Upload
lynn-watts
View
216
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Living Environment, Mr. Graham
Periodic Table of Elements
What are living things made of? Living things are
composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large molecules which
are built by joining smaller molecules together. The smaller molecules are called monomers, which join together to form polymers.
Organic vs. Inorganic MoleculesOrganic – Contains both C
and HInorganic – Doesn’t contain
both C and HExamples:
Carbohydrates (Sugars)Lipids (Fats)ProteinsNucleic Acid (RNA,
DNA)
Examples:Water (H2O)Carbon Dioxide (CO2)Oxygen (O2)Salts (i.e. NaCl)Minerals
Four Organic CompoundsCarbohydratesLipids (Fats)ProteinsNucleic Acid
Building large molecules of lifeChain together smaller molecules
building block molecules = monomers
Big molecules built from little moleculespolymers
Building large organic moleculesSmall molecules = building blocks
Bond them together = polymers
Making and Breaking of POLYMERS
Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis (building up)
Short polymer Unlinked monomerRemoval ofwater molecule
Longer polymer
Building important polymerssugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
Proteins = built from amino acids
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
aminoacid
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
Example of synthesis
amino acids protein
amino acids = building blockprotein = polymer
Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids
How to take large molecules apart Hydrolysis (Digestion)
taking big molecules apartgetting raw materials
for synthesis & growthmaking energy (ATP)
for synthesis, growth & everyday functions
+
ATP
Making and Breaking of POLYMERS
Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis (hydro ~ add water; lysis ~ to split)
Addition ofwater molecule
Example of digestion
starch glucose
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATPATP
Starch is digested to glucose
Carbohydrates – breads, pastas, and potatoes.
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.
There are three main types of carbohydrates.Monosaccharide -
glucoseDisaccharides - sucrosePolysaccharides –
starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
CarbohydratesBuilding block molecules =
sugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugar
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugars
Building carbohydratesSynthesis
|glucose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
2 sugars = disaccharide
|maltose
mono = onesaccharide = sugar
di = two
BIG carbohydratesPolysaccharides
large carbohydrates starch
energy storage in plants potatoes
glycogen energy storage in animals
in liver & muscles cellulose
structure in plants cell walls
chitin structure in arthropods & fungi
exoskeleton
poly = many
Cellulose Cell walls in plants
herbivores can digest cellulose wellmost carnivores cannot digest cellulose
that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
cellulose = roughage stays undigested keeps material
moving in your intestines
Cellulose Cell walls in plants
herbivores can digest cellulose wellmost carnivores cannot digest cellulose
that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
cellulose = roughage stays undigested keeps material
moving in your intestines
Proteins – meats such as steak, and chicken. Proteins have many
different functions. The monomer that builds proteins is called an amino acid. Enzymes – catalyze
chemical reactions. Antibodies (immune
system) – protect the body from pathogens.
Hormones – chemical messengers.
Receptor Molecules – cellular communication
pepsin
For proteins: SHAPE matters!
collagen
Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shapethat’s what happens in the cell!
Different shapes = different jobs
hemoglobingrowthhormone
Amino acids can be linked by peptide bonds
Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis
The bonds between amino acid monomers are called peptide bonds
Dehydrationsynthesis
Amino acid Amino acid
PEPTIDEBOND
Dipeptide
Lipids – bacon, burgers, and pizza. Lipids can be used to store energy. Some are
important parts of biological membranes (cell membranes)
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
LipidsFunction:
energy storage very concentrated twice the energy as carbohydrates!
cell membranecushions organsinsulates body
think whale blubber!
2003-2004
Other lipids in biologyCell membranes are made out of lipidsphospholipidsheads are on the outside touching water
“like” watertails are on inside away from water
“scared” of waterforms a barrier
between the cell & the outside
Nucleic AcidsDNA and RNA are
nucleic acids. Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.
Nucleotides are the monomer of nucleic acids.
Nucleotide chainsNucleic acids nucleotides chained into
a polymer DNA
double-sideddouble helixA, C, G, T
RNA
single-sidedA, C, G, U
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
RNA
Indicators – a substance that changes color in the
presence of a specific chemical. Lugol’s Solution (Iodine)
Tests for starchBenedict’s Solution
Test for monosacchrides (i.e. glucose)Litmus Paper
Tests for Acids and BasesBromothymol Blue
Test for Carbon Dioxide
Lugol’s SolutionYellow = no starchBrown/Black =
starch
Benedict’s SolutionBlue = no glucoseBrown = glucoseThe solution with
Benedict’s solution MUST be heated for 3-5 minutes in order to properly conduct this test.
Negative Test
Positive Test
Bromothymol BlueBlue = basic (> 7.6)Green = neutral
(~7.0)Yellow = acidic (<
6.0)