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Testing the global product to adapt to the local language and culture
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11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve1
Gregory M. ShreveGregory M. Shreve
Software Localization and Internationalization:How and Why
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve2
Internet World Stats estimates the current number of WWW users at 785 million. Of these, 29% reside in North America, 27.7% reside in Europe, and 31% reside in Asia with penetration rates of 69.8%, 29.9% and 6.7% respectively.
With 58.7% of current users residing in regions with an average penetration rate of only 18.3%, it is clear that these foreign markets offer substantial rewards for those prepared to enter them.
Internet, E-Commerce & Foreign Markets
The growth of the Internet and e-commerce over the next decade will be driven by the expansion of foreign
markets.
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve3
In 2003 e-commerce sales to foreign customers exceeded domestic sales. This year the European Internet economy is expected to break the 4 trillion dollar mark, growing at a compound annual rate of 87%. Western Europe is expected to lead all regions with 692 billion dollars in global online exports in 2004.
North America will move 23% of its exports online, with the U.S. pumping 210 billion dollars into cross border e-commerce. The Asia-Pacific region will reach 219 billion dollars in 2004, sparked by 57 billion dollars in Japanese online exports.
Consumer as Foreigner
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve4
Global, Globalize, Globalization
Companies that intend to sell online will have to globalize their web presence and their products to reach the majority of the online marketplace. They will have to make their web sites, software interfaces, and product documentation available in the languages and cultural styles of an increasingly diverse and international market by applying a process called localization – the translation of content and adaptation of interface and form to reflect the expectations of one or many given locales.
For global-strategy American companies, over40% of total revenue comes from internationalsales. These companies market high-technology products such as software,medical instrumentation, CAD / CAM devices, and so on.
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve5
Global, Globalize, Globalization
Most of these products have a high document overhead, with instructions on the assembly, use, maintenance, and repair of the products delivered via off- and on-line electronic documentation. Most are marketed and supported online. Further, many products may have embedded software components and user interfaces use on-line databases. These products and documents must be delivered to locales, target markets with different cultural and linguistics contexts.
CBTcomputer-based-training
UIuser interfaces
Marketingpackages, web
Documentationmanuals, help files
Supportcustomer, technical, web
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve6
Language Industry
While global marketing existed before the 1990’s, the translation / software localization industry (or “language industry” for short) today has evolved primarily as a result of the rapid global expansion of the computer software market and the increasing use of the Internet as a global marketing and customer service tool – all part of globalization.
The corporate problem is, of course, that many companies do not understand HOW to prepare their many products, documents, web pages and database interfaces for distribution in other linguistic and cultural locales – hence the need for the services of the language industry.
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve7
New Media, New Markets
Experts estimate the current worth of the U.S. language industry at just under $2 billion annually, with the global market worth approximately $6 billion. Indications are that growth will continue to be strong into the next decade because of new electronic media and markets.
Consider the case of massively multi-player online games (MMOGs): the language industry enables the publishers of these games to leverage their initial development investment by translating and adapting the games for international locales. Industry projections are that MMOGs will post a 52% cumulative annual growth rate between 2002 and 2006.
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve8
Initial Definitions
This presentation examines the issues and processes involved in software internationalization and localization.
There are three related major processes to consider. We have already discussed globalization.
• globalization, a strategic decision to reach an international audience or to include different linguistic and cultural materials in a product, software application, web site or digital collection;
• internationalization, a design process intended to enable efficient and cost-effective subsequent linguistic and cultural adaptation;
• localization, the preparation of locale-specific versions of an application’s interface and content.
G11N L10N I18N
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve9
Localization is the preparation of locale-specific versions of a software application, electronic document, internet resource, or digital collection. It consists of the translation of textual material into the language and textual conventions of the target locale and the adaptation of non-textual materials and delivery / display mechanisms to take into account the cultural requirements of that locale.
Internationalization is an “upstream” engineering process that should precede localization. Its aim is to make subsequent localization/translation easier, more efficient, and less costly.
Internationalization & Localization
internationalization localizationglobalization
translation
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve10
Scope of Processes
internationalization
localization
globalization
translation
organizational policies & strategies
business, IT, & document processes
documents, interfaces, tools
Each of these processes has a different scope and occurs at a different point in the business and document cycles of an organization.
Ea
rlier
La
ter
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve11
Evolution of Software Localization
Software localization developed as part of the globalization of the personal computer software market. Software applications and supporting electronic documents were the first “localized” products. The growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web created a demand for localized web pages and sites. Digital multimedia and digital repositories (including digital libraries) are emerging foci of localization.
