W EE K6glossary

Rafter: A rafter is one of a series of sloped structural elements within the main roof structure. The rafter extends from the ridge or hip of the roof to the wall plate or eave. The rafters are designed to support the roof deck and its associated loads with a pair of rafters known as a couple.

Eave: The eave is the bottom edge of the roof, which often overhangs the main external wall structure. By doing so, the eaves reduce water from making contact with the building, while also providing shade for any windows or openings beneath.

Purlin: A purlin is any horizontal structural element within the rood, except for the beams and plates placed at the top/bottom of the roof structure. While most commonly seen in timber frame construction, purlins are also found in steel based designs.

Cantilever: A cantilever is a beam or structural element which is only anchored at one end. Under sheer stress, the beam carries the load, with such construction allowing for overhanging structures without external bracing. Beyond beams, cantilevers can also be constructed with trusses or slabs.

So!t: A so!t broadly describes the underneath of a structural element, this can include; the underside of an arch, the underside of a "ight of stair, the underside of a cornice or chimney or the underside of a ceiling to #ll the space above kitchen cabinets.

Top Chord: The top beams within a roo#ng system are known as the Top Chord, who, generally working in com-pression, allow for the main structural elements to be laid.

http://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2010/09/dzn_Balancing-Barn-by-MVRDV-07.jpg

Such a house represents an exampleof a cantilever

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rubber

natural

arti!cial

technically a plastic

waterproof

good seal

gaskets

1.5 times density of

water

"ooring

insulation

resistabrasion

hosing

EDM

should not be exposedto sun and

weather

!rst made in 20thcentury

will notshatter

highly "exible

NEOPRENE

siliconehighly durable

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Detailing for Heat and Moisture:Insulation and the prevention of rain penetration are vital for any design and construction.

Detailing for Moisture: Eaves, walls, windows, !at roof, box gutters. If the basement goes below water table, then the basement needs to be ‘tanked’ with a rubber sheet. Equally, a loose aggregate can be placed on the outside of the building to help draw water to the footings rather than a basement.

Water which hits roofs need to be carried away from the building, which is done through the use of eaves and gutters, and down pipes. If there is an internal roof, then it will drain to the external of the building. With an eave, water is less likely to enter the wall. The window frame is a high-risk area for water seepage.

For water to penetrate into a building all the following must occur: an opening, water present at the opening, a force to move through the opening. Remove any of the these and water wont enter.

To prevent water from penetrating a building; remove openings, keep water away from openings, neutralise the forces that move water through openings. One is su"cient, but tow or more strategies are pursued than this is added security that the building is water tight.

http://www.abelroo#ng.com.au/images/gallery/down_pipes01_big.jpg

Gutters and Downpipes ensure water from the roof reaches the ground

in a safe manner

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Detailing for Heat and Moisture (continued):Openings can be planned such as windows, doors, skylights. Or the are unplanned, poor construction, deterio-ration of materials. Common techniques are used to remove openings, a sealant, and gaskets (performed shapes made from arti!cial rubber). Both these will inevitably need replacing.

Sloping roofs and gutters are used to discharge water. Overlapping cladding and roo!ng elements prevent water entering. Sloping windows and door sills and roof "ashing.

Neutralising the forces will help prevent water penetration. Forces at play include Gravity, surface tension and capillary action, momentum, or air pressure di#erential. By altering the slope of a building, you help alter the gravitational pull. The paving adjacent to a house, should angle away form the house. Typically using a drip or break between surfaces to prevent water clinging to the underside of a surface (such as a window sill or parapet capping). These gaps and breaks prevent water reaching and entering openings because the surface tension of the water is broken at the drip/gap location. Instead, the capillary action movement of the water stops and the water is released in drop form. Windblown rain, moisture and snow can move through simple gaps. To inhibit this movement the gaps are often constructed in more complex labyrinth shapes. With gusts of wind, water can still be moved through a complex laby-rinth if there is a di#erence in the air pressure, between the outside and inside. You need an internal barrier, to create Pressure Equalisation Chamber (PEC).

http://cdn.home-designing.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Skylights.jpeg

Windows and Skylights are areas in whichwater can easily enter a building

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Detailing for Heat and Moisture (continued):Detailing Heat: Heat loss and gain occur when the heat is conducted through the building envelope, the building envelope and building elements are subject to radiant heat sources, thermal mass is used to regulate the !ow of heat through the building heat. Thermal mass is an important money saver through the lifetime of the building.

