SASIA E NEVIJSHME E UJIT PER UJITJEN E KULTURAVE BUJQESORE-PILOT PROJEKTI BASARINKA

EKSTRAKT

Qellimi I hulumtimit eshte percaktimi sasise se nevojshme te ujitjes per ujitjen e kulturave bujqesore ne siperfaqen e pilot projektit Basarinka,faza e pare(I) e ndertimit.Siperfaqja e tersishme e perfshire me projekt permban 605 ha,derisa per ujitje eshte parapa sipefaqja prej 555 ha.Per ujitje te kulturave bujqesore te cilat jane parapare ne rotacion kultura nevojiten ne vitin mesatar te sigurohen 608.939 m3 uje,derisa ne vitin e thate duhet te sigurohen 810.421,5 m3.

1.HYRJE

Ne dekaden e fundit ne regjionin e kroacise jane regjistruar paraqitja e thatesirave te gjata e intenzive te cilat per shkak te mungeses se ujit kane shkaktuar deme te konsiderueshme ne prodhimtarine bujqesore.Mungesa e ujit gjate vegjetacionit gjithnje e me shume kufizon prodhimet bujqesore dhe zvoglon redimentet ashtu qe ne harmoni me Planin Nacional per Ujitje shpesh behen plane e hartohen projekte per ujitje me te cilat parashihet ujitja e siperfaqeve te medha ne regjione te me shume regjioneve.

Planifikimi,respektivisht realizimi i sistemit te ujitjes eshte detyra kerkuese e cila nenkupton qasje multidisciplinare te problemit.Gjate planifikimit ,krahas rendesise menagjeriale ,eshte me rendesi edhe afersia e ujrrjedhes ,sasia e mjaftueshme dhe cilesia e ujit.

2. LLOGARIA E SASISE SE UJIT PE R UJITJE TE KULTURAVE BUJQESORE

Gjate projektimit te sistemit per ujitje duhet ditur nevojat e kulturave te rritura per uje ne hapsiren e caktuar.Ne baze te llogarise se nevojave te kulturve per uje dhe llogarise se sasise se ujit ne disponim percaktohet mungesa e ujit ne toke per cdo kulture,respektivisht ujitja e nevojshme.Nese dihet madhesia e siperfaqes ne te cilen do te kultivohet kultura e caktuar munde te llogaritete mungesa e teresishme e ujit per siperfaqen e caktuar.

Per llogaritjen e ujit te nevojshem per ujitje te kulturave bujqesore shfrytezohen te dhenat klimatike te stacionit hidrometrik Porec,per periudhen nga 1981 deri ne 2005.Elementet mesatare mujore klimatie:tye mperatura e ajrit,lagshtia relative e ajrit,shpejtsia mesatare e eres dhe insolacioni jane shfrytezuar per per llogarine e evapotranspiracionit referent(Eto),sipas metodes Penman-Monteith,permes programit llogaritar CropWAT.Vlerat mujore te reshjeve jane shfrytezuar per llogarine e vlerave mesatare te reshjeve dhe probabilitetit te tejkalimit te sasive vjetore te reshjeve prej 75%.Per llogarine e reshjeve te dobishme eshte shfrytezuar metoda United States Bureu of Reclamation (USBR).Evapotranspiracioni i kultures eshte percaktuar ne baze evepotranspiracionit referent dhe koeficientit perkates te hargjimit te ujit ose koeficijentit te kultures ne stadin e caktuar te zhvillimit te tije.

Pilot projekti Basarinska permban siperfaqen e teresishme 605 ha.Ujitja do te aplikohete ne siperfaqen prej 555 ha(91.8%) ne te cilen do te kultivohen jonxha(lucerna),kulturat e perimeve(domate e laker),rrushi dhe kulturat shumvjeqare drurore(ulliri dhe pjeshka),derisaa nuk do te ujitet siperfaqja prej 50 ha(8.2%) ne te cilen do te mbillen kulturat lavertare gruri e elbi. Ne tabelen 1. Eshte paraqitur plani i te mbjellave dhe perfaqesimi ne plane per periudhen 2016-2018.

