Long Span Structures1

7/25/2019 Long Span Structures1

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LONG-SPAN

STRUCTURES


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When is a span a long span?

When, as a consequence of the size of

the span, technical considerations are

placed so high on the list of

architectural priorities that they

significantly affect the aesthetictreatment of the building


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The technical problem posed by long span -

maintaining a reasonable balance

Between

Load carried & elf-weight of the structure

Therefore

!orms of longest-span structures are those of

the most efficient structure types


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"n the pre-industrial age, the

structural form that was

used for the widest spans

was the masonry #ault or

dome

$%', !L%(')*'

*+T'$(+L, !"L"%

B(.)'LL'*", /012-

34


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Late /5th century - de#elopment of (**allowed the e6tension of

ma6imum span possible with the compressi#e form-acti#e type of

structure

7!orm-acti#e7refers to a structural element, such as a column or

arch, in which the shape of the longitudinal a6is, in relation to the

pattern of applied load, is such that the internal force is a6ial

7)on-form-acti#e7elements, li8e beams, are sub9ected to bending

stresses only

7emi-form-acti#e7refers to elements that combine bending and

a6ial stress

(This article is excerpted from Structure and Architecture, Second Edition by Angus

J. MacDonald, ith permission of the publisher,Architectural !ress, "nc#
http://www.bhusa.com/architecturalpress/http://www.bhusa.com/architecturalpress/


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(** has number of ad#antages o#er masonry, principally, its

capability to resist tension as well as compression and its

consequent ability to resist bending

Because of this ability, compressi#e form-acti#e structures in

(** can be made much thinner than those in masonry

+llows greater efficiency, and therefore greater spans because

principal load on a dome or #ault is the weight of the structure

itself


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PLANETARIUM, JENA,WALTER BAUERSFELD,DYCKERHOFF &WIDMANN, 1924-25

emisphere : achie#ed a

span of 1;m at a

thic8ness of only 4 cms

+ssembled net of iron

rods co#ered with a thin

wire mesh

*oncrete then gunned

from outside into a

mo#able mould in the

interior


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'arliest e6amples of the use of

(** for #aulting on a large

scale

+ corrugated cross-section

was used in these buildings to

impro#e the bending resistance

of the #aults

AIRSHIP HANGARS, ORLY,EUGENE FREYSSINET, 1921-192


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AIRSHIP HANGARS, ORLY, EUGENE FREYSSINET, 1921-192

The moldability of (**greatly e6tended the potential for increasing the

efficiency with which a dome or #ault can resist bending moment caused by

semi-form-acti#e load patterns


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/


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HALL OF

ENAMEL &

METAL GOODS

FACTORY,

LIGETFALU,HEINRICH

!IEGER, WAYSS

& FREYTAG,

1912

+ large hall with span 32m

+ small hall with span />m

Both halls /;2m long bridged by an arched roof truss

+esthetic possibilities of concrete seen in the architectural unity of

supports and ceiling 9oists


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MONOLITHIC

CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION,

FRANCOIS

HENNEBI"UE,

1#92

annebique saw ad#antages of (** abo#e all : opportunity to

combine supports, walls and ceilings into one monolithic unit

reater stability achie#ed than pre#iously 8nown construction

methods


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FRIEDRICH STEINBERG HAT FACTORY, LUCKENWALDE, HERRMANN &CO$, 1921-2


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FRIEDRICH STEINBERG HAT FACTORY, LUCKENWALDE, HERRMANN &


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$e#eloped a system of construction which in#ol#ed the

use of precast permanent formwor8 in ferro-cement

The elimination of much of temporary formwor8

and

'ase with which ferro-cementmolded into 7impro#ed7 cross-

sections of comple6 geometry allowed long-span structures

of great sophistication to be built relati#ely economically

!inal dome or #ault consisted of a composite structure of in-

situ concrete and ferro-cement formwor8


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roblem with large ferroconcrete shells : large wooden

frames required for casting can account for more than @ of

the total construction cost

Therefore, )er#i wor8ed with prefabricated parts

hell composed of /412 polygonal prefabricated parts

forming a te6tured diamond pattern inside

$iamond pattern created by webs in which connecting steel

reinforcements laid

PALA!!ETTO DELLO SPORT, ROME, PