3)5-10
Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
j W1ii1-1lYI 6
tnJ mJ tnJ
51
1
164
173
31 53
JJ
44 50
51
10 w
315plusmn007 008 2977 plusmn 1 15
bull bull
24
21
17
15
13
y 41035 x + 3144
R 06295
11
26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
28
y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
20
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
11 i1UViflrlenffm~~~n1i~tWfni~lti1t1
ltOJ
l 1 9gt
ritiV1eltiell~tI L~TWntlel1~tJeltJU~blnn~h~titn~ml~lih iilD1JIlUl~V~n Lb~ J II
LL~rfItitB~i1~ n~ mb6llII~urn nrfIti Lt9hWntJntilJ~1~Vlnllu~ ntiYJlliJi~UlVl rfItiun UBU bL6lYJ1I~I-l U q I q
~n~ti 1 tiBnlln~tJlYlU~lb~IllU~~ntiU6lIIltil~bfln n~ lIIBti iJ bb~i~rfIltil~bfln~ti 1 lIIi~lln bull bull II
I $t I II ~
ntielll111 iSW bb~ d bf911l11d It Pl~lti6lj1ueltJ1II
tiUl bUBl~1 n bf911 n~wil~ltiL lIIruell ~tIt tiUl~ (j) ~B (j) Pl~B~ ~
YJll wnYlUf)~1tiUl1-l1nn~IUtiUn
n1J bbYl imlltJIlBl bf911l11dlt1 1tirrlWr~~ Wl~YlU U711Wn tI biYl1ml1 tJBtJVlnfil UlfliJ 1111
Wln~~~~fil ~dti~iilUlB~ti 1 b-DtifilUlBb~Bl VlltiL(j)ti vilbbYl fCntin1l11~j ~llllr)1 Lb6l
bllBlJUl (~lnnlj~BUmlJ iJb~tm~ni(eltJ tlmr)uu~bJrutn~Vlb6l~1WYlUbf91111u(j)
Nutaphand (1979) j
Jl1fCln6lIl bb6llllY4trfl bbf1~YlUV1UJbVlIlYlWl Wlbm~tJ bbf1StiL(j)ih~tJ ~l1~UllY4rnlUelelm~tJl
mUf)lJf)luJbVllllV1tJ hJYlUn1JbbYl1m~ltJIlf)l b~IllUIYl~ I tI I 11 Y
n1JV1 bf91 lllulYlil~lYlmlJlru6ll bUf)lllniJillIlltirrU bf911ll U~mUU~mPl tif)n~lnilill
iJMl1lJ1Jf)lbf911~Ililntilll b-Dti mJ l1lm~ J bb6llJil b~eln1~f)U1nUllY4fjiJ~Ulb9IllQil~lUlU q U q U
~ ~
Uilf)tJLti~ft11U~bdrul~ bb~bm~lt11~ljJ1frufilj 1 bLf91n1fUI bf9111uuilf)tJ I I 11 I
~1 blihYlj]UU11uuilf)tJbtJtibf911llQ~V1el1~tJf)tJtuUll11tltll~tIf)tJUtiun bYlJI~Il1lrulb[Phllu~Yl
bt9l1VIn brr11 blI~tlJ bb6lbrr11 b~f)tJ ~tl ~Y4~f)jnUntJ-llti1Jtlj Nutaphand (1979) n~l~ brr11l1111mfCl tJ
YlUl-l1nbuiJJbVllllV1tJ bb6lPlU1V1tJllBUUllJ1UiltltJl~ ~-ltltiwnt1nIltiltitillJ~1 Lrr11-r~l Lbil-l II
26
12 -tnltN~VI1l=8JjlUn
-tnltN~vtJ1u
o
lYl111
mllWthnnlfl~1tJ1hnWmb11l lhmb~~~~1J)Uth Wl1 wn tJ~1jU1W
U~b d ru~l1(Ml [91~1JW1 IL[91 b~~~tWbWY1 eJwJ1rn bU~tJ m~n1~ flJ1~n~1lniI)-) ~
~
~
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J bU~tJ 341 b~W[91b~[91i fll1~tJ1dnrIEIlbUfltJ 16 bIW~h~[91i bWY1bWtJihl1rmU~tJ
3
lJW11 L[91n~lwibrn 12 45