Conduction can be controlled using thermal insulation, thermal breaks (made from low construction materials like rubber), double glazing (reduces !ow of heat).

Controlling heat from radiation is done through re!ective surfaces, or shading systems such as verandas, eaves, solar shelves, blinds, screens and vegetation.

Controlling heat though thermal mass; large areas of exposed thermal mass can be used to absorb and store heat over a period of time. Materials traditionally used for ther-mal mass include, Masonry, Concrete, and Water bodies. This is most useful in places where the temperature at night and day varies.

Controlling air leakage: The principle of airtight detailing is similar to watertight detailing; an opening, air present at the opening, a force to move air through the opening. Strategies to stop leakage include; eliminating any one of the causes, wrapping the building in polyethylene or re!ection foil sparking to provide an air barrier, with stripping around doors, windows and other openings.

http://advice.myhome.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Attic-Insulation-Image-2.jpg

Insulation in roofs help maintain a consistent heat

W EE K7glossary Downpipe: A downpipe is a vertical pipe used for caring

rain water from a gutter and directing it towards the sewer. Downpipes are normally placed on the exterior of a build-ing.

Vapour Barrier: A vapour barrier is any material which acts as damp proo!ng, preventing water from slowly seeping into a building. Typically made from plastic or foil sheets, the vapour barrier can be placed outside or within the external walls of the building.

Flashing: Flashing refers to a thin piece of impervious material installed to prevent he passage of water into a structure from a joint or as part of a weather resistant barrier.

Gutter: Placed on the roof of a building, gutters collect the rainwater before beginning the process of sending the water to the stormwater drainage system. Gutters empty into vertical downspouts and are typically made from vinyl, galvanised steel, or aluminium.

Insulation: Insulation refers to any material placed within a building whose purpose is to reduce heat loss and gain. Typically found in walls, "oors and ceilings, insulation can be constructed from a variety of materials including !bre glass, recycled paper and sheep’s wool.

Parapet: An extension of a wall along a roof, walkway, balcony etc., a parapet is a section of the wall which extends above the roo"ine. In modern construction, a parapet is often used for aesthetic reasons, concealing the connection between the roof and exterior walls.

Sealant: Sealants are viscous material which when applied around windows, skylights and other forms of glazing prevents water entering the structure through capillary action.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Kings_chapel_roof.jpg

A historic Parapet

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glass Crystal Palace(1851)

300,000panes of

hand blownglass

made from sand

Royal Exhibition

curtin wall

allows for warmth

glass was mass produced

by the 1950s

must be heatedto extremely

high temperatures

glass has becomedominant design

element in commercial buildings

skyscapers

requires concreteto support

glass

glass is cheaper

United Statesof America

by the 20th century, it was

realised that the sun wastherapeutic

during the 19th century thesun was viewedwith suspicion

glass can nowbe heatedcan cooled

aesthetic qualities and energy

e!ciencies metsimiltaneously primary

modulator ofsunlight

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Openings – Doors and Windows: Windows: Windows are used to create aesthetic features, allow light and natural air!ow if opened. A major consideration when designing windows is that they must be cleaned in their lifetime. Windows are composed of a number of elements including; glass pane, frame, sill, jamb, architrave, apron, !ashing and sealant.

Window frames, if placed in a brick veneer system, sits on the timber frame. Aluminium windows while used domesti-cally, are commonly used in commercial buildings. If large aluminium windows are used, then a steel or other struc-tural element may be required to ensure the structure is sound. Steel can be used as a window frame, but is uncom-mon in Australia.

Curtin walls, is a wall which is formed out of windows. The windows themselves are hung from the concrete frame, with the loads transferred back to the concrete structure. Loads must always be carried around the window.

Doors: Doors can be part of the ‘theatre’ of entering a building. Doors and their frames are composed of many elements, including; door leaf, latch and lock, handle, head, jamb, stop, architrave and sill.

