London Borough of Enfield · Sources of Flooding History of Flooding in Enfield 4 6 9 11 3.0 STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD RISK 12 ... 37 38 38 6.0 SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS 39

London Borough of Enfield

Strategic Flood Risk Assessment _________________________________________________

Final Report

February 2008

Structures and Watercourses London Borough of Enfield

Highway Services Strategic Flood Risk Assessment

i

Document Control Sheet

Report Title Strategic Flood Risk Assessment

Revision 3

Status Final

Control Date February 2008

Prepared by Ian Russell

Checked by Trevor Pennell


Carterhatch Depot, 7 Melling Drive, Enfield, EN1 4BS

Tel 020 8379 3499 Fax 020 8379 3494

[email protected]



ii

CONTENTS

PAGE

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

Aims and Objectives 1

2.0 FLOOD RISK IN ENFIELD 4

Geography of Enfield

Catchment Areas of Main Rivers in Enfield

Sources of Flooding

History of Flooding in Enfield

4

6

9

11

3.0 STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD RISK 12

General Methodology

Data Collation and Review

Fluvial Flooding

Groundwater Flooding

Surface Water Flooding

Sewer Flooding

Reservoirs

The New River

Effects of Climate Change

12

12

13

15

18

21

23

24

25

4.0 FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE 27

Flood Defences

Flood Alleviation Schemes

Flood Warning Systems

Emergency Planning

27

29

31

32

5.0 SITE-SPECIFIC FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENTS 35

The Sequential Test and Exception Test

Identification of Demand for a Flood Risk Assessment

Requirements for a Flood Risk Assessment

35

35

36



iii

Requirements for a Surface Water Flood Risk Assessment

Requirements for a Ground Water Flood Risk Assessment

Management of Residual Flood Risk

37

38

38

6.0 SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS 39

The Purpose of Sustainable Drainage Systems

Guidance on the Applicability of Sustainable Drainage Systems

39

41

7.0 CONCLUSIONS 43

8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 44

Reduce Flood Risk through Spatial Planning

Reduce Flood Risk through Flood Risk Assessment and Site Design

Reduce Flood Risk from Non-Fluvial Sources

Enhance and Restore the River Corridor

Reduce Surface Water Runoff from New Developments

Improve Flood Awareness and Emergency Planning

Further Recommendations

44

44

44

45

45

46

46

GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS 47

Glossary of Terms

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

47

50

REFERENCES 51

APPENDIX A 53

Enfield’s Local Development Framework

Development Plan Documents

Supplementary Planning Documents

53

53

53

APPENDIX B 55

Environment Agency Flood Risk Matrix 55

APPENDIX C 56

Environment Agency Development Control Policy and FRA

Recommendations

56

APPENDIX D 58

Borough Flood Map 58



iv

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

3.1 Data collated and reviewed for the SFRA 12

3.2 Surface water flooding incidents recorded by Enfield Council 18

3.3 Number of properties flooded by overloaded sewers in the last 10 years 22

3.4 Reservoirs within Enfield 23

4.1 Emergency planning infrastructure located in PPS25 Flood Zones 34

6.1 Descriptions of some common types of sustainable drainage systems 40

B1 Environment Agency Flood Risk Matrix 55

LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 The extent of areas covered by Area Action Plans in Enfield 2

2.1 The main river network, town centres and other urban areas in Enfield 4

2.2 Digital Terrain Model of Enfield 5

2.3 Average monthly rainfall 6

2.4 The catchment area of the River Lee 7

2.5 The catchment areas of the main rivers in Enfield 8

2.6 Historical flood outlines 11

3.1 Environment Agency Flood Zones 2 and 3 13

3.2 Bedrock and superficial deposits with groundwater flooding incidents 15

3.3 Indicative groundwater flood risk 17

3.4 Locations of recorded surface water flooding events 19

3.5 Areas where sewer flooding has affected properties in the last 10 years 21

3.6 Location and extent of reservoirs within Enfield 23



v

3.7 The route of the New River through Enfield 24

4.1 Culverted main rivers and flood defences 27

4.2 Flood alleviation schemes in Enfield 30

4.3 Environment Agency monitoring stations and flood warning areas 31

4.4 Emergency planning infrastructure 32

4.5 Location of vulnerable institutions 33

4.6 Major utility infrastructure 33



vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Enfield is London’s northernmost borough and one of the largest by land area and population,

it also contains more waterways than any other borough. Three main river valleys – Turkey

Brook, Salmons Brook and Pymmes Brook – run across Enfield towards the River Lee valley

which forms the eastern boundary of the borough. Enfield’s waterways are a valuable asset

with the potential to improve people’s quality of life, however, they also represent a source of

flood risk, potentially threatening life and damaging property. The combination of extensive

man-made surfaces and under-lying impermeable geology in Enfield mean that local rivers

respond rapidly to rainfall and are liable to sudden flooding.

Flooding is also an issue in the areas outside the main fluvial floodplains. Surface water

drainage systems, groundwater and artificial bodies of water such as the New River and the

William Girling and King George’s reservoirs all pose a risk of flooding. The combined

effects of increased urbanisation and climate change mean that flood risk is likely to rise in

the foreseeable future. Although flooding cannot be wholly prevented, its impacts can be

alleviated through good planning and management.

The Strategic Flood Risk Assessment for Enfield refines the existing information on areas that

may flood by considering non-fluvial sources of flooding and the potential impacts of climate

change together with the information provided by the Environment Agency Flood Map. It

has been produced in line with the latest government guidelines and provides information and

guidance for planners and developers to inform the future management of flood risk across

the borough.

It is now recognised that sustainable forms of flood alleviation, such as providing more space

for rivers to flow and flood naturally, are preferable to out dated techniques that rely on hard

defences such as concrete walls and channels. Through the full and proper implementation of

Planning Policy Statement 25, London Plan policies, the forthcoming Local Development

Framework and site-specific flood risk assessments, flood risk can be managed in a

sustainable manner. New developments and the re-development of brownfield sites will

provide opportunities to reduce overall flood risk, principally through the use of sustainable

drainage systems and allowing space for flood storage, overland flows and future

maintenance and upgrade of flood defences.



1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Aims and Objectives

1.1 There are over 100 kilometres of waterways running through Enfield, the greatest

length of any London borough. Pymmes Brook, Salmons Brook, Turkey Brook and

their tributaries create a network which flows across the borough to join the River Lee.

The borough also contains the New River and the William Girling and King George’s

reservoirs. Enfield’s waterways are a valuable asset with the potential to improve

people’s quality of life, however, they also represent a source of flood risk, potentially

threatening life and damaging property. Flooding is not just an issue for the areas in

the floodplains. Elsewhere local drainage systems, which can be significantly affected

by new development, may contribute to groundwater and surface water flooding as

well as influencing flow patterns in the main river network. Although flooding cannot

be wholly prevented, its impacts can be alleviated through good planning and

management.

1.2 Under the requirements of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004, the

Council is preparing a new style of development plan called a Local Development

Framework (LDF). The LDF will provide a clear, coherent and deliverable framework

for the future development of the Borough. It will replace the existing Unitary

Development Plan and also give spatial expression to Enfield’s Community Strategy,

other Council strategies, and to the development proposals of other key service

providers in Enfield.

1.3 The LDF will be prepared in general conformity with both national planning guidance

and with the Mayor’s London Plan, which sets out strategic planning policies for the

whole of London. To be effective, the LDF policies and proposals must be founded

on a thorough understanding of the needs of the borough and the opportunities and

constraints that affect it. It must also be subject to sustainability appraisal to ensure

that the social, environmental and economic effects of the plan are considered from the

beginning so that decisions can be made in accordance with the principles of

sustainable development, incorporating the requirements of the Strategic

Environmental Assessment Directive (EU Directive 2001/42/EC).

1.4 Planning Policy Statement 25: Development and Flood Risk (PPS25) 1 published by

the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) in December 2006

requires local planning authorities to apply a risk-based approach to the preparation of

their development plans in respect of possible flooding. This is to be achieved by the

production of a Strategic Flood Risk Assessment (SFRA). The key requirements of a

SFRA are described in paragraph D4 and Annex E of PPS25. Further guidance is

contained in Development and Flood Risk: A Practice Guide Companion to PPS25 2.

1.5 Enfield’s LDF will not be a single document, but a folder of Local Development

Documents (LDDs) including a core strategy and action plans for areas of the borough

where proposals for change are concentrated. Further details of these documents are

set out in Appendix A. The extent of the areas covered by the action plans are shown

in Figure 1.1 overleaf. This SFRA will inform the preparation and sustainability

appraisal of all these documents.



2

1.6 The main purpose of this SFRA is to:

• inform the preparation and sustainability appraisal of the Council’s Local

Development Documents as well as other relevant Council strategies and

plans;

• provide the basis from which to apply the Sequential Test and Exception Test

in the development allocation and development control process (see Annex D

of PPS25);

• give guidance on the preparation of site-specific Flood Risk Assessments

(FRAs);

• be used by emergency planners to assess and improve emergency plans and

infrastructure within the borough.

Figure 1.1 The extent of areas covered by Area Action Plans in Enfield

1.7 In preparing the SFRA the Council has refined the existing information on areas that

may flood by taking into account non-fluvial sources of flooding, the potential impacts

of climate change and the information provided by the Environment Agency Flood

Map.

1.8 Where it is not feasible to allocate all proposed development and infrastructure in

accordance with the Sequential Test it will be necessary to increase the scope of this

SFRA by carrying out further analysis, this will provide the information required for

application of the Exception Test. This should additionally consider the impact of

flood risk management infrastructure on the frequency, rate of onset, depth and

velocity of flooding within the Environment Agency Flood Zones considering a range

of flood risk management scenarios. This Level 2 SFRA has not been included as part

of this initial SFRA.



3

1.9 The SFRA includes the following key outputs:

• a borough flood map showing the main rivers, ordinary watercourses and

Flood Zones, including the functional floodplain, across the local authority

area, as well as the extent of the LDF Area Action Plans;

• an assessment of the implications of climate change for flood risk over an

appropriate time period;

• identification of areas at risk of flooding from sources other than rivers and

the sea;

• the location of any flood risk management measures, including both

infrastructure and the coverage of flood warning systems;

• locations where additional development may significantly increase flood risk

elsewhere;

• guidance on the preparation of site-specific FRAs for allocated development

sites;

• guidance on the likely applicability of different sustainable drainage systems

(SUDS) techniques.

This information will be sufficient to allow application of the Sequential Test and

inform the Sustainability Appraisal and subsequent plan policies.

1.10 This SFRA has been prepared in consultation with the Environment Agency. Regard

has also been made to the Draft Regional Flood Risk Appraisal (RFRA) 3. This is a

strategic overview of flood risk across London. The RFRA represents a broad

consideration of flood risk rather than a detailed analysis in relation to any particular

areas or sites. It contains a series of recommendations to be considered by local

authorities in the preparation of their SFRAs, some of which are applicable region-

wide and some only to certain boroughs.



4

2.0 FLOOD RISK IN ENFIELD

Geography of Enfield

2.1 Enfield is London’s northernmost borough and one of the largest by land area and

population, being home to about 280,000 people 4. It is located approximately 19

kilometres from the centre of London.

2.2 The borough is broadly bounded by the River Lee to the east, the M25 Motorway to

the north and the North Circular Road to the south. The total land area of the borough

is 8,200 hectares. Much of the area is heavily urbanised, however there are also

substantial amounts of green space, particularly to the north-west, as shown in Figure

2.1 below. The borough flood map in Appendix D provides a more detailed picture of

the drainage network and land types within Enfield.

Figure 2.1 The main river network, town centres (circles) and other urban areas (shaded areas) in Enfield

2.3 The entire borough is within the catchment of the River Lee which in turn forms part

of the River Thames catchment area. Generally, the land is drained west to east by

three main river valleys; Turkey Brook, Salmons Brook and Pymmes Brook, these are

described in greater detail in the following section.



5

2.4 The lowest parts of Enfield are just 10 metres above sea level whereas some of the

upland areas exceed 100 metres in altitude. Figure 2.2 below, shows a topographical

display of Enfield. The borough can be roughly divided into two halves: the low-

lying, fairly flat swathe of the Lee valley running down the eastern side and the more

hilly areas that make up the western half.

Figure 2.2 Digital Terrain Model of Enfield, developed using Lidar data; low to high altitudes (10 mAOD

to greater than 100 mAOD) range from light to dark

2.5 The whole of Enfield sits above the London Clay formation, this precludes infiltration

of rainwater through to the confined Chalk aquifer below. There are however

substantial drift deposits distributed around the borough, notably Dollis Hill gravels to

the inter-fluvial zones in the west and river terrace deposits of Enfield Silt and

Kempton Park Gravel in the Lee valley. Unlike the London Clay formation, these

deposits offer varying degrees of permeability and hence act as buffer between rainfall

and the surface water drainage network. Figure 3.2 in the following chapter shows the

distribution of these deposits throughout the borough.



6

2.6 The average annual rainfall in London is just below 650 mm. This is about three times

less rainfall than in some of the wettest parts of the UK, as shown by Figure 2.3 below.

This chart demonstrates the average monthly rainfall recorded at a weather station in

Greenwich, London between 1971 and 2000 compared with that recorded by a rainfall

gauge in Kinlochewe, Scotland during the same period. The data for Kinlochewe

demonstrates a far greater seasonal variation in rainfall than that recorded in London.

Though October is the single month with the highest average rainfall in London, in

general the summer months experience roughly the same amount of rainfall as those in

the winter.

Figure 2.3 Average monthly rainfall in millimetres recorded at weather stations in Greenwich, London

and Kinlochewe, Scotland between the years 1971 and 2000 5

2.7 In the south-east of England flooding is just as likely to occur in the summer as it is in

the winter, this is due to the increased likelihood of thunderstorms which can deliver

high quantities of water in storms of relatively short duration. The combination of

extensive man-made surfaces and impermeable soils in Enfield mean that local rivers

respond rapidly to rainfall and are liable to sudden flooding.

Catchment Areas of Main Rivers in Enfield

2.8 The extent of Enfield in relation to the River Lee catchment and boundary of London

is shown in Figure 2.4 overleaf. The catchment areas of the main rivers that drain

Enfield are shown in Figure 2.5 on the following page.

2.9 River Lee – Most of the Lee catchment is outside London and drains a large, mainly

rural area. Consequently the response time of the River Lee to extreme rainfall events

will be much longer and slower than those of the local rivers that drain most of

Enfield. Because of this, floods on the River Lee will also be more prolonged.



7

2.10 The Lee catchment area covers over 140,000 hectares. The geology of the Upper Lee

is mainly Chalk, whereas the Lower Lee is almost exclusively London Clay. Enfield

is located in the Lower Lee catchment. Some areas of the Upper Lee catchment have

well drained soils, but generally the soils are only slowly permeable.

Figure 2.4 The catchment area of the River Lee (dotted line), with the boundaries of Enfield and London

superimposed (thick solid lines), the River Thames is also shown (thin solid line)

2.11 Salmons Brook – Brimsdown Ditch, Saddlers Mill Stream and Houndsden Gutter are

all tributaries of Salmons Brook. The Brimsdown Ditch catchment is a flat, heavily

urbanised area within the Lee valley drained almost entirely by artificial means. The

river itself is largely culverted or channelised, it runs through the south-east corner of

this area and outfalls to Salmons Brook close to where it crosses Meridian Way.



8

2.12 Saddlers Mill Stream rises out of the sewerage system beneath Enfield Town and runs

south-east for several kilometres before outfalling to Salmons Brook at Montagu

Road. This is another highly urbanised catchment, over 90% of the watercourse has

been culverted.

2.13 The Houndsden Gutter catchment is also largely urbanised and much of the river is

culverted. Even so there are significant stretches of open watercourse running through

this comparatively steep catchment. The watercourse drops by around 60 metres in

altitude from its origins north of Southgate to its confluence with Salmons Brook

about 4 kilometres downstream.

Figure 2.5 The catchment areas of the main rivers in Enfield

2.14 The entire Salmons Brook catchment covers an area of about 4,170 hectares. The

river rises in agricultural land just outside the western boundary of the borough and

runs through open, fairly natural channels over London Clay and gravel beds for

several kilometres. As it enters more urban areas the river passes through a series of

culverts before meeting Pymmes Brook south of the North Circular Road. The

proportion of urban extent for the whole catchment is 35%.

2.15 Pymmes Brook – The Pymmes Brook catchment covers a total area of 4,230 hectares

with an urban extent of 44%. The river rises just outside Enfield in Barnet and flows

through Hadley Wood before passing out of the borough, this upstream section is often

referred to as Monken Mead Brook. It re-enters Enfield at New Southgate and flows

eastwards towards the River Lee, picking up Bounds Green Brook along the way. The

catchment geology and soil types are similar to those of the Salmons Brook catchment.

Pymmes Brook is more heavily engineered, passing through almost 2 kilometres of

culvert and over 4 kilometres of concrete lined channels.



9

2.16 Turkey Brook – Turkey Brook drains a more rural catchment with an urban extent of

just 4%, the total area is 4,170 hectares. The geology is London Clay with significant

sections of gravel, soils are generally slowly permeable and subject to some seasonal

water-logging. The source of Turkey Brook lies just outside the northern boundary of

Enfield. Much of the catchment is drained by Cuffley Brook, this tributary rises 5

kilometres to the north of Enfield and flows through mainly agricultural land to its

confluence with Turkey Brook in Whitewebbs Park. Turkey Brook then flows

eastwards to the meet the Small River Lee near Enfield Lock.

2.17 Small River Lee – This catchment covers a small area of Enfield towards the north-

east corner of the borough. It is a significant catchment however covering a total area

of 3,400 hectares. The catchment is largely rural with London Clay geology and

slowly permeable soils.

Sources of Flooding

2.18 Flood risk is a combination of the probability of flooding and the consequence of

flooding 6. Strategies for reducing the probability of flooding may involve provision

of additional storage for floodwaters or increasing channel capacity for the enhanced

conveyance of floodwaters. Options for reducing the consequence of flooding include

the creation of emergency plans to be implemented during flood events, the adaptation

of properties to make them resilient to flooding and the removal of properties from the

floodplain.

2.19 Flooding may arise from a number of different sources:

• main rivers;

• tidal flooding;

• groundwater;

• ordinary watercourses;

• surface water runoff;

• sewers;

• reservoirs;

• other artificial sources.

2.20 Fluvial flooding refers to flooding from rivers, caused by overtopping or breaching of

their banks or defences. A degree of flood protection is provided by the capacity of

the river channels, when the flow exceeds the capacity of the channel the water level

will rise until the banks are overtopped and overland flows inundate the surrounding

area. The capacity of the channel to convey water depends on several characteristics

including its cross-sectional area, longitudinal fall and the roughness of the channel

bed and sides. Breaching of a flood wall or embankment can lead to far more severe

incidences of fluvial flooding. Once the defence in question has failed the area behind

it can become rapidly inundated with flood waters, inundation of the floodplain due to

overtopping is comparatively gradual and more predictable.

2.21 Tidal flooding refers to flooding from the sea. Though some of the lower reaches of

the River Lee, near its confluence with the River Thames, are tidal, Enfield is

sufficiently far inland not to be at risk from this type of flooding.



10

2.22 Groundwater is broadly defined as water that has infiltrated the ground surface into

layers of rock or earth that are capable of bearing significant quantities of water.

These include sand, gravels and also heavily fissured rocks such as chalk. Ground-

water flooding is caused by groundwater permeating back above ground level, this

often occurs following prolonged periods of above average rainfall. Groundwater

flooding can last for weeks and tends to happen in late winter when the water table is

at its peak. It can also be caused by poor drainage or interference with the natural flow

paths that exist in water bearing strata.

2.23 Surface water flooding refers to generally localised flooding events caused by surface

runoff of rainwater before or soon after it has entered the local drainage network. The

local drainage network includes highway drainage infrastructure, public sewers and

private drains which outfall to main rivers and ordinary watercourses. Flooding may

occur because of the operational failure of engineering infrastructure such as pumping

stations, outfall flap valves, grilles, culverts and underground pipes. Such failures are

by their nature fairly random and therefore unpredictable. These types of failures may

occur due to a number of reasons including poor design, inadequate maintenance and

improper operation. A common example is for highway gullies to become blocked

following seasonal leaf fall. This type of failure can also exacerbate or even cause

fluvial flooding. Typically during storm events large items of debris such as branches

are washed down from higher up the catchment and become lodged at locations where

the channel is restricted in some way, such as culverts.

2.24 Highly localised flooding can also be caused by intense convective storms of short

duration, generally occurring in the summer. In urban areas of largely impermeable

surfacing the intensity of the rainfall can lead to runoff conditions which can

temporarily overwhelm the local drainage network causing flash flooding. Examples

of this type of flooding can have dramatic consequences, it is estimated that during the

summer 2007 floods, five times as many homes and businesses in places like Hull

were flooded by overflowing drains and sewers as were affected by river flooding7. In

upland areas with relatively steep catchments surface water can cause fairly severe

floods over a small area. In lower-lying areas these floods are generally distributed

over a wider area and consequently the effects are less concentrated.

2.25 The combined effects of increased urbanisation and climate change mean that flood

risk is likely to rise in the foreseeable future. Increased urbanisation is caused by two

separate effects. Urban creep is the process whereby the impermeability of an urban

area increases over time, due to modifications to individual properties 8, examples

include the construction of extensions and conversion of lawns to patios and

driveways. Additionally the development of greenfield sites to accommodate the

pressures of residential and commercial demands also leads to an increase in

impermeable ground surfacing. Increases in impermeable surfacing will lead to

increased surface water runoff and consequently greater risk of flooding in the local

area and further down the catchment.

2.26 For the UK, projections of future climate change indicate that more frequent short-

duration, high-intensity rainfall and more frequent periods of long-duration rainfall

can be expected 1. These scenarios indicate that drainage systems will become

increasingly stressed, both for fluvial flooding and localised flash flooding.



11

History of Flooding in Enfield

2.27 Major flooding of the Lee and many of its tributaries in 1947 led to the construction of

the River Lee Flood Relief Channel, which became operational in 1976 9. There has

been no flooding on this scale since although the flood relief channel almost reached

full capacity in 1987, 1993 and 2000. Severe flooding of the Salmons Brook

catchment in the vicinity of Montagu Road in December 2000 caused widespread

damage to property. Over the last 30 years there have been several incidences of

fluvial flooding around the borough as well as numerous incidents of localised surface

water flooding. Recorded incidents of surface water flooding, and other non-fluvial

types of flooding, are described in the following chapter.

Figure 2.6 Historical flood outlines for main river flooding in Enfield since 1947

2.28 Figure 2.6 demonstrates the outline of historical flood events recorded by the

Environment Agency, or their predecessors, over the last six decades. Notably, about

half of all fluvial flood events recorded in Enfield have occurred during the summer

period. In most of the borough, the extent of recorded flood inundation matches the

areas shown to be at risk of flooding by the Environment Agency Flood Zone outlines

shown in Figure 3.1.

2.29 Figure 2.6 does not show historical flooding in the Pymmes Brook valley, even though

significant flooding is known to have occurred in this area in the past. This is due to a

lack of available records. The Environment Agency Flood Map indicates that

extensive areas of the Pymmes Brook catchment are subject to flood risk.



12

3.0 STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD RISK

General Methodology

3.1 This SFRA will use the Environment Agency Flood Zone Maps as a starting point, it

will also take into account other sources of flooding and the potential impacts of

climate change. This information will be sufficient to allow application of the

Sequential Test described in Annex D of PPS25.

Data Collation and Review

3.2 Table 3.1 describes the data that have been analysed as part of this assessment.

Information Source

Main river maps Environment Agency

Flood Zone maps Environment Agency

Historic flood outlines Environment Agency

Lee Hydrology and Mapping Study Environment Agency

Groundwater flooding records Environment Agency

Flood defence details Environment Agency

National Flood Risk Assessment (NaFRA) Defra

Regional Flood Risk Appraisal (RFRA) Greater London Authority

Lower Lee Flood Risk Management Strategy Environment Agency

Thames Region Catchment Flood Management Plan Environment Agency

British Waterways flooding records British Waterways *

Sewer flooding records Thames Water

Modelled capacity of sewerage network Thames Water *

Ordinary watercourse maps London Borough of Enfield

Ordinary watercourse flooding records London Borough of Enfield

Highway Authority flooding records London Borough of Enfield

Public Register of Reservoirs Environment Agency

Digital Terrain Model London Borough of Enfield

Database of flood warning systems Environment Agency

Database of flood storage assets Thames Water

Geological and soil maps British Geological Society

Table 3.1 Data collated and reviewed for the SFRA ( * these sources of information were considered but

are not available at the time of writing)



13

Fluvial Flooding

3.3 By identifying areas at risk of fluvial flooding the Environment Agency Flood Zone

Maps provide the basis for application of the Sequential Test. Four Flood Zone

categories are described in PPS25:

• Zone 1 Low Probability;

• Zone 2 Medium Probability;

• Zone 3a High Probability;

• Zone 3b The Functional Floodplain.

Flood zone 1 comprises land assessed as having a less than 1 in 1000 annual

probability of river flooding in any year (<0.1%) and is therefore not exposed to any

practical risk of fluvial flooding. Flood Zone 2 is the land assessed as having between

a 1 in 100 and 1 in 1000 annual probability of river flooding in any year (1% – 0.1%).

This means that such an area will on average flood one or more times in a 1000 year

period of time. Flood Zone 3 comprises land assessed as having a 1 in 100 or greater

annual probability of river flooding (>1%) in any year, this zone has been split into

two parts, 3a and 3b.

Figure 3.1 Environment Agency Flood Zones 2 (light) and 3 (dark)

3.4 Flood Zone 3b is defined as the functional floodplain, this is land where water has to

flow or be stored in times of flood. PPS25 suggests that the functional floodplain be

defined as the land which would flood with an annual probability of 1 in 20 or greater

in any year (>5%). Analysis of the predicted flooding for an event of this probability

suggests that this is a reasonable basis on which to define the functional floodplain for

the London Borough of Enfield.



