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London’s Soil Chemistry: A continental scale anomaly. Dee Flight , Andreas Scheib and the Geochemical Baselines Team British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 3NX www.bgs.ac.uk. A tale of two soil geochemical mapping projects. GEMAS : European continental scale - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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© NERC All rights reserved
London’s Soil Chemistry:A continental scale anomaly
Dee Flight, Andreas Scheib and the Geochemical Baselines Team
British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 3NX
www.bgs.ac.uk
© NERC All rights reserved
A tale of two soil geochemical mapping projects
GEMAS: European continental scale
•Agricultural soil quality
•Are anthropogenic impacts significant?
London Earth: city scale:•Urban soil quality;•What impact does the soil quality have on the population?
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GEMAS UK
138 sites
1 sample per 2500 km2
London
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London Earth
6300 sites1572 km2
4 samples per km2
London Earth – Source of Sample site map: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1464
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London Earth: Land use at soil sampling sites
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London Earth
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• Rigorous standardised methods based on established expertise and well tested, quality control;
• Undertaken contemporaneously;
• Multi-element/parameter topsoil geochemical mapping;
• Robust and reproducible outputs;
• Sample and data archive – lasting impact and future resource.
GEMAS & London Earth
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London Earth – Source of As map: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=2020
London Earth – Source of Cd map: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=2021
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• Geogenic signatures for Al, Cs, Ga, K, La, Mg, Mn, Nb, Rb, Ti, V most dominant.
• Very low geogenic control of As, Ba, Cd, Mo, Pb, Se, Sn, Zn in London urban domain.
• Strongest geogenic signatures survived 2000 year history of urban development
London Earth – statistical analysis and parent material mapping
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London Earth – Source of Pb map: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=2026
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(From Reimann et al., 2014, Fig. 11.41.5, p.339)
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21 mg/kgGEMAS median
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(From Reimann et al., 2014, Fig. 11.42.4, p.346)
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Pb isotope ratios in London’s soil
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500400300200100
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
Borough median soil Pb (mg/ kg)
Censu
s 2011 p
opula
tion d
ensi
ty (
pers
on/km
2)
Inner LondonOuter London
Westminster
Wandsworth
Waltham Forest
Tower Hamlets
Sutton
Southwark
Richmond upon Thames
Redbridge
Newham
Merton
Lewisham
Lambeth
Kingston upon Thames
Kensington and Chelsea
Islington
Hounslow
HillingdonHavering
Harrow
Haringey
Hammersmith and Fulham
Hackney
Greenwich
Enfield
Ealing
Croydon
Camden
Bromley
Brent
Bexley
Barnet
Barking and Dagenham
City of London
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London: soil Pb bioaccessibility
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Lead in London Soil - a relationship with social deprivation?
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The London effect: Precious metals
(From Reimann et al., 2014, Fig. 11.7.5, p.139) (From Reimann et al., 2014, Fig. 11.10.5, p.159)
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A_Pd ppbX_Pd ppbA_Pt ppbX_Pt ppbA_Au ppbX_Au ppb
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Data
Boxplot of X_Au ppb, A_Au ppb, X_Pt ppb, A_Pt ppb, X_Pd ppb, A_Pd ppb
GEMAS median soil Au concentration:1 ppb
X soil: 0-2 cmA soil: 5-20 cm
Gold in London’s soils
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Conclusions
• GEMAS and London Earth are high quality robust soil geochemical surveys of differing scale and purpose.
• Used together they provide unique understanding of the magnitude and spatial influence of London’s urban soil contamination.
• High resolution geochemical data show that a wide range of elements have been modified in London’s urban soil.
• GEMAS shows that for Pb, Au, (Sn, Hg, Ag) the impact of London’s urban soil contamination is significant at the continental scale.
References
SLIDES 5, 6:Knights, K.V. and Scheib A.J., 2010. London Earth: details of field campaigns across the Greater London area, 2005 to 2009. British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, UK. Open Report OR/09/056.
SLIDE 9:Ellison, R.A., Woods, M.A., Allen, D.J., Forster, A., Pharaoh, T.C. and King, C., 2004. Geology of London. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 256 (North London), 257 (Romford), 270 (South London) and 271 (Dartford) (England and Wales). British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham.
SLIDE 11, 13, 19:Reimann, C., Demetriades, A., Birke, M., Filzmoser P., O’Connor, P., Halamic, J., Ladenberger, A. & the GEMAS Project Team, 2014. Distribution of elements/parameters in agricultural and grazing land soil of Europe. Chapter 11 In: C. Reimann, M. Birke, A. Demetriades, P. Filzmoser & P. O’Connor (Editors), Chemistry of Europe's agricultural soils – Part A : Methodology and interpretation of the GEMAS data set. Geologisches Jahrbuch (Reihe B 102), Schweizerbarth, 101-472.
SLIDE 12:Johnson, C.C., Ander, E.L., Cave, M.R. and Palumbo-Roe, B., 2012. Normal background concentrations (NBCs) of contaminants in English soils: Final project report. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, CR/12/035, 40 pp.
SLIDE 16:Appleton, J.D., Cave M.R., Scheib, A. and Wragg, J., 2012. Modelling lead bioaccessibility in urban topsoils based on data from Glasgow, London, Northampton and Swansea, UK. Accepted for publication in Environmental Pollution.
SLIDE 17:Department for Communities and Local Government, Indices of Deprivation 2010. ONS Super Output Area Boundaries.