PCsoftware
1980
2005
WWW
repositories
multimedia
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve12
Document: Display and Content
documentdocument
documentdocuments
display
content
color, graphics, icons, symbols, display
organization
interface: menus, dialogs,messages, prompts, alerts,
document organization,writing system
Localization focuses on both display (appearance, presentation) and content. Thus, localization includes a cultural adaptation as well as a linguistic translation component.
date, time, calendar, currency, number, address
content: help files, auxiliarydocuments, HTML /
XML document content
metadata, vocabularies
non-linguistic
linguistic
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve13
Localizing Software Applications
Software applications were the first localized “electronic documents Early localization included finding all “strings” embedded in code:
#include <stdio.h>main() {
int n; char y[5]; printf("This program converts decimal numbers to hexadecimal\n\n"); while(1) { printf("\nEnter decimal number: ");
scanf("%d",&n); printf("\nNumber entered is <%d> decimal and <%x> hexa",n,n); printf("\nDo you want to continue? "); scanf("%s",y); if(strcmp(y,"yes")) { printf("\n exiting ..\n"); exit(); } } }
strings are
directly in code
source.c
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve14
Extract Localizable Resources
PortfolioMenu MENUBEGIN POPUP "&File" BEGIN MENUITEM "&Add Student",1 MENUITEM SEPARATOR MENUITEM "&Delete Student", 2 MENUITEM SEPARATOR MENUITEM "&Update Student", 3 MENUITEM "E&xit", 4 END POPUP "&Tools" BEGIN MENUITEM "Add &Portrait", 5 END POPUP "&Help" BEGIN MENUITEM "About Portfolio", 6 MENUITEM SEPARATOR MENUITEM "Contents", 7 ENDEND
Strings are not the only localizable material:
• dialog boxes• controls• labels• menus• icons• graphics• tooltips
RESOURCES
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve15
Localizing Web Pages
character sets localizing tag content recognizing which tags have localizable content not breaking tags looking for text generated by attributes (title, alt) looking for text generated by scripts (server-side, client-side) evaluating CSS and stylesheet changes making changes to graphics dealing with graphics with integral text
Localization of HTML
Web sites are also now being localized. The link below points to a commented HTML file that gives a simple introduction to localizing an HTML web page. At the localizer’s level some of the issues (not an exhaustive list) are:
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve16
A Solution: Re-Engineer the Software
As one could imagine, localizing directly in code led to problems. First, translator / localizers were quite capable of “breaking code.” There were also problems associated with the necessity for multiple “re-builds” of the basic software for each language version. Language expansion (differences in textual volume) created sizing problems in dialogs and controls. Localization was labor-intensive, difficult and expensive. A solution was to re-engineer the software with the intent of separating language resources from the underlying delivery mechanism.
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve17
Internationalization: Separate Resources
Internationalization is a re-engineering and re-design process intended to make localization and translation easier, faster and more cost-effective.
A first step in the inter-nationalization of software applications is the separation or extraction of linguistic and cultural resources from the application, leaving a “neutral” software kernel.
Extraction requires specialized localization tools.
applicationsoftware
kernel
resources
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve18
Extract Localizable Materials
#include <stdio.h> extern unsigned char *intl_m_msg(), *intl_f_msg(); main() {
int n; char y[5]; printf(intl_m_msg("","mypg",1)); while(1) { printf(intl_m_msg("","mypg",2));
scanf("%d",&n); printf(intl_m_msg("","mypg",3),n,n); printf(intl_m_msg("","mypg",4)); scanf("%s",y); if(strcmp(y, (intl_m_msg("","mypg",6))) { printf(intl_m_msg("","mypg",5)); exit(); } } }
This program converts decimal numbers to hexadecimal\n\n"
\n Enter decimal number:
\n Number entered is <%d> decimal and <
%x> hexa
\n Do you want to continue?
\n exiting ..\n
yes"
1
23
456
EXTRACT
source.c mypg.en
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve19
Extract Localizable Materials
#include <stdio.h> extern unsigned char *intl_m_msg(), *intl_f_msg(); main() {
int n; char y[5]; printf(intl_m_msg("","mypg",1)); while(1) { printf(intl_m_msg("","mypg",2));
scanf("%d",&n); printf(intl_m_msg("","mypg",3),n,n); printf(intl_m_msg("","mypg",4)); scanf("%s",y); if(strcmp(y, (intl_m_msg("","mypg",6))) { printf(intl_m_msg("","mypg",5)); exit(); } } }
Ce programme convertit les nombres décimaux en hexadécimal\n\n
\nEntrer le nombre décimal:
\nLe nombre entré est <%d> décimal et <%x> hexadécimal
\nVoulez vous continuer?
\nSortie ..\n
oui
1
23
456
TRANSLATE
source.c mypg.fr
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve20
<BODY><TABLE> <TR><TD>Joan</TD><TD>Smith</TD></TR> <TR><TD>266 South Prospect Street</TD></TR> <TR><TD>Kent</TD></TR> <TR><TD> Ohio</TD></TR> <TR><TD> 44240</TD></TR>
.
.
. <TABLE><BODY>
Content and Display in Web Pages
Web pages share the problem of “separation of content and coding” with application software. You can see from our web page example how true this is. Internationalization solutions in web pages also involve the “extraction” of linguistic and cultural material from the software vehicle. Cutting edge solutions create dynamic HTML from XML-based language content.