40 b~W~h~[91i EI1tilbUWLWi1~11Wbb~~~WV1 1lW111JEIlb~IllUlUEl1~hhVl1nW Vl1E1El1~bllW it I it I
LWi11W11~~UWl~IllUlut~t1nvllfl1tJtiJ~ln bilElj~lnnn~utiJu~tnflbilElbbfl11lb~I[911~flJl~b~EI ~Elnr~Elj~l~ih[911fl
bflEllElElW bL~W bmW~1 tJ fY1il~lb [911flUWbbeJWbn~~~IWVfEllYJn bbeJWrl~~~lt1IlWn111lEll bbeJWLn~I 1lElum-IEIl rJ~Ul[911flElElWil~I~m~ 1Jl~Ul[911fl
PIJ1I-HLfYln (PhlLVUl(
b~1J1tJ bW Y1 ~il1JW1l1b[91n~1 LW Y1bWtJ i I I
b-if1 nrIEll ~JeJV1W1JWl1L[91bbflbbljl bbi1 LvilrW~-)~~I~Irn19i(l~~YrWfil~ ~l el Inub911 bWY1 biltJV1 llElUI~1 b -ifl nrIEl~bdEl[91n1~1)1r~Wl~tJleli1iJn~ bLfl~hW~11lEl~ bvl1JltJ LWY1~~L~1fWLLfl
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1[91111 tJ tJ ~ ~ W W n n WYll n f11lJWbbfl nflll flW (I~ ~
I
1J~WnrVll L~~IOlqW jEl)IIOl tJ1i n~ nrr~~nfliLLfIJ~1 ~1 LUWnlJv1E1 1l rutJ~m~Wfiw b~ tJIniLLVJn
1IEI mii1El-)~1 LL[91nvll1lInrltJIlW1lEllr11ni (2529) nri1J~lbvl1mmiddot)IW(I~~YrW(nW1uUlbLf1hlW
L~tJI~1ni1 LIOlW
27
n i~d i~1oJ bl~~Ufl7l iVlditJJiJ 1 ~1UbdClimn~ ~W~ b~tJU~rf71llJ-l b~ElUnI-JJ1i~Wfi1i-l
iJWiVlI-J Lf71tJJiJ1~bdflilhl-Jirubdfli 2000 Ul~m~~bdfll 0400 Ul~nl rnnnljVlf71flEl~L~mbb~
1 iJgf9ljlf11jJll1~ 6667 bUElfbJlUI7l bb~iJ~IWdU1~ 19 ~Ell iiJWbb~
rlJlI-JtJ1d 52-59
(254 bb7l11liJ1lW1 f711n~b~tJ~
vJ61irtJ bbflrl ru
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n
gtshy
U1Viun 57-81
b1lW~hal L9l~ iJrldlI-Jf71n16Jl~IUdW 17 -29 ~Ell7l1bb~ j~tJbdfllLWn1JYfmtJUt9ld 92-150 r)W ~ElruVlJ1il lJ
bull Y
b1l~tJ 305 1JYl11b1l~b~tJ61 -e1f9lnm1Yfn bUElfbJlW17l JjWlf71~m7l1~U1ViUn
11I~tJ 508 n1I-J rldiI-Jn~ilmf71ElJlil~tJ 664 bllU~Ll-Jllj rl11I-JtJ11ndMEllb1l~tJ b1Iu~hI-Jllj ~
n 1 JVl f71flEl~ fl1JU 611I-J1 Jtl UlI-J 1HUjLu-n ulWn 1 j l~ llYrWfb7l 1V1d lU1mb~JElj n 1 JElu1mfb ~ El flJrlJ 1I-J
28
f1)1tJ~ul~
31~ f111
4 1
29
2529 n1J~nltl~UEll~UnljJllhj1lElH[hm~ellU 11j~Irn1J1hIJl
2539
39 V1ih
rllflr ~l91li1~llU 1JJruUVl ~1rU1lrlV1~ ll~ ~~~tJ lVil~rl 2529 ~nltln1n~lbull w bull
melTW1WUtlV11 91 bYltJIJ ll6lV11 rnfiJjIJllI1fi 39(4)391-421
tJJbtJlIU bll1J~1~U tluWll ~~1rudl~ LLi1 lltlVifltf ~JruPln~ eJ6l1ltl~1 IlllJWJJIJ lb6l1rYi bbtl6l Co
nJtl1Wbb6l 1
nremJjIJlJ1~ f9l
21 -lUi
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~tH~tVHltlnin~I~WhnjEnW J1J~1JnljthIJl 637
bb~ 3-ntJ 2525 lL6lM)lJ~dW~W~uhJ1~f9l1W
6(2)1 48
~ ElUW11 ~~1rlJdl~ ~Vi6l V1~U91lll lbi1 rllVi6l El1IJflnJ1U1Yi 2532 niJYit7J6lEll Co bull
