1

Localpowerstructuresandtransnationalconnections.NewperspectivesonelitesinSwitzerland,1890-20201.SummaryRecent literatureoneliteshasprovided,at firstsight,contradictory findings.Ontheonehand,studies insociology,

management, political science and economic history have underscored the central importance of local elite and

governance structures for a successful economic and political development. Such an observation is particularly

relevant for theSwisscase;becauseof thepoliticalandeconomicdecentralizationof thecountry, localeliteshave

playedacrucialrole in localdevelopment.Ontheotherhand,recentresearchhasshownthatelites,andespecially

businessones,havebecomeincreasinglyinternationalized.InSwitzerland,foreignersnowconstituteasignificantpart

ofbusinessandacademiceliteswhilebothgroupsarecharacterizedbythe internationalizationoftheireducational

and career trajectories. Elites are thus often considered as increasingly disconnected from their local social

background.

Thesecontrasting results, stressingboththegrowing internationalizationofelitesandthe importanceof their local

rootedness,raisemultiplequestionsconcerningthescalesofactivitiesandrolesoflocalelites.Whilerecentresearch

has investigated Swiss national elites, this project starts from a local perspective that will allow us to go beyond

methodological nationalism and to analyze how elites have been active beyond their involvement in local power

structures.Alreadyattheendofthe19th

century,Swisseliteswerecharacterizedbytheirmulti-level implicationat

thelocal,nationalandtransnationallevels.However,followinglong-termshiftsinthescaleofpoliticalandeconomic

life (such as the centralization of the national state or economic globalization), their spheres of activities have

undergoneprofoundchanges.

Theprojectwill focuson localelites in the threemainSwiss cities (Zurich,GenevaandBasel)andwill address two

researchaxes:a)thetransformationsoflocalpowerstructures;b)themulti-levelimplicationoflocalelites:fromlocal

to transnational connections. On the basis of a long-term comparison of the three local trajectories, these two

researchaxeswillbedevelopedinfoursubprojectsfocusedonspecificlocalelitesandinstitutions:1)economicelites

active in local chambers of commerce; 2) business elites of leading economic sectors and companies; 3) leading

membersof local art societiesand their role in thepromotionof cultural institutions;4)universitiesandacademic

elitesbetweenlocalrootednessandinternationalreputation.

Building on previous research and notably a pathbreaking data collection on national elites by the Swiss Elites

Observatory(OBELIS),thisprojectaimsatdevelopinginnovativeperspectivesonlocalelitesthankstoourlongitudinal

long-termperspectiveandthefocusonthemulti-levelactivitiesofelites.Suchaframingwillallowustogobeyond

existing knowledge andbring to light a newunderstanding of the transformation of local elites, occupying leading

positionsincentralandenduringlocalinstitutions,from1890to2020,forsevenbenchmarkyears(1890,1910,1937,

1957,1980,2000and2020)followingtheSwissElitesdatabaseofOBELIS.

By bringing together specialists from different disciplines (history, political science, sociology and management

studies), theproject develops a truly interdisciplinary and integratedperspective in termsof conceptual approach,

empirical investigation, and combination of complementarymethods. It also includes innovative digital humanities

instrumentstoimproveaccessondataregardingelitesinSwitzerland.

2

Structureofthescientificpart

1.Summary........................................................................................................................................1

2.Projectdescription.........................................................................................................................3

2.1.Goalsoftheprojects...................................................................................................................6

2.1.1.Chambersofcommerce:localactorswithtransnationalconnections(S1)........................................6

2.1.2Locallyembeddedandglobalizedcorporateeliteinthreemajoreconomicsectors(S2)...................8

2.1.3.Artsocietiesandculturalinstitutions:frompatronagetomarket(S3)............................................10

2.1.4.Universitiesandacademicelitesbetweenlocalrootednessandtransnationalconnections(S4)....12

2.2.Interdisciplinarity......................................................................................................................14

2.2.1.Applicantsandassociatedpartners..................................................................................................15

2.2.2.Additionalresearchcollaborations...................................................................................................17

2.3Relevanceandimpact................................................................................................................18

2.3.1.Scientificrelevance............................................................................................................................18

2.3.2.DigitalHumanities(DH)dimension...................................................................................................19

2.3.3.Educationandteaching.....................................................................................................................19

2.3.4.Broaderrelevanceandpublicdissemination....................................................................................19

2.4Stateoftheartrelevanttotheproject......................................................................................20

2.5.Researchapproach....................................................................................................................22

2.5.1.Theoreticalapproachandgeneralhypotheses.................................................................................22

2.5.2.Comparinglocaltrajectoriesovertime.............................................................................................23

2.5.3.Datacollection...................................................................................................................................25

2.5.4.Combinedmethodologicalapproaches.............................................................................................27

2.6.Implementation.........................................................................................................................29

2.7Riskmanagement.......................................................................................................................29

References........................................................................................................................................31

3

2.ProjectdescriptionSince the early 21

st

century, the study of elites has undergone a striking revival at the international level. In

Switzerlanditself,extensiveresearchhasbeencarriedoutandhascontributedtoproduceinnovativeknowledgeon

economic, political, administrative and academic elites (for an overview, see 2.4). We can thus rely on rich and

diversifiedinformationconcerningtheprofileofnationalelites.However,thelocalorganizationofeliteshasremained

largelyunexplored.

ThisSinergiaprojectaimsatdevelopingnewperspectivesonelitesinBasel,Geneva,andZurich.Adoptingsuchalocal

perspectiveisespeciallyrelevantasSwitzerlandischaracterizedbyaweakfederalstateandremainsbyfarthemost

decentralizedpolitical system inWesternEurope in termsof taxation, regional infrastructures,orhighereducation.

Swiss political and administrative structures –federalism coupled with subsidiarity– endow local and regional

authorities with significant leverage. Furthermore, economic development has revolved around regional

specializationssuchastextilesinEasternSwitzerland,financialsectorandmachine-makinginZurich,privatebanking–

andmorerecentlytheluxurywatchindustry–inGeneva,orthechemicalandpharmaceuticalindustryinBasel.This

polycentricconfigurationunderscorestheexistenceofconnected,butdistinct,localelitesandsystemsofgovernance

thatcontributedtotheconsolidationofsuccessful“economiclocations”orStandorte.1

WhileSwitzerlandischaracterizedbyitsdecentralizationandtheimportanceof localgovernance,recentstudieson

nationaleliteshaveunderscored thegrowing internationalizationofbusinessandacademicelites in the contextof

globalization since the 1990s. Amongst these two categories, foreigners are present in Switzerland inmuchhigher

proportion than among European countries (Hartmann 2016; Goastellec & Pekari 2013). International mobility of

elitesintermsofeducationandcareerhasalsomuchincreasedsincethe1990s(Bühlmannetal.2015).Thisgrowing

disconnectionofelitesfromtheirlocalandnationalenvironmenthasbeencriticallycommentedinthemedia.

Inthiscontext,weneednewresearch lookingat localelites ina long-termperspective inordertounderstandhow

theirscalesofactivityhaveevolved.Theprojectwillbefocusedonthethreeurbanareasthatarethemostpopulated

andrankamongthemostprosperousregionsofthecountry.Allthreecitiesarecharacterizedbytheirhighdegreeof

internationalization in terms of foreign population, economic activities and cultural diversity. All three have

undergoneasuccessfullongtermeconomicdevelopmentsincethe19th

century.Accordingtoaprominentquality-of-

living ranking,Zurich,GenevaandBasel rankedamongthe top tencities (outof450) in theworld in2017 (Mercer

2018).

Buildingonliteraturefromdifferentdisciplines(history,sociology,politicalscienceandmanagementstudies)andona

pathbreaking database on Swiss elites (developed in the context of OBELIS), this project will address two main

researchaxesinahistoricalcomparativeperspective.Thefirstresearchaxiswillinvestigatethelocalpowerstructures

ofthesecitiesandtheirtransformation;thesecondonethenationalandtransnationalconnectionsoflocalelites.In

ordertoaddressthesetwotransversalaxes,foursubprojectswillfocusonspecificelitesandinstitutionsthatplayeda

keyroleforthedevelopmentoflocalStandorte.BuildinguponMills’(2000)definitionofelites,whichincludesthose

who have access to command positions of the most important institutions, each subproject analyzes a specific

1

TheGermantermStandort(plural:Standorte)literallymeans“location”.However,itisfrequentlyusedtodescribeconfigurations

ofeconomicsectors,institutionsandgovernancestructuresthatcontributetoensurethesuccessofeitherlocalSwissregions(e.g.

Standort Zürich) –or thewhole of the country (Standort Schweiz)– on internationalmarkets, aswell as the attractiveness of a

regionforinternationalfirmsandinvestment.

4

categoryofelites linkedtokey local institutionsattheeconomic(chambersofcommerceandcompanies in leading

economicsectors),cultural(localartsocieties),andacademic(universities)levels.

Theperiodcoveredbytheprojectstartsattheendofthe19th

century.Indeed,whilestudiesoflocalbourgeoiselites

andpatricianfamiliesareavailableforthethreecitiesselectedforthesecondhalfofthe19th

century(Tanner1990

and 1995 on Berne, Basel and Zurich; Lüthi 1962 and 1963 and Sarasin 1998a on Basel; Perroux 2003 onGeneva;

Schwarzenbach2007onZurich),thereexistsnosimilarsynthesisconcerninglocalelitesduringthe20th

century.

Axis1.Localpowerstructures:betweenpowerconcentrationanddemocratization

Thefirstresearchaxisaimsatmappinglocalelitesandtheirpowerstructures.Forthispurpose,wetakeintoaccount

thepersonswholeadkeylocalinstitutionsthatplayedamajorroleattheeconomic,political,academicandcultural

levels (namely local parliaments and executive branches, chambers of commerce, universities and art societies).

Severalauthorshaveshownthatuntiltheendofthe19th

centurylocalpatricianfamiliesplayedacrucialroleinurban

economic,political, culturalandscientificdevelopment (Tanner1995;Sarasin1998a;Perroux2003;Schwarzenbach

2007).TheDaiginBasel,theprivatebankers’familiesofGenevaaswellastheindustrialdynastiesofZurichwerevery

influent.Howhasthis“localpatricianpowerstructure”(Sarasin1998a:chap.4),clearlyechoingatthelocallevelthe

“power elite” configuration developed by Mills (2000), evolved during the 20th

century? One aim of this project

consists inanalyzing thechanging implicationand influenceofmembersofsuchpatrician families in theeconomic,

academicandculturalspheres.Untiltheendofthe19th

century,thesepersonsoftenheldoverlappingkeypositionsin

differentsocial spheres.Suchamultiplicityof institutionalpositions facilitated theconcentrationofpowerwithina

narrowgroup (Boltanski1973). This configurationwasverywidespread inSwitzerlandbecauseof itsmilitia system

(meaning that theexerciseofpoliticalmandatesormilitarydutiesbymen representacitizen’sdutyand isneither

professionalizednor linkedtoasubstantial income),andoverlappingmandateswerealsoveryfrequentatdifferent

levels(communal,cantonalandnational)inpoliticaloreconomiclife.Hasthismultipleoffice-holdingpersistedduring

the 20th

century or can we identify a process of elite differentiation, specialization and democratization? Were

traditional“home-grown”malenotableschallengedorreplacedby“new”families,or“newcomers”,suchaspersons

originatingfromotherSwisscantons,foreignersorwomen?

Byanalyzing leadingpositions inkeyandenduring local institutions,wewillalsopayattentiontothechangingrole

andfunctionoftheseinstitutionsduringthewhole20th

century.Wewillinparticularanalyzeifthesehavepartlylost

theirsignificanceoriftheyhavebeenchallengedbynewinstitutions.

Inhisclassicalstudy“Whogoverns?”,Dahl(1961)hasshowninhisfirstchapterentitled“fromoligarchytopluralism”

thatthefigureoftheMayorofNewHavenevolvedfromthe“patrician”tothe“entrepreneur”andfinallytothe“ex-

plebes” from the 19th

century to the 1960s. However, such long term diachronic studies have remained very rare

amongurbanpoliticsstudies(foranoverview,Judgeetal.1995andStoker1998).Amongthefewstudiesadopting

suchalong-termperspective,Rieder(2008)hasshownforthecityofBernthat,despiteacleardeclineoftheirgeneral

influence, old patrician families have remained very well organized in traditional Zünfte (local guilds) and have

maintainedmajorinfluenceonsomeaspectsofurbangovernance(seealsoStettler1993onBasel).2

2

Inadifferentcontext,Zalio(1999and2004)hasshownthattheeconomicallypowerfulfamiliesofMarseillehaveremainedsince

thebeginningofthe20th

centurylargelyexcludedfrommunicipalpoliticalpower.Thispoliticalweaknesswasduetothefactthat

economicelitespreferredtoremainfocusedontheirbusinessactivities,andthattheirdivisionspreventedthemtoprevailoverthe

politicalleft.

5

Theconceptoflocalgovernancehasbecomeprominentinrecenturbanstudies,economichistory,sociology,aswell

aspoliticalscience, literatureanalyzinga)thecontributionsof localgovernancemechanisms(LeGalès2002),b)the

formationofindustrialdistrictsandlocalformsofcooperativegovernance(Zeitlin2008),aswellasc)localproduction

systems (Crouch et al. 2001 and 2004). These studies focusing on how economic, political, academic and cultural

actors sustain the economic development of cities and regions have underscored that the exercise of power was

largelybasedoncollaborativemechanismsbetweenlocalactorsfromdifferentsocialspheresandinstitutions.Sucha

perspectiveunderlineshowcrucialitistolookathowthevariouselitesandinstitutionsinteractandcollaborateover

timeinordertodevelop,defendandpromotetheirlocalStandorte.