Table 1:Pasqyra dhe perfaqesimi I kulturave ne regjionin e pilot projektit,perioda 2016-2018Perioda Kultura Zastupljenost kultura u plodoredu

PovršinaJoUjitja Ujitja

ha % ha %2016.-2018. Gruri 25 4,1 - -

Elbi 25 4,1 - -Jonxha - - 57 9,4Domatja - - 43,5 7,2Lakra - - 43,5 7,2Rrushi - - 116 19,2Ulliri - - 150 24,8Pjeshka - - 145 24,0

50 8,2 555 91,8Gjithsejt 605

2.1 Evapotranspiracioni referent

Vlerat e transpiracionit varen nga nenqielli respektivisht elementeve klimatike te cilat shfrytezohen per llogarine e evapotranspiracionit.Per lokalitetin e pilot-projektit Basarinka vlerat mesatare vjetore te evapotranspiracionit referent jane paraqitur ne tabelen 2.

Table 2:Temp. mestare mujore ajrit,lagsht.realt.ajrit,shpejtsia ditore eres,inslolac.sol,radiacioni dhe evapotranspiracioni(ETo)MUaji Temp.

(oC)RH(%)

V (km/dan) Insolacija (ore/dit)

Sol. radijacion (MJ/m2/dan)

ETo (mm/dan)

I 4,7 78 233 3,1 5,0 0,7II 4,7 74 233 4,4 8,0 1,1III 7,8 73 251 6,1 12,9 1,7IV 11,7 73 251 6,8 16,9 2,5V 16,8 73 242 9,1 22,0 3,6VI 20,4 71 233 10,1 24,2 4,5VII 20,4 67 233 11,2 25,2 4,8VIII 22,6 69 225 10,4 22,2 4,4IX 18,4 75 233 7,8 15,8 3,0X 14,4 80 225 5,4 9,9 1,7XI 9,6 79 233 3,4 5,7 1,1XII 6,4 78 233 3,0 4,5 0,8God. 13,2 74 235 2511,0 912,5

Ne tabelen 2.duket se evapotranspiracioni me i madhe ka qene ne gushte dhe ka permbajur 4.8 mm/dite respektivisht 148.8 mm/muaj,derisa me i vogli ka qene ne janar dhe ka permajtur 0.7 mm/dite respektivisht 21.7 mm/muaj.Evapotranspiracioni tersishem vjetor referent per periudhe e shqyrtuar eshte 912.5 mm.

2.2 Reshjet efektive

Reshjet efektive ose te shfrytezuara jane pjesa nga reshjet e teresishme te cilat bimet munde te i shfrytezojne per rritje e zhvillim.Pra,ky eshte uji ne dispozicion.Diferenca ne mes ujit ne dispozicion dhe ujit te nevojshem per bime paraqet sasine e ujit te cilen duhet siguruar me ujitje.Ne tabelen 3. Eshte paraqitur dallimi ne mes reshjeve efektive te vitit mesatar dhe evapotranspiracionit referent ne nivel te tere vitit dhe gjate periodes vegjetative,derisa ne tabelen 4 eshe paraqitur dallimi ne mes reshjeve efektive gjate probabilitetit tjkalues reshjeve prej 75%(vitit thate –Fa>75%) dhe evapotranspiracionit referent,gjithashtu ne nivel te tere vitit dhe per gjare vegjetacionit.

Table 3:Sasia mesatere mujore e reshjeve,reshjet efektive,evapotransp.referent.Mjesec Reshjet

tersishmeReshjete efektive

Evapotranspirac.referent

DiferencaVjetore

Difreneca gjate vegjet.