14

3.5 The Environment Agency Flood Zones are based primarily on the Lee Hydrology and

Mapping Study 10

, which was completed in March 2007. This study used the Flood

Estimation Handbook 11

methodology and a hydrodynamic flow model in conjunction

with a digital terrain model to predict flood flows and the extent of the floodplain

across the catchment area. It covers all the main river catchments in Enfield and

represents the best available data at this time. The outputs included defended and

undefended flood outlines for a range of different probabilities. The Environment

Agency Flood Zones are generally based on the undefended flood outlines from this

model. The exceptions include Flood Zone 3b, which is based on the defended flood

outlines, and Flood Zone 2, which also includes the full extent of the Environment

Agency’s historical flood records.

3.6 The Flood Zones in some upland areas, which were not included in the Lee Hydrology

and Mapping Study, are based on a separate study carried out by the Environment

Agency using Improved JFlow software. The rivers modelled using JFlow are

Merryhills Brook, Hollyhill Brook, Leeging Beech Gutter, Glenbrook South Drain, the

culverted upstream sections of Houndsden Gutter, plus the upper reaches only of

Salmons Brook (upstream of Leeging Beech Gutter), Turkey Brook (upstream of

Lavender Hill Cemetery) and Monken Mead Brook (upstream of Hadley Wood

railway station).

3.7 The borough flood map in Appendix D shows the extents of all the Flood Zones in the

London Borough of Enfield including the functional floodplain. It also shows the

locations of the Area Action Plans that are to be prepared as part of the Council’s

Local Development Framework. These are also shown in Figure 1.1 in the first

chapter while Figure 3.1 on the previous page indicates the areas that are at risk of

flooding. In the absence of a list of allocated development sites, the Area Action Plans

offer the best indication of where future development is likely to occur.

3.8 Analysis of the Flood Zone maps across the borough reveal that the areas at risk of

flooding are primarily in the Lee valley. During pre-industrial times this whole area

would have been natural functional floodplain. The river channels and surrounding

landscape have now been so extensively engineered that most of the valley is fairly

well defended. The standard of protection of the existing flood defences on the Lee

and its tributaries is generally above 2% annual probability of failure, but is as low as

5% in some areas 9.

3.9 Consequently the functional floodplain in Enfield is mainly restricted to green spaces

outside the Lee valley, notably in Enfield Golf Course, Whitewebbs Park, Hadley

Wood Golf Club and Arnos Park. There are however significant areas of existing

residential and commercial developments within Flood Zones 2 and 3, particularly in

the south-east corner of the borough. It is critical that the relevant local planning

authorities for the areas of the Lee catchment upstream of Enfield work in partnership

with the Environment Agency to ensure that flood risk in the Lee valley is not

increased in the future by the inappropriate development of greenfield sites.

3.10 There are considerable stretches of land within the Central Leaside, North East Enfield

and North Circular Area Action Plans that are at risk of flooding. As these areas

consist largely of existing brownfield sites, future developments will present

opportunities to substantially reduce flood risk, both on site and in the surrounding

areas. These locations will be analysed more thoroughly in the increased scope Level

2 SFRA mentioned previously.



15

3.11 An ordinary watercourse is a passage through which water flows, such as a stream,

ditch or drain, that does not form part of a main river. In recent years the Environment

Agency have identified all ordinary watercourses that could be considered to place

large numbers of people and property at risk of flooding and classified them as full

main rivers. Any remaining ordinary watercourses are therefore not deemed to

represent a wide-scale flood risk and have therefore been considered together with

surface water flooding.


3.12 As described previously, groundwater flooding is caused by subterranean water that

flows back above ground, this occurs at the point where the water table meets the

surface. Groundwater flooding will only occur in or near areas where the underlying

rocks and soils are capable of transporting significant quantities of water. Figure 3.2

shows the areas of Enfield where drift deposits of sands, gravel and other alluvial

materials are present at or near the surface. The remaining areas of the borough are

London Clay and are therefore impermeable to water infiltration.

3.13 Figure 3.2 also shows the locations of groundwater flooding incidents that have been

recorded by the Environment Agency and Enfield Council in the last 10 years.

Figure 3.2 Bedrock and superficial deposits in Enfield with locations of groundwater flooding incidents

3.14 Although there have been a wide number of incidents, few of these have affected more

than one or two properties. In some cases it is not clear that groundwater flooding is

directly responsible, for example leaking water mains or poor drainage can create

flooding issues which may superficially appear to be caused by groundwater.

However, there are a significant numbers of incidents that can be directly attributed to

groundwater flooding, these can be broadly divided into two categories.



16

3.15 The first group concerns areas in the upland parts of the borough that lie on the slopes

of the relatively steep catchments where outcrops of Dollis Hill Gravel sit above the

impermeable London Clay. Rainwater infiltrates the ground in these elevated areas

and percolates through the topsoil down to the highly permeable gravels below. This

downward flow of water is impeded by the clay which forms an impenetrable barrier,

the groundwater then flows horizontally through this zone of saturated gravel using

well established flow paths. These gradually lead it downhill until it springs out above

the ground at the interface of the clay and gravel formations. These springs feed

watercourses which form part of the above ground drainage network, one apparently

small spring may drain quite a large area of hillside gravels. They are unlikely to

cause problems except in times of prolonged above average rainfall when excess

groundwater can cause springs to appear in places that are normally dry.

3.16 Groundwater flooding incidents close to the interface of permeable and impermeable

strata in the inter-fluvial upland areas account for approximately half of all recorded

groundwater flooding events. Some recent incidents of groundwater flooding can be

directly linked to the construction of buildings nearby which have been designed with

wide, deep strip foundations This has lead to water unexpectedly emerging from the

ground surface at nearby locations, whereas had piled foundations been employed the

natural groundwater flow paths would have been relatively unaffected.

3.17 The second grouping concerns areas in the main river valleys where thick beds of

alluvial sands and gravels have been laid down over the millennia, these are generally

permeable and extend up to 10 metres in thickness providing significant storage

volume for groundwater. These mini-aquifers are hydraulically connected to the rivers

they run alongside and can therefore be quite responsive to rainfall events. The height

of the water table in these fluvial zones generally does not vary over a wide range as it

is typically controlled by the water level in the adjacent river. Nevertheless during

periods of intense rainfall the already near surface water table may rise further causing

water to permeate above the ground. This effect is particularly significant for

properties with basements on permeable sub-soils close to watercourses.

3.18 An indicative groundwater flood risk map has been produced and is shown in Figure

3.3 overleaf. This outline is based solely on geological data and shows the extent of

the strata across Enfield that are considered capable of carrying significant quantities

of water and therefore creating a risk of groundwater flooding. These layers are the

Dollis and Boyn Hill Gravels, Kempton Park Gravel, Taplow Gravel and the River

Terrace Deposits. As many recorded groundwater flooding incidents have occurred

close to the interface between these strata and the impermeable London Clay

formation, the groundwater flood risk area has been expanded by a width of 100

metres around its entire outline.

3.19 It is recommended that where new developments are proposed in these areas

consideration is given to the prevention or mitigation of possible groundwater

flooding. The Environment Agency are to be consulted where useable space is to be

created below ground, such as basement dwellings or underground car parks. In these

cases it is recommended that a groundwater flood risk assessment is carried out using

the methodology described in paragraph 5.17.



17

Figure 3.3 Indicative groundwater flood risk with locations of groundwater flooding incidents

3.20 As the risk of groundwater flooding in Enfield is low, for developments proposed in

groundwater flood risk areas that do not involve the creation of useable space below

ground, the following mitigation measures may be appropriate:

• using piled foundations rather than other methods that may impede

groundwater flows;

• designing the development layout to avoid construction of buildings in areas

of likely groundwater flooding;

• flood proofing to limit the potential impact of groundwater flooding.

Guidance on appropriate construction techniques that limit possible disturbance to

natural groundwater flow paths and other mitigation measures is to be issued in the

forthcoming Enfield Design Guide, see Appendix A. This guidance should be

implemented to ensure that the risks are minimised.



18


3.21 The locations of sites that are known to be prone to surface water flooding have been

identified by reference to Enfield Council’s own records of historical flooding and

consultation with several long-standing members of the Highway Services staff.

These sites are shown in Figure 3.4 overleaf and also in the borough flood map at the

back of this report. Table 3.2 below provides a brief summary of the likely causes of

flooding for each site.

Location Description

A Crescent East Highway floods under heavy rainfall following seasonal leaf fall (F/R)

B Park Gate Crescent Single property flooded, outfall to Green Brook blocked (F/L)

C Waterfall Road Highway flooded on several occasions (F/L/C)

D Russell Road Regular incidents of flooding to carriageway (F/C)

E Green Lanes Severe surface water flooding of highway (F/C)

F Hadley Road Highway flooded on various occasions throughout the year (F/L/C)

G Green Lanes Carriageway floods following rainfall (F/C)

H Whitewebbs Road Low point of road completely flooded on several occasions (F/R/C)

I Lancaster Road Regular incidences of carriageway flooding (F/L)

J Whitewebbs Lane Highway flooded fairly regularly (F/C)

K Forty Hill Carriageway flooded on a regular basis (F/C)

L Park Avenue Flooding of carriageway near corner (F/L)

M Mandeville Road Floods even under light rain, sewer requires regular jetting (F/R/C)

N Lancaster Road Garage of property flooded due to blocked outfall (F/L)

O Cockfosters Road Root penetration of drainage system caused flooding to property (F/L)

P Stagg Hill Highway flooded due to blockage in culverted watercourse (R/C)

Q Bincote Road Highway flooded due to blockage in culverted watercourse (F/R/C)

R Lincoln Road Flooding to low point of highway beneath railway bridge (C)

S Cecil Road Overland flows to south side of road following sewer surcharge (C)

Table 3.2 Surface water flooding incidents recorded by Enfield Council, see Figure 3.4 overleaf (F

highlights sites where flooding has occurred more than once in the space of 12 months; R indicates sites

where a lack of regular maintenance was identified as a causation factor; L refers to sites where

inadequate long-term maintenance was identified as a causation factor; C identifies sites where the local

drainage system was determined to be of inadequate capacity)

3.22 Most of the incidents or problem sites identified as part of this consultation were

related to highway flooding problems where surface water runoff generated on site is

not drained effectively, often because of a lack of adequate infrastructure or ongoing

maintenance issues. Solutions to many of these issues have been effectively

implemented in recent years, however a degree of residual risk remains, hence their

inclusion in this analysis.



19

3.23 Surface water flooding issues are generally related to the performance of the existing

drainage infrastructure. Table 3.2 shows that many of these sites experienced flooding

more than once a year and are therefore not reliant on the occurrence of extreme

rainfall events. Differentiation between a lack of regular maintenance and a lack of

long-term maintenance was identified as a key indicator when assessing the cause of

flooding from the available records. Regular maintenance refers to activities that

might be carried out more than once annually, for example clearing grilles and ditches,

or unblocking highway drainage gullies. Whereas long-term maintenance describes

actions that are undertaken less frequently, these include re-profiling highway

drainage ditches and jetting or replacing underground pipes. In order to effectively

manage surface water drainage issues it is critical that the relevant authorities are

aware of existing problem sites and any additional maintenance requirements.

Figure 3.4 Locations of recorded surface water flooding events

3.24 Where inadequate capacity has been identified as a potential cause of flooding, this

does not necessarily mean that the asset in question was improperly designed. In

many cases wide scale development has taken place since the drainage infrastructure

was installed. Consequently, the catchment characteristics upstream have significantly

changed creating a more onerous runoff regime.

3.25 These types of failures are often related to the effects of urban creep, the process

whereby the impermeability of an urban area increases over time, due to modifications

to individual properties. Typically such modifications include the construction of

extensions and conversion of lawns to patios and driveways. Under these

circumstances existing drainage systems cannot cope adequately and increased

frequency of surface water flooding is a common result. Methods that can be used to

counteract these effects are discussed in chapter 6.



20

3.26 Although flooding of highways can cause severe disruption to the transport network

leading to a higher risk of road traffic accidents occurring and potentially preventing

the passage of emergency vehicles, these types of flooding incidents do not normally

represent large risks to people or property. However, the surface water drainage

network is not designed to cope with extreme events of high return periods. Surface

water sewers are traditionally designed for full bore flow during a 1 in 2 year storm

event. When inundated, sewers will back up, leading to surcharging and subsequent

overtopping of the ground through manholes and highway gullies.

3.27 For example, the large surface water sewer upstream of Enfield Town Park was known

to surcharge occasionally, utilising Cecil Road as an overland flow route into the park.

This caused severe damage to a row of terraced houses on the south side of the road

which have been subsequently demolished. An underground flood storage tank, over

50 metres in length, was constructed in the park in 1988 to reduce the risk of flooding.

Although no similar incidences have been recorded since, a significant degree of

residual risk remains as the tank was designed for a 25 year return period storm event.

3.28 Locations that are particularly sensitive to overland flows generated by an excess of

surface water inundating the drainage network are typically defined by the local

topography. For example, buildings lying at the foot of valleys or in the path of

overland flow routes on the side of steep slopes. During storms, carriageways can

serve to channel overland flows, intensifying the risks.

3.29 The difficulty in managing these types of risks lies in identifying potentially

vulnerable locations. Such events occur on too fine a scale to be identified by regional

modelling. In any case, these types of risks are so heavily influenced by small-scale,

unpredictable events, such as an individual drainage grille becoming blocked by

debris, that even detailed models would struggle to accurately reflect potential

flooding scenarios. It is critical that drainage authorities carry out regular and long-

term maintenance effectively and in a manner that is proportionate to the risks. Where

inadequate capacity of the existing sewerage is identified as a contributory factor to

surface water flooding, remedial works may be required to provide enhanced

protection against flood risk.