Axis2.Nestedscales:nationalandtransnationalconnectionsoflocalelites

Thisprojectalsoaimstoovercomethenationalframingofexistingresearchonelitesandtolookattheirdifferent,or

nestedscalesofaction.Scrutinizingelitesandinstitutionsatthelocallevelwillenableustoovercomethelimitations

ofthe“methodologicalnationalism”approach,whichconsidersthenation-stateastherelevantunitofanalysis(fora

critiqueseeBeck2007).Indeed,asunderlinedbyLeGalès(2002),Europeancitieshavealongerhistorythannational

states, and their elites often resisted centralization of power at the level of the national state. The robustness of

European cities can largely be explained by the local rootedness of their elites, and their keen interest for the

developmentoftheirregion.However,theselocallyembeddedeliteswerealsoactiveandpresentatthenationaland

inter/transnationallevelandwewillthusjointlyanalyzethesethreedifferentlevels.From1848onwards,somepublic

policies and financial resourceswere centralized at the federal level and the different Standortewere part of one

single national market and political system. In the more recent period, various authors have underlined that the

current economic globalizationhas simultaneously challenged thenational state and enhanced the agencyof local

economicandpoliticalactors.Someauthorsusetheterm“glocalization”tostresstheseincreasinginterconnections

betweenthedifferentlevels(seeCox1997;Swyngedouw1997;Roudometof2005).

Thechangingscalesofpoliticalandeconomic life,due,forexample,totheconsolidationofthenationalstatesince

the19th

centuryortoeconomicglobalization inthemorerecentperiod,hasaffectedtherelationsof localelitesto

theircityandtothe“outside”world.AsunderlinedbyWagner(2010),akeyandoldcharacteristicofelitesrelatesto

their capacity to play at different levels: a cosmopolitanway of life was widespread among elites during the 19th

century. In his classic study of influence in a small American city,Merton (1968) distinguishedbetween “local and

cosmopolitan influentials”, with each category displaying a different attachment to and implication in their local

community.Inordertorefinethisdistinction,thetransnationalperspectivedevelopedbyhistoriansandsociologistsis

very helpful (Saunier 2006; Faist et al. 2013, Eichenberger et al. 2017 on Switzerland). It stresses the multiple

involvementand“socialspaces”ofactorsfromthe localtotheglobal level.Asanexample,recentstudiesonSwiss

national eliteshaveunderscored thatbusinesselites leading the largest companiesalsoheldexecutivepositions in

localchambersofcommerceorsectoraltradeassociations.Thishasclearlychangedafter1990,whentopmanagers

ofthelargestSwisscompaniesdesertednationalandregionalbusinessassociationstoprivilegeinvestmentinglobal

business networks (David et al. 2009; Mach et al. 2016). Similarly, Federal Assembly members long held political

mandates simultaneouslyat the cantonalor local levels,butabandoned suchpractices in the recentperiod (Pilotti

2017;DiCapuaetal.2017).Withthedeclineofmulti-leveloffice-holdingbysingleindividuals,thepresenceoflocal

elitesatthenationalortransnationallevelhasclearlychanged,butnotnecessarilywanedcompletely.

6

Themultiplescalaractivitiesandinvolvementofelitesisnotlimitedtotheoccupationofmultipleinstitutionalpower

positionsatdifferentlevelsasillustratedabove;italsoreferstovarioustypesofsocialexperiences,fromtheplaceof

birth, social exchanges, education or career stages that go beyond the local level. With such a transnational

perspective,wewillanalyzethelong-termevolutionoflocalelitesandinstitutionsintheirmultiplescalesofactivities.

Wewill examine potential differences between elites from different social spheres, the evolution of local elites in

termsofnationalandtransnationalactivitiesandseeifwecanindeedidentifytheemergenceof“disconnected”elites

(suchasthoseactiveatthelocal/regionallevelvs.thoseinsertedininter/transnationalnetworks).

In order to address these two research axes, the project is divided into four subprojects and transversal data

collectiononlocalpoliticalelites:

• (S1) Chambersofcommerce:localactorswithtransnationalconnections(Coordinator:M.Leimgruber,UZH)

• (S2) Locallyembeddedandglobalizedcorporateeliteinthreemajoreconomicsectors(Coordinator:E.

Davoine,UNIFR)

• (S3) Artsocietiesandculturalinstitutions:frompatronagetomarket(Coordinator:S.Ginalski,UNIL)

• (S4) Universitiesandacademicelites:betweenlocalrootednessandtransnationalconnections(Coordinator:

A.Mach,UNIL)

• Transversaldatacollection:Localpoliticaleliteswillnotbeanalyzedbyaspecificsubproject.However,wewillgatherbasicdataonlocalpoliticalelitesandintegrateresultsfromongoingresearchprojects(see2.5).

2.1.GoalsoftheprojectsThe interdisciplinary research agenda sketched above is inspired from literature and methods in history, political

science,economic sociology,andbusinessmanagement. It is articulatedaround four subprojectsmentionedabove

anddevelopedbelow.Eachsubprojectaddressesthetworesearchaxespreviouslydeveloped–localpowerstructures

andnationalandtransnationalconnections–inahistoricalcomparativeperspective.

2.1.1.Chambersofcommerce:localactorswithtransnationalconnections(S1)ThissubprojectwillfocusontheroleofChambersofCommerce(CoC)inthestructuringof localbusinesselitesand

powerrelationsalongdifferentnestedscales.CoChavebeenthemostcomprehensivegatheringpointforcommercial

and industrialelites inBasel (1876),Geneva (1865),andZurich (1873) foralmost150years.As such, theyplayeda

central role in the collective mobilization of these milieus, most notably towards local political authorities. Their

presidents enjoyed a prominent statute, and CoC officials were active in virtually all collective endeavor of local

businesselites(Richard1941).Theycanbeconsideredasthesuccessorsofguilds(Zünfte),cartel-likeassociationsthat

organizedtheeconomyinmedievalandearlymoderncities(Gruner1956:12-15;Maurer1924;Landolt1939).3

The

specificityofCoCisthattheyrepresentthewholespectrumofcommercialandindustrialactivities–artisanaltrades

beingrepresentedbylocalGewerbeassociations–inonecentralbodywhileeachguildrepresentedonespecialized

domain or branch of economic activities only. CoC are thus a particularly appropriate object to investigate the

evolutionoflocalpowerstructures.

In spite of their importance during the whole 20th

century, as well as their role in the nurturing of competitive

business infrastructures in their respectivecities, thehistoryaswellas the functioningofCoChasremained largely

3

Whilescholarshaveunderlinedthecontributionofguildsintheproductionofsocialcapital,trust,andeconomicgrowth(Epstein

1998;Greif,MilgromandWeingast1994),othershavepointedouttheirrolesintheexclusionofoutsiderssuchasforeignersand

women(Ogilvie2011;Carnevali2011).

7

uncharted. Their specific role in theorganizationof thebourgeois elite along the20th

centuryalso remains a terra

incognita.Apart from insideraccounts (Richard1924;Henrici1927;Scherrer1952;CCIG1990),only fewstudieson

local CoCare currently available (Humair 2004and2012;Bruegel 1986;NZZ1977). Rieder (2008)hasunderscored

continuities in theorganizationof patrician andbourgeoismilieusbetween the19th

and20th

centuries, butdonot

focusontheroleofCoC.

ThisresearchgapisespeciallyglaringincomparisonwiththecomprehensivestudiesavailableonGerman(Groseret

al. 2010), American, British (Bennett 2011) and French CoC (Lemercier 2003, 2007; Giraud & Healy 2015). Urban

studieshavealsounderlinedtheimportanceofCoCinorganizingbusinessinterestsinEuropeancities(LeGalès2002:

193-196). CoC are also crucial objects within research on both industrial districts (Daumas & Lescure 2014) and

regionaleconomicdevelopment(Crouch2003).Furthermore,internationalresearchonbusinessinterestassociations

hasidentifiedCoCascentralinexplainingcontinuitybetweenpre-modernandmodernformsofbusinessorganization

(Lanzalaco2008:304).

OurfirstresearchstepwillbetocollectsystematicdataonCoCcommittees–permanentbodiescomposedof15to

35peopleateachdate–aswellastheirkeysalariedofficials.Wewilltheninvestigatetheextentoftheirpresencein

otherkeyinstitutions(localparliamentsandgovernments,culturalinstitutionssuchasKunstvereine,aswellasother

bourgeois socialization groups, suchasRotaryClubs) and investigatewhich typesofeliteswereactive inCoC. This

materialwill provide a rich empirical basis to investigate the lasting power of patrician families, the emergenceof

“newcomers”, suchaswomenor foreigners, aswell as their transnational connections. Thenoticeablenew roleof

womenasdirectorsorpresidents(asof2018,mostmajorSwissCoCarenowpresidedbywomen)showthatthese

institutionsdowitnesssomedegreeofchange.TheprofileofCoCexecutivecommitteeswillalsoenableustoassess

whetherCoCdid(ornot) integratefromthe1960sonwardsincominginternationalelitesfromforeignfirmsintheir

structures.OnekeyindicatorinthiscontextwillbetheintegrationoflocalCoCwithintheInternationalChamberof

Commerce(ICC).ThecomparisonofindividualtrajectoriesinBasel,GenevaandZurichwillalsoenableustopinpoint

differences and commonalities between the way CoC did function in the different cities under scrutiny and the

specificitiesoftheirrelationshipwiththepoliticalandculturalsphere.

Inasecondresearchstep,wewill investigate theevolutionof thedifferentCoC,andprovidea thickdescriptionof

their main activities (Wickham 2017) along our two research axes. Throughout the 20th

century, CoC set up and

supportedcrucial transport infrastructuresandeconomic institutions suchas stockand laborexchanges,aswell as

commercialandindustrialfairs.Wewill investigatetheinfluenceofCoCintheevolvingpoliticalcontextsofthe20th

century. For example, how did local CoC reacted to the emergence of socialist majorities in the legislative and

executive branches in all three cities studied from the interwar period onwards? Did these new local political

structures challenge existing power structures, or, on the contrary, did new cross-class alliances in favor of local

Standorteemerge?StudyingCoCaskeymouthpiecesforfirmsandbusinesseliteswillenableustoinvestigatetheway

business elites advocated their case in changing political contexts. Furthermore, the creation of commercial

arbitration courts (Handelsgerichte) around 1900 represented one of their least studied but very influential

achievement (Schwander 2009; Brunner&Nobel 2016). Such arbitration courts played a decisive role in the daily

functioning of local markets and in the development of local business regulation. Moreover, arbitration courts

developed international activities and helped to position Switzerland as a key node for international private

arbitrationprocedures.Theextentofchambers’activitieswentfurther:theysupportedlocalarts(S3),playedarolein

8

thedevelopmentofuniversities(S4),andshapedurbansocialandpolitical life.Furthermore, inorderto investigate

competitionandcollaborationbetweenandwithinCoC,wewill closelyworkwithS2.Thequestionofactivepolicy

makingaimingatintegratingforeignmultinationalcorporationswillalsobejointlyinvestigatedwithS2.

Theway different nested scales interact in the functioning of CoC is also very relevant. From their very inception,

theselocalgatheringssettheirsightsonnationalandtransnationalhorizons.Localassociationsthusassembledwithin

the 1870 Swiss Trade and Industry Federation (SchweizerischesHandels und Industrieverein, SHIV/Vorort) and the

Swiss Chamber of Commerce (Eichenberger andMach 2011). One interesting body to investigate will be the CoC

directors’conferences,createdin1916,inwhichdirectorsofthedifferentSwissCoCmetregularly.

Theinternationalcontextwascrucial,too.Whenfreetradewanedinthe1870s, itbecamecrucialfor localelitesto

gatherforcesinordertodefendtheircommercialinterestsintradenegotiationsbetweenSwitzerlandanditstrading

partners. Already at the end of the 19th

century, CoC met internationally and sent delegates to international

gatheringsandfairs.TheseearlyinternationalgatheringswereformalizedafterWorldWarI,andfrom1920onwards,

SwissCoCparticipatedtothesettingupoftheParisbasedICC.Furthermore,alreadyadozenforeignCoCoperatedin

Switzerland in1939, (Rohrbasser1952;Meyer-Marsillius1987)whilehalf adozenSwissCoCwereactive in foreign

countries(Landolt1939:564).Theseinternationalconnectionscontinuedtogrowinthesecondhalfof20th

century,

as foreign firms set up subsidiaries in Switzerland (Leimgruber 2015; Müller 2012). However, the international

dimensionofCoCactivitiesremainsvastlyunknown,andasHerren(2013:53)deplores,theICChasa“surprisinglylow

presence in today’s research literature” despite it being “one of the most powerful international organizations”.

Concerning internationalconnections,asacase inpoint,duringthe1920s,textile industrialist JohnSyz(1859-1939)

waspresidentofboththeZurichCoCandSHIV/Vorort.Furthermore,healsoplayedanimportantinternationalroleas

adelegateintheICCaswellasapresidentoftheManchesterbasedinternationalassociationofcottonindustrialists.

2.1.2Locallyembeddedandglobalizedcorporateeliteinthreemajoreconomicsectors(S2)This subproject will focus on the evolution of three leading sectors: banking, watchmaking and the chemical-

pharmaceutical industries. Ineachofthesesectors, largecompaniesrootedin localstructuresofBasel,Genevaand

Zurichhavebecome“globalplayers”andgainedleadingrolesonworldmarkets.Thesesectorswithahigheconomic

andsymbolicvalueforthenationaleconomyareillustrativeofthedecentralizedstructureoftheSwisseconomyand

arecloselyassociatedwiththethreecities:Basel isassociatedwiththechemicalandpharmaceutical industrysince

the 19th

century (Chandler 2005; König 2016); the banking industry is largely concentrated in Zurich and Geneva,

whose private and universal banks have attained world-status (Mazbouri et al. 2012; Cassis and Tanner 1992;

Straumann 2006); finally, Geneva has also played a central role in the early development (18th C.) of the Swiss

watchmaking industry –a “national” industrypar excellence– and re-emerged in the late 20th

C. as the capital for

luxurywatchindustry(Donzé2017).Wedonotincludeinthissubprojectthemachinesandelectro-technicalindustry,

which has been studied in depth by Ginalski (2015). Results from this pathbreaking monograph will serve as a

contrastingfoilforourresearch.

