Location-aware Mobile Devices & Landscape Reading › landschaftsinformatik › file...Location-aware Mobile Devices & Landscape Reading 267 the opportunities for education in landscape

Location-aware Mobile Devices & Landscape Reading

Ruben JOYE, Joris VERBEKEN, Steven HEYDE,Harlind LIBBRECHT

Accepted as fully reviewed paper in: “Buhmann/Ervin/Palmer/Tomlin/Pietsch (Eds.): Peer

Reviewed Proceedings Digital Landscape Architecture 2011: Teaching & Learning with Digital

Methods & Tools”, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences. Germany

Abstract

This paper examines how „smartphones‟ – a type of advanced and location-aware mobile

phone (e.g. Apple iPhone® or phones running Google Android®) - can be useful for

landscape architecture and planning, and more specifically how they can share knowledge

about our surroundings using „Mobile Augmented Reality‟ (MAR). We examined how a

smartphone-based information system can influence reading and understanding the

landscape, and to what degree it influences landscape valuation and imaging by its users. A

quantitative survey was conducted with students to determine the educational possibilities

of such tool. The main part of this paper however, is more technical in nature. Using the

„Layar® Reality Browser‟ as a framework for our MAR, we wanted to facilitate the

management of a „Layar® 3D‟ system. We did so by building a graphical front-end to the

administrative part of the system by using a combination of ESRI ArcGIS® and Microsoft

Access®. This to facilitate adding, editing or removing „Points Of Interest‟ (POI), even to

people with a limited technical background.

1 Introduction

With smartphones (e.g. Apple iPhone® or phones running Google Android

®) becoming

more popular every month, in the third quarter of 2010 accounting worldwide for 19,3% of

overall mobile phone sales compared to 9,85% in 2009 (COZZA ET AL. 2010; GARTNER

2010), it‟s safe to conclude that location-aware mobile devices are getting more and more

widespread. These types of devices - equipped with both GPS technology and mobile

internet connectivity – are taking GIS information mobile, making it possible to associate

digital media to a geographical location (VARNELIS & FRIEDBERG 2008). Handheld

location-aware mobile devices are becoming the interface to the „geospatial Web‟, that

delivers on the spot georeferenced information to its users. This allows people to be present

in both the physical and networked (digital) place (ITO 2008). 2008 – the year in which for

the first time in history, mobile access to the internet exceeded desktop computer-based

access (ITU 2009) – turned out to be the start of an internet revolution, quickly named „the

mobile web‟.

An interesting application for these location-aware devices is „Mobile Augmented Reality‟

(MAR): the superpositioning of rich media elements (audio, video, images and even 3D-

models) on top of a real-time view from the built in camera lens of the portable device. The

technical aspect of a MAR-system has already been considered by JOYE ET AL. (2010) and

Location-aware Mobile Devices & Landscape Reading 267

the opportunities for education in landscape architecture have been discussed by VERBEKEN

ET AL. (2010).

A prebuilt and free client-application called

„Layar® Reality Browser‟ is available for both

the Apple iPhone® and phones running Google

Android®. One of the harder parts is setting up

your own Layar® POI server that communicates

with the Layar® client on the smartphone.

Luckily there are a few different development

tools available online (CAMERON 2010), with

PorPOISe (DE SMIT 2010) – a PHP based POI-

server - being one of the most comprehensive.

Some adjustment to the programming code is

needed, in order to have it connect to the record

with the POI‟s you want to show. This can

either be an XML formatted file, or a MySQL®

relational database.

PorPOISe (version 1.0a was used) comes

prebuilt with a textual web interface called

„PorPOISe server dashboard‟ (Fig. 1) that

allows authorized persons with no programming

skills to add new „points of interest‟ (POI‟s).

However, when you‟re planning to have

numerous POI‟s, this can be cumbersome since

you need to look up (and enter) the lat- lon-

coordinates for each POI manually.