3.30 Figure 4.2 shows the locations of various flood alleviation schemes that have been

installed in the borough since the late 1970s. Most of these schemes, especially those

constructed prior to the year 2000, were fitted retrospectively to tackle well known

surface water flooding, or sewer flooding, issues. Comparison of the location of these

schemes and the recorded sites of surface water flooding with the topographical map

reveals that the majority of them are in the upland half of the borough. This also

demonstrates that steep catchments, where runoff can become quickly concentrated at

local low points, are subject to a greater risk of surface water flooding than relatively

flat areas such as the Lee valley, where runoff is generally more spread out.



21

Sewer Flooding

3.31 The public sewerage network in Enfield is managed by Thames Water Utilities

Limited (Thames Water). The system is predominantly separated into foul and surface

water sewers, although there are a small number of combined sewers. The surface

water network forms a key part of the overall drainage network in Enfield and is

closely integrated with highway and private drainage systems, ordinary watercourses

and main rivers. In general, surface water sewers collect runoff from areas of hard-

standing such as highways and building roofs and transport it below ground through a

network of pipes before discharging into main rivers or ordinary watercourses.

Figure 3.5 Areas where sewer flooding has affected properties in the last 10 years, no postal sector has

experienced flooding to more than 3 properties

3.32 The foul sewerage network is largely built alongside the surface water network,

though it does not always stay within the main river catchment boundaries. Foul

sewers in Enfield outfall to large, deep trunk sewers in the Lee valley which transport

the waste to Deephams Sewage Treatment Works near Picketts Lock on the Lee

Navigation.

3.33 Table 3.3 presents a record of the number of properties flooded due to overloading of

the sewerage network in the last 10 years, this data was collected by Thames Water.

This dataset demonstrates that sewer flooding does not represent a significant risk to

properties in Enfield. There are tens of thousands of properties in Enfield yet in recent

years less than two properties have been flooded annually due to overloading of the

sewerage network.



22

3.34 Two-thirds of these events are attributed solely to foul water sewerage which is

relatively unaffected by extreme weather events. The cause of flooding in foul and

surface water sewers is most likely related to inadequate design or insufficient

maintenance. Therefore, as with surface water flooding it is critical that the relevant

authority, Thames Water in this case, carries out regular maintenance as required and

addresses other causes of flooding as necessary.

3.35 This is especially critical for flood alleviation schemes that provide storage for flood

waters during storm events and reduce the likelihood of sewers surcharging and

causing overland flows. Although these assets may function relatively infrequently,

when they are employed they carry out a critical role. If neglected, underground

storage tanks and other similar features may lose their ability to function effectively,

for example underground storage tanks may fill up with silt reducing their capacity to

store flood flows. Consequently a regular inspection regime is required to ensure that

critical assets are in satisfactory condition. Storage also contributes to reduced fluvial

flood risk downstream.

Postal Sector Total Surface Water Foul Water Combined

EN1 1 2 0 2 0

EN1 3 1 0 1 0

EN2 0 1 0 1 0

EN2 7 1 0 1 0

EN3 7 3 0 3 0

N14 4 2 0 0 2

N14 6 1 0 1 0

N18 1 2 1 1 0

N18 2 3 0 3 0

N21 3 1 1 0 0

Table 3.3 Number of properties flooded by overloaded sewers in the last 10 years

3.36 The chances of foul sewers causing flooding will be significantly increased where

surface water drains have been illegally connected to the foul water system. Where

such incidents are identified as creating a flood risk it is critical that appropriate

remedial works are carried out by the responsible party, this is often a private land

owner.

3.37 Regarding new developments, it is essential that all proposed locations are assessed to

ensure adequate capacity exists within both the on and off site network. Due to the

complexities of the foul and surface water sewerage networks, and the unknown

nature of potential developments at this time, it is not possible to accurately assess

areas which may be affected by flooding as a result of future development. Thames

Water may require that detailed analysis is carried out to identify infrastructure

requirements and ensure sustainability once the location and scale of proposed

developments are known. Development will not be permitted to precede the delivery

of essential infrastructure improvements identified as part of this assessment.



23

Reservoirs

3.38 The Reservoirs Act 1975 defines a reservoir as a body of water that holds at least

25,000 cubic metres of water above natural ground level. The Act provides the legal

framework to ensure the safety of UK reservoirs. There are 2,500 reservoirs in this

country of which 80% are formed by embankment dams, with the remainder being

concrete or masonry dams 12

.

3.39 The Public Register of reservoirs lists five reservoirs in the borough of Enfield, the

location and extents of these are shown in Figure 3.6 and listed in Table 3.4 below.

Figure 3.6 Location and extent of reservoirs within Enfield

Number Name Operator Capacity (m3)

1 William Girling Reservoir Thames Water 16,500,000

2 King George’s Reservoir Thames Water 13,970,000

3 Cockfosters (covered) Thames Water 81,500

4 Grovelands Park Lake London Borough of Enfield 40,000

5 Trent Park Lake London Borough of Enfield 25,000

6 Wildwoods Lake * Private < 25,000

7 Boxers Lake * London Borough of Enfield < 25,000

Table 3.4 Reservoirs within Enfield ( * not officially classed as reservoirs under the terms of the

Reservoirs Act 1975)



24

3.40 Were the dam to fail a potentially catastrophic surge of flood water would be

unleashed downstream. The safety of the reservoir is the responsibility of the owners

or operators who are required to maintain an adequate degree of protection. This is

achieved by carrying out regular inspections, risk assessments and in the production

and maintenance of Reservoir Flood Plans. The Environment Agency is the

enforcement authority for the Reservoirs Act and ensures that its requirements are

fulfilled.

3.41 Two additional impounded bodies of water have been included in the list of reservoirs

on the previous page. Though not officially classed as reservoirs, as they fall below

the 25,000 cubic metre threshold, as large bodies of artificially retained water they

represent a significant flood risk to the valley downstream. Both of the retaining

structures for these reservoirs are on main river watercourses and are therefore

regularly surveyed by Environment Agency Asset Inspectors. Any notable defects in

the structures will be reported to the owners who may be required to carry out

maintenance works. Consequently the risk of flooding due to catastrophic failure of

any of the reservoirs in Enfield is considered to be sufficiently managed.

The New River

3.42 As the only canal in Enfield is the River Lee Navigation, which is part of the main

river network, the New River is the only other significant artificial source of flooding

in the borough. The New River was constructed in the seventeenth century to convey

fresh, clean water from springs in Hertfordshire right into the centre of London. It is

owned and managed by Thames Water and is still used to transport water around the

network of reservoirs and treatment plants in North London. Much of the channel is

artificially raised above the natural ground level as shown by Figure 3.7.

Figure 3.7 The route of the New River through Enfield; sections at ground level or below (solid line),

sections raised above natural ground level (dotted line)



25

3.43 Where the New River is raised above the natural ground level the defences that retain

the water are mostly fairly shallow earth embankments which can be considered fairly

stable and therefore of low risk. Thames Water have carried out works in recent years

to enhance the level of protection at certain vulnerable sections. For example, a long

stretch of the channel at Carterhatch Lane, where the water level is over 3 metres

above the ground level on either side, was re-lined with reinforced concrete in 2003.

3.44 Although the New River is not classed as a reservoir a substantial amount of water, in

the order of tens of thousands of cubic metres, is withheld above the natural ground

level. This represents a significant flood risk as a breach of the defences at any single

location could potentially cause large quantities of water to be discharged. Hence, it is

critical that Thames Water continue to maintain this valuable heritage feature in an

appropriately conservative manner.

Effects of Climate Change

3.45 For the UK, projections of future climate change indicate that more frequent short-

duration, high-intensity rainfall and more frequent periods of long-duration rainfall

can be expected 1. The former type of rainfall is likely to have implications for surface

water flooding and also for river flooding in small, steep-sided highly urbanised

catchments, such as those found in the western half of the borough. Whereas the latter

rainfall type will have more effect on large, mainly rural catchments such as that of the

River Lee.

3.46 Most climate models agree that temperatures in the UK will increase but determining

what effect this will have on flooding scenarios is not straightforward. This depends

on many factors such as intensity, duration and frequency of rainfall events, as well as

the antecedent ground conditions. The moisture content of the ground will affect its

capacity to absorb rainfall. Generally increased evaporation of near surface water will

lead to a reduction in runoff following rainfall events, however very dry, but un-

cracked ground can shed more runoff under certain circumstances.

3.47 PPS25 Table B.2 recommends a national precautionary sensitivity range of an increase

up to 20% for peak river flows over the next century, this is supported by the limited

number of catchments researched to date 13

.

3.48 The allowance of 20% for peak river flows has been implemented by the Lee

Hydrology and Mapping Study and used to produce defended flood outlines for a 100

year return period event incorporating the potential effects of climate change. This

flood outline has been added to the borough flood map at the back of this report. It

should be noted that the difference between the undefended and defended outlines for

the 100 year floodplain is demonstrated by the extent of the defended areas, these are

also shown on the borough flood map. Sensitivity testing of the Environment Agency

Flood Map, using the 20% allowance for peak flows, suggests that changes in the

extent of inundation are negligible in well-defined floodplains but can be dramatic in

very flat areas 1. This is demonstrated by the extent of the 100 year floodplain with

climate change for Enfield, where there is negligible difference outside the Lee valley.



26

3.49 Some recent work comparing catchments in different parts of the country using data

from the Hadley Centre’s European Regional Climate Model demonstrated that over

the next 100 years, the north and west of the UK may experience the largest increases

in high flows, with the south-east possibly experiencing decreased flooding 14

. A

further study of 10 catchments across the country found that changes in flood

frequency depend on catchment type and location 15

. Estimated percentage changes in

20 year return period flows for the 2080s were found to vary from around –10% to

+20%, with small, impervious catchments and those in the north-west of the country

experiencing the greatest increases. This reflects the findings of most climate change

scenarios which show greater warming and drying in the south-east of England 16

.

3.50 In the face of these results it appears that the effects of climate change are unlikely to

have a dramatic impact on the frequency or magnitude of widespread fluvial flooding

in this region of the UK. However, in the absence of conclusive evidence the

conservative methodology adopted by PPS25 is justifiable.

3.51 Surface water and other forms of flash flooding events are likely to increase in

frequency as higher temperatures are more conducive to the proliferation of short,

intense convective storms that particularly contribute to this type of flooding. Hence,

in Enfield, climate change is more likely to have an adverse affect on surface water

flooding and fluvial flooding in small, highly urbanised catchments due to the

increased likelihood of short-duration, high-intensity storm events.



27

4.0 FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE

Flood Defences

4.1 As Enfield consists of largely urbanised catchments, the watercourses have been

heavily engineered. Figure 4.1 below displays the proliferation of culverts and other

defences that extend along a high proportion of the river network. When this

development took place, mostly during the previous century, fluvial flooding

management techniques aimed to convey floodwater off the land at increased rates.

Enhancements to channel capacity were achieved by the straightening of rivers or

burying them inside culverts, artificially lining riverbeds and banks, and constructing

structures to manage blockages and water levels. More than 95% of all the flood

defences in Enfield are constructed from concrete, brickwork or steel sheet piling, the

remainder typically consist of raised earth embankments.

Figure 4.1 Culverted main rivers (dotted thick black line) and flood defences (solid thick black line)

4.2 The River Lee Flood Relief Channel is a classic example of this type of flood defence

and is a critical flood defence asset in the complex Lee catchment. Built in the 1970s

in response to widespread flooding of the Lee valley in 1947, the reinforced concrete

channel conveys excess floodwaters along the eastern boundary of the borough. The

flood relief channel was built to accommodate a 1 in 70 year flood 3. The level of

protection that it provides has been reduced following extensive development that has

subsequently taken place in areas of the upper Lee catchment. Nevertheless some

areas are defended for a 1 in 100 year event, these are highlighted on the borough

flood map enclosed at the back of this report.



28

4.3 Such techniques are now seen as being outdated because they are not sustainable in the

long-term. Hard defences suffer from a slow deterioration of structural components,

such as corrosion of steel sheet piling and concrete reinforcement, or failure of

foundations. Over time it becomes more expensive and difficult to maintain them.

Though the Environment Agency are the authority for main river watercourses,

responsibility for the maintenance of flood defences lies with the riparian owner.

Underground culverts are notionally defined as defences, in the past they were

considered to be convenient methods of removing obstructive watercourses from

proposed developments. Now they are recognised as a liability in terms of

maintenance requirements and flood risk. Although most culverts have nominally

high capacities they are prone to silting up and becoming blocked, particularly during

flood events when large items of debris are carried down from higher up the

catchment.

4.4 Failure of flood risk management infrastructure, such as raised defences and culverts,

can lead to rapid inundation of the areas benefiting from defence with unexpected and

catastrophic results.

4.5 More sustainable practices include the re-creation of river corridors by providing more

space for rivers to flow and flood naturally, and constructing buildings with greater

resilience to flooding 6. In a borough such as Enfield, where there is potential to create

additional flood storage areas in existing green spaces, strategies that aim to reduce the

probability of flooding should be prioritised. The North London River Restoration

Strategy 17

includes catchment maps of the main rivers in Enfield that identify areas

where opportunities exist to enhance rivers.