P(mm)

Pe(mm)

ETo(mm)

Pe-ETo (mm)

Pe-ETo (mm)

I 47,9 44,2 21,7 22,5II 46,4 43,0 30,8 12,2III 48,1 44,4 52,7 -8,3IV 61,9 55,8 75,0 -19,2 -19,2V 62,7 56,4 111,6 -55,2 -55,2VI 74,9 65,9 135,0 -69,1 -69,1VII 45,4 42,1 148,8 -106,7 -106,7VIII 79,1 69,1 136,4 -67,3 -67,3IX 94,0 79,9 90,0 -10,9 -10,9X 110,5 91,0 52,7 38,3XI 100,1 84,1 33,0 51,1XII 71,1 63,0 24,8 38,2Ukupno 842,1 738,8 912,5 -174,4 -328,4

Table 4:Sas.mes.mujore,reshjet efektive,evapotr.referent.Mjesec Ukupne

oborineEfektivne oborine

Referentna evapotranspiracija

Godišnja razlika

Vegetacijska razlika

P (mm) Pe (mm) ETo (mm) Pe-ETo (mm) Pe-ETo (mm)I 31,6 30,0 21,7 8,3II 18,6 18,0 30,8 -12,8III 33,2 31,4 52,7 -21,3IV 107,7 89,1 75,0 14,1 14,1V 81,0 70,5 111,6 -41,1 -41,1VI 77,9 68,2 135,0 -66,8 -66,8VII 37,4 35,2 148,8 -113,6 -113,6VIII 47,2 43,6 136,4 -92,8 -92,8IX 44,3 41,2 90,0 -48,8 -48,8X 84,8 73,3 52,7 20,6XI 139,1 108,1 33,0 75,1XII 74,3 65,6 24,8 40,4Ukupno 777,1 674,2 912,5 -238,7 -349,0

Ne tabelen 3 eshte e dukshme se ne vitin mesatar,ne nivel te tere vitit dallimi ndermjet reshjeve efektive dhe evapotranspiracionit referent eshte 174.4 mm uje,derisa perioden vegjetative diferenca do te jete 328.4 mm.Ne vitin e thate,gjithashtu ne nivele te tere vitit,dallimi i reshjeve efektive ndaj evapotrans.referent do te jete 238.7 mm,derisa ne perioden vegjetacionit diferenca do te jete 349,0 mm.Duke krahasuar te dhenat e vitit mestar dhe vitit te thate ne nivele per tere vitin shihet se dallimi ndermjet sasise reshjeve efektive eshte 64.3 mm,derisa dallimi mes reshjeve efektive ne perioden vegjetative eshte 20.6 mm.

Eshte evidente qe ne vitin mesatar,e edhe me shume ne vitete e thata ekziston nje mungese e madhe e ujit ashtu qe ujitja imponohet si mase e domosdoshme melioruese.

2.3 Evapotranspiracioni i bimeve

Vlera e evapotranspiracionit te bimeve respektivisht rritjes se kultures dallon nga vlera e evapotranspiracionit referent.Njejte,ekzistojne dallime ne evapotranspiracion varesisht nga lloji i kulturave,qe eshte e kushtezuar me ndertimin anatomik dhe fiziologjise se bimes,e me kete ekzistojne edhe nevoja te ndryshme per ujet te biomeve.Evapotranspiracioni i kulturave llogarohet sipas ekuacionit(1):

ETc=ETo • kc (mm) (1)

ETc - evapotranspiraioni kultures (mm)ETo – evapotranspiracioni referent (mm)kc - koeficijenti kultures

Mungesa e ujit per cdo kulture bujqesore llogaritet sipas ekuacionit:

PNk=ETc -Pef (mm) (2)

PNk- Mungesa ujit-nevojsheme per ujitje te kultures (mm)Pef- Reshjet efektive (mm)

Ne tabelen 5. Jane paraqitur rezultatete e mungeses se ujit ne toke per kulturat e parapara bujqesore ne vitete mesatare dhe ne vitete e thata.