One of the main reasons for fractional use of

landscape visualization tools (in general) -

according to BISHOP & LANGE (2005) – is the

lack of user-friendliness for easy manipulation

(BISHOP & LANGE 2005). It was our intention to

meet this

Fig. 1: Web interface of the

„PorPOISe server dashboard‟

constraint by improving the usability, by linking the underlying MySQL® database with

ESRI Arcmap. A new POI can be added more easily by use of and at the same time it

becomes possible to import both the spatial as well as the attribute data of already existing

GIS-datasets (e.g. ESRI shapefiles). It appears we are not alone in seeing great value in a

tighter integration of GIS-data in the Layar® Reality Browser. A similar idea was carried out

by EMGE & PRASAD (2010). Details on their approach are missing though.

The need for a better way to manage POI‟s arose from the fact that an arrow-less GPS-

based touristic route will be created at the end of our landscape research project. In order to

evaluate our new workflow involving ESRI ArcMap, we‟ve put together a small test case.

As part of the research project – which studies change in a former World War One region -

a pilot study on the subject of landscape evaluation has just been completed in close

cooperation with historians from the „Memorial Museum Passchendaele 1917‟ (MMP) and

R. Joye, J. Verbeken, S. Heyde, and H. Libbrecht 268

the Flemish heritage institute (BOSTYN ET AL. 2010). This preparatory research work served

as a base for the landscape walk.

The second part of the paper will focus on how location based information can influence

landscape perception and -valuation. During the process of mental imaging, the observer

interprets the perceived landscape. Therefore, individual landscape valuation is not only

contextual and time bound, but also strongly personal or subjective (JACOBS 2006) since the

plethora of visual stimuli gets filtered, before final imaging takes place. Unconsciously, a

selection of stimuli is performed in terms of usefulness for the given situation, partially

based on prior knowledge (cognitive aspects) (DIJKSTRA & KLIJN 1992). For instance - in

the case of cultural heritage landscape valuation - an observer with little to no knowledge

about the landscape and cultural heritage will be able – at best - to distinguish the main

landscape structures, but will overlook more detailed information (COETERIER 1995; VAN

DEN BERG & CASIMIR 2002). As landscape experience and –valuation is much more than

just an aesthetic consideration (DIJKSTRA & KLIJN 1992), this detailed information may have

a strong influence on one‟s final assessment of the whole. By pointing the observer‟s

attention to these details (e.g. cultural remnants), as well as providing background

information (e.g. about historic events that took place), the appreciation of landscape

experience will be more balanced, more strongly founded, and surpass a purely aesthetic

appraisal.

A quantitative survey, was carried out with a group of 20 students enrolled in a one-year

advanced study in landscape development. They gave their opinion on both the ease of use

of the smartphone system, the educational possibilities, as well as their impressions of the

physical environment and how it had changed their appraisal and overall assessment.

2 Material & Methods

2.1 Technical

After installing the ODBC MySQL® Connector (version 5.1.8. was used), linking a

shapefile to a MySQL® database is easily feasible from within ArcGIS, using ESRI

ArcCatalog to setup a 'database connection' by means of an 'OLE DB Connection'. The

additional columns and corresponding values that are stored in the external MySQL®

database get added to the attribute table in ArcMap without any problems. But the drawback

is that this external database cannot be edited from within ArcMap (as this is a read-only

process), making this approach useless for our stated goal. To overcome this problem, an

intermediate step was taken that at the same time adds functionality to the workflow. A

Microsoft Access® form linked to the main POI shapefile was created, in which all the

necessary data about each of the POI's can easily be entered.

This was done by making use of the ArcScript „ArcMap Hyperlink to Filtered Microsoft

Access® Form‟ provided by CALLAHAN & CARSON (2003) on the ESRI support page. This

filters all of the entries in order to show only the corresponding data in a clear Access form

(Fig. 1). Although programmed to work in conjunction with ArcGIS 8.2 and Microsoft


Access® 2000, this script works just fine using ESRI ArcGIS 9.3.1 and the newer versions

of Microsoft Access® (both 2007 and 2010 have been tested).