4.6 Two key documents concerning flood risk management have been published by the

Environment Agency in recent years. The Thames Region Catchment Flood

Management Plan is a high-level strategic planning tool, used to identify policies for

sustainable flood risk management techniques across the region 18

. The plan’s vision

for flood risk in the Lower Lee catchment over the next 50 years is for flood risk to be

generally reduced, with a more integrated urban drainage system recognising the many

sources of flood risk and for flood resilience to be built into new developments. The

main messages of the catchment flood management plan for the Lower Lee and its

tributaries are:

• at present it is still possible to maintain existing flood defences;

• climate change will mean that these defences will become less effective in the

future, therefore make sure that:

– any redevelopment reduces the residual flood risk in the areas benefitting

from these flood defences using the measures set out in PPS25;

– the natural flood plain is used upstream and downstream of these areas to

accommodate additional floodwater;

• re-create river corridors so there is more space for the river to flow and flood

naturally;

• flood risk management planning needs to be linked closely with regeneration

and redevelopment so that the location and layout of development can help to

reduce flood risk;

• organisations need to work together to manage all flood sources: fluvial,

surface water and sewer flooding.



29

4.7 The Lower Lee Flood Risk Management Strategy 9 further develops the relevant

policies from the catchment flood management plan. The plan recommends the

following actions:

• maintain existing defences to their current standard of flood protection;

• continue non-structural measures, these include improved operation and

maintenance, flood warning and flood forecasting, flood flow monitoring and

land management changes;

• investigate the possibility of a flood storage area on Salmons Brook;

• investigate the potential for local flood defences on other tributaries.

The Salmons Brook Flood Alleviation Scheme is already being developed and is

further discussed in the following section.

4.8 The Draft Regional Flood Risk Appraisal for London 3 emphasises the opportunity that

future regeneration and re-development of areas such as the Lee valley offers to

reduce flood risk. In general development should be set back from river edges, this

will allow a range of flood risk management measures to be used. The Environment

Agency’s policy is to maintain an undeveloped buffer strip 8 metres wide alongside

main rivers. The most sustainable, aesthetically pleasing and cost effective options

can then be identified and implemented.

Flood Alleviation Schemes

4.9 Flood alleviation scheme is a broad term that includes any engineered components of

drainage infrastructure that contribute to a reduction in flood risk. Figure 4.2 on the

following page shows the location of the many existing flood alleviation schemes that

are distributed around the borough, it is based on data received from Thames Water,

the Environment Agency and the London Borough of Enfield. Most of these schemes

involve storage of floodwater to some degree, yet prior to the 1980s little attempt was

made to store flood waters. The concept of storing flood waters represents a major

shift in flood risk management policy that occurred around this time. Storage systems

attenuate flood flows by gradually releasing the stored water into the river network at a

controlled rate, the aim of such schemes is to mimic the way natural river catchments

behave. Chapter 6 provides further information on flood storage systems.

4.10 Below ground flood storage schemes include underground tanks and oversized pipes,

whereas above ground flood storage areas may involve permanently wet detention

ponds and lakes or landscaped depressions that remain dry most of the time. Any

scheme providing storage will involve some kind of control feature that limits the rate

of discharge to a prescribed amount.

4.11 Many of these schemes were implemented during the 1980s and 1990s to remove

known flooding problems. Consequently they are mainly clustered in the urbanised,

upland areas of Enfield which are more susceptible to surface water flooding. More

recently some flood storage schemes for housing developments have been installed at

the behest of the Environment Agency to ensure that these developments do not

contribute to an increase in flood risk elsewhere in the catchment. Most of these assets

have been designed to provide protection up to a 1 in 25 year event.



30

4.12 Ongoing maintenance is an issue as it is not clear whether regular inspection or

maintenance regimes exist for these assets. Water companies and local authorities

often conduct maintenance duties reactively, however this is not a suitable philosophy

for underground flood storage tanks which may only be employed once or twice a

decade. Silting up and subsequent loss of capacity can be a significant problem for

storage tanks. The fact that many of these assets are underground and therefore

difficult to inspect means they are more likely to be neglected.

Figure 4.2 Flood alleviation schemes in Enfield, underground flood storage (triangles), above ground

flood storage (inverted triangles), and underground enhanced capacity schemes (solid circles)

4.13 Flood storage schemes can also provide environmental enhancements. As well as

reducing the impact of flooding on people and property such schemes can protect and

enhance recreational and amenity facilities, improve surface water quality, protect

groundwater resources, and contribute to the restoration of riparian corridors and

natural catchment processes. Increased open spaces adjacent to key sections of rivers

will require the support of local and regional plans. Such schemes have the potential

to meet the wider objectives and policies of the Blue Ribbon Network, a key feature of

the London Plan 6. Open spaces within developments can also be designed to

accommodate flood waters 3.

4.14 The Salmons Brook Flood Alleviation Scheme is an example of sustainable flood risk

management. The scheme has been initiated partly in response to widespread flooding

in low-lying areas of the Salmons Brook catchment in December 2000. Following

extensive assessment of the available options a scheme is being developed which will

involve the creation of flood storage areas in green spaces higher up the catchment, as

well as enhanced defences in the areas where flood risk is greatest. The scheme may

also incorporate major environmental enhancements adjacent to Montagu Road

Recreation Ground including meander creation and improving wildlife habitats.



31

Flood Warning Systems

4.15 Flood warning systems, backed up by civil protection measures, are a critical

component of effective flood risk management. One of the Environment Agency’s

duties is to provide forewarning of possible flood events to the public and professional

partners such as local authorities, emergency services and transport companies. This

objective is met by constantly monitoring the water levels and flows in rivers, and

using radar coverage to forecast frontal rain or developing thunderstorms. Automated

systems running round the clock sound an alarm if predetermined thresholds are

exceeded, at which time Environment Agency staff must decide whether or not to

issue a flood warning.

Figure 4.3 Environment Agency monitoring stations including gauging stations to record flood flows

(triangles) and flood warning stations to measure flood levels (inverted triangles), London Borough of

Enfield flood monitoring points (solid circles), and coverage of flood warning areas (shaded areas)

4.16 The Environment Agency use a system of different warnings depending on the nature

of the perceived threat:

• Flood Watch: Flooding of low-lying land and roads is expected. Be aware.

Be prepared. Watch out!

• Flood Warning: Flooding of homes, businesses and main roads is expected.

Act now!

• Severe Flood Warning: Severe Flooding is expected. There is extreme danger

to life and property. Act now!

• All Clear: There are no Flood Watches or Warnings currently in force.

Further information is available on the Environment Agency website 7.



32

4.17 Warnings are sent using the Floodline Warnings Direct system which can disseminate

information by phone, fax, text message, email or pager depending on what the

recipient prefers. Anyone who lives in the flood warning areas shown in Figure 4.3

can register on this service for free. The flood warning areas are defined by the

Environment Agency and are based on the extent of Flood Zones 2 and 3. Warnings

are also sent to the national and local media as required.

4.18 The London Flood Response Strategic Plan 19

published by the Government Office for

London in March 2007 describes the responsibilities of local authorities and other

principal responders. The London Borough of Enfield has emergency plans in place

which prescribe the actions to be taken in the event of a flood warning. These actions

will be dependent on the overall weather situation and the severity of the flood

warning, but would probably include deploying staff to likely areas affected. Some of

these locations are shown in Figure 4.3 on the previous page. Further actions may

involve opening up rest centres and providing care for affected people, consideration

of emergency and short term housing, and provision of flood alleviation services such

as sandbags and other preventative equipment at strategic locations.

Emergency Planning

4.19 Emergency planning infrastructure and vulnerable institutions have been mapped in

Figures 4.4 to 4.6 together with an outline of Flood Zone 2. This information will

enable the Council’s emergency planners to identify locations where critical

infrastructure is situated in areas exposed to a significant risk of flooding, and where

access to and from these sites may be affected by severe flood events.

Figure 4.4 Emergency planning infrastructure and coverage of Flood Zones 2 and 3 (shaded areas)



33

Figure 4.5 Location of vulnerable institutions and coverage of Flood Zones 2 and 3 (shaded areas)

Figure 4.6 Major utility infrastructure and coverage of Flood Zones 2 and 3 (shaded areas)



34

4.20 Table 4.1 demonstrates the distribution of emergency planning infrastructure sites

throughout the Environment Agency Flood Zones. Most of these sites are defined by

PPS25 as ‘more’ or ‘highly vulnerable’ and would therefore not be permitted in high

risk flood zones. For example, ‘highly vulnerable’ infrastructure, such as police,

ambulance and fire stations, emergency command centres and dispersal points are only

considered appropriate in Flood Zone 1. Whereas ‘more vulnerable’ sites, such as

hospitals, care homes and schools, are classed as acceptable types of development in

Flood Zone 2, but not in Flood Zone 3.

Infrastructure Flood Zone

1

Flood Zone

2

Flood Zone

3a

Flood Zone

3b

Care Homes 83 4 0 0

Electricity Power Plant 0 1 0 0

Electricity Sub Stations 597 48 26 3

Emergency Rest Centres 22 8 1 0

Emergency Services * 11 0 0 0

Gas 4 1 0 0

Hospitals 1 1 0 0

Schools 92 6 0 0

Sewage Treatment Works 1 0 0 0

Table 4.1 Emergency planning infrastructure located in PPS25 Flood Zones ( * Ambulance, Fire and

Police Stations)

4.21 A high proportion of the Council’s emergency rest centres are situated in Flood Zone

2. The suitability of these venues and the capacity of the remaining centres in areas

not exposed to flood risk to provide adequate cover should be reviewed, additional

venues may be required. A review of the borough flood map in Appendix D shows

that several sections of the main highway network in Enfield would be affected by a

severe flood event, notably the A406 North Circular Road in Edmonton and the A1055

through Brimsdown and Enfield Lock. Though alternative routes are available, it is

likely that in the event of a flood, access for emergency services would be

significantly restricted.

4.22 Suitable flood plans should be developed and put in place for the elements of

electricity infrastructure throughout the borough that are exposed to varying degrees of

flood risk. This is the responsibility of the relevant utility company and is particularly

critical for the power plant in Enfield that is adjacent to the confluence of the Small

River Lee and River Lee. There are no water treatment plants in Enfield. Although

the RFRA 3 identifies Deephams Sewage Treatment Works as being in the River Lee

floodplain, it is actually in Flood Zone 1 and is therefore not exposed to a significant

level of flood risk.

4.23 The information contained in this report will be used by emergency planners at the

London Borough of Enfield to assess existing flood plans and provide enhancements

where applicable. The location of vulnerable institutions, emergency services and

critical infrastructure, such as major roads, in relation to areas identified as being at

risk of flooding should be considered in detail.



35

5.0 SITE-SPECIFIC FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENTS

The Sequential Test and Exception Test

5.1 The risk-based Sequential Test should be applied at all stages of planning. Its aim is

to steer new development to areas at the lowest probability of flooding (Zone 1) 1. The

Sequential Test is described in Annex D of PPS25, it defines what types of

development are appropriate in each of the four Environment Agency Flood Zones and

under what circumstances the Exception Test should be applied. The acceptability of

any development proposed in a recognised flood zone depends on its flood risk

vulnerability or flood zone compatibility, Table D.3 of PPS25 sets this out.

5.2 Consequently local planning authorities are required to prioritise the allocation of land

for development in ascending order from Flood Zone 1 to 3. Only where there are no

reasonably available sites in Flood Zones 1 or 2 should decision makers consider the

suitability of Flood Zone 3, taking into account the flood risk vulnerability of land

uses and applying the Exception Test if required 1.

5.3 Paragraph D9 of PPS25 describes the criteria for the Exception Test to be passed:

a) it must be demonstrated that the development provides wider sustainability

benefits to the community that outweigh flood risk;

b) the development should be on developable previously-developed land or, if

it is not on previously developed land, that there are no reasonable alternative

sites on developable previously-developed land; and

c) a FRA must demonstrate that the development will be safe, without

increasing flood risk elsewhere, and, where possible, will reduce flood risk

overall.

The requirements necessary to meet part c) are described in paragraph 5.8 below.

Identification of Demand for a Flood Risk Assessment

5.4 In general planning applications for development proposals of 1 hectare or greater in

Flood Zone 1 and all proposals for new development, other than minor development,

located in Flood Zones 2 and 3 should be accompanied by a site-specific Flood Risk

Assessment (FRA). The Environment Agency must also be consulted for any

development proposal that is within 20 metres of a main river. The Environment

Agency Flood Risk Matrix, available at the internet address provided below, clearly

describes the circumstances for which the Environment Agency should be consulted:

http://www.pipernetworking.com/floodrisk/matrix.html

A table summarising the guidance provided on this website has been included in

Appendix B. In addition, a description of the Environment Agency’s development

control policy and FRA recommendations can be found in Appendix C. The

Environment Agency Flood Zones and main rivers are shown on the borough flood

map in Appendix D.



36

5.5 Where the proposed development site is identified as being subject to flood risk the

FRA should identify and assess the risk of all forms of flooding to and from the

development and demonstrate how these risks will be managed 1, the following section

describes what is required for this type of FRA.