Table 5:Deficiti ujor ne token e parapare per culture bujqesore(mm)Mjesec Jongja Domatja Lakra Rrushi Ulliri Pjeshka

*P **S P S P S P S P S P SIV 8,0 - - - - - - - - - - -V 38,5 24,4 - - - - 13,6 - - - - -VI 48,9 46,6 28,6 26,3 28,6 26,3 15,1 12,8 1,6 - 15,1 12,8VII 84,4 91,3 114,1 121,0 99,3 106,2 62,1 69,0 47,2 54,1 62,1 69,0VIII 46,8 72,3 40,0 65,5 60,5 86,0 12,7 38,2 12,7 38,2 12,7 38,2IX - 35,3 - - 1,1 39,8 - - - - - -Ukupno 226,6 269,9 182,7 212,8 189,5 258,3 103,5 120,0 61,5 92,3 89,0 120,0* Mangsia ujit ne vitet mesatare (mm)** Mungesa e ujit ne vitete e thata (mm)

2.4 Sasia e nevojshme e ujitDuke pas parasysh se ne priudhen trevjeqare madhesia e siperfaqeve ne strukturene e prodhimit nuk do te ndrrohet,jane llogarite nevojat e pergjithshme per uje te cilat gjithashtu nuk do te ndrrohen.Mungesa ujore vjetore e ujit per cdo siperfaqe kulture per nje hektare si dhe mungesen e tersishme te ujit sipas kulturave per siperfaqet e parapara per ujitje ne rastin e paraqitjes se vitit mesatare dhe vitit te thate eshete paraqitur ne tabelen 6.

Kultura Siperfaqja(ha)

Mungesa vjetore e ujit Nevoja tersishme per ujeViti mesatar

(m3/ha)Viti thate(m3/ha)

Viti mesatar(m3)

Viti Thate(m3)

Jonxha 57 2266 2699 129.162 153.843Domatja 43,5 1827 2128 55.984,5 92.568Lakna 43,5 1895 2583 82.432,5 112.360,5Rrushi 116 1035 1200 120.060 139.200Ulliri 150 615 923 92.250 138.450Pjeshka 145 890 1200 129.050 174.000

Plotesisht per vite 608.939 810.421,5

2.5 Hidromoduli i ujitjes

Hidromoduli munde te definohet si njesia hargjuese e ujit te kultures ne siperfaqe prej nje hektari ne njesi kohe,e shprehet ne l/s/ha.Element i rendesishem ne projektim te sistemit te ujitjes.Hidromoduli mund te llogarohet ne shume menyra,anadaj mund te paraqiten dallime te medha te vlerave te ketij elementi.

Neto hidromoduli eshte sasia e ujit te cilen panderprere duhet sjellur deri te siperfaqja ujitese,e munde te llogarohet me ekuacionin(3):

q(n)=Ud •

1000086400 =

Ud8 , 64 (3)

q (n)-neto hidromoduli (l/s/ha)

Ud- Hargjimi maksimal ditor i ujit(mm/dite)-referuar ne muajin me evapotransiracion maksimale te kultures dhe reshjeve efektive (Pef) gjate probabilitetit tejkaluar sasise vjetore te reshjeve 75%(vitit te thate) ne muajin me evapotranspiracionin maksimal.

Bruto hidromoduli eshte sasia e ujit e cila panderprere sillet deri te siperfaqja e ujitur duke perfshi edhe hubjete e ujit ne rrjetin shperndares.Duke marre parasysh humbjet e theksuara qe paraqiten ne rrjte,percaktohen humbjete e trsishme te sistemi,respektivisht efektshmeria e e sistemit te ujitjes.Hidromoduli bruto mund te llogarohet me ekuacinin(4):

q(b)=q(n )

E (4)

q(b) -bruto hidromodul (l/s/ha)E – Efektshmeria e sistemit ujitjes-humbjet ne rrjetin e

Table 6:Efektiviteti sistemit ujitjesKultura Siperfaqja ujitur

(ha)Tipi pajisjes Humbjet ne

sist.shperndares

Humbjet pajisje

Efektiv,ujitjese

Jonxha 57 Shiu 10% 20%Domatja 43,5 Pike-Pike/Mini

sterp10% 10%

Lakra 43,5 Pike-Pike mini sterpiks

10% 10%

Rrushi 116 Pike-Pike 10% 10%Ulliri 150 Pike-Pike 10% 10%Pjeshka 145 Pike-Pike 10% 10%Totali 555 10% 11,6% 78,4 % (0,784)