The use of this script requires working with a personal geodatabase, which can be created in

ESRI ArcCatalog. Once we have a personal geodatabase set up, we add a new (point)

feature class which we name „POI‟. As coordinate system „WGS 1984‟ – the international

standard for use in cartography, geodesy, and navigation – is chosen. The resulting feature

class has two mandatory fields: „OBJECTID‟ and „SHAPE‟. We add an extra field

„accessid‟ (text) which will mirror „OBJECTID‟, but is necessary to link with our Microsoft

Access® form since the ArcScript requires the data type of the field to be a text value.

A minimal MySQL® database for use with PorPOISe - that enables basic Layar

®

functionality - consists of one table named „POI‟ with the under mentioned structure. Note

that in the overview schema (Fig. 2) we added the three fields necessary for use with

ArcGIS (indicated by an asterix), but that these do not negatively influence the functioning

of either PorPOISe or Layar®.

POI id

attribution

imageURL

lat

lon

line2

line3

line4

title

type

doNotIndex

showSmallBiw

showBiwOnClick

layerID

dimension

alt

relativeAlt

SHAPE(*)

OBJECTID(*)

accesid(*)

Action id

uri

label

poiId

contentType

method

activityType

params

closeBiw

showActivity

activityMessage

autoTriggerRange

autoTriggerOnly

Object poiId

baseURL

full

reduced

icon

size

Transform angle

rel

scale

poiID

Layer layer

refreshInterval

refreshDistance

fullRefresh

showMessage

id

Fig. 2: Overview of PorPOISe database schema with the five tables making the structure

for use with Layar® (*) = added for use in conjunction with ArcGIS

If you want to make use of more advanced features in Layar® like 2D/3D objects and

actions, you need to add additional information to the POI‟s: what is the URL to the 3D-

model, should it be scaled, rotated,… Are there actions connected to the POI like a link to

an external webpage, audio, video and should these trigger automatically or not? All this

information gets stored in three tables separate from the POI table. A fourth additional table

was introduced to support the Layar® v4 API features (DE SMIT, 2010), totaling five

tables: „POI‟, „Object‟, „Transform‟, „Action‟ and „Layer‟. This last table isn‟t of much

interest to us, and can be left blank to have the Layar®-client use the default values.


The functionality of each of these fields has already been discussed in detail by (DE SMIT,

2010; WANG, 2010; WANG, 2011) and therefore is not repeated in this paper. Albeit, the

meaning of each field was included in the final version of our Microsoft Access® form as a

tooltip displayed when the mouse hovers over a field.

Fig. 3: The Microsoft Access® form linked to the ESRI Arcmap document. This form

combines data from five different tables and constitutes the MySQL® database

which PorPOISe uses to serve to the Layar® client-application.

To get the proper database schema for all the required tables, a SQL script file 'database.sql'

comes with PorPOISe. This file was executed to our external MySQL®-server using the

MySQL® Workbench (version 5.2.31a) which easily created all the proper tables and data

types settings for the different fields. Having already installed the ODBC MySQL®

Connector, we were also able to connect to our MySQL®-server using Microsoft Access®,

and have the database schema imported to our personal geodatabase (opened as a Microsoft

Access® document). The first thing we need to do for it to work, is to add a new connection

by using the Microsoft ODBC Data Source Administrator which can be found in the

„control panel‟ under „administrative tools‟. Once this connection has been added under the

„file-DSN‟ tab, it will become available in Microsoft Access®. With our personal

geodatabase opened in Microsoft Access, we chose „external data‟ and picked „ODBC-

database‟. This allows to import the database schema, and have a functional database in

accordance with the PorPOISe structure. The process of importing a MySQL® database in


Microsoft Access® is described more in depth in a „White Paper‟ from SUN

MICROSYSTEMS (2009). After defining the relations between the different tables, and

executing the query, a Microsoft Access® form was created (Fig. 3).