5.6 For developments of 1 hectare or greater in size, surface water runoff generated on-site

can contribute significantly to flood risk elsewhere in the catchment. The FRA for

these sites should identify opportunities to reduce the probability and consequences of

flooding both on and off-site. Advice on how this can be achieved is provided later in

this chapter.

Requirements for a Flood Risk Assessment

5.7 The minimum requirements for flood risk assessment are described in Annex E of

PPS25. Further guidance is provided by the Practice Guide companion to PPS25 2.

The FRA must be appropriate to the scale, nature and location of the development, and

consider all possible sources of flood risk, the effects of flood risk management

infrastructure and the vulnerability of those that could occupy and use the proposed

development.

5.8 One of the requirements of both the Exception Test and Annex E of PPS25 is that a

FRA demonstrates that the development will be safe, without increasing flood risk

elsewhere. To be classed as safe, a dry access route above the 100 year plus climate

change flood level to and from any residential development should be provided,

finished floor levels for these developments should be set at least 300mm above this

level. To achieve this without increasing flood risk elsewhere, it must be shown that

there will be no net loss of flood storage and that overland flow routes will not be

obstructed.

5.9 Where flood defences protecting part of the site lead to a reduction in flood storage,

compensatory flood storage corresponding to the volume and level of the lost storage

should be provided elsewhere on the site. Where there is a low probability of limited

shallow depth water entry, but not severe inundation to buildings, the use of flood-

resilient construction may be considered 1. Improving the Flood Performance of New

Buildings was published by the DCLG in May 2007 to provide guidance on flood

resilience in buildings. Management of residual flood risk is discussed further later in

this chapter and in Annex G of PPS25.

5.10 The Lee Hydrology and Mapping Study provides estimates of flood levels and peak

flows for a variety of different probability events at regular points along the main

rivers in Enfield, it represents the best available data at this time. This information is

available upon request from the Environment Agency and can be used to refine the

floodplain outline in combination with a detailed topographical survey of the

development area. The model assumes that rivers are not impeded by blockages.

Where there is a reasonable likelihood of a nearby structure, such as a culvert,

becoming restricted and influencing the extent of flooding the Environment Agency

may request that further modelling is conducted to investigate these types of scenarios.

5.11 Where re-development opportunities are shown to be in the functional floodplain, the

existing building footprint should be considered as part of the functional floodplain

unless it can be proven that the building fully excludes flood waters. Land and

infrastructure around these buildings is considered part of the functional floodplain.

Where possible, opportunities to restore the natural floodplain should be exploited by

reducing the footprint of existing buildings or removing them altogether.



37

Requirements for a Surface Water Flood Risk Assessment

5.12 Surface water flood risk assessments are required for all development proposals of 1

hectare or greater. The purpose of these assessments is to ensure that the post-

development runoff regime does not increase flood risk either on-site or elsewhere in

the catchment. Re-development of existing sites offer an opportunity to improve the

existing runoff regime and reduce flood risk. This is achieved by controlling the

maximum rate of surface water runoff from the site so that it matches the greenfield

runoff rate, with on-site attenuation provided for the 1 in 100 year event. The post-

development runoff regime will then be equivalent to that of the site in its natural

state.

5.13 A convenient and reliable technique of calculating the greenfield runoff rate for a

given site is described in the Agricultural and Development Advisory Service (ADAS)

reference book 345 20

. This method is often referred to as the ADAS 345 formula. It

takes account of the gradient, length, location and geology of the site. The predicted

peak flow resulting from the ADAS equation should be taken as an approximate

estimate of the likely one year return period flood for the catchment 21

. Flow rates for

higher return periods can be calculated using the appropriate Flood Studies Report

regional growth curves 22

. For south-east England, this estimates that a multiplier of

3.19 should be used to convert the one year return period flood to the 100 year return

period flood. Alternatively the greenfield runoff rate can be calculated using the

Institute of Hydrology Report 124 23

method, as recommended by the Interim Code of

Practice for Sustainable Drainage Systems 24

.

5.14 The post-development runoff rate is generally restricted by the implementation of

sustainable drainage systems (SUDS), these types of techniques and their applicability

in different areas of Enfield are described in greater detail in the following chapter.

5.15 As everywhere in Enfield is either in an area at risk of flooding or upstream of an area

at risk of flooding, any development has the potential to increase the risk of flooding

further down the catchment. Even apparently minor developments, such as

modifications to individual properties, contribute significantly to the overall runoff

characteristics of a given catchment area when their cumulative effect is considered.

Consequently, all developments should incorporate measures such as SUDS to

mitigate possible increases in flood risks.

5.16 Smaller sites do not necessitate a full surface water flood risk assessment, the

Environment Agency Flood Risk Matrix website summarised in Appendix B provides

further clarification. Sustainable methods for dealing with surface water runoff

generated at minor developments can be implemented without detailed assessments.

Appropriate techniques for developments of all scales are described in Table 6.1.



38

Requirements for a Ground Water Flood Risk Assessment

5.17 For developments in groundwater flood risk areas (see Figure 3.3) that involve the

creation of useable space below ground, such as basement dwellings or underground

car parks, it is recommended that a groundwater flood risk assessment be produced,

this should include the following tasks as a minimum:

• on-site conditions should be assessed during a site walkover (for example, the

type and distribution of vegetation can indicate areas prone to water logging);

• geological maps should be reviewed to assess the hydrogeological

characteristics of the site, available from the British Geological Survey;

• consultation should be undertaken with the British Geological Survey, the

Environment Agency and Thames Water to obtain the following: water levels

in boreholes, recorded flood levels, records of flows from springs,

groundwater flood maps and photographs of ground water flood events;

• local residents should also be consulted in order to develop a full

understanding of any historical groundwater flooding events;

Depending on the scale of the development, if the above assessment indicates that

groundwater flooding is likely, a more detailed appraisal may be necessary. This

could include drilling trial boreholes to ascertain the depth of the water table and

monitoring to determine its seasonal fluctuations. The possible impact of the

development on groundwater levels and flows must also be assessed.

Management of Residual Flood Risk

5.18 Residual risk is the risk that remains after risk management and mitigation. Residual

flood risks may include risk due to:

• the failure of flood management infrastructure such as a breach of a raised

flood defence or blockage of a surface water conveyance system;

• a severe flood event that exceeds the design standard of flood management

infrastructure such as overtopping of a flood flow route or storage area;

• other unforeseen hazards.

PPS25 requires that where residual flood remains it must be shown to be safely

managed 1. Annex G of PPS25 concerns the management of residual flood risk.

5.19 In Enfield residual flood risk exists in a number of areas including zones protected by

flood defences, areas that would be affected were a reservoir embankment or raised

section of the New River to be overtopped or breached, and also in areas of Flood

Zone 1 that could be affected by, for example, unexpected blockages in main river

channels combined with severe flood events or failure of the surface water drainage

network that lead to localised or widespread flooding.

5.20 For the latter cases residual flood risks are considered to be sufficiently managed,

consequently overall flood risk is low and no further assessment is required.

However, areas that benefit from defences will require further consideration as part of

the flood risk assessment process, these areas are shown on the borough flood map in

Appendix D. Risks will be greatest close to such defences, consequently opportunities

to set developments back should be sought 1.



39

6.0 SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

The Purpose of Sustainable Drainage Systems

6.1 Development of green space leads to a higher flood risk principally by reducing the

proportion of rainfall that infiltrates into the ground and consequently increasing

surface runoff, in terms of both volume and flow rate 25

. In addition, traditional piped

drainage networks convey runoff to watercourses more efficiently than natural

systems, this reduces the time taken to reach peak flood flows and increases the

magnitude of those flows. As recharge to the water table is reduced, the groundwater

component of river flows, and therefore the dry weather flows, will be lowered. This

will increase the frequency of droughts in aquifer-fed river systems and contribute to a

lowering of water quality. Water quality will be further reduced as more sediments

and pollutants such as oil are washed into rivers and streams.

6.2 The purpose of sustainable drainage systems (SUDS) is to counteract these effects by

recreating the drainage characteristics of the catchment in its natural state. In general

these methods seek to:

• reduce the volume of runoff by increasing infiltration into the ground;

• control the rate at which storm flows are discharged to watercourses;

• improve water quality by reducing the pollution load of runoff;

• increase low flows between rainfall events by releasing water into the river

network over a prolonged period.

These effects can be achieved by the implementation of a number of different

techniques, the most common types are briefly described in Table 6.1. Construction

Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) document C697 The SUDS

Manual 26

provides comprehensive advice on the implementation of SUDS in the UK,

it can be downloaded free of charge from the CIRIA website 27

.

6.3 SUDS are generally physical structures which fall into three broad groups; source

control techniques, permeable conveyance systems and passive treatment systems.

The introduction of storage into the rainfall runoff relationship can be particularly

effective when applied near to the point where the runoff begins 25

. Source control

techniques address this by restricting runoff at the point where it is generated, these

include porous pavements, infiltration trenches, green roofs and rainwater harvesting

systems.

6.4 Permeable conveyance systems are designed to slow the velocity of runoff to allow

settlement and filtering of pollutants and infiltration of water, these include filter

drains and swales. In addition, such systems often provide enhanced storage which

also contributes to a reduction in flood risk.

6.5 Passive treatment systems are larger end of pipe systems that utilise natural processes

to remove and break down pollutants from surface water runoff. These usually

involve the storage of water in ponds, detention basins or wetlands where natural

purification processes can be encouraged.



40

SUDS Description

Basins and

ponds

Basins are areas for storage of surface runoff that are free from water under dry

weather flow conditions, ponds are intended to hold some water at all times.

Basins and ponds are often installed towards the downstream end of a surface

water system where source control cannot be fully implemented.

Filter drains Filter drains consist of a gravel filled trench lined with a geotextile membrane

into which runoff is led either directly from the drained surface or from a piped

system to a watercourse or storm sewer. The gravel provides filtering of the

runoff. The velocity of flow is slowed and storage is provided, infiltration can

also occur.

Green roofs Green roofs are systems which cover a building’s roof with vegetation. They

are laid over a drainage layer which sits above the waterproofing layer.

Infiltration

trenches

Infiltration trenches are similar in design to filter drains, however infiltration

trenches do not have an outfall, these devices provide storage for runoff and

allow percolation into the ground. An emergency overflow may be provided

for extreme rainfall which exceeds the capacity of the trench.

Porous

pavements

Porous pavements or other permeable surfaces allow rainwater to infiltrate

through the surface into an underlying storage layer. Water either infiltrates

into the ground or is gradually released into the drainage network.

Rainwater

harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is the direct capture and storage of runoff for use on site,

the use of rainwater butts is a typical example. Designs must ensure that

storage for runoff control is always available.

Swales Swales are shallow and relatively wide vegetated depressions which provide

overland flow routes from the drained surface to a storage or discharge system.

Swales are often integrated into the surrounding land use, for example using

roadside verges. They are generally conveyance systems but can also be

designed with check dams to increase attenuation and, where applicable,

infiltration.

Table 6.1 Descriptions of some of the most common types of sustainable drainage systems

6.6 The Draft Further Alterations to the London Plan 28

(policy 4A.5vii) requires that

boroughs seek to ensure that surface water runoff is managed as close to its source as

possible in line with the following drainage hierarchy:

• store rainwater for later use;

• use infiltration techniques such as porous surfaces in non-clay areas;

• attenuate rainwater in ponds or open water features for gradual release to a

watercourse;

• attenuate rainwater by storing in tanks or sealed water features for gradual

release to a watercourse;

• discharge rainwater direct to a watercourse;

• discharge rainwater to a surface water drain;

• discharge rainwater to a combined sewer, as a last resort.

The use of sustainable urban drainage systems should be promoted for development

unless there are practical reasons for not doing so 28

. The hierarchy described above is

also outlined in The Mayor’s Draft Water Strategy 6. The strategy was derived to

promote improved water management throughout London, though it is yet to be

finalised. It considers various aspects of water management and how they interact.



41

Guidance on the Applicability of Sustainable Drainage Systems

6.7 The applicability of different SUDS depends on the local geographical conditions, for

example the permeability of the soil and underlying geological formations, the

topography, and to a limited extent the location of the site within the surface water

catchment area.

6.8 Although the utilisation of infiltration greatly enhances the effectiveness of SUDS,

most types of SUDS will still function where infiltration is not possible. This may be

the case where there are impermeable ground conditions, contamination or a high

water table. Figure 3.2 shows the extent of permeable geological deposits within

Enfield and therefore indicates where infiltration methods are more likely to be

applicable. Many locations where permeable soil types are present are in close

proximity to watercourses, consequently the water table may be too close to the

surface for infiltration techniques to be effective. Ground investigations for specific

sites will be required to establish whether the local conditions are suitable.

6.9 All drainage systems must allow for flows above the design capacity to be conveyed

off site with minimum impact. The SUDS design philosophy is to use a sequence of

management methods. For example, if a soakaway reaches capacity, the subsequent

overland flow can be stored in a pond or wetland feature. SUDS that rely primarily on

infiltration should be designed to include an overflow outfall to the surface water

drainage network, to act in the event that the capacity of the drainage feature is

exceeded.

6.10 In many cases SUDS techniques can provide a cheaper solution to drainage

requirements than conventional piped systems, especially where infiltration techniques

are employed. Details of the average costs of SUDS implementation and long-term

maintenance are provided in C697 The SUDS Manual 26

. The contribution SUDS

make to water quality and landscape should be considered when comparing the cost

estimates of alternative solutions.