Hidromoduli punues eshte sasia e ujit e cila sillet per nje numer te caktuar oresh ne dite ne njesi siperfaqesore.Ne kete raste eshte parapare ujitja e kulturave ne kohezgjatje prej 16 oreve.Hidromoduli punues paraqete prurjen maksimale te ujit e cila munde te paraqitete ne cfaredo pike te sistemit.Ky eshte parameter i rendesishem per dimenzionim hidraulik te sistemit shperndares dhe llogaritet vetem per siperfaqen e ujitur.Qe te llogarohet hidromoduli punues duhet paraprakisht te llogarohet neto e bruto hidromoduli.Hidromoduli punues llogarohet me ekuacionin (5);

q(r)=

q(b )t /24 (5)

q(r)- hidromoduli punues (l/s/ha)t- koha e punes se sistemit ujitjes (ore)

Me ponderimin e hidromodulit punues me perfaqesimi i siperfaqeve te kulturave te caktuara te perfshira ne ujitje ne strukturen e prodhimit llogarohet hidromoduli i ponderuar i ujitjes,i cili paraqet shumen e hidromoduleve maksimal punues .Ky eshte prurja maksimale qe munde te paraqitet ne sistem.Hidromoduli i ponderuar eshte me i vogel se hidromoduli punues sipas te cili dimenzionohen tubat e shfrytzohet ne rastin kur pompa nuk qon uje njetrajtesisht.Ne se pompa dergon uje njetrajtesisht atehere hidromoduli punues dhe hidromoduli stac.pompimit jane te njejte.Vlerat e hidromodulit neto,hidromodulit punues dhe hidromodulit ponderuar paraqiten ne tabelen vijuese:

Kultura Siperfaqja ujitese q(n) max(l/s/ha)

q(r) max(l/s/ha)

q(pond.) (l/s/ha)ha %

Jongja 57 10,27 0,341 0,653 0,067Domatja 43,5 7,84 0,451 0,863 0,068Lakra 43,5 7,84 0,397 0,760 0,060Rrushi 116 20,90 0,258 0,494 0,103Ulliri 150 27,03 0,202 0,387 0,105Pjeshka 145 26,12 0,258 0,494 0,129Ukupno 555 100,00 0,609 0,532

Tokat me perqindje te larte argjile e kullim te dobet ose nivel te larte te ujit nuk jane te pershtatshme per mjedren.

A 2.5 cm (1 in) depth of water over the surface of 0.4 ha (1 acre) contains 102,780 l (27,154 gal) of water. This is equivalent to about 256,940 l/ha for a 2.5 cm depth. Under average conditions, this amount of water may be required by the crop each week. The water supply must be able to satisfy themost demanding criteria. Overhead, fl ood or drip irrigation systems are widely used in various parts of the world. Further, climatic conditions (normal weather, heavy rains or drought) determine water needs.

When calculating the amount of water needed for raspberries using drip irrigation, only the root zone (zona e rrenjes) area needs to be irrigated. Drip irrigation applies water to a part of the root zone and does not broadcast (transmetim) the water as an overhead or flood method does, so it allows more effi cient application of water to the desired crop. Assuming (supozuar)a crop root zone width of 0.9 m (3 ft) times 90 m (300 ft) length of row(rresht), the equivalent area to wet is 0.008 ha (900 ft2 or 0.02 acre).

To apply 2.5 cm (1 in) of water requires 2060 l of water (543 gal)(ne 0.008ha). One must estimate how many times in a season this amount of water will be applied in order to estimate the seasonal requirement for the crop. Typically, about 0.25–0.75 cm (0.1–0.3 in) per day of water in the root zone is required by the crop over the season. Some allowance must be added to account for the effi ciency of the application of irrigation water due to evaporation.

Drip irrigation can work with water supplies as low as 185 l (50 gal) per hour per acre or less than 3.8 l (1 gal) per minute, but that is not much water. In some cases water must be pumped or received 24 hours a day into storage tanks or holding ponds to irrigate a small area during the day. The water supply must be evaluated to determine whether it can meet irrigation requirements.