Aluminium doors are common in commercial buildings. Doors are not normally designed for a speci"c build, but rather work from a manufacturers range. Steel is often used in conjunction with another material when constructing a door.

http://www.onyxsolar.com/images/photovoltaic-curtain-wall.jpg

An example of a Curtin Wall

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While di!cult to see from the exterior, the section which I was instructed to complete a 1:1 drawing of was located along the northern wall of the Function room, where the change in roof height occurred. The Drawing title was ‘Function Room Roof North 02’.

Broader location of drawing

PASTE A1 DRAWING HERE

W EE K 8glossary

Window Sash: A window sash is the framed part of a window which holds a sheet of glass in place. Commonly referring to the moving pane of glass within the frame, a sash window is a historic window design, which uses a counter weight to hold the window open.

Moment of Inertia: Moment of Inertia is the mass property of a rigid bod, which de!nes the torque required for an acceleration around an axis.

De!ection: De"ection refers to the amount a structural element will bend (with or without breaking), when a dead or live load are added. De"ection can often be seen in historic timber beams which have been carrying heavy loads for extended periods of time.

Door Furniture: Door furniture refers to any item which is attached to a door to enhance its aesthetic or practical qualities. Door furniture can fall into a variety of catego-ries including; hinges, handles, locks, fasteners, and other accessories.

Shear Force: Shear force occurs when two separate forces push an object (or series of objects) in opposite directions. When these two forces are pushing towards each other, it is known as compression forces.

http://www.sashwindows-northwest.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/s

ash_windows_2.jpg

A sash window, with the lowerseries of panes known as

the Window Sash

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composite materials

many forms !bres

remain bonded together

created throughthe combination

of two or morematerials

particulatelaminar made into

"at and pro!led sheets

made from glass !breand resin

!re and water resistent

!bre glass

!bre reinforcedcement

used incladding

sandwhichpanels

hybrid

resins

two or morecomposite materials

gravel

light

two materials,di#er in form

or composition

retain their identities and

properties

does not burn

resistent towater

used ascladding

made fromglass, portland

cement, sand andwater

W EE K 9online learning

Construction Detailing: Detailing is about how materials are put together.

Movement joints: movement joints include; expansion joints and contraction joints. Expansion joints in brick walls are provided with a !ller.

Health and Safety: ensuring people are safe during !re. Balustrades on staircases, as well as tred width and heights are all important. Materials are often chosen based on their !re rating. Depending on Building height and owner type, di"erent !re ratings exist.

Age: Choosing materials to suit the site, is vital. Some detailing deterioration is wanted, such as copper. Timber can grey and can be considered both attractive and unattractive.

Repairable Surfaces: how easy is the material to repair. A skirting board helps to prevent damage to the plaster-board. Extra protection is often placed on the corner of the internal walls, this is often painted/skimmed over to hide such detail.

Cleanliness: Hospitals, cafes, etc all require materials that can be easily cleaned.

Maintenance: By having a suspended ceiling, there is easy access for maintenance and cleaning throughout the lifetime of the building.

Constructability: if a detail is di#cult to construct, it is more expensive to create. Easy to assemble, should be forgiving, should be e"ect use of construction facilities and labour.

http://squaretexture.com/uploads/product/171/thumbs/texture_328_aged_timber_

roof_shingles_620w_product_preview.JPG

Exterior roof shingles which have aged and weathered

over time

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Site visit to Cancer Centre:

The Cancer Centre under construction represents a complex building, complex both in terms of its construc-tion, but also the architectural detail which had to be considered prior to the commencement of work.

A substantial way through the project, there were a variety of trades on site, as the lower !oors begin their "rst "x, while in contrast, the upper !oors are still having concrete slab !oors poured. On the lower basement !oors, insulation had gone in, wiring and plumbing services had been installed, along with ducting, air-condition systems, and internal walls. On the upper !oors, windows had just started being installed, signify-ing the start of a long process ensuring that the building would inevitably become water tight.

Yet this level of "nishes are not consistent throughout the entire building, with the presence of cranes, con-crete and large swathes of sca#olding highlighting the minor progress evident on the higher !oors.

With such a variety of progress throughout the building, a vast array of trades were required to ensure that a steady and consistent level of work is maintained. Beyond general labourers, the construction manage-ment, architect and project manager, carpenters, electri-cians, plumbers, joiners, glaziers, and crane operators are all present.

Internal walls in the Prayer Room

Copper Pipes in the basement levels