<gradinquiry> <name> <firstname>Joan </firstname> <lastname>Smith</lastname> </name> <address> <addressline1>266 South Prospect Street</addressline1> <addressline2/> <city>Kent</city> <state>Ohio</state> <zip>44240</zip> </address> <country>USA</country> <phone>330-673-9999</phone> <fax>330-672-4017</fax> <email>[email protected]</email></gradinquiry>
HTML
XML
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve21
Two Multilingual Web Architectures
multilingual XML content
content is “dynamically” inserted in generated local page templates
Principle of separating linguistic from software elements
as used in software localization
Multiple static versions of pages stored in a folder hierarchy by
language and navigated by selection mechanism
languageselection
static web pageis selected and displayed
OLDNEW
XSLtransforms
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve22
I18N Content Management
translation
Dynamic Pageslocalization
XMLRepresentation(content only,strip format)
Content Repository(archive, database)
Style Sheet Repository
Display Medium
acquire information
organize, classify
deployformat
This system assumes anInternationalizeddynamic web pagearchitecture
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve23
Internationalization: Control
Truly effective internationalization also involves early intervention in and re-design of “upstream” business and document processes like authoring to exert greater control and to reduce variability.
creation: authoring
storage
acquisition
distribution
rendering
retrieval
documentdocument
documentdocuments
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve24
Internationalization & Authoring
I18N controlled languagesterminology control
software documents
help text
technical writers
L10N localizationvendor
machine translation
dependency
For instance, intervention in and re-design of document creation processes (authoring) can yield significant “downstream” benefits for localization. Controlled language and terminology control are two strategies.
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve25
Internationalization & Localization
I18N
software internationalizationtools
software documents
help text
resources
technical writers
L10N
localizablesoftware
distribution
localizationvendor
internationalization engineers
controlled languagesterminology control
Internationalization engineerswork with or for clients to createinternationalized products.
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve26
Localization Management & Tools
L10Nlocalizablesoftware
distribution
projectmanagement
tools
localizationtools
workflowmanagement
document / versioncontrol
translators / localizers
QA/testing /
validation tools
A localization project requires itsown processes and tools.
localizationproject
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve27
Localization Management & Tools
localizationproject
localizablesoftware
distribution
localizationtool
(enterprise)
translators / localizers
project managerlocalization engineer
localizationtoolkit
(distribution)
localizationtool
(translator)
translationmemory
terminologymanager
Translation memories and terminology managers are important tools for maintaining standardized translations and glossaries. TMs provide the focus of QA, ensure replicability / repeatability, and allow re-use of linguistic and cultural materials.
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve28
Localization Management & Tools
translators / localizers
localizationtoolkit
(distribution)
localizationtool
(translator)
translationmemory
terminologymanager
Specialized localization for alignment and term extraction are used to automate the construction of TMs.
term extractiontool
text alignmenttool
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve29
Reusability
Version 1
Version 2 Version 3
translationmemory
new version uses 70% same text
initial translation with TM tool
30%change
latest version uses 80% same text as
previous
20%change
Reusability is an especially important objective of internationalization and reduces the cost of localization.
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve30
Goals of Internationalization
The goals of internationalization are:
reusability
scalability
authority / quality
accessibility
accuracy / acceptability
translations
I18N solution
equivalence
cross-language
target culture(s)
control target document
These goals are metby separating content from display, defining and extracting culturally variable material from fixed or neutral material, intervening in the document cycle to exert control over document processes, and using translation memories and terminology management to ensure critical characteristics such as authority and reusability
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve31
Enhanced Corpora
Future directions in internationalization will involve exploiting document corpora more effectively and extracting useful linguistic and textual objects for control and re-use.
Control of the document cycle begins with understanding the documents we already “own” and enhancing them.
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve32
Corpus
New Localization Objects
Many linguistic objects useful in computer-assisted authoring and translation, web page localization, machine translation and cross-language information retrieval (including browsing) can be extracted from a well-understood and deliberately structured document corpus.
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve33
Corpus Replication
Using statistical techniques it is possible to replicate the contents of a monolingual corpus and add multilingual equivalents for terms, phrases, document segments and other objects to it.
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve34
What The Industry is Doing Now
The language industry currently relies on using translation memories and terminology managers. There are significant drawbacks to this method that prevent new gains in cost reduction and profitability – the goal of inter-nationalization.
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve35
A New Model
New approaches to internationalization and automatic localization leverage the linguistic value of existing corpora and allow the creation of “enhanced” corpora whose contents are understood and controlled. Statistical corpus linguistics and XML combine to allow the next step in localization technology.
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve36
Peer-to-Peer Localization Resources
A peer-to-peer networking platform with a security and digital rights management layer can be used to link clients in an XML resource network. A vendor can assess per transaction charges for access to corpus object stores.
11/7/2004
Kent State University Kent State University
Shreve37
Socio-Cultural Style Sheets
The peer-to-peer networking platform can also be used to provide new capabilities for next generation localization. Client-Side Socio-Cultural Style-sheets (CSSCS) can provide for automated solutions to on-the-fly provision of web content in the languages and formats desired by and expected by web users all over the world.