Analyzing the business elites of the leading companies of these sectors in a long-termperspectivewill allowus to

tackle the articulation between their local rootedness and their transnational connections. While leading Swiss

companieshadalreadyundergoneinternationalexpansionattheendofthe19th

century,theirmanagementlargely

remainedinthehandsofSwissnationalsuntilthe1990s(Machetal.2016).Oneofourmainresearchobjectiveswill

9

betoidentifyandunderstandthemajorchangesinthecorporateeliteprofilesfromtheendofthe19th

centurytothe

21st

century.Theanalysisofcompanycasestudiesshouldprovideuswithabetterunderstandingoftheevolutionof

theirtopmanagement,theirrole inlocalpowerstructuresandtheevolutionoftopmanagementprofilesinspecific

contexts. This analysis will also highlight the way these choices may have impacted corporate and sector-wide

strategies.

Aparticularemphasiswillbegiventothemostrecentperiod(since1990).Suchachoiceisjustifiedbytheprofound

changes thathave takenplaceamongtopmanagersand in thestructurationof the threesectors,which led to the

emergence of new business elite profileswith international career patterns (Bühlmann et al. 2014; Davoine et al.

2015). These transformationsbrought tensions and triggerednew reconfigurationsbetween local and global logics

amongbusinesselitesandinSwisscorporategovernance(Davidetal.2015).

InthepharmaceuticalclusterofBasel,theglobalizationofthesectorsincethe1980shasalsobeenaccompaniedbya

rapid internationalization of top management (Zeller 2010 and 2011; König 2016). In the banking sector, the

relationshipbetweeneliteprofile changes canalsobe linkedwith the internationalizationof financialmarkets, the

developmentof the twoglobalplayersUBSandCredit Suisse and theestablishmentofnewcorporate governance

practices (Baumann 2006; Ginalski et al. 2014; Araujo 2018). On the other hand, even if Swiss banks also tend to

appoint some newcomer profiles (foreigners andwomen) in their boards (Mach & Araujo 2018), traditional Swiss

patricianfamiliesremainintraditionalGenevaprivatebankssuchasPictet,LombardOdierandMirabaud.Thestrong

localembeddednessoftopmanagersfromprivatebankshasplayedamajorroleinlocalinstitutions,suchastheSwiss

BankersAssociation.Inthewatchmakingindustry,theprogressiveglobalizationoftopmanagementseemstotakethe

shapeofanincreaseofFrenchnationalswithintopmanagement(Davoine&Mettler2018),whichislinkedwiththe

newstrategicreorientationofthewatchmakingindustryasaluxuryindustry,whereFrenchcompanieslikeLVMHor

Keringplayworldwidealeadingrole.WeshouldalsoconsidertheroleofGeneva–headquartersforRichemontand

Rolex–asaglobalcityembeddedinaFrenchspeakingregion,withalocaltransnationallabormarketforinternational

headquarters’executives(Ravasietal.2015).Wethereforeaimtoconsiderinouranalysisnotonlythenationalitiesof

topmanagersbutalsotheirformercareerpathintheregionalclusters.

In the three sectors considered, concentration dynamics and the development of bigger players have changed the

rulesofthegamebetweenlocalandglobalactorswithinsectoralbusinessassociationsandchambersofcommerce.

Thetraditionalmechanismsofregionaldistrictgovernanceandpowerstructureshavebeenchallengedbybigger(and

multinational) companies (Zeitlin, 2008; Donzé 2014). For example, while the CEOs or presidents of the largest

chemical and pharmaceutical companies used to also preside the Basler Handelskammer until the 1980s, this has

changedsincethe1990s(Kreis2016:59).Thechangingscaleofactionofthese‘globalplayers’impliesadelegationof

power tomanagers holding uppermanagement positions (such as plantmanagers, CFOs,HRDirectors),who have

progressively been playing an active role in local business institutions. A new division of labor within these large

companies seems tohaveemergedbetween topmanagers activeon a globalmarket scale and thosemore locally

oriented. We will therefore include in our study new segments of the business elite for the last decades

(Dörrenbächer&Geppert2016)andextendourpopulationtouppermanagementpositions.

Concerning the data collection,wewill select themost important companies in the three sectors (about 10 to 20

companies in pharmaceutical industry in Basel, 20 to 30 banks located in Zurich, Geneva and Basel, and 10 to 20

10

brands/companies in the Geneva watchmaking industry4

). Numbers may vary because of new company

developments,bankruptcies,mergersandacquisitionsthroughouttheperiod.Forthesecompanies,wewill identify

CEOsandboardmembersforthesevenbenchmarkyearsoftheOBELISdatabase.OuranalysiswillfocusonCEOsand

boardpresidents.

Weintendtousetwodifferentsetsofdatadependingontheperiodconsidered.First,forthewholesample,wewill

gatherbiographicalinformation(placeanddateofbirth,gender,nationality,education,majorcareersteps)inorder

tohighlightchanges in socializationprofiles.TheOBELISdatabasealreadycontainsmany informationonnumerous

individualsbelongingtothesebusinesselitesandwillbecompletedforothercompanies.Inadditiontobiographical

information,aparticularattentionwill alsobegiven tohow thesebusinesseliteswere (and still are) connected to

local institutions such as sectoral business associations, chambers of commerce (S1), other local intermediate

governance institutions (like foundations and committees of technical schools, scientific research institutes,

universities[S4]ormajorfairs)orinvolvementinlocalpoliticsorculturalinstitutions(S3).

Second,forthemostrecentperiod(1990-2020),wewillfirstextendthedatabasetoexecutivecommitteemembers,

by using official corporate data, social media profiles and biographical newspaper articles. Second, we plan to

interviewinstitutionalactorsandHRdirectors(between10to20indepthinterviewspersector–interviewpartners

inthewatchmakingandbankingsectorshavealreadybeenidentifiedandinterviewedbytheresearchteaminformer

projects–inordertounderstandwhyandhowcompaniesrecruitlocal/globalprofiles(andensure“diversity”interms

ofgenderand/ornational/ethnicorigins)withspecificsocialcapitalfortopanduppermanagementpositions.Wewill

alsouseourinterviewswithinstitutionalactorsandHRdirectorstounderstandwhyandhowMNCsdeveloplinksto

traditionalinstitutionsorestablishnewonesinordertoinfluencemarketregulationanddevelopstrategicresources.

2.1.3.Artsocietiesandculturalinstitutions:frompatronagetomarket(S3)Thissubprojectfocuseson localelites’culturalnetworksandexplorestheshiftingnatureofartsocieties’socialand

economicfunctions.Ourstartingpointwillbethedecentralizedstructureoftheseculturalnetworkandactivities.We

willfirstinvestigatetheroleofwealthyfamiliesinthepromotionofculturalinstitutionsinthecontextofthelate19th

centuryemergenceofartsocietiesandculturalsociability.Second,wewillhighlightthekeyroleofprivateinvestors

andculturalinstitutionsinthereorientationoflocalelites’intereststowardstheartmarket’sstructuresandactivities,

suchasgalleries,auctionhousesandprivatefoundations.Morebroadly,thesubprojectwilladdressthemutationsof

localelites’culturalnetworksinthewidercontextoftheexpansionoftheartmarketafterthetwoWorldWars.

The firstpartof the subprojectwill investigateart societies as adistinctive interest group form (Jost1986;Renner

1998). The analysiswill focus on local art societies, namely theBasler Kunstgesellschaft, theSociété genevoise des

Beaux-ArtsandtheZürcherKunstgesellschaft,aswellastheirumbrellaorganization,theSchweizerischerKunstverein.

IftheemergenceofSwissartsocietiesdatesbackfromthelate18th

century,itwasnotbeforethesecondhalfofthe

19th

centurythattheygainedwidespread influenceatthe localandnational levels (Marfurt-Elmiger1988).Through

travelingexhibitions(Turnusausstellungen),theseinstitutionscontributedtomakingculturalactivitiesavailabletothe

urban bourgeoisie (Jaccard 1986) and to developing artistic activities and sociability. Thanks to donations from

wealthyfamilies,artsocietiescoordinatedfinancialcontributionstoculturalinstitutionsandactivities.Theymobilized

4

Wewillbroaden the sizeof the sample toaround40companies for themost recentperiodon thebasisofprevious research

projects,thatwillallowtoenrichtheanalysiswithmoreregionalandsmallandmedium-sizedcompanies(SMEs).

11

localpatronageinordertosupportinstitutionalartspacesandartisticactivities,suchastheKunsthallen(Basel,Bern,

Zürich),fine-artmuseums(KunsthausinZürich,KunstmuseuminBasel,MuséecantonaldesBeaux-ArtsinGeneva)or

Swissparticipationtointernationalexhibitions(Ruedin2010;Debluë2015).

Due to theweakness of state-led cultural public policy, art societies enabledwealthy economic elites to hold the

power and themeansof supporting artistic institutions and activities. Local patrician families and a newemerging

bourgeoisie (composed of bankers, doctors, lawyers ormanufacturers) gradually joined the ranks of art societies.

Theseactorsbecameincreasinglyinvolvedinstateinstitutionalplatforms,suchastheFederalCommissionofFineArts

(1887),wheretheyoutlined“nationalart”inthewidercontextofstateandnationalidentitybuilding(Jost1989).By

offeringanalternativetostateinterventionism,artsocieties(soonjoinedbyprivatecollectorsandpatrons)extended

thesocial functionofpatronageandactivelyparticipated in its institutionalization. In thisview,theycontributedto

the social cohesion of local bourgeoisies (Moulin 1976; Sarasin 1998a). We will therefore carefully analyze the

executive committees of the various Kunstvereine –composed of representatives of wealthy families, artists, art

historyprofessors,museumsdirectorsandlocalprofessionals–,andtheirtiestootherlocalelites,inordertooutline

themultiplefacetsofculturalsociability.

Wewillinvestigatethestructuresandcompositionoflocalelites’culturalnetworksandoutlinethespecificfeaturesof

privateandlocalinterestsinthebroadercontextofstateartpolicy.Whobecameinvolvedinlocalartsocietiesandfor

whatpurpose?Didmembersofthechambersofcommerce(S1),corporateelite–notablyfromtheluxuryindustry–

(S2) andacademicelites (S4) seat in their executive committee? Howdid the influenceofwealthy familiesevolve

over the 20th

century? Did women participate in these cultural institutions, and how did this participation evolve

acrosstime? Inordertoanswerthesequestions,wewill investigatethesocialprofileofthemembersofthesesart

societies,aswellastheirmultipleinstitutionalpositions.Moreover,wewillexploretowhatextentthedecentralized

structure of local elites’ cultural networks and activities stimulated new forms of “art’s sake” and patronage

(sponsorship).Takingintoaccountthatpatronageisa“socialpracticeofpower”(Sarasin1998b),wewillquestionits

potentialbenefits,bothsymbolicormaterial.

Drawinguponthecollectionofdataonartsocieties, thesecondpartof thesubprojectwill investigate thebroader

networks and activities in which art societies became embedded over the course of the 20th

century, namely art

collection anddealing. Itwill examine thedifferent spacesof sociability of local elites, notonly in the institutional

context of art societies and museums, but also in the broader context of art sales, auction houses, foundations,

galleriesandartfairs.Indoingso,itwillinvestigatethemulti-layereddimensionsandscalesofculturalsociability.

Based on the assumption that “the pattern of international growth of commercial art firms follows the pathways

carvedoutbythedevelopmentofinternationalfinance”(Helmreich2011),thissecondpartwillfocusontheimpactof

the internationalization of the art market on art societies’ development. It assumes, therefore, that the changing

structureoflocalelites’culturalnetworksiscloselyrelatedtotheriseofa“neworder”(TisaFrancini2002)withinthe

Swiss artmarket that included the consolidation of international European andAtlantic connections developed by

Swissartmerchants,galleriesandauctionhousesfromtheinterwarperiodonwardsandespeciallyafterWorldWarII.

TheexpansionoftheSwissartmarketlargelyreliedonpreviousformsofinternationalization,suchasthoseprovided,

ontheonehand,byforeigncollectors–mostlycomingfromGermanyandFrance–whohadsettled inSwitzerland

fromthe1910sonwards(TisaFrancini2002).Ontheotherhand,foreignartgallerysubsidiariesandsalesmensituated

12

in Basel, Zurich, Geneva or Bern also played a significant role in the internationalization of locally embedded art

merchants’anddealers’activities.Inthisview,wewillcloselyexaminethearrivalofinternationalauctionhousessuch

as Christie’s, Sotheby’s or Philips.We will show that, in addition to the already existing art societies, local elites’

networksbenefittedfromthegrowingnumberofprivatestructuresandactorswhichemergedinthearttradefieldin

thewakeofWorldWar I, aphenomenon that is itself linked to the consolidationof the roleof theSwiss financial

placeininternationalwealthmanagement(Farquet2018).

Worldwide renownedart collectorsandcollections, suchasEmilG.BührleandOskarReinhart inZurich,gainedby

1945widespread influencewithin the artmarket and launched their ownprivate foundations.AsDerix (2014) has

demonstrated,theseprivatefoundationsplayedakeyroleinthepreservationoffamilypropertyandwealthsincethe

endof the 19th

century.Moreover, theyprovidedwealthy collectorswith theopportunity to hold awide rangeof

public institutional positions, to play increasingly significant roles in public institutions and, therefore, to promote

theirpublicvisibilityandreputation.ArtcollectorOskarReinhart,forinstance,joinedtheFederalCommissionofFine

Artsinthe1930s,andwasgrantedthedegreeofDoctorhonoriscausafromboththeUniversitiesofBaselandZurich.

Inthe1950s,industrialistEmilG.BührledistinguishedhimselfasoneofthemainsponsorsoftheKunsthausinZurich.

Inthe1970s,theconcentrationprocesswithintheartmarketnegativelyimpactedartdealersandgalleries(Guexand

Vallotton2002). Someof them, suchasErnstBeyeler, TrudiBrucknerandBalzHilt inBasel, tookadvantageof the

situationand initiatedthe“ArtBasel” fair,whichsoongreatly leveragedthe international influenceoftheSwissart

market(Schultheis2015).

Inorderto investigate further theabove-mentionedresearchpaths, thissubprojectaimsatmakingan inventoryof

existing auction houses and private galleries in the three cities under consideration (for a first list, see:

www.arthistoricum.net). We will investigate the proportion of foreigners among these institutions, in order to

highlight transnational connections among local elite involved in cultural activities. Second, we will developmore

qualitative analysis for key private institutions whose archives are available, such as Fondation Beyeler in Basel,

GalerieMoosinGenevaandtheBührleStiftunginZurich.

Inshort,ourlong-termanalysisofelites’culturalnetworksandactivitieswillnotonlyhighlighttheshiftingnatureof

culturalactors,butalsoconfrontthecontemporary“mythofglobalization”withintheartmarket(Velthius2003)with

the importanceof locally embedded spaces of sociability for thedevelopment of national and transnational elites’

culturalandcommercialnetworks.

2.1.4.Universitiesandacademicelitesbetweenlocalrootednessandtransnationalconnections(S4)This subproject will focus on universities and their professors. Numerous European universities are very old

institutions and closely associated to their city (Gingras 2003; Ruegg 2004 and 2010), where they contribute to

education, culture and intellectual life, as well as urban economic development (Laferté 2004). In their long-term

history, from the “ivory tower”of themiddle-ages to the “bright satanicmills”of the current knowledgeeconomy

(Scott&Harding2007:3), the role and functionofuniversities aswell as the formof their embeddedness in local

societieshaveundergoneprofoundchanges.

Academic elites represent a category of local eliteswhich plays a crucial role in urban and regional development.

Besideseducation,intellectuallifeandeconomicdevelopment,academicelitesmayalsobeinvolvedinurbanpolitics

13

andculturallife,withcloseconnectionstootherlocalelites.However,contrarytopoliticalandadministrativeelites,

academic professors do not formally need to be Swiss nationals and therefore scientific and academic institutions

havebeenbasedonearly international exchangeandmobility.How this articulationbetween local embeddedness

andglobalconnectionshasevolvedduringthe20th

centurywillbeatthecenterofourattention.Wewilldeveloptwo

researchaxes.Thefirstaxiswillfocusonthelocalrootednessandtransnationalconnectionsofuniversityprofessors

(intermsofeducation,career,professionalactivitiesandextra-academicnetworksoractivities).5

Thesecondonewill

analyze the collaboration of various local elites (political, economic, cultural and academic) in the governance and

managementoftheircantonaluniversity.

Concerning the first axis, around 1900, professors at themain Swiss universities belonged to twomain categories

(Horvath1996):a)Offspringfromlocalpatricianfamilies6

;b)Foreignprofessors,whorepresentedmorethan25%of

theteachingstaff(Businoetal.1991).Thelackoflocalornationalcandidatesimpliedthatuniversitiesrecruitedearly

onrenownedforeignprofessorsfromneighboringcountries(mainlyGermanyandFrance),withtheaimofpromoting

theeducationoflocalelites.ThisoverrepresentationofforeignprofessorswascriticizedduringWorldWarIandledto

the creation of theAssociation of SwissUniversity Teachers in order to support Swiss academic careers. From the

1920s onwards, the proportion of foreign professors declined, and started to increase again only after 1970. The

proportionofforeignprofessorsthusfolloweda“Ucurve”duringthe20th

century,reachingin2000byfarthehighest

proportion in Europe, and giving rise to renewed controversies against foreign professors, especiallyGerman ones

(seeRossieretal.2015).

Overthe20th

century,thesociologicalprofileofprofessors,aswellastheirnominationprocedureshaveconsiderably

changed.Amongthemainselectioncriteria,wecandistinguishbetween,ontheonehand,scientificexcellenceand

international reputation and, on the other hand, locally valued resources, such as belonging to regional and local

networks (Wagner 2010; on economics andmanagement professors see Rossier et al. 2017). Such resourceswere

differentlyvaluedduringthe20th

century.Forexample,Bourdieu(1984)hasshownthattheFrenchacademicfieldof

the 1960s was structured by a division between a “scientific pole” (with a high scientific capital in terms of

internationalreputation,publications,scientificprizesorPhDsupervisions)thatwasdominantinthenaturalsciences,

andan“institutionalpole”(withhighinstitutionalcapital,suchasDeanandPresidentduties,committeesofacademic

associations,aswellasextra-academiclocalactivities),composedoflawandmedicinefacultieswithmuchcloserlinks

topolitical, administrativeandeconomicpower.Humanitiesandsocial sciencesoccupiedan intermediaryposition.

We will analyze the distribution of these resources among professors, across time, and between faculties or

disciplines.Furthermore,wewillstudytheinvolvementofthesedifferentcategoriesofprofessorsinlocalcitylife.

If international careerpatternshavenowbecomedominant, and scientificexcellence is clearly themaincriteriaof

appointment, wewill examine if we can identify specific patterns of local involvement, as well as similarities and

differencesbetweenthethreecitiesstudied.

Whilewewill relyonprevious researchanddataonSwissacademicelites,ouranalysis,basedona representative

sampleofprofessorsfromthethreeuniversitiesandtheFederalInstituteofTechnology(ETHZ)(see2.5.3),willfocus

5

WewillpartlyrelyondataandresultsfromapreviousresearchprojectonSwissacademicelites(see2.5.3).

6

SeeHorvath(1996:149-50),whoexplicitlymentionstheexamplesofBaselandGeneva,aswellasZurich.Heunderscoresthat

between1850and1950numerousGenevaprofessorscamefrompatrician families,andthatacademicdynastieswere frequent

(forBasel:Bonjour1960;Staehelin1960;forZurich:Stadler1983).

14

specificallyonthelocalvs.internationalinvolvementofacademicelites.Onthebasisofbiographicalindicators(such

as place of birth, gender, nationality, place of education, professional career, insertion in local networks, positions

occupiedintheacademicandlocalextra-academicspheres),wewillestablishatypologyofacademicelitesaccording

totheirconnectionseithertotheirlocalenvironment(strongrootedness)ortotheirinternationalmobility,andhow

theircompositionhasevolvedinalong-termperspective.

Thesecondaxisofinvestigationwilladdressgovernanceandpoliticaldebatesaboutthethreecantonaluniversities.In

his classicalmodel, Clark (1983) puts the coordination between state,market and the “academic oligarchy” at the

centerofhis“triangleofauthority”inuniversities.Sincetheircreation,universities,asdistinctsocialinstitutions,and

academiceliteshavestruggledtogainmoreautonomy(fromthechurchandthenfromthestate),eventhoughtheir

financing(atleastintheSwisscase)largelydependsonstateresourcesandpoliticaldecisions.Sincethe19th

century,

promoting universities has become an important tool for local politicians and entrepreneurs, in collaborationwith

academic elites, to support regional development. This is particularly true in the Swiss context, where higher

educationlargelyremainsaprerogativeofcantonalauthorities.

In light of this context, we aim to analyze whether and how cantonal political authorities and private elites have

supported their university. Besides general indicators, such as the evolution of cantonal university expenditures,

studentsenrolment,aswellasfacultysize,wewillfocusonpoliticaldebatesandorganizationalreformsofthethree

universities.Asastartingpoint,wewillanalyzekeyuniversitylawreforms(seeBonjour1960;Kreis1986;König2010;

Borgeaud&Martin1959;Marcacci1987andStadler1983;onrecentreforms,Clark1998;BraunandMerrien1999).

Thiswillallowustohighlighthowlocalpoliticians,economicactors(S1andS2),andprofessors,debatedtheroleof

theiruniversity,whatconnectionsexistedwithlocalactors,andhowtheorganizationofpowerhasevolved.Particular

attentionwill be devoted to themain power structures in this domain (cantonalministers of education, executive

board/rectorateofuniversities,anduniversityboards,whichbringtogetherpolitical,business,culturalandacademic

representatives7

andlocalacademicsocieties).Wewillanalyzewhooccupiedthesepositionsandthecompetenciesof

thesedifferentinstances.

2.2.InterdisciplinarityCousinetal.(2018)haverecentlyclaimedthatelitestudyneedstobuildupon,butalsotoexpandbeyondtheclassical

Bourdieusianframeworkofanalysis(seealsoKrosnesetal.2018).Accordingtotheauthors,a“trulyinterdisciplinary

approach”combiningnotablysociology,managementstudies,historyandpoliticalscienceisnecessarytoaddressthis

major challenge.Ourproject is shaped inorder tomeet theseexpectations and relieson thearticulationbetween

these fourdisciplinesat the theoretical,empiricalandmethodological levels.Ourprojectwill thusallowtoaddress

keyresearchquestionsineachofthesescholarlyfields.

First,onatheoreticallevel,ourprojectresortstosociologicalconceptsstemmingfromBourdieusiantheoryinorder

to analyze the relation between elite and power. We articulate this sociological approach with a diachronic

perspective,whichwillallowustoprobethechangesovermorethanonecentury. Inotherwords, thesociological

approachwill help us to conceptualize the relation between elites and power,while the historical perspectivewill

highlight the long-term evolution and reconfiguration of this relation over time. Political science will underscore

7

Today,allthreeuniversitieshavesuchaboard.Since2008,theUniversityofGenevahasaConseild’orientationstratégique,whichreplacedthepreviousConseildel’Université.

15

formal and informal local power and governance structures in which elites interact. Finally, the perspective of

management studies contributes to understand the relationship between elite profile changes and the shifts in

corporateandsectorialstrategies.

Second,wewillalsoresorttosourcesandmaterials specific tothedifferentdisciplines,combiningarchives forthe

historical period, published sources as well as interviews for the current period. Archival analysis will allow us to

access to unique and original information about the local elites and institutions taken into account. However, the

project intends togobeyondthe limit inherent toarchival sources,whoseaccess isusually limitedtodocumentsa

generationolderthanthepresent(i.e.asof2018,documentsupto1983-1988areaccessible).Combininghistorical

andcontemporarysourcesisessentialtoinvestigatethelong-termtransformationoflocalpowerstructures.

Third, themethodological approach is also strongly interdisciplinary. This project relies on archive analysis and

prosopographymethodsstemmingfromhistory,socialnetworkanalysis(SNA)andmultiplecorrespondenceanalysis

(MCA) developed by social sciences, aswell as case study approaches specific tomanagement studies. Thismixed

methodsapproachisbuilttoinvestigateourtwomainaxesofresearch.Forinstance,prosopographyisausefultoolto

show the changing profile of elites across time, while SNA enables to highlight and visualize their connections.

Moreover, our project integratesmethodological tools stemming from the emerging field of Digital Humanities. In

particular,itaimsatdevelopinginnovativetoolsformodeling,managing,evaluating,andvisualizinghistoricaldata.

Inshort,ourinterdisciplinaryapproachwillallowustobuilduponandgobeyondtheclassicperspectivesinthestudy

ofelitesandenableabetteranalysisofthe(re)configurationoftheirpowerandlogicsofactionacrosstime.Inorder

tomeetthesechallenges,ourprojectbringstogetheramultidisciplinarygroupofscholars.

2.2.1.ApplicantsandassociatedpartnersThe four main applicants stem from distinct academic fields. Each of them will be in charge of a subproject in

collaboration with associate partners (see Table 1 below). Most of them have already collaborated on previous

research projects. On all these occasions, complementarity in terms of methods, domains of specialization and

conceptualapproachhasprovedvery successful.Thesecollaborationshavenotably led to thecreationofaunique

databaseonSwisselitesandtoasyntheticbookonSwissbusinesselites(Machetal.2016).Theyhavealsoledtothe

foundationin2015oftheinterdisciplinaryOBELIS,hostedattheUniversityofLausanne(UNIL),whichhasbecomethe

competencecenteroneliteresearchwithregularappearancesinlocalandnationalmedia.8

OBELISwillserveasthe

leadinghouseoftheproject.

ThisSinergiaprojectwillofferanopportunitytofurtherconsolidateandformalizeexistingcollaborations,aswellasto

developnewones.ItbringstogetherscholarsaffiliatedtoFrenchandGermanspeakingSwissUniversities,aswellas

from the three cities considered in the project. It also integrates two colleagues from Sciences Po Paris and the

UniversityofOsaka.Moreover,weintendtodevelopcollaborationswithexistingSNSFresearchprojects involvedin

eliteresearch,aswellasDigitalHumanitiesresearchersatUniversityofLausanneandEPFLinordertodevelopcutting

edgemethodindatamining.

8

In2017,theOBELISbloganddatabasehavereceivedanaverageofaround2500uniquemonthlyconsultations.

16

Table1.Syntheticoverviewoftheapplicantsandassociatedpartners

Name Discipline Role(s)intheprojectandsub-projectsMainapplicant

Prof.AndréMach(UNIL) Politicalscience(S4)Universitiesandacademicelites

SupervisionofdatacollectiononpoliticalelitesCo-applicantsProf.EricDavoine(UNIFR)

Management

(S2)Leadingcompanies

Dr.StéphanieGinalski(UNIL)Sociologyandeconomic

history

(S3)ArtsocietiesandculturalinstitutionsSocialnetworkanalysis

Prof.MatthieuLeimgruber(UZH) Economichistory (S1)Chambersofcommerce

Associatedpartners(alphabeticorder)

Prof.FelixBühlmann(UNIL) Sociology(S3)ArtsocietiesandculturalinstitutionsMulticorrespondenceanalysis

Prof.ThomasDavid(UNIL) Economichistory(S4)UniversitiesandacademicelitesTransversalcollaborationonthecityofGeneva

Dr.Claire-LiseDeblue(UNIL) Culturalhistory (S3)ArtsocietiesandculturalinstitutionsProf.Pierre-YvesDonzé(UOsaka) Economichistory (S2)Leadingcompanies

Dr.PierreEichenberger(UZH) Economichistory

(S1)Chambersofcommerce(S2)Leadingcompanies

TransversalcollaborationonthecityofZurich

Dr.RomainFelli(UNILandUNIGE)Geography,Political

science

TransversalcollaborationonmultiscalesissuesandthecityofGeneva

MartinGrandjean(UNIL)History,Digital

Humanities

TransversalcollaborationonDHaspects,notablydatavisualization

Prof.ClaireLemercier(SciencesPo,Paris) SociologyandHistory (S1)Chambersofcommerce

Prof.MartinLengwiler(UNIBAS) Historian TransversalcollaborationonthecityofBaselDr.AndreaPilotti(UNIL) Politicalscience TransversalcollaborationonpoliticalelitesProf.MichaelPiotrowski(UNIL) DigitalHumanities Transversalcollaborationondatacollection

Dr.ThierryRossier(UCopenhagen) Politicalscience(S4)UniversitiesandacademicelitesSocialnetworkanalysis

Prof. AndréMach is a political scientist and economic sociologist at UNIL. He has extensively published on Swiss

industrialrelationsandcorporategovernance(Davidetal.2015),interestgroups(Mach2015)andelites(Machetal.

2016).Hehas a strong experience in leading researchprojects,most recently on academic elites, urbanelites and

interestgroups.HeisthemainapplicantoftheSinergiaprojectandwillbeinchargeofthesubprojectonacademic

elites(S4)withthecollaborationofProf.ThomasDavid(UNIL,OBELIS)andDr.ThierryRossier(SNSFpost-docfellow,

OBELISandCopenhagenBusinessSchool).

Prof.EricDavoineisaprofessorformanagementattheUniversityofFribourg.Hisresearchhasmainlyfocusedonthe

influence of national institutions on corporatemanagement practices and onmanager profiles (Davoine & Ravasi

2013;Stokesetal.2014;Davoineetal.2015).Hehasrecentlydirectedseveralprojectsexploringthetensionbetween

global standardizationversus local institutionaleffectsonHumanResourceManagementpracticeswithin theSwiss

subsidiariesofmultinationalcompaniesandinthewatchmakingindustry.Recentresearchalsoincludesaprojecton

cognitive governance, boardmember profiles and companyHRpolicies.Hewill collaborate onS2with Pierre-Yves

Donzé(UniversityofOsaka)andDr.PierreEichenberger(UNIZH).

Dr.StéphanieGinalskiisabusinesshistorianandelitesociologistatUNIL.Herfieldofexpertiseisbusinesselites,and

shehasproducedkeycontributionsonfamilycapitalism(Ginalski2013and2015)andtheroleofwomenamongSwiss

corporateelites (Ginalski2016). She isalsoanetworkanalysisexpert (seee.g.Ginalskietal.2014;Eichenberger&

Ginalski2017)andacofounderOBELIS.Shewillbeinchargeofthesubprojectoncultureandlocalartsocieties(S3)in

collaborationwithProf.FelixBühlmann(UNIL,OBELIS)andDr.Claire-LiseDeblüe(SNSFseniorresearcher,UNIL).

17

Prof. Matthieu Leimgruber teaches and coordinates research on social and economic history at the University of

Zurich. He has worked extensively on the history of social policy development and on the role of socio-economic

expertise within international organizations. He is currently working on international fiscal policy (Farquet &

Leimgruber2015)andSwitzerlandasaplatformformultinationalcorporations(Leimgruber2015).Heisalsoleadinga

research project on industrialist and art collector Emil Georg Bührle (Haller & Leimgruber 2018). He will lead the

subprojectontheChambersofcommercewiththecollaborationofProf.ClaireLemercier(SciencesPoParis)andDr.

PierreEichenberger(UNIZH).

2.2.2.AdditionalresearchcollaborationsInadditiontotheabove-mentionedassociatedpartners (signaled inbold type inthe followingsection),ourproject

willcollaboratewithseveralongoingresearchprojectsandinstitutions.

First, we will closely work with the project “Urban transformations and local political elites: A comparative study

amongfourSwisscities”(SNSF100017_165955),headedbyProf.OscarMazzoleni,Dr.AndreaPilotti,andProf.André

Mach. This project investigates municipal political elites during the second half of the 20th

century in Lausanne,

Lugano, LuzernandZurich. For this reason, the Sinergiaprojectdoesnotenvisiona specific subprojectonpolitical

elites. We will thus rely on existing data collected on Zurich, while additional data for Geneva and Basel will be

collected(see2.5.3).

Second,weintendtocollaboratewiththeongoingproject“Stadt.Geschichte.Basel”(https://stadtgeschichtebasel.ch)

co-directedbyProf.MartinLengwiler.Thisproject, initiatedin2017andrunninguntil2024,willcompileandedita

globalhistoryofthecityofBasel.ThiscollaborationwillallowustoaccessnewlydigitizedarchivesonBasel,exchange

informationonongoingresearch,andofferusaplatformtodisseminateourresearchoutput.

Third,wewillalsocollaboratewiththeSinergiaProject“Impresso–MediaMonitoringofthePast”(https://impresso-

project.ch)”. This project develops digital text mining of Swiss newspaper collections. Contact has already been

establishedwithMaudEhrmann (EPFL-DHLAB), research scientist in this project. This collaborationwill allowus to

access major digitalized Swiss newspapers, which are crucial sources of biographical information on local elites.

Moreover, our own project will serve as a historical use case for the Impresso project, in order to prompt

methodologicalreflectionsofhownewspaperscanbeavaluablesourceforelitestudy.

Inaddition,threeongoingresearchprojectsdealingwithelitesataninternational levelwillalsogiveusopportunity

for scientific exchanges:a) “Rockefeller fellows asheraldsof globalization: the circulationof elites, knowledgeand

practices of modernization (1920s-1970s)” (SNSF N° 100011_172673) directed by Profs. D. Rodogno (UNIGE), L.

Tournès(UNIGE)andThomasDavid(UNIL);b)“Theriseofthefinancialelite:access,integrationandspreadofpower”

(SNSFN°100018_178817),directedbyProf.FelixBühlmann(UNIL),whichwillbeinparticularrelevantfor(S2);c)the

projectdirectedbyProfs.A.G.Larsen,C.EllersgaardandL.Henriksen(CopenhagenBusinessSchool)onDanishelites

(seehttps://github.com/antongrau),usingsimilarmethodsthanthisSinergiaproject(notablysocialnetworkanalysis

andmultiplecorrespondenceanalysis).Dr.ThierryRossierwillbeinclosecontactwiththisteam.

Finally,closecollaborationshavealreadybeenestablishedwiththemainSwissarchives in thedomainofeconomic

history,namelytheArchivfürZeitgeschichte inZurich(Dr.DanielNerlich),andtheSchweizerischeWirtschaftsarchiv,

(Dr. Martin Lüpold). This partnership involves the digitalization of specific archival fonds relevant for our project.

Moreover,accesstothearchivesoftheChambredecommerceetd’industriedeGenève(Archivesd’EtatdeGenève),

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aswellas thoseof theChambresuissede l’horlogerie (Musée internationalde l’horlogerie,LaChaux-de-Fonds)has

beensecured.

2.3Relevanceandimpact

2.3.1.ScientificrelevanceTheprojectwill fillmajorgaps inourunderstandingof localSwisselitesduring the20th century, theirspheresof

action, and provide a better understanding of the role of elites and institutions in the development of diversified

Standorte from the 1890s onwards. In particular, the role of chambers of commerce, art societies and cantonal

universitieshaveneverbeenstudiedinsuchasystematicmanner,despitetheirkeyimportanceforeconomic,cultural

andscientificdevelopment.Themulti-levelframingoftheprojectwillbringtolightthenestedscalesatworkinthe

historyoflocalStandorte,underscoringtheconnectionsbetweenlocalactorsandinstitutionstoglobaltrends.

Atamoregeneralandtheoreticallevel,lookingathowlocaleliteswereactiveandpresentnotonlyintheircity,but

at the national and transnational levels in a long-termperspective,will provide innovative interdisciplinary results.

Suchaperspectivehassofarnotbeenadoptedbytheinternationalliterature.Bydoingso,theprojectwillcontribute

to the renewal of studies on elites and provide new analytical dimensions to the transformation of their scales of

action.Inaddition,becauseoftheimportanceoflocalgovernancestructuresaswellastheearlyinternationalization

of Swiss society, looking at local elites in the Swiss context is of particular relevancewhen analyzing the different

scalesofactionoflocalelites.ThisshouldclearlystimulateinternationalinterestontheSwisscase.

The interdisciplinary character of the research team will also allow cross-fertilization of usually disconnected

approaches and methods and go beyond disciplines and specialization. For each discipline involved, we expect a

mutual enrichment from such an interdisciplinary collaborative project. For example, historians will benefit from

conceptual framings developed in political science and sociology. On the other hand, political scientists and

sociologistswillgaininrelevancebyintegratingalong-termdiachronicperspectiveintheirempiricalanalysis.Thanks

to a focus on actor’s representations and practices, management studies will provide a better understanding of

organizationalandrecruitment logics. Inversely, taking intoaccountbroaderhistoricalandsociologicalcontextswill

helpmanagementstudiestobettercontextualizeitsanalyzes.

Theprojecthasalsoanimportantcumulativecharacterasitfurthersresearchanddatacollectioneffortsdeveloped

byOBELIS.Thefocusonlocaleliteswillbringnewperspectivesonpreviousresearchfocusedonnationalelites.The

projectwillthusprovidehistoricalandcomparativeperspectivesonthethreecities,thatwillallowustogobeyond

monographicstudiesfocusedonlyononecantonoracityorashortperiodoftime.

Intermsofpublications,weplantopublishinleadingjournalsinhistory,sociology,politicalscienceandmanagement

studies. Each subprojectwill publish at least three peer-reviewed articles. “Transversal” articles involving different

subprojectsonthecomparisonbetweenelitesandtheir interrelationsarealsoplaned.Aparticularattentionwillbe

devotedtoscientific journalswithanexplicit interdisciplinaryperspective,suchasSocio-economicreview,European

Urban and Regional Studies, Economy and Society, Global Networks, Genèses, Urban history, Journal of

Interdisciplinaryhistory,EnterpriseandSociety,OrganizationStudies.

The Sinergia team will attend international and national conferences in their respective disciplines. We will pay

particular attention to interdisciplinary fora, such as the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics (SASE),

19

EuropeanBusinessHistoryAssociation(EBHA)andtheEuropeanGroupforOrganizationalStudies(EGOS).Apanelon

“Wealthycitiesandlocaleconomicelites”hasalreadybeenproposedforthe2019Journéessuissesd’histoiretaking

placeinZurich.Attheendoftheproject,theteamplanstowriteasyntheticreferencebookonSwisselitesandtheir

transformationsduringthe20th

century(forasimilarcontributiononnationaleconomicelites,seeMachetal.2016).

In terms of public access and valorization, we plan to publish the data and information gathered on the OBELIS

database. This will broaden the scope of this online database and consolidate its national and international

reputation.Wewillalsoconsolidateourcollaborationwithwww.metagrid.ch.Thiscross-referencetoolforconnecting

historical databases –such as OBELIS; the Swiss Diplomatic Documents (www.dodis.ch), and the Swiss Historical

Dictionary (www.hls-dhs-dss.ch), as well as foreign databases– will enable our research results to be directly

accessibleacrossagrowingnumberofonlineSwissandforeignportalsanddatabases.

2.3.2.DigitalHumanities(DH)dimensionThisprojectwillimplementDHmethodsandtoolsthroughoutitsduration.First,weintendtodevelopnewtoolsfor

datacollection,notablythroughcollaborationwiththeDepartmentofLanguageandInformationSciencesatUNILand

theEPFLDHLAB,aswellasthejointUNIL–EPFLCenterforDigitalHumanities.Thisprojectaimsatusingthedatabase

not only as a “storage space”, but also as a way to create “smart data”. This innovative approach may have a

significant impact for linkingandmininghistoricaldata.Second, thedatacollectedwillbe integrated in theOBELIS

database,andthusaccessiblenotonlytoscholars,butalsoto journalistsandother interestedpersons.Thisproject

will thus contribute to the public dissemination of scholarly knowledge. Finally, we intend to use different digital

methodsandtools inorder toanalyze thedatacollected, suchassocialnetworkanalysis,multiplecorrespondence

analysis and geographic information systems. In this domain, we will collaborate withMartin Grandjean (UNIL,

www.martingrandjean.ch),anexpert indatavisualization, inordertodevelop innovativewaysofrepresenting local

power structures and their evolution across time. Specific attention will be given to the visualization of research

results,inordertoenhanceourresearchoutputbothintheacademicandpublicspheres.

2.3.3.EducationandteachingEachco-applicantwillorganizespecificBA/MAseminarsrelatedtothegeneral topicof theprojectand itsdifferent

subprojects.Includingongoingresearchinsuchcourseshasalwaysbeenveryappreciatedbystudents,hasproduced

excellentMAthesesandthuscontributedtooverallscholarlyoutput.AttheUniversityofLausanne,theannualMA

seminaron“ElitesandPower”taughtbyDr.StéphanieGinalskiandProf.AndréMach,willbeclosely linkedtothe

Sinergiaproject.AttheUniversityofZurich,Prof.MatthieuLeimgruberwillalsoorganize inSpring2019aresearch

seminar on 20th

century Zurich elites. Prof. Eric Davoine will organize a research seminar on “Top management

careers” in Autumn 2019. In the course of the research, we aim to organize joint sessions between faculty and

students from the participating universities, with the aim of improving knowledge transfer.Wewill also have the

opportunity to hireMA students as student-assistants for short-term data collection and analysis tasks, a solution

whichhasprovedveryefficientinpreviousresearchprojects.

2.3.4.BroaderrelevanceandpublicdisseminationThethreecitiesstudiedinthisprojectcanbeconsideredas“successstories”whichhavemanagedtocombinelong-

term economic developmentwith high quality of life. To better understand how these three cities and their local

20

elites have succeeded in promoting their local Standorte in economic, cultural and academic terms can clearly

contributetofosterbetterlocalgovernancemechanisms.Suchanunderstandingwillbeofinterestforlocalpoliticians

andentrepreneursaswellasforthelargepublicandthemedia.Forthispurpose,weplantoorganizevariouspublic

outreacheventswithlibraries,archivesandartmuseums.Theseeventswillconsistinpublicconferencesandconcise

publicationsonthehistoricaldevelopmentof local institutions,suchaschambersofcommerceorartsocieties.We

will alsoproposeworkshops for teachers in order to enhance theheritageof their city. Inspiredby experiences in

Neuchâtel (http://www.cooperaxion.org/?lang=en) or in Lausanne (https://balade.wordpress.com/les-balades-

accompagnees/),wewillorganizehistoricalguidedtoursonthetracesofelitesinthethreecities.Thesetourswillbe

preparedwithstudentsand incollaborationwithassociationswhichalreadyorganizesuchguided tours inGeneva,

BaselandZurich.

WewillalsopublishandmakeaccessibleongoingresearchresultsandoutputontheOBELISwebsiteandblog,aswell

asprepareregularcontributionsinthemedia.

2.4StateoftheartrelevanttotheprojectWewillpresenthereliteraturerelevanttoallfoursubprojects:forspecificreferencesoneachsubprojectpleaserefer

tosection2.1.Besidesastateoftheartoneliteresearch(foranoverview,seeMach&David2007andBühlmannet

al.2011),tworesearchfieldshavebeenparticularlyrelevantforourproject:therenewalofeliteresearchandstudies

onlocalgovernanceandurbantransformations.

A first strand of literature, mainly from comparative political economy, economic sociology and business

management, has underscored the transformations of elites in the context of economic globalization and

financialization. Recent publications addressing this issue have underlined the increasing transnationalization of

business elites and growing importance of financialmarkets for large companies (Savage&Williams 2008; Carroll

2010;Zald&Lounsbury2010;Morganetal.2015;Davis&Williams2017;Cousinetal.2018).Suchstudiespointout

to the gradual disaggregation of national elite networks during the recent period (Mizruchi 2013; Useem 2015;

Dudouet&Gremont2010;Heemskerk2010and2013;onSwisselites:Machetal.2011;Davidetal.2015;Davoineet

al. 2015;Machet al. 2016). Furthermore, recent researchabout the roleofmultinational companies (MNCs) show

thatMNCsimpactlocalecosystemsandinstitutionsmoreandmoreatalocallevel,leadingtonewformsofeconomic

governanceatsupra-nationalandsub-nationallevels(Almondetal.2014,Cleggetal.2018).Dörrenbächer&Geppert

(2016)havealsoshownthat it isnecessary todifferentiatebetweendifferentcategoriesofMNCelitesandof local

elitestoidentifynewhybridprofiles.

However,thedecliningnationalrootednessofbusinesseliteshasalsobeennuanced.Forexample,Hartmann(2011

and 2016) has underlined the persistence of the national character (in terms of education and career) of business

elites,whileWagner(2010and2011)hasstressedthatthecosmopolitanwayoflifeoftheuppermiddleclasshasold

roots, and that economic elites in the current globalization also strive to maintain some local legitimacy and

rootedness (see also Pinçon & Pinçon-Charlot 2003, see Schär 2015 for Swiss examples). In a similar perspective,

Saunier(2006)hasstressedthe19th

centurytransnationalconnectionsoflocalactorsinEuropeancities.

Thesecondstrandofrelevantliteraturereferstothestudyoflocalgovernancemechanisms.Ineconomichistoryand

sociology,aswellasincomparativepoliticaleconomy,scholarshaveanalyzedthecentralroleoflocalactorsforthe

economicdevelopmentofregionsandthe“localconstructionofeconomicperformance”basedonthecollaboration

21

betweenlocalbusinessrepresentatives(i.e.chamberofcommerce)andpoliticalauthorities.Forexample,studiesby

Zeitlin (2008) on regional industrial districts and by Crouch et al. (2001 and 2004) on local social systems, have

underscored the decisive role of cooperation between economic actors at the local level for achieving successful

economicdevelopment.

Recentstudiesinurbansociologyandpoliticalscience,suchasLeGalès(2002and2011),haveexploredthehistorical

development and recent reaffirmation of European cities and pointed out the key role of collaboration between

economic,politicalandculturalurbanactorsforthedevelopmentofcities(seealsoIsaacs&Prak1996).LeGalèshas

convincinglydemonstratedthat,despiteeconomicglobalizationandEuropeanization,localurbanstructuresaswellas

localeconomicactors,suchaschambersofcommerce,andlocalpoliticalauthoritieshavecontinuedtosustainlocal

governance mechanisms to promote regional development. In the continuation of these studies, Andreotti et al.

(2013and2015)havedirectlyaddressedthetensionsbetweentransnationalmobilityandlocalrootednessofurban

uppermiddle-classrepresentativesintherecentperiod.Adoptingamicro-levelperspectiveonthebasisofinterviews

andquestionnaires,Andreottiandhisco-authorsdistinguishbetweendifferentdegreesofinternationalmobilityand

rootedness. They enunciate thehypothesis of a “partial exit” strategyof theseuppermiddle-class representatives.

Suchaperspective,even thoughnot specifically focusedonelites, raisesparticularly relevantquestions concerning

thelogicofactionofelitesintermsoflocalrootednessandinternationalmobility.

In addition to this literature, specific studies on Switzerland have been particularly influential and relevant for our

project. We have first to mention here several historical studies on local power structures and patrician families

duringthe19th

century,whichserveasastartingpointforourproject(Tanner1990and1995;Sarasin1998a;Perroux

2003;Rieder2008).RecentstudiesonSwissurbansociologyandpoliticshavealsoprovidedrelevantinsightsforour

project (for an overview, Kaufmann 2012; on the historical dimension, Walter 1994). Urban changes, such as

gentrificationandmetropolization,haveimpactedsocialcleavagesincitiesandtherelevantscaleofgovernance(Hitz

et al. 1995; Bassand 2004; Kübler & Scheuss 2005; Kübler & Schwab 2007; Kübler et al. 2013). Gentrification has

favoredtheemergenceofnewcategoriesofurbanelites intherecentperiod,and,becauseofpolitical institutional

stability,thegapbetweeneconomicevolutionandpolitical lifehasalso impactedthe interactionsbetweenpolitical

andeconomicelites.

Finally,studiesonSwisselites,publishedinlargepartbyscholarsparticipatinginthisSinergiaprojecthaveuntilthen

focusedonnationalelitesandattemptedtoanswertwomainquestions:whoaretheSwisselites,andhowdothey

collaborate?Thesestudieshavehighlighted,amongother results, the strongsocial cohesionamongelitesuntil the

1990s, the increasingpresenceof foreignersamongbusinessandacademicelitessincethen,aswellas thegradual

(andmodest)entryofwomenamongpowercircles.Thesestudieshaveshownthatthecompositionofnationalelites

hasmuchchangedintherecentdecades,andthatsocialhomogeneity(intermsofeducation,militarygrade,career)

aswellas interrelationsbetweenelites,notably through interfirmnetworksormulti-positionality indifferentsocial

spheres,haveclearlydeclinedsincethe1990s.Suchobservationsarehoweverlimitedtonationalelitesandhavenot

been addressed for local ones (see among others, Parma 2007; Ginalski 2015; Daum et al. 2014; Mäder 2015;

Bühlmannetal.2015;Pilotti2017).

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2.5.Researchapproach

2.5.1.TheoreticalapproachandgeneralhypothesesUsualtheoreticalresearchapproachesoneliteshaveuntilthenlargelyfocusedonfundamental–butnotsufficient–

issues of inequality and social reproduction (Cousin et al. 2018: 230). Studies byWrightMills and Pierre Bourdieu

constitute paradigmatic cases of such approaches. For example, seminal work by Mills (1956) has critically

investigatedtheaccumulationofpowerbetweenactorsstemmingfromdifferentfieldsofpower,andproposedthe

concept of “power elite” to designate the personswho transcend different institutional orders (politics, economy,

military),are inconstantexchange, shareasimilar lifestyleandareable toensure theirpower in the long term. In

doing so, Mills has however left out both the issue of diversity within the elites, and the question of the

reconfigurationofpoweracrosstime(Denordetal.2018).Bourdieuhasinitiatedrichandfundamentalthinkinginthe

field of elite research, notably with the concepts of “field of power” and his multi-faceted notion of “capital”

(BourdieuandDeSaintMartin1979;Bourdieu1998).Studyingvarious(economic,political,religious)fields,Bourdieu

hasanalyzedthespecificpowerresourcesineachofthosefieldsandsoughttodeterminetherelationshipsbetween

themandanoverarchingfieldofpower(seeHjellbrekkeetal.2007;Denordetal.2011).Atthesametime,however,

hehasneglectedforaverylongtime,untilalatework(Bourdieu2002),genderissues(Cousinetal.2018:228)aswell

asthetransnationaldimension(Bühlmannetal.2013).

Ourprojectproposesanewresearchagendaonelites, inordertounderstand“thevariouspowerofvariouselites”

(Cousinetal.2018:229),andhowtheseeliteshavemanaged–orfailed–tomaintaindominantpositionsovertime.

This agenda builds upon, but also go beyond, the classical approach as suggested by Cousin et al. (2018), and is

articulatedaroundthefollowingmain“theoreticalpathways”.

First,wewillbuildonthelegacyofMillsandBourdieu.Asastartingpoint,wewilldrawuponMills’definitionofelite,

whichincludesthepeoplewhooccupy“pivotalpositions”inthesociety,whichallowthemto“makedecisionshaving

major consequences” (Mills 2000: 4). Moreover, we will resort to above-mentioned Bourdieusian sociological

conceptsof“fieldofpower”and“capital”,inordertoanalyzetherelationbetweeneliteandpower.

Secondly,most studies on elites remain largely synchronic. Amajor strength of our project relies on its long term

historicalperspectiveinordertoprobethechangesovertime.Bycoveringmorethan100yearsofSwisslocalelites,

ourprojectwillhighlightthetransformationsoflocalelitesandpowerstructures,aswellastheirmulti-levelactivities.

Indeed, the relation between elite and power is a dynamic process, subject to historical contingencies. Economic

growthanddownturn,globalizationandnationalwithdrawal,urbantransformations,changingscalesofeconomicand

politicallife,amongotherexamples,haveanimpactonthisprocess.

Thirdly,ourprojectaimsatgoingbeyondthe“methodologicalnationalism”,whichconsidersthenation-stateasthe

relevantframeofanalysis,andhasbeenmoreandmorecalledintoquestionbytheprocessofincreasingglobalization

(seeWimmer&GlickSchiller2002;Beck2007;Saunier2013).Wewillthustake intoaccountnotonlynational,but

alsolocalandtransnationalscalesinordertoassessthemulti-levelactivitiesoflocalelites.Forinstance,thiswillallow

ustoexpandbeyondthedifferentformsofcapitals(economic,social,cultural,andsymbolic)identifiedbyBourdieu,

by integrating and developing the concept of cosmopolitan capital, which refers to elites’ degree of

internationalization(Wagner2007;Bühlmannetal.2013).

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Fourthly,weaimatdevelopingthegenderissue,asithasbeenlargelyneglectedbyeliteresearchuntilnow,notably

becauseofthelongunderrepresentationofwomenineliteposition.Inordertoreintegratewomenintheanalysis,we

will follow thehistorical evolutionof their role “from spouses to leader” (Rabier 2013: 205-207). Indeed, although

womenhavebeenlargelyexcludedfromelitepositionsuntiltheendofthe20th

century,theyplayedaninvisible–but

neverthelesscrucial–role,notablyinweavingalliancesamongprominentfamiliesthroughmarriage,inordertoboth

preserve social cohesion and family wealth, as well as to maintain the social capital of the family through the

organizationofreceptionsandgalas(Pinçon&Pinçon-Charlot2003;Rabier2013;fortheSwisscase:Sarasin1998a).

Takingintoaccountthefamilyresourcesofeliteswillthusallowustoshedlightontheinvisibleroleplayedbywomen

in the three cities.Moreover, as our project encompasses also themost recent period, itwill enable to seize and

analyzeamajortransformationintherelationshipbetweenelite,powerandgender,aswomenbegantoaccesselite

positionsattheturnofthe21st

century(ontheSwisscase,seeGinalski2016).

Buildinguponthetworesearchaxespresented inthe introductionandthegeneral theoretical frameworksketched

above,wecanformulatetwomainhypothesesthataretransversalforthewholeproject.

• Elites constantly run the risk of losing their privileged position. Patrician families, which still enjoyed a

dominantpositionaround1900,have inall likelihood lost someof their influenceduring the20th

century.

Ourresearchwillexploretowhatextentthe influenceofthesefamilieshasdecreasedovertime,andwho

werethenewelitegroupsthatsucceededinreachingleadingpositionsintheinstitutionsweintendtostudy.

In this perspective, specific attention will be paid to the emergence of newcomers, such as women and

foreigners.Echoingwhatwehavealreadyobservedfornationalelites(Machetal.2016),weexpectthatthe

accumulation of power positions among local elites has declined over time, thus heralding a profound

transformationoflocalpowerstructures.

• Our second hypothesis is related to the interconnections between the local and the transnational level

throughwhichlocalbusiness,cultural,politicalandacademiceliteshaveentertainedduringthelastcentury,

andhowthesemultiplescalesofactionhavechanged.Shiftingthefocusfromthenationaltothelocallevel

shouldallowustoobservehowlocaleliteshavefacedthechangingscaleofeconomic,culturalandpolitical

life.Weexpecttoidentifydifferenttypologiesoflocalelites:betweenthosemainlyactiveatthelocallevel,

withoutnationalandtransnationalactivities,andthosedevelopingfarreachingactivitiesbeyondtheirlocal

rootedness.Second,inadiachronicperspective,weassumethatlocaleliteshaveforalongtimesucceeded

inaccumulatingpositionsatthenationalandinternationallevels,butthattheformerhasdeclinedduringthe

morerecentperiodinfavorofthelatter.Inaddition,wecanexpectintherecentperiodtheemergenceof

increasingly disconnected and diversified categories of elites, characterized by different sociological

backgroundintermsofeducationorcareerpatterns,becauseofrolespecializationanddifferentiation.

2.5.2.ComparinglocaltrajectoriesovertimeThese general hypotheses will be tested and compared in three urban contexts: Zurich, Basel and Geneva. This

comparativeapproachwillallowustoobserve ifthepresenceorabsenceoffactors–insocio-economicorpolitical

terms–impactdifferentlytheprofileoflocalelitesandthepowerstructureofeachcity.Todothiswehaveidentified

factors that make our cities both similar and dissimilar. In this way, the similar characteristics of these cities are

considered “controlled or neutralized”, while the characteristics that differentiate them can become explanatory

variablesofthevariationacrosslocalelites.

Sincetheendofthe19th

century,allthreecitiesunderwentprofoundchangesindemographic,economicandpolitical

terms(forasynthetichistoryofBasel,Bauer1981;onGeneva,Perroux2014;onZurich,FlüelerandFlüeler-

Grauwiller 1994). Historical comparisons in terms of local GDP and demographic evolution suggest that Basel,

24

GenevaandZurichdevelopedindifferentbutrelativelyparallelways:nonewasabletogainatrulydominantposition

andnonecompletelylostgroundcomparedtotheothers.Allthreewereintheendrelativelysuccessful,asshownby

the recent ranking of cities according to their quality of living. This is also illustrative of the persistence of the

polycentriccharacterofSwitzerland.Allthreeremainedduringthewhole20th

centuryamongtherichestregionsof

thecountry(Hiestandetal.2012).

Zurich,BaselandGenevahaveremainedthethreelargestSwisscities intermsofpopulation,havealwaysbeenthe

most internationalized in economic and cultural terms, and have all developed an international airport. In

demographic terms, the threecitieshavealso followedasimilarpath:afterconstant increaseuntil the1960s, they

underwent a relative decline until a new upward trend in the 1990s. At the political level, the three cities have

experienced quite similar changes. During the first half of the 20th

century, and especially during the 1930s, the

electoral successof the social-democratic party led to center-left politicalmajority in all three cities. This situation

repeateditselfattheendofthe1980s,whencenter-leftmajoritiesagaincametodominatecitypolitics.Theprocess

ofmetropolization(Bassand2004),notonlygaverisetonewformsofmetropolitangovernance(Kübleretal.2013)

affecting power structures of the cities, but also contributed to transform urban demographic structures (notably

through gentrificationprocesses, Rérat& Lees 2011) through thedevelopmentof a newurbanmiddle class,more

inclinedtovoteforcenter-leftparties.

Concerningthemajorvariations, thatcanbecomeexplanatory factors fordifferences in localeliteorganizationand

activities,threemajordimensionsshouldbementioned:1)employmentstructure;2)political-institutionalinsertionin

theirrespectivecanton;and3)theirrelationstoneighboringforeigncountries.

First, whereas Basel and Zurich have had an important industrial sector during a large part of the 20th

century

(respectivelychemicalandpharmaceutical industry inBaselandmachines industry inZurich), theGeneva industrial

sectoralreadylost itspredominanceatthebeginningofthe20th

century.Thedegreeof internationalorientationof

thesedominanteconomicsectorsmightalsodifferbetweenthecities.Suchsocio-economicdifferencesmightaffect

thecategoriesofthedominantlocaleconomicelitesineachcityaswellastheirrespectivetransnationalconnections.

Second,thethreecitiesdifferintheirgeographicalandinstitutional-politicalinsertion.Whilethecity-cantonofBasel

is characterized by the quasi absence of communal authorities (except a few small municipalities) because of the

“secession” of Basel-Land canton during the 19th

century, Geneva and Zurich both have a significant cantonal

hinterland.Bothcitiesclearlydwarfothermunicipalitiesintermsofpopulation(in2015,Genevarepresented40%and

Zuricharound30%oftheiroverallcantonalpopulation).ThisimpliesthatbothGenevaandZurichhavetodealwith

theinsertionoftheircityrepresentativesatthecantonallevel,aswellashowcantonalauthoritiescansupporttheir

“capital”. In otherwords,while in Basel the city/canton divide follows cantonal borders, the interdependency and

overlappingbetweentheurbanandthecantonalelitesmustbetakenintoaccountinGenevaandZurichinorderto

understand city development. Third, the distinctive geographical position of Basel and Genevamake them border

cities,whichmayhavefavoredveryearlyonthetransnationalrelationsofthelocalelite,especiallywithFranceand

Germany.

Thesefactorsunderscoretheunityindiversityofourcasestudies;theseconfigurationsmakethemcomparableover

time and allows us to identify diverging factors that could hypothetically differentiate spatially and temporally the

25

local elites that are at the center of our project, aswell as their specific power structures and their transnational

connections.

2.5.3.DatacollectionA major objective of this project will be to gather systematic data on local elites (see Table 2 below). The data

collectedwill be integrated in theOBELIS database. This database contains biographical informationonmore than

35’000 individuals holding a power position at the national level for the political, economic, administrative and

academicspheres inSwitzerland from1910 to2015. Inorder toensuredatacompatibility,wewilladopt thesame

benchmarkyearsthatwereusedintheOBELISdatabase(1910,1937,1957,1980,2000).Moreover,wewilladdtwo

extra benchmarks (1890 and 2020) in order to integrate the late 19th

century as well as the most contemporary

period.FollowingtheproceduresoftheOBELISdatabase,wewillcollectkeybiographical informationonlocalelites

for each subproject: date of birth (and death when relevant), sex, nationality, social origin and close family links

(parents and spouses), education, and main career steps. We also aim to collect personal addresses, in order to

visualizethegeographicallocationofelites.

Thiswayofmakinghasthreemajoradvantages.First,usingsuchacentralizeddatabasewillfacilitatethecoordination

amongsubprojects.Second, itwill allow tobuilduponandcross-check thedatacollectedduringprevious research

projectsonSwissnationalelites.ThiswillforexampleallowustoseeiflocalelitesinBasel,ZurichandGenevawere

alsoactiveatthenationallevel.Third,itwillenrichtheOBELISdatabase,whichiswidelyusedbyscholars,butalsothe

widerpublic.

Table2.Estimatedsizeofprosopographysampleforeachsubproject

Subproject/institutions Totalsamplesize Comments(S1)Chambersofcommerce: 500 Executivecommittees:between15and35membersfor

thethreeinstitutions

(S2)Leadingcompanies 770 CEOs andpresidentsof theboardof directorsof 10-20

chemical,20-30bankingand10-20watchmakingsector.

For 2000 and 2020, we will include information on

executivecommittees(i.e.about200individuals)

(S3)Artsocieties 400 Executivecommittee:around15membersforthe4

institutions(includingSchweizerischesKunsverein)(S4)Universities 550 Outofatotalof3300professors,selectedonthebasis

ofinstitutionalpositionandscientificreputation*

Politicalelites** 245(alreadycollected) Executive:Basel=7(7city+0cantonforeach

benchmark);Zurich:9;ZH:7;Geneva:5;GE:7

3500(partiallycollected) Parliaments:Basel:100;Zurich:125;ZH:100;Geneva:

80;GE:100

*SeeDavidetal.2018:13

**Political elites arenot theobjectofa specific subproject.Wewillhowevergatherdataon thecompositionof themunicipal

parliamentsofthethreecities,oftheparliamentofthecantonsofZurich(ZH)andGeneva(GE),andoftheexecutivebranchofthe

two cantons (ZH and GE) and three cities. The members of themunicipal parliament of Zurich since 1945 have already been

integratedintheOBELISdatabase.Suchlistsoflocalpoliticianswithbasicbiographicalinformationareeasilyaccessibleincantonal

or municipal archives. Dr. Andrea Pilotti (senior researcher, UNIL, OVPR and OBELIS), Prof. André Mach and the post-doccoordinatorwillberesponsibleforthisdatacollection.

Wehavealready identifiedarchival institutionsthatcontain informationonthe individualsmentioned in theabove

tableaswellasrelevantbiographicalinformation.Moreover,wehavedevelopedcollaborationwiththeirstaff.

• (S1) Archives of the Basel, Geneva, Zurich chambers of commerce, as well as the Chambre Suisse del’horlogerieareavailableinpublic institutions(respectivelyattheSchweizerischeWirtschaftsarchiv inBasel,the Archives d’État de Genève, the Archiv für Zeitgeschichte in Zurich, and the theMusée international

26

d’horlogerie in La Chaux-de-Fonds). Furthermore, each chamber of commerce has published extensive

reports, documents newspapers, aswell asmembers’ lists, which are available in libraries. TheArchiv fürZeitgeschichte as well as the SchweizerischesWirtschaftsarchiv have already started to digitalize relevantarchivesforourresearchuponrequest.

• (S2) Data on the directors of major companies from the banking, chemical-pharmaceutical andwatchmaking sectors in the three cities can be gathered from published and available company reports.

These documents are available at the Schweizerische Wirtschaftsarchiv. Trade associations of the threesectors also publish reports and newsletters that provide information on specific activities andmembers.

Contacts have been established with key archival centers for the banking (SchweizerischeBankiervereinigung), watchmaking (Musée International d’horlogerie) and chemical-pharmaceutical sector

(Novartiscorporatearchives)thatprovideexcellentaccesstohistoricaldocuments.

• (S3) We will first investigate the archives of each Kunstvereine in order to identify members of their

executive committees. These archives are located in the Staatsarchiv-Basel-Stadt (Basler Kunstverein andBaslerKunstmuseum),theArchivesdelaVilledeGenève(SociétégenevoisedesBeaux-ArtsandMuséed’artet d’histoire) and in the Kunsthaus Zürich (Zürcher Kunstgesellschaft and Kunsthaus Zurich). We will also

investigate the archives of the Schweizerisches Kunstverein in Zurich. Second, we will investigate privateorganizations,notablytheBeyelerFoundationandArtBasel fonds(Staatsarchiv-Basel-Stadt),theMoosArt

galleryandauctionhouseinGeneva(Bibliothèqued’Artetd’archéologieduMuséed’artetd’histoire)andtheFondation Collection E.G. Bührle in Zürich. This will notably allow us to highlight the transnational

connections of these cultural actors and institutions. In addition, we will use the different publications

producedbytheseinstitutions,suchasKunstvereineannualreportsandauctionhousescatalogues.• (S4)ThedatacollectiononuniversityprofessorsreliesonapreviousSNSFresearchproject“Academicelites

inSwitzerland(1910-2000):betweenautonomyandpower”(SNSF#.100017_143202).Allprofessorsforfive

benchmarkyearshavealreadybeenintegratedintheOBELISdatabase.Wewillhavetocompletethelistfor

1890 and 2020. Further information will be gathered concerning the local involvement of university

professorsorthecompositionofUniversityboards.Institutionalpositionsbyprofessors(DeanorPresident)

havealreadybeencollected.Wewillalsorelyondocumentaryanalysisconcerningtheuniversitylawreforms

inthethreecantons.Relevantdocumentsareaccessibleinuniversityarchives.

While we can rely on experience accumulated during previous research project on Swiss elites, we also aim at

developinginnovativeresearchmethodscombiningtextminingandnetworkminingapproaches.Forexample,since

historicalinformationisalwaystosomeextentuncertainandinneedofinterpretation,anoverarchingrequirementof

historical research is that all statements should be linked to provenance information in order to documentwho

derived which insights from what document. These requirements are however difficult to meet in a traditional

database. During a one-year test-phase, we will evaluate, in collaboration withMichael Piotrowski (UNIL), the

relevanceofnanopublications(Grothetal.2010)asawaytoovercomesuchlimitations.Thisapproachdevelopedin

biomedicalresearchaimstouniformlyrepresentreferencesandscholars’insightswithrespecttothesereferencesas

small,self-containedentitiesontheSemanticWeb.Nanopublicationshavebeendevelopedasacommonframework

fordescribingscientificstatementstogetherwiththeircontext(e.g.,originalpublication,authors,organismsinvolved)

in a machine-readable fashion, so that scientific results can be accessed more easily, referenced unambiguously,

connected to their authors, and automatically aggregated and analyzed. To date, nanopublications – or similar

approaches–arenotyetbeenwidelyusedinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences,buttheirpotentialhasalreadybeen

demonstrated(Golden&Shaw2015;Hessbrüggen-Walter2013;Piotrowski2015).

27

2.5.4.CombinedmethodologicalapproachesInordertoaddressourhypothesesandanalyzeourdata,wewillcombinedifferentmethodsandtoolsstemmingfrom

history, sociology,management research anddigital humanities. The following table sumsup themethodsused in

ordertoanswerourresearch’sgoals.

Table3.Methodsandexpectedoutputs

Methods (S1) (S2) (S3) (S4) Mainoutputs

Documentaryanalysis ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Identificationoflocalelites

Collectionofbiographicalinformation

Qualitativeanalysisofelites’logicofaction

Prosopography ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔Tracingtheevolutionofelites’socialprofileandtheir

multiplepowerpositionsacrosstime

Multiplecorrespondenceanalysis(MCA) ✔ ✔ ✔ Elaboratingatypologyofdiversifiedelitegroups

Socialnetworkanalysis(SNA) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Visualizingkinshiptiesandaffiliationtoorganizationsat

thelocal,nationalandtransnationallevels

GeographicInformationSystem(GIS) ✔ ✔ ✔

Investigatespatialhomogeneity/heterogeneityofelites

andinstitutions

Companycasestudy ✔

Studyingtheinterplaysbetweenelitechanges,corporate

strategicorganizationalpracticesandevolutionsoflocal

institutionalenvironments

Contentanalysis(interviews) ✔

Identifyingcorporateandactor’slogicsandrationalesin

careerpracticesandcorporatestrategies

DocumentaryanalysisContent analysis of archival (such as the minutes of executive committees) and published sources (such as

newspapersandannualreports)willallowustoidentifyindividualsoccupyingelitepositionsintheinstitutionstaken

intoaccountinthedifferentsubprojectsandlocateinformationrelevantfortheprosopography.Moreover,content

analysisoffirst-handmaterialsuchasarchivalsourceswillenableaqualitativeanalysisofthelogicofactionofelites.

Forexample, itwill contribute tounderstandhowchambersof commerce reacted to theemergenceof center-left

majorities in the three cities in consideration from the interwar period onwards; in the case ofKunstvereine, this

approach will give insight concerning support to institutional art spaces, artistic activities and international

exhibitions.

ProsopographyWewill use prosopography in order to analyze the social profile of local elites and its evolution across time. This

method consists in analyzing a group of actors sharing common distinctive features. It allows to overcome the

limitation of single individual biographic approaches, and thus to include them in larger groups, institutions or

networks(Lemercier&Picard2011:605;seealsoBecker1986;Bourdieu1986).Thisapproachhasbeenwidelyused

byhistoricalresearchonelites(e.g.Charleetal.1980;Joly2000),aswellasbyBourdieusiansociology(Broady2002).

Prosopographywillallowustoinvestigateempiricallyourfirsthypothesisconcerningthedeclineofpatricianfamilies

among local elites, and the arrival of “new elites” such aswomen and foreigners. Prosopographywill also bring a

betterunderstandingoftheinstitutionstakenintoaccount,asitallowstoinvestigatehowinstitutionsarestructured

byindividualcareers,andviceversa(Lemercier&Picard2011:619).

Multiplecorrespondenceanalysis(MCA)MCAisamultivariatemethodthatintegratesandcondensesinformationcontainedinalargenumberofvariables.It

allowsresearchers torepresent this information ina relationalgraph,whichrepresentsacloudofcategoriesanda

cloud of individuals (Le Roux & Rouanet 2010). MCA has been increasingly used to study elites in recent years

28

(Hjellbrekkeetal.2007;Bühlmannetal.2012;Denordetal.2018;EllersgaardandLarsen2018).Amajorinputofthe

methodconsistsinestablishingtypologiesofelitesbasedonvariousbiographicalvariables.Forinstance,itwillallow

ustomeasuretomeasureandrelateculturalcapital(education),socialcapital(networks)orcosmopolitanexperience

withotherothervariables,suchasgenderorfamilyorigin.Moreover,combiningMCAwithSNAcanbringpromising

cross-fertilization(Cousinetal.2018:238;foranexampleoftheSwisscase,seeBühlmannetal.2013).

Socialnetworkanalysis(SNA)SNAhasbeenlongusedbysociologistsandcanbealsoveryrewardingforhistoricalanalysis(seenotablyLemercier

2005;Scott&Carrington2011;Saunier2013:126-130).SNAallowsthestudyoftiesbetweenconnectedunits.Most

of thetime,theseunitsarepersonsororganizations (Scott&Carrington2011:11; foranapplicationon localelites,

Hillmann2008).ApplyingSNAtohistoricallongitudinaldatacanthusbringtolightchangesacrosstimeintheoverall

structure of social ties among both actors and institutions. In this sense, our project aims to address the new

challenges that have come up with the “growing interest in questions of space and time in network analysis”

(Lemercier2015:2).Inthisresearch,wewilldrawthesocialnetworksoflocalelitesandinstitutions,andmostlyfocus

ontwotypesofties,namelykinshiptiesandaffiliationofindividualstoinstitutions(foranexampleofSNAintegrating

bothtypes,seeLemercier2006).Thiswillnotablyenableustouncoverthe“invisible”roleplayedbywomenthrough

kinshipties.

GeographicInformationSystem(GIS)Basedontheresidenceof the individualsandaddressesof institutions (alreadyavailable foracademicandpolitical

elites),wewill use spatial analysis techniques inorder to shed light on the geographical structureof power in the

threecities.Althoughstillmarginal in theelitestudy, thismethodhasshownpromisingand innovativeresults (e.g.

Cunninghametal.2015ontheUK;Ellersgaard2016:311onDenmark;David&Heiniger2018onGeneva).Itwillallow

ustoseeifeliteindividualsandinstitutionstendtoclusterincertainareas,andhowtheseclustersevolveacrosstime

accordingtothesocio-economicandurbandevelopmentofthecity.Moreover,theaimistomeasuretheimpactof

spatialhomogeneity/heterogeneityonelitecohesion.Thismicro-geographyapproachoffers thusanopportunity to

examinehowspatialitymaycontributetoexplainhowelitespreserveordeveloptheirownsub-culture,powerand

privileges.

CompanycasestudyresearchCase study research is a major research approach in the field of qualitative management research by producing

contextualized thick descriptions of phenomena (Piekkari & Welch 2011). This is a traditional approach to study

institutional interplays aswell aspower relationsbetweenMNCsand local environments (Becker-Ritterspachet al.

2016;Almondetal.2017;Cleggetal.2018).Wehavealreadydevelopedcontactsandcollecteddataduringaprevious

projectonthewatchmaking industry(Davoine&Mettler2018).Wewillconductcasestudyanalysisonthebasisof

interviewsanddocumentsforthemajorcompaniesofthethreesectorsconsideredinordertounderstandpowerand

agency of top managers. Case studies will help us to understand the coalescence of three phenomena:

internationalizationoftopmanagementandofcorporatestrategies,andchangesingovernancemechanisms.

ContentanalysisofinterviewsCombinedwithcasestudyresearch,wewillinterviewaround10to20managersfromthedifferentcompanieswitha

representative sample of local and foreignmanagers and HR Directors to understand the corporate actors’ logics

behindcorporatestrategiesandcareerpractices.Wewillalsoconductcomplementary interviewswith institutional

29

actors to identifyperceived representationsof the institutional interplaysbetweencorporateactors’ strategiesand

localenvironment.Byusingcontentanalysissoftware(nvivoorMaxQDA),wewillconductathematicanalysis(King&

Horrocks 2010)with thematic categories onpower capabilities a) of topmanagement in and aroundmultinational

corporations(Cleggetal.2018),andb)ofthecognitiveframesoflocalvs.foreigntopmanagers(Davoineetal.2015)

2.6.ImplementationThefoursubprojects (S3andS4at theUNIL,S1atUZHandS2atUNIFR)willbe implemented inclosecooperation

withOBELISactingas“leadinghouse”.Prof.AndréMachandDr.StéphanieGinalskiwillactasthemaincoordinators,

with the collaboration of one postdoc coordinator (100%, 50% for coordination purpose and 50% for scientific

purpose)andoneITspecialist(50%).Basedonadecade-longexperienceonresearchonSwisselites,theOBELISteam

offers the best possible environment for coordinating such a project. Thanks to excellent computer and server

infrastructures as well as digitalization know-how, a pathbreaking database has already been developed. All co-

applicantsandseveralassociatedpartnershavealreadyworkedtogether,mostlyinformerresearchandpublication

projects. Such experience will facilitate team collaboration. In order to develop a good synergy and structured

integration of the whole project, we will organize coordination meetings with all project members to discuss

methodological,technologicalandtheoreticalissues,aswellascoordinatepublicanddigitaldiffusionofresults(see

Table4fortheschedule).

After the organization of a two-day kick-off meeting, coordination activities during the first year will focus on

identifyingandcollectingrelevantdata,completingliteraturereviewsforallfoursubprojectsandsharingkeysources

aswellasdataonlocalelite,andlastbutnotleasttrainingPhDstudentsonresearchmethodsandtheoreticalframes

(e.g.byattendingsummerschools).Duringthesecondyear,wewillusetriannualmeetingstodiscusscross-cutting

issues,includingmethodologicalones,aswellasemergingresultsandnewtheoreticaldebates.Wewillalsostimulate

cooperation andexchangebetween subprojects.Moreover,wewill organize a commondoctoral seminar (open to

otherresearchers)and/orintegratedoctoralpresentationsduringtriannualmeetings.Wewillfocusduringthethird

yearonemergingcross-cuttingtheoreticalandmethodologicalcontributionsandpublicationstrategiesbyorganizing

regularpresentationsof resultsduring triannualmeetings aswell as adoctoral seminarwith international experts.

Duringthefourthandlastyear,coordinationactivitieswillfocusonthediffusionofresultsbythemeansofjournal

articlesandbookchaptersaswellasdisseminationtoabroaderaudiencebythemeansofstudentresearchseminars,

mediaarticles,publiclecturesaswellaspublicationofresultsinnewdigital/onlineformats.

2.7RiskmanagementForsuchaproject,twomajorriskscouldbeidentified.First,theaccessibilityofdataandarchivescouldbeprovento

be difficult. However, contacts and collaborationwithmost of the relevant archives have been already taken, and

accesstothearchiveshasbeensecured.Second,agoodITsupporttoensurecentralizeddatacollectionwillbekeyfor

thecoordinationandcollaborationbetweentheuniversitiesinvolved.DatagatheringwillbecentralizedintheOBELIS

database,hostedontheUniversityofLausanneserver.TheITcenteroftheUNILwillensureaccesstothedatabase

for external collaborators, a procedure that has already been very profitable during previous collaboration with

colleaguesfromtheUniversitiesofFribourgandGeneva.TheITspecialistinthisprojectwillbefullyintegratedinthe

jointUNIL-EPFLDHCenterandthusbenefitfromastimulatingcollectiveworkenvironment.

30

Table4.Sched

ulean

dIm

plem

entatio

n

Ye

ar1

Year2

Year3

Year4

Coordina

tion

•Kickoffworkshop

•Triannualmeetings(AM

,SG,Postdoc)

•Commonplatform

forsharingfilesand

data(AM

,SG,Postdoc,IT)

•UpdateofOBELISdatabaseandwebsite

(AM,SG,Postdoc,IT)

•Datacollectiononpoliticalelites

Coordinationm

eetingsanddoctoral

seminarwithinternationalexperts(AM

,SG

,Po

stdo

c)

•Experimentaldatacollectionm

ethods

withM

.Piotrowski(nanopublications)

•Coordinationm

eetingsanddoctoral

seminarwithinternationalexperts(AM

,SG

,Po

stdo

c)

•Bookpreparation(AM

,SG,Postdoc,SR)

•Disseminationactivities(AM

,SG,Postdoc,

IT,SR)

•Digitaldiffusionstrategy

•Coordinationm

eetingsanddoctoral

seminarwithinternationalexperts(AM

,SG

,Po

stdo

c)

•Bookpreparation(AM

,SG,Postdoc,SR)

•Disseminationactivities(AM

,SG,Postdoc,

IT,SR)

•Digitaldiffusionstrategy

S1

Cham

bers

ofco

mmerce

•Datacollectioninarchives(ML,PE,PhD

1)

•LiteraturereviewandPhDdesign(ML,

PE,C

L,PhD

1)

•Completingdatacollection(M

L,PE,PhD

1)

•Preparingfirstconferencepapers

•Dataanalysis/papers/presentations(M

L,

PE,C

L,PhD

1)

•Conferencepapersandarticles

•Presentationstofieldactors

•Conferencepapersandarticles(M

L,PE,

CL,P

hD1)

•Dissemination:publiclecturesand

media

•CompletionofPhDthesis(PhD1)

S2

Lead

ing

compa

nies

•Datacollectiontoestablishthedatabase

oftopm

anagementprofiles(Ph

D2under

supervisionofPE

,PYD

andED)

•LiteraturereviewandPhDdesign

•Firstcontacts/explorativeinterviews

withfieldactors(ED

)

•Completingdatacollection(Ph

D2under

supervisionofPE

,PYD

and

ED)

•Interviewsofmanagersandinstitutional

actors(ED

,PhD

2)

•Preparingfirstconferencepapers(Ph

D2,

PYD,PE,ED)

•Dataanalysis/papers/presentations(ED

,PE

,PYD

,PhD

2)

•Preparingconferencepapers/Chapters

andarticles

•Presentationstofieldactors

•Preparingconferencepapersand

articles(PYD,PEEDandPhD2)

•Dissemination:publiclecturesand

media

•CompletionofPhDthesis(PhD2)

S3

Artsocietie

s

•Datacollectioninarchives(SG

,CLD

,FB,

PhD3

)

•LiteraturereviewandPhDdesign

•Completingdatacollection(SG

,CLD

,FB,

PhD3

)

•Preparingfirstconferencepapers

•Dataanalysis/writingpapers(SG

,CLD

,FB,

PhD3

)

•Conferencepapersandarticles

•Presentationstofieldactors

•Papersandarticles(SG

,CLD

,FB,PhD

3)

•Dissemination:publiclecturesand

media

•CompletionofPhDthesis(PhD3)

S4

Universities

•Datacollectioninarchives(AM

,TD,TR,

PhD4

)

•LiteraturereviewandPhDdesign

•Completingdatacollection+archives

(AM,TD,TR,PhD

4)

•Preparingfirstconferencepapers

•Dataanalysis/writingpapers(AM

,TD,TR,

PhD4

)

•Conferencepapersandarticles

•Presentationstofieldactors

•Conferencepapersandarticles(AM

,TD,

TR,P

hD4)

•Dissemination:publiclecturesand

media

•CompletionofPhDthesis(PhD4)

Individu

al

contrib

utions

• Co

ordina

tionan

ddiffu

sion:AndréM

ach(AM

),StéphanieGinalski(SG),Post-doccoordinator(Postdoc),ITspecialist(IT

)andSeniorResearcher(SR).

• S1Cha

mbe

rofcom

merce:M

atthieuLeim

gruber(M

L),PierreEichenberger(PE),ClaireLemercier(CL)andaPhDstudent(PhD

1)

• S2Le

adingcompa

niesEricDavoine(ED

),Pierre-YvesDonzé(PY

D),PierreEichenberger(PE)andaPhDstudent(PhD

2).

• S3Artso

cieties:StéphanieGinalski(SG),FelixBühlm

ann(FB

),Claire-LiseDeblüe(CLD)andaPhDstudent(PhD

3)

• S4Universities:A

ndréM

ach(AM

),ThomasDavid(TD

),ThierryRossier(TR)andaPhDstudent(PhD

4)

31

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