6.11 As with any drainage system, thought should be given to maintenance issues at the

design and feasibility stage. If an appropriate body does not adopt responsibility for

long-term maintenance, drainage assets will gradually fall into disrepair. The Interim

Code of Practice for Sustainable Drainage Systems 24

provides information about what

types of SUDS can be adopted by local authorities, highway authorities and sewerage

undertakers, it also presents appropriate legal agreements between SUDS stakeholders

that define maintenance responsibilities.

6.12 The Interim Code of Practice defines a sewer as a conduit that carries surface water

that has an outfall, however sewerage undertakers such as Thames Water will

generally not adopt above ground systems as these are not considered to be sewers.

For example Thames Water accept that a filter drain consisting of a pipe surrounded in

permeable backfill is adoptable as a sewer. However, they will only adopt the barrel

of the pipe and not the material around it, which in the case of a filter drain is the

element that provides the key environmental enhancements and makes it a sustainable

system.



42

6.13 Maintenance issues can be simplified by keeping SUDS above ground. SUDS

features should be visible and their function clearly understood by those responsible

for their maintenance. By keeping such features above ground, when problems do

occur they are generally obvious and can be remedied simply using standard

landscaping practice 26

. Examples of above ground SUDS features include basins and

ponds, green roofs, permeable surfaces, water butts and swales.

6.14 The increased flood risk that results from the cumulative effect of numerous small-

scale developments and modifications to urban properties, such as paving or building

over permeable surfaces, is most appropriately compensated for by implementing

small-scale SUDS features that control site runoff at source. Easily maintained, above

ground features such as green roofs, permeable surfaces and water butts are

particularly suitable for minor developments where an individual householder or other

private landowner is to be responsible for long-term maintenance. These systems can

contribute to a reduction in the likelihood of both surface water and fluvial flooding,

however to be effective, they must be implemented on a wide-scale.

6.15 As it is not cost effective to carry out detailed surface water flood risk assessments or

ground investigations for small-scale proposals that would be mandatory for larger

developments, it is recommended that generic systems for determining storage

requirements for minor developments should be devised on a local scale and

implemented appropriately on a site by site basis.

6.16 In areas where severe pressure is known to be exerted on highway drainage systems

due to a prevalence of impermeably paved front gardens, suitable options to alleviate

these issues should be investigated. For example, residents desiring to park vehicles

on their own property could be encouraged to use permeable surfacing materials or

provide other SUDS techniques to compensate for the reduction in green space.

Alternatively, where householders apply to the highway authority for installation of a

footway crossing to enhance access to their property, consideration may be given to its

acceptance only on the condition that the area of permeable surfacing is not lost. This

action will not actually reduce flood risk, unless retrospective action is taken, but it

will reduce the likelihood of flood risk increasing as has occurred in recent years.

6.17 An example of a large-scale sustainable water management programme is the North

London Artificial Recharge Scheme (NLARS). This is a Thames Water strategy to

allow the storage of excess water when it is plentiful, generally during the winter, so

that it is available when water resources are more scare, during drought events. This is

achieved by recharging surface water directly to the Chalk aquifer beneath Enfield by

pumping water into the ground through deep boreholes. Recharge boreholes can be

used as effective soakaways. However in Enfield the Chalk aquifer is confined by the

London Clay formation and is generally 50 to 100 metres below ground, therefore

such boreholes are expensive to construct and maintain, consequently such techniques

are not suitable for small-scale developments.



43

7.0 CONCLUSIONS

7.1 The risk of flooding is a serious consideration in Enfield. The SFRA provides

guidance to both developers and planners for the future management of flood risk

across the borough. It does not provide detailed assessment of specific areas.

7.2 Through the full and proper implementation of PPS25, London Plan policies, the

forthcoming Local Development Framework and site-specific flood risk assessments,

flood risk can be managed in a sustainable manner. Re-development of brownfield

sites will provide opportunities to reduce overall flood risk, principally through the use

of sustainable drainage systems and allowing space for flood storage, overland flows

and future maintenance and upgrade of flood defences.

7.3 The SFRA is based upon the best available information to date. It is a live document

and should therefore be reviewed periodically to reflect advances in understanding and

assessment of flood risk, emerging policy and the planning review cycle.



44

8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1 The key recommendations made in this report have been summarised below, they have

been broadly divided into six flood risk objectives.

Reduce Flood Risk through Spatial Planning

8.2 1. Direct new development to areas of low flood risk, giving highest priority to

Flood Zone 1 (see paragraph 5.1).

2. Where application of the Sequential Test to the Council’s list of allocated sites

identifies the requirement to apply the Exception Test, conduct a more

detailed Level 2 SFRA. The scope of this assessment will be increased to

include consideration of the impact of flood risk management infrastructure on

the frequency, rate of onset, depth and velocity of flooding (see paragraph

1.8).

Reduce Flood Risk through Flood Risk Assessment and Site Design

8.3 3. Site-specific Flood Risk Assessments are to be carried out and submitted to

the Environment Agency for approval for development proposals of 1 hectare

or greater in Flood Zone 1 and all proposals for new development, other than

minor development, located in Flood Zones 2 and 3 (see paragraph 5.4).

4. Use the Sequential Test within sites to inform layout by locating the most

vulnerable elements of a development in the lowest risk areas. Hence, use

open spaces within developments which have a residual flood risk to act as

flood storage areas 3.

5. Ensure that buildings with residual flood risk are designed to be flood

compatible or flood resilient 3 (see paragraph 5.9).

6. Ensure development is safe (see paragraph 5.8).

7. Preserve overland flood flow routes where applicable and ensure there is no

net loss of flood storage on site.

Reduce Flood Risk from Non-Fluvial Sources

8.4 8. Where developments are proposed in areas identified as being at risk of

groundwater flooding, further investigation should be carried out to determine

the extent of risk and the feasibility of options for prevention or mitigation of

flooding. A groundwater flood risk assessment should be produced and the

Environment Agency consulted where such developments involve the creation

of useable space below ground, such as basement dwellings and underground

car parks (see paragraphs 3.19 and 5.17).

9. Guidance on appropriate construction techniques is to be issued in the

forthcoming Enfield Design Guide for developments in groundwater flood

risk areas that do not involve the creation of useable space below ground (see

paragraph 3.20).



45

10. Ensure all stakeholders work together to manage surface water and sewer

flooding. It is critical that drainage authorities, including Enfield Council and

Thames Water, carry out effective regular and long-term maintenance of the

highway drainage and sewerage networks (see paragraphs 3.29 and 4.12).

11. A regular inspection regime of the various surface water flood alleviation

schemes across the borough should be implemented to ensure that these

critical assets are in satisfactory condition (see paragraph 3.35).

12. Production of Reservoir Flood Plans are due to commence in 2008 under the

auspices of the Environment Agency, these will provide detailed information

on the residual risk of breach or overtopping of all statutory reservoirs. The

SFRA should be reviewed to reflect this information as it becomes available.

Enhance and Restore the River Corridor

8.5 13. Policies that seek to restore river corridors by creating or maintaining

undeveloped strips alongside rivers, removing culverts where opportunities

exist, and opposing future culverting of rivers should be implemented in order

to provide more space for rivers to flow and flood naturally. The forthcoming

Development Management Document will provide guidance on these issues.

14. In general, opportunities should be sought to set back development from the

river edge to enable sustainable and cost effective flood risk management

options 3.

Reduce Surface Water Runoff from New Developments

8.6 15. SUDS should be a requirement for all new developments on brownfield and

greenfield sites, in order to reduce the risk of flooding. This should include

small-scale developments as well as major ones to mitigate against the

cumulative effect of numerous minor developments.

16. All new development sites greater than 1 hectare in size require surface water

discharge rates to be restricted to the greenfield runoff rate, with on-site

attenuation provided for the 1 in 100 year event (see paragraph 5.12).

17. For smaller sites that do not necessitate a full surface water flood risk

assessment, it is recommended that generic methods for determining storage

requirements or other suitable SUDS techniques are devised on a local scale

and implemented appropriately on a site by site basis. The forthcoming

Enfield Design Guide will provide guidance on ensuring SUDS are

implemented to a scale appropriate to the size of the development (see

paragraphs 5.16 and 6.15).

18. In areas where highway drainage systems are known to be under pressure due

to a prevalence of impermeably paved front gardens, suitable options to

alleviate these issues should be investigated. For example, residents desiring

to park vehicles on their own property could be encouraged to use permeable

surfacing materials or provide other SUDS techniques to compensate for any

reduction in green space (see paragraph 6.16).



46

Improve Flood Awareness and Emergency Planning

8.7 19. The Council should seek to raise flood awareness in the areas exposed to flood

risk, for example by publicising information regarding the level and nature of

the threat and highlighting warning systems such as the Environment

Agency’s Floodline Warnings Direct system (see paragraph 4.17).

20. The Council should review and update its Borough Flood Plan in light of the

information provided in this report. The location of vulnerable institutions,

emergency services and critical infrastructure, such as major roads, in relation

to areas identified as being at risk of flooding should be considered in detail

(see paragraphs 4.18 to 4.23).

Further Recommendations

8.8 21. The relevant local planning authorities for the areas of the Lee catchment

upstream of Enfield should work in partnership with the Environment Agency

to ensure that flood risk in the Lee valley is not increased in the future due to

inappropriate development.

22. Where opportunities exist to improve or create sustainable flood defences on

the tributaries of the Lee, the London Borough of Enfield should work with

the Environment Agency to further investigate these options.

These recommendations accord with the main messages and objectives of the Thames

Region Catchment Flood Management Plan 18

and the Lower Lee Flood Risk

Management Strategy 9 (see paragraphs 4.6 and 4.7). This document should be

reviewed as improved data on flooding becomes available or as government policy

updates require.



47

GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS

Glossary of Terms

Adoption of Sewers The transfer of responsibility for the maintenance of sewers to a

sewerage undertaker.

Annual probability The estimated probability of a flood of a given magnitude occurring or

being exceeded in any year, usually expressed as the 100 year flood, 1 in 100 or 1%.

Antecedent conditions The condition of a catchment area at the start of a rainfall event.

Aquifer A source of groundwater comprising water-bearing rock, sand or gravel capable of

yielding significant quantities of water.

Attenuate To reduce in force or intensity.

Baseflow The portion of streamflow that comes from groundwater and not surface runoff

Brownfield site Any land or site that has been previously developed.

Catchment The area contributing runoff or baseflow to a particular point on a watercourse.

Catchment Flood Management Plan A high-level planning strategy through which the

Environment Agency works with other key decision-makers within a river catchment to

identify and agree policies to secure the long-term sustainable management of flood risk.

Climate change Long term variations in global temperature and weather patterns.

Culvert Covered channel or pipe that forms a watercourse below ground level.

Development The carrying out of building, engineering, or other operations in, on, over or

under land or the making of any material change in the use of any buildings or other land.

Discharge Rate of flow of water.

Flood defence Infrastructure, such as flood walls and embankments, intended to protect an

area against flooding, to a specified standard of protection.

Flooding Inundation by water whether this is caused by breaches, overtopping of banks or

defences, inadequate or slow drainage of rainfall, underlying groundwater levels or blocked

drains and sewers.

Floodplain Area of land adjacent to a watercourse, an estuary or the sea, over which water

flows in time of flood, or would flow but for the presence of flood defences where they exist.

Floodplain compensation The provision of new floodplain storage capacity to replace lost

natural floodplain due to development.

Flood probability The estimated probability of a flood of given magnitude occurring or

being exceeded in any specified time period.



48

Flood risk An expression of the combination of the flood probability and the magnitude of

the potential consequences of the flood event.

Flood Risk Assessment A study to assess the risk of a site or area flooding, and to assess the

impact that any changes or development in the site or area will have on flood risk.

Flood Risk Management Combines the functions of mitigating and monitoring flood risks

and may include pre-flood, flood-event or post-flood activities.

Flood storage The temporary storage of excess runoff or river flow in tanks, ponds, basins,

reservoirs or on the floodplain.

Fluvial Relating to a river or rivers.

Fluvial flooding Flooding from a river or other watercourse.

Full bore flow This occurs when the flow in a pipe reaches its maximum capacity.

Functional floodplain Unobstructed areas of the floodplain where water regularly flows in

time of flood. PPS25 defines this as land which would flood with an annual probability of 1

in 20 (5%) or greater.

Greenfield runoff rate The rate of runoff that would occur from the site in its undeveloped

(and therefore undisturbed) state.

Groundwater Water in the saturated zone of the ground below the water table.

Groundwater flooding Flooding caused by groundwater escaping from the ground when the

water table rises to or above ground level.

Infiltration Capacity A soil characteristic determining or describing the maximum rate at

which water can enter the soil.

Local Planning Authority Body responsible for planning and controlling development,

through the planning system.

Main river A watercourse designated on a statutory map of main rivers maintained by Defra.

Mitigate To reduce in force or intensity.

Ordinary watercourse A watercourse that is not a designated main river, a private drain or a

public sewer.

Overland flow flooding Flooding caused by surface water runoff when rainfall intensity

exceeds the infiltration capacity of the ground, or when soil is so saturated that it cannot

accept anymore water.