Water requirements

The amount of water held by the soil (water-holding capacity) is a factor of the amount of clay and organic matter. An understanding of the hydrological cycle is necessary for a grower to make soil water management decisions (Fig. 9.3). When rainfall or irrigation exceeds more than the infiltration and percolation rates of a soil (i.e. 2.5 cm (1 in) per hour for well-drained soil), water runs off the surface and can cause erosion and loss of nutrients (Ross and Wolf, 2008). Grasses between rows can reduce erosion, as explained above. Contour planting can help reduce run-off and erosion.

Twenty-eight liters (1 ft3) of nearly ideal soil contains 50% soil particles,25% moisture (about 7.5 cm (3 in) or about 7 l (2 gal) of water) and 25% air space, if one envisioned these as parts of a cube. Different soil types hold different amounts of water (Table 9.1). The rooting depth of the raspberry can vary depending on the soil type and internal soil drainage, but the fibrous roots which take up moisture and nutrients are mainly in the upper 30 cm (1 ft) of soil. At 0.5 cm (0.2 in) of water loss per day, the plant could be near water stress when more than 50% of the available soil water has been used by the plant or evaporated in about 4–5 days. This amount is also referred to as the plant available water (PAW) and

is the amount of water between field capacity and the permanent wilting point. Field capacity is the amount of water the soil can hold after it is saturated and allowed to drain away the water not held by soil particles. The permanent wilting point is the amount of water held so tightly by the soil that plants cannot extract it. The goal is to maintain the PAW at 50% or higher so plants are not stressed for lack of water.

Further, the presence of a grass (sod) alley and/or raised bed will affect the amount of water needed to produce a crop of raspberries if overhead irrigation is used. In warm climates, the amount of water needed could range from(sasia e ujit qe nevojitet munde te shkoje) 2.5 to 3 cm (1.0–1.3 in) per week for the crop and when the additional 30–40% air evaporative loss is calculated during mid-summer, the total water loss could be 3–5 cm (1.3–2.0 in) of water per week. Drip irrigation, however, puts the water in the root zone of the raspberries so there is much less influence by the grass alley or air evaporation and only the crop requirements must be met.

During the spring there could be an excess amount of water received, making raised beds beneficial in an area with poorly drained soils. Raised beds during the harvest period (Fig. 9.1) are much drier than non-raised beds. Raspberry plants on raised beds suffer less winter injury than plants on flat areas because there is less chance of roots being in saturated soil.

A general recommendation is to design an irrigation system to replace the water lost during the months of greatest water loss (July and August in eastern USA) plus 25% for extreme hot and windy conditions (Fig. 9.4). The daily loss of an average day in the humid eastern USA ranges from 0.45 cm to 0.62 cm (0.2–0.25 in) per day. In California and Washington State that rate is as much as 0.8–0.95 cm (0.3–0.35 in) per day. A general recommendation for drip irrigation of raspberries is to apply the amount of water to the root zone of the plant according to the evaporative loss plus whatever weather conditions occurred over the past 24 h. Water should be applied, unless there has been 2.5 cm (1 in) of rainfall during that period of time. Applying water in the morning can be effective in reducing water or leaf stress and helps to cool the plant (Fig. 9.5). Raspberry growers should invest in soil moisture monitoring equipment to understand the quantity of water needed to reach peak plant performance.

Watering. Raspberries require 1 to 2 inches of water per week from mid-May June through September, and about half that amount when the weather is cooler in early spring and fall. It is important to keep the soil moist at all times without saturating the soil and causing the roots to rot. Hot and windy weather conditions increase the water requirements. If raspberries are fruiting during warm weather, daily irrigation may be required. In general, apply water twice per week. Overhead irrigation promotes fruit rot and leaf rust diseases, so is not recommended for raspberries. The best irrigation systems are drip lines that have numerous emitters (spaced every 6 to 12 inches) that wet an entire band of soil underneath the foliage. With drip irrigation, raspberries should be watered daily for 1 to 2 hours, especially during fruiting or hot weather. Avoid wetting the foliage with mini-sprinklers.