Yrn1li b[hmtl1W1un~Ellb~IJ jltJ~1tm1jtrIJIJW11l11 2533 mlJtlJIJ~
ilf 48 (3)5-10
Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
bull bull
24
21
17
15
13
y 41035 x + 3144
R 06295
11
26 28 3 32 34 36 38
(nn)
34
32
30
28
y 66996 x + 81453 26
= 04 152
24
22
20
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
25
11 i1UViflrlenffm~~~n1i~tWfni~lti1t1
ltOJ
l 1 9gt
ritiV1eltiell~tI L~TWntlel1~tJeltJU~blnn~h~titn~ml~lih iilD1JIlUl~V~n Lb~ J II
LL~rfItitB~i1~ n~ mb6llII~urn nrfIti Lt9hWntJntilJ~1~Vlnllu~ ntiYJlliJi~UlVl rfItiun UBU bL6lYJ1I~I-l U q I q
~n~ti 1 tiBnlln~tJlYlU~lb~IllU~~ntiU6lIIltil~bfln n~ lIIBti iJ bb~i~rfIltil~bfln~ti 1 lIIi~lln bull bull II
I $t I II ~
ntielll111 iSW bb~ d bf911l11d It Pl~lti6lj1ueltJ1II
tiUl bUBl~1 n bf911 n~wil~ltiL lIIruell ~tIt tiUl~ (j) ~B (j) Pl~B~ ~
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Wln~~~~fil ~dti~iilUlB~ti 1 b-DtifilUlBb~Bl VlltiL(j)ti vilbbYl fCntin1l11~j ~llllr)1 Lb6l
bllBlJUl (~lnnlj~BUmlJ iJb~tm~ni(eltJ tlmr)uu~bJrutn~Vlb6l~1WYlUbf91111u(j)
Nutaphand (1979) j
Jl1fCln6lIl bb6llllY4trfl bbf1~YlUV1UJbVlIlYlWl Wlbm~tJ bbf1StiL(j)ih~tJ ~l1~UllY4rnlUelelm~tJl
mUf)lJf)luJbVllllV1tJ hJYlUn1JbbYl1m~ltJIlf)l b~IllUIYl~ I tI I 11 Y
n1JV1 bf91 lllulYlil~lYlmlJlru6ll bUf)lllniJillIlltirrU bf911ll U~mUU~mPl tif)n~lnilill
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~ ~
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bt9l1VIn brr11 blI~tlJ bb6lbrr11 b~f)tJ ~tl ~Y4~f)jnUntJ-llti1Jtlj Nutaphand (1979) n~l~ brr11l1111mfCl tJ
YlUl-l1nbuiJJbVllllV1tJ bb6lPlU1V1tJllBUUllJ1UiltltJl~ ~-ltltiwnt1nIltiltitillJ~1 Lrr11-r~l Lbil-l II
26
12 -tnltN~VI1l=8JjlUn
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o
lYl111
mllWthnnlfl~1tJ1hnWmb11l lhmb~~~~1J)Uth Wl1 wn tJ~1jU1W
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~
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Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
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Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
26
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Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
27
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Nutaphand W 1 The Turtles Mitbhadung Press 222pp
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