2.2 Content & use

To put this workflow into practice, a small quantitative survey was conducted. Not only to

test the ease of use, but at the same time to evaluate the influence of location based

information on landscape perception and valuation. The chosen area for our test case, is an

old castle park which has undergone complete destruction during the First World War. Now

the castle park serves a public function as a museum. In future developments this will be the

starting point of a complete landscape route using a smartphone application. We chose a

total of 39 historical photos and drawings (Fig. 4-7) that accurately depict the gradual decay

of the beautiful center of „Zonnebeke‟ (near Ypres) as it underwent successive

bombardments and ruthless attacks.

Fig. 4: Soldiers rowing in the pond, with

the former castle and church in the

background (1915-1916) - © MMP 1917

Fig. 5: The original castle and ancient

church, in the foreground the pond with

bridge (1915-1916) - © MMP 1917

Fig. 6: The church and the park show

heavy traces of destruction (1915-1916) – ©

MMP 1917

Fig. 7: The devastated region surrounding

the castle park (near the end of 1917) – ©

MMP 1917

A group of twenty students (on average aged 22) was taken on a 20 minute walk in the park.

As stated in the introduction, these were students enrolled in a one-year advanced study in


landscape development, most of them being graduated landscape architects. Of the twelve

students who filled out the survey, the male-female ratio was exactly half-half. This

quantitative survey looked at not only the ease of use of the smartphone system, but more

particularly if and how the use of this system influenced their landscape valuation. While it

does give a good insight in their experiences, drawing hard conclusions based on these

twelve respondents would be imprudent. On top of that, weather conditions that day where

quit harsh: cold winds and rain resulted in smudgy trails. Much to our surprise, none of the

students present had a compatible phone. As a consequence, only two smartphones were

available to be shared with the entire group.

The survey itself consisted of twenty-two questions divided into three categories:

- their mobile phone habits: which type of phone do they have, is there an intention to

buy a smartphone, who pays for their phone, what is their budget,…

- their general experiences on educational innovations: is technologic innovation key to

good education, is there immediate educational use for the application,…

- the actual use and experience of the system: was the user interface easy to use, has it

changed your way of looking at your surroundings, do you value the area higher on a

cultural-historical level, would you take a complete tour with the smartphone once

finished,…

3 Results

3.1 Technical

With the personal geodatabase correctly set up as described in 2.1, we started off with a

Blanc ArcMap document. The projection was set to our local geographic coordinate system

(Belge Lambert 72), and a georeferenced aerial photo of the area was added. Next, the point

feature class „POI‟ from our personal geodatabase was added to the map. As this data source

was set up for use in WGS 84, a system warning about the mismatch is shown.

Transformation from WGS 84 to Belge Lambert 72 can be applied from ArcMap. The

option to do so is available from within this warning message, where you can choose to

have the feature class aligned properly without distortion of the aerial photo.

New POI's can be added by using the „Sketch tool‟from the editor toolbar to create new

features. After having added some new features, we need to update the attribute table. The

auto increment values in the „objectid‟ field need to be copied to both the „accesid‟-field

(for the ArcScript to function) and the „id‟-field (for PorPOISe and Layar® to function). The

field calculator can be used for this to have the values copied instantly. Contrary to ArcMap,

Layar® needs to have the longitude and latitude values of each POI in the attribute table.

Similar to the previous step, these values can be calculated, now using the „Calculate

Geometry‟ tool in the attribute table. Using „WGS 84‟ as the coordinate system, the correct

decimal degrees can be calculated for both the „lat‟ and „lon‟ field in the attribute table.

Once these fields have been populated, the hyperlink tool in the tools palette can be used to

jump to the filtered form in Microsoft Access®. There, all the necessary information on each


POI can be added or updated. Having the latitude and longitude position of each POI as

values in the database, also results in being able to display a map with the location of the

active POI from within the Microsoft Access® form (Fig. 3).

The final step in physically being able to access this information on a mobile device, is

updating the MySQL®-database on our server. A free and easy way to do this, is by using a

freeware tool called „Access To MySQL®‟ by the company Bullzip. It‟s as easy as selecting

the tables in your personal geodatabase that you wish to transfer, entering your server

connectivity credentials and hit „Run Now‟. Commercial solutions for synchronizing a local

database automatically are available as well (e.g. DBSync for Access and MySQL®).

Finally, exporting the POI-information in the linked tables as an XML-file is a possibility as

well. Attention needs to go to the fact that this needs to comply with the XML-structure set

forward by PorPOISe, which requires some tweaking of the exported file.

3.2 Content & use

The Layar® client applications makes viewing the entries on the smartphone possible in

three different ways: 3D-live view (Fig. 8), list view (Fig. 9), or on a map (Fig. 10).

Fig. 8: 3D-live view

Fig. 9: POI‟s viewed in list mode Fig. 10: map view

As for the results of our quantitative survey it‟s important to again emphasize that our

sample of 20 students was on the small size, thereby not generating any true generalizable


outcomes. The result of this quantitative survey should be interpreted as the opinion of a

small group rather than an unambiguous conclusion.

A third of the respondents agreed that the limited size of the smartphone screen is a

significant bottleneck to the system. The fact that we had only two devices which had to be

passed around, might have contributed to this. Tablet pc‟s like the Samsung® Galaxy TAB

(running on Google Android® as well), can respond to this feeling of shortcoming, as they

offer a greater immersive experience due to the significant larger screen size (MAARTEN

2010).

Half of the respondents found that the location specific information they got through the

system impacted their landscape perception. A third had no opinion, and two respondents

disagreed. There was more consensus on the question whether or not it resulted in a higher

valuation of the landscape in terms of cultural heritage, where ten out of twelve (83%)

agreed.

Two thirds of the group felt that the augmented reality technology as it is now, is still too

premature to have practical use in education. Their critical attitude is also reflected in a

more general question about educational innovation. Half of them believes that using

multimedia or technology doesn‟t necessarily result in a better understanding of the learning

content or helps them to keep focused.

Whereas three quarters thinks digitalization and technological innovation results in a bigger

democratizing of education and knowledge gathering, one might question whether the

threshold for obtaining the information does not increase, since it requires having a

smartphone. Already 40% has a mobile data plan, but only a third has a smartphone. All of

them running Symbian (Nokia‟s mobile operating system), which at the time of our

landscape walk was still unsupported by Layar®. Just recently the Layar

® platform has been

ported to the operating system Symbian, opening up augmented reality to be used on a

selection of Nokia® smartphones (LAYAR 2011).

No more than 15% is prepared to pay upwards to €200 for a new mobile phone, the critical

price for an entry level smartphone capable of running the Layar® reality browser.

Following price (39%), their main concern is the design (28%) rather than more functional

aspects like standby time (11%) or number of downloadable applications (17%). Until

prices start to drop even more, it seems unlikely that the technology has chance of being

adopted as an everyday tool by these students on short term.

We found no pronounced differences between the responses of male vs. female students

when it comes to their landscape experience. A prominent differentiation we did find was

that male students are willing to spend more money when buying a new mobile phone, but

that they simply do so less often. None of the female students would spend more than €200

on a new phone, while a third of the male students indicate to be willing to pay over €200.

Some of them even more than €500. All of the male students use their phones for at least

two years, while two thirds of their female counterparts indicate getting a new phone around

every year. Additionally the male students showed greater confidence in educational


opportunities and believed more strongly that location aware information by means of

mobile devices has greater impact when compared to a brochure or billboards.

An encouraging fact is that all of the respondents indicate that - once this system is further

developed and contains more information about the larger region of Ypres - they would

make use of this location based service in order to explore and learn more about the area.

4 Conclusions & Outlook

The images we placed in our database, were so called “2D billboard images”. They had a

location, but in some cases students found it hard to tell in what direction the photo was

taken. A way to achieve a higher user understanding would be to work with „experience

domes‟ in Layar®. These are large spheres (3D-models) that have a photo texture applied to

the inner surface. Walking into one of these „virtual caves‟ fills the entire screen, and

depicts only the part of a larger panoramic image that corresponds with your current view

direction. This makes it much easier for the user to connect the present with the virtual

image. Since the images we had at our disposal were mostly regular photos with limited

field of view, the results using the „virtual cave‟ principle would have been poor. When it

comes to visualizing future intervention however, this approach becomes of great value. As

opposed to the limited number of polygons a 3D-model for use with Layar® may contain

(JOYE ET AL. 2010), the level of complexity in the texture of a „virtual cave‟ (or dome) is of

no importance for the application.

Although the management of POI‟s to be displayed in Layar® proved very functional, and

could be integrated in familiar workflows (i.e. ESRI ArcGIS and Microsoft Access®), the

initial setting up in order to have everything streamlined requires advanced computer

knowledge that cannot be assumed from neither students nor landscape professionals.

The difference in geographic coordinate system between the aerial photo and the point

feature class results in minor deviation. In the smartphone applications this inaccuracy is

negligible, especially since the GPS-signal itself manifests higher imprecision.

The numb task of having to have the latitude and longitude values calculated in the attribute

table, and copy values from one field to another field using the „field calculator‟ before

being able to switch to Microsoft Access, could be more automated. Ideally, these values

should be updated automatically each time a new feature gets added (or an existing one

modified).

Further research and development –conducted by programmers – would be extremely

valuable in terms of making the entire process of creating a Layar® and adding POI‟s even

more intuitive and user-friendly. Looking deeper into ways of integrating different

georeferenced data standards of different kinds by means of easy to use extensions to for

instance ArcMap would be much appreciated. To that respect the recent announcement of

what could develop into an open standard for augmented reality – based on a combination


of HTML and KML - developed by Georgia Tech looks quit promising (CHRISTOPHER

2011).

Lastly, the effects of using location based services on smartphones in terms of landscape

perception and –valuation should be studied more in depth. A larger test group is needed to

draw more founded conclusions. In addition to that, comparing other influential parameters

(e.g. having a local expert as a tour guide) with a smartphone application would be

interesting.

Since learning to „read the landscape‟ – a skill that in essence can only be acquired in the

field - is an essential part of a landscape architect‟s education, such system could be used to

enrich landscape walks for students. In addition, this also allows students to repeat the walk

individually at any time.

5 References

Bishop, I. & E. Lange (2005): Communication, Perception and Visualization. Visualization

in Landscape and Environmental Planning: Technology and Applications. I. Bishop and

E. Lange. Taylor & Francis, London

Bostyn, F., S. Heyde, J. Naessens, K. Blieck, H. Libbrecht, J. Verbeken, S. de Mûelenaere

& R. Joye (2010): Towards a valuation methodology for cultural landscapes on a local

scale: Pilot Study for the municipalities Zonnebeke and Passchendaele (internal

report). Memorial Museum Passchendaele 1917, University College Ghent

(Departement Bioscience and Landscape Architecture), VIOE.

Callahan, K. & S. Carson. (2003): ArcMap Hyperlink to Filtered Microsoft Access Form.

from http://arcscripts.esri.com/details.asp?dbid=13081.

Cameron, C. (2010): Layar Creation Tools: Series Wrap-Up. Retrieved 12/01/2011, from

http://site.layar.com/company/blog/category/tools/.

Christopher, M. (2011): Turning Augmented Reality into an Open Standard. Retrieved

08/03/2011, from http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/35065/.

Coeterier, J. F. (1995): De beleving van cultuurhistorische objecten. Een verkennend

onderzoek in de Meierij van Den Bosch. DLO-Staringcentrum, Wageningen

Cozza, R., C. Milanesi, A. Gupta, H. J. De La Vergne, A. Zimmermann, C. Lu, A. Sato &

T. Huy Nguyen (2010): Competitive Landscape: Mobile Devices, Worldwide, 3Q10: 17.

De Smit, J. (2010): PorPOISe: Point-of-Interest server for Layar. from

http://code.google.com/p/porpoise/.

de Smit, J. (2010): Using PorPOISe With Existing Databases from

http://code.google.com/p/porpoise/wiki/UsingPorPOISeWithExistingDatabases.

Dijkstra, H. & J. A. Klijn (1992): Kwaliteit en waardering van landschappen. DLO Staring

Centrum, Wageningen.

Emge, T. & S. Prasad. (2010): Viewing ArcGIS data in Augmented Reality Application.

Retrieved 12/01/2011, from

http://blogs.esri.com/Dev/blogs/apl/archive/2010/04/15/Viewing-ArcGIS-data-in-

Augmented-Reality-Application.aspx.


Gartner. (2010): Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales Grew 35 Percent in Third

Quarter 2010; Smartphone Sales Increased 96 Percent. Retrieved 12/01/2011, from

http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313.

Ito, M. (2008): Introduction. Networked publics. K. Varnelis. MIT Press, Cambridge,

Massachusetts: 1-14.

ITU (2009): The world in 2009: ICT facts and figures, a decade of ICT growth driven by

mobile technologies. ITU World Telecommunication, Geneva.

Jacobs, M. (2006): the production of mindscapes: a comprehensive theory of landscape

experience. Dissertation Wageningen University, Wageningen

Joye, R., S. de Mûelenaere, S. Heyde, J. Verbeken & H. Libbrecht (2010): On the

Applicability of Digital Visualization and Analysis Methods in the Context of Historic

Landscape Research. Digital Landscape Architecture 2010. E. Buhmann, M. Pietsch

and E. Kretzler. Wichmann Verlag, Aschersleben

Layar (2011): Layar Developers Update: Layar for Symbian is here! Developer Newsletter.

Maarten. (2010): Tablets are great to play Immersive Augmented Reality. Retrieved

12/01/2011, from http://site.layar.com/company/blog/tablets-are-great-to-play-

immersive-augemented-reality/.

Sun Microsystems (2009): A Visual Guide to Microsoft Access Front-Ends with MySQL

van den Berg, A. E. & T. Casimir (2002): Landschapsbeleving en cultuurhistorie: een

theoretische en empirische verkenning van de invloed van cultuurhistorie op de

beleving van het landschap. Reeks belevingsonderzoek nr. 2. Wageningen University

and Researchcenter, Wageningen

Varnelis, K. & A. Friedberg (2008): Place: The Networking of Public Space. Networked

publics. K. Varnelis. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Verbeken, J., R. Joye, S. de Mûelenaere, S. Heyde & H. Libbrecht (2010): Mobile

Augmented Reality in Landscape Architecture: Opportunities for Education. ECLAS

Conference 2010, Istanbul, Turkey

Wang, X. (2010): Layar 4 API changes. Retrieved 12/01/2011, from

http://layar.pbworks.com/w/page/27177748/Layar-4-API-changes.

Wang, X. (2011): GetPOIs-JSON Response. Retrieved 12/01/2011, from

http://layar.pbworks.com/w/page/28473525/GetPOIs-JSON%20Response.

Documents

Location-aware Mobile Devices & Landscape Reading › landschaftsinformatik › file...Location-aware Mobile Devices & Landscape Reading 267 the opportunities for education in landscape