Precautionary principle The approach, to be used in the assessment of flood risk, which

requires that the lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing

cost-effective measures to avoid or manage flood risk.

Probability A measure of the chance that an event occurs. The probability of an event is

typically defined as the relative frequency of occurrence of that event, out of all possible

events.



49

Protected floodplain Natural floodplain prevented from flooding by defences.

Residual risk The risk that remains after risk management and mitigation. It may include,

for example, risk due to very severe storms (above design standard) or risks from unforeseen

hazards.

Return period A term used to express the frequency of extreme events. It refers to the

estimated average time interval between events of a given magnitude.

Riparian owner A person who owns land on the bank of a natural watercourse or body of

water

Runoff The flow of water from an area on the catchment surface, caused by rainfall.

Sequential Test A risk based approach to assessing flood risk, its aim is to steer new

development to areas at the lowest probability of flooding (Zone 1).

Sewer flooding Flooding caused by the blockage or overflowing of sewers or urban drainage

systems.

Sewerage The network of pipes and associated infrastructure that convey foul or surface

water to a treatment plant or disposal point.

Strategic Flood Risk Assessment An assessment of flood risk carried out for forward

planning purposes.

Sustainable drainage system A sequence of management practices and control structures,

often referred to as SUDS, designed to drain surface water in a more sustainable manner than

some conventional techniques. Typically, these techniques are used to attenuate rates of

runoff from development sites.

Sustainable development Development which meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs 29

.

Urban creep The process whereby the impermeability of the urban area increases over time,

due to modifications to individual properties.

Vulnerability Refers to the resilience of a particular group, people, property and the

environment, and their ability to respond to a hazardous condition. For example, elderly

people may be less able to evacuate in the event of a rapid flood than young people.

Water table The level of groundwater in soil and rock, below which the ground is saturated.

Wetlands An area where saturation or repeated inundation of water is the determining factor

in the nature of the plants and animals living there.



50

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADAS Agricultural and Development Advisory Service

AOD Above Ordnance Datum

CIRIA Construction Industry Research and Information Association

Defra Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DCLG Department for Communities and Local Government

DPD Development Plan Document

FRA (Site-Specific) Flood Risk Assessment

LDD Local Development Document

LDF Local Development Framework

NLARS North London Artificial Recharge Scheme

PPS25 Planning Policy Statement 25: Development and Flood Risk

RFRA Regional Flood Risk Appraisal

SFRA Strategic Flood Risk Assessment

SPD Supplementary Planning Document

SUDS Sustainable Drainage Systems



51

REFERENCES

1. Planning Policy Statement 25: Development and Flood Risk, DCLG, December 2006

2. Development and Flood Risk: A Practice Guide Companion to PPS25 ‘Living Draft’,

DCLG, February 2007

3. Draft Regional Flood Risk Appraisal, Greater London Authority, June 2007

4. http://www.enfield.gov.uk

5. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk

6. The Mayor’s Draft Water Strategy, Greater London Authority, March 2007

7. http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk

8. Flood Risk Assessment Guidance for New Development R&D Technical Report

FD2320/TR2, Defra/Environment Agency, October 2005

9. The Lower Lee Flood Risk Management Strategy, Environment Agency, June 2006

10. The Lee Hydrology and Mapping Study, Halcrow, March 2007

11. The Flood Estimation Handbook, Institute of Hydrology, 1999

12. http://www.britishdams.org

13. FCDPAG3 Economic Appraisal Supplementary Note to Operating Authorities –

Climate Change Impacts, Defra, October 2006

14. RCM Rainfall for UK Flood Frequency Estimation II Climate Change Results, Kay,

A.L., Reynard, N.S. and Jones, A.G., Journal of Hydrology, 2005

15. Impact of Climate Change on Flood Flows in River Catchments, Reynard, N.S.,

Crooks, S.M. and Kay, A.L., Report to Defra/Environment Agency, 2005

16. Future Flooding and Coastal Erosion Risks, Thomas Telford, 2007

17. Bringing Your Rivers Back to Life – A Strategy for Restoring Rivers in North

London, Environment Agency, February 2006

18. Thames Region Catchment Flood Management Plan, Environment Agency, January

2007

19. London Flood Response Strategic Plan, Government Office for London, March 2007

20. The Design of Field Drainage Pipe Systems, ADAS Reference Book 345, 1980

21. Preliminary Rainfall Runoff Management for Developments R&D Technical Report

W5-074A/TR/1, Defra/Environment Agency, September 2004



52

22. Flood Studies Report, Institute of Hydrology, 1975

23. Flood estimation for small catchments, Institute of Hydrology Report 124, 1994

24. Interim Code of Practice for Sustainable Drainage Systems, National SUDS Working

Group, July 2004

25. Learning to Live With Rivers, The Institution of Civil Engineers, 2001

26. C697 The SUDS Manual, CIRIA, 2007

27. http://www.ciria.org.uk/

28. Draft Further Alterations to the London Plan, Greater London Authority, September

2006

29. Brundtland Report, UN World Commission on Environment and Development,

August 1987



53

APPENDIX A

Enfield’s Local Development Framework

A1 Enfield’s LDF will not be a single document, but a folder of Local Development

Documents (LDDs). There are two types of LDDs, Development Plan Documents

(DPDs) and Supplementary Planning Documents (SPDs).

Development Plan Documents

A2 DPDs are subject to sustainability appraisal, independent examination, a statutory

adoption process and have development plan status. The Council is preparing the

following DPDs:

• Core Strategy – this will set out the vision, objectives and spatial

development strategy for the borough, and the core policies to provide a

framework for development control;

• Sites Schedule – to identify land allocated for specific types of development;

• North London Joint Waste Plan – to identify sites for new waste facilities in

north London, prepared in conjunction with the London boroughs of Barnet,

Camden, Hackney, Haringey, Islington and Waltham Forest;

• North East Enfield Area Action Plan – to provide detailed policies and site

proposals for the North-East Enfield Area;

• Enfield Town Area Action Plan – to provide detailed policies and site

proposals for Enfield Town;

• North Circular Area Action Plan – to provide a planning framework for

development around the North Circular Road between the A109 and the A10;

• Central Leeside Area Action Plan – to provide detailed policies and site

proposals aimed at regenerating the Central Leeside Business Area;

• Proposals Map – to illustrate the spatial extent of all the LDF policies and

proposals.

Supplementary Planning Documents

A3 SPDs elaborate upon the policies and proposals in DPDs, but do not have development

plan status. They are approved by the Council following consultation and include

documents such as design guides, planning briefs, or thematic documents. The

Council will prepare the following SPDs:

• Enfield Design Guide – a borough-wide design statement, promoting an

urban and rural design framework to raise standards and inspire good design;

• Development Management Document – this document will apply to the

whole borough and will set out the Council's standards for new development.

Therefore, its main purpose will be its use in determining planning

applications. Subject to the results of consultation, the document is likely to

include standards for: car and cycle parking; site access and servicing; new

residential developments and food and drink establishments.



54

A4 Work is currently underway on the majority of these LDDs. Further details of these

documents and the Local Development Scheme containing the Council’s programme

for preparing its LDF are available on the Council’s website, www.enfield.gov.uk/ldf

or from the Planning Policy Team either by telephone number 020 8379 5181 or

[email protected] by email.



55

APPENDIX B

Environment Agency Flood Risk Matrix

Development

category

Development

within 20

metres of the

top of a bank

of a Main

River

Includes

culverting or

control of flow

of any river or

stream

Within Flood

Zone 3

Within Flood

Zone 2

Within Flood

Zone 1

Householder

development

and alterations

Consult EA

Note

Consult EA

with FRA

No consultation

see standard

comment

No consultation

see standard

comment

No consultation

No EA Advice

Non-residential

extensions with

a footprint of

less than 250m2

Consult EA

Note

Consult EA

with FRA

No consultation

see standard

comment

No consultation

see standard

comment

No consultation

No EA Advice

Change of use

FROM ‘Water

Compatible’

TO 'Less

Vulnerable'

development

Only consult

EA if site also

falls within

Flood Zone 3.

FRA Required

No consultation

No EA Advice

Consult EA

with FRA

No consultation

No EA Advice

No consultation

No EA Advice

Change of use

RESULTING

IN 'Highly

Vulnerable' or

'More

Vulnerable'

development

Only consult

EA if site also

falls within

Flood Zone 3.

FRA Required

No consultation

No EA Advice

Consult EA

with FRA

Consult EA

with FRA

No consultation

No EA Advice

Operational

development

less than 1

hectare

Consult EA

Note

Consult EA

with FRA

showing design

details of any

culvert or flow

control structure

Consult EA

with FRA and

Sequential Test

Evidence (and

Exception Test

where required)

Consult EA

with FRA and

Sequential Test

Evidence (and

Exception Test

where required)

No consultation

see standard

comment

Operational

development of

1 hectare or

greater

Consult EA

Note

Consult EA

with FRA

showing design

details of any

culvert or flow

control structure

Consult EA

with FRA and

Sequential Test

Evidence (and

Exception Test

where required)

Consult EA

with FRA and

Sequential Test

Evidence (and

Exception Test

where required)

Consult EA

with FRA

Table B1 Environment Agency Flood Risk Matrix, from http://www.pipernetworking.com/floodrisk/matrix.html



56

APPENDIX C

Environment Agency Development Control Policy and FRA Recommendations

C1 For developments within 20 metres of a main river ensure:

• an 8 metre wide undeveloped strip is provided alongside rivers;

• a presumption against further culverting;

• opportunities to remove existing culverts and undertake river restoration are

exploited.

C2 For development sites greater than 1 hectare in area ensure:

• a Surface Water Flood Risk Assessment is to be undertaken in compliance

with PPS25;

• SUDS are implemented to restrict runoff from the site to greenfield rates

including 1 in 100 year attenuation taking into account climate change;

• the risk of alternative sources of flooding are fully considered and mitigated;

• a positive reduction in the risk of flooding is achieved;

• a clear and concise statement summarising how the proposed redevelopment

has contributed to a positive reduction in flood risk is provided.

C3 For development sites located in Flood Zones 2 and 3 the following policy

requirements apply:

• risk of alternative sources of flooding must be fully considered and mitigated;

• demonstrate that the main messages of the Thames Region Catchment Flood

Management Plan have been met;

• achieve a positive reduction in the risk of flooding;

• provide a clear and concise statement summarising how the proposed

redevelopment has contributed to a positive reduction in flood risk;

• all FRAs supporting proposed development within Flood Zone 3 should assess

the proposed development against all elements of the Council’s flood policy;

C4 For sites in Flood Zones 2 and 3 an assessment of the following is required:

• details of site levels to Ordnance Datum;

• the potential of the development to increase flood risk elsewhere;

• whether opportunities to reduce the vulnerability classification of site can be

achieved through the site's redevelopment;

• the vulnerability of the development to flooding over the lifetime of the

development (for example, max water levels, flow paths and flood extents).



57

C5 For sites in Flood Zones 2 and 3 ensure:

• where necessary a Sequential Test has been undertaken with the LPA and

approved by the EA;

• an FRA is undertaken in line with PPS25 and guidance on the Environment

Agency Flood Risk Matrix website;

• the development does not increase flood risk elsewhere by providing level for

level floodplain compensation;

• the development provides safe access (safe access is defined as dry for ‘more’

and ‘highly vulnerable’ uses);

• finished floor levels are set 300mm above the 1 in 100 year flood level

including an allowance for climate change;

• flood storage is improved;

• flood flow routes are preserved;

• opportunities to reduce the size of existing building footprints are explored;

• the site is designed sequentially and where possible buildings are removed and

the natural floodplain restored;

• residual risk of flooding after flood risk management measures have been

taken into account has been considered and mitigated for accordingly (for

example dry escape, flood warning and evacuation).

C6 For sites in Flood Zone 3b (the functional floodplain), the following risk reduction

measures are sought:

• removal of buildings and restoration of the natural floodplain;

• change of use to a less vulnerable classification;

• reduced building footprint;

• preservation of flow routes;

• improvements to flood conveyance and storage, replace solid building with

buildings raised on stilts;

• meet objectives of the Thames Catchment Flood Management Plan;

• implement sequential approach to site design using the principles of Defra’s

Making Space for Water strategy.



58

APPENDIX D

Borough Flood Map

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OA

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LLOYD MEWS

BLANCHARD GROVE

MCCLINTOCK PLACE

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POLSTEN MEWS

ALDIS MEWS

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RUBIN PLACE

PRITCHETT CLOSE

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FOGERTY CLOSE

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9.

10.

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12.

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10.5

km

0

Borough Flood Map


Strategic Flood Risk Assessment

February 2008

Employment Areas

Residential Areas

Private Green Spaces

Parks and Open Spaces

Flood Zone 2 (1000 Year Floodplain)

Flood Zone 3a (with Climate Change)

Flood Zone 3a (100 Year Floodplain)

Flood Zone 3b (20 Year Floodplain)

Culverted Non-watercourse

Non-watercourse

Culverted Ordinary Watercourses

Ordinary Watercourses

Culverted Main Rivers

Main Rivers

Flood Storage Areas

Defended Areas

Reservoirs

Underground Flood Alleviation Schemes

Online Underground Storage

Online Above Ground Storage

Offline Underground Storage

Offline Above Ground Storage



Area Action Plans

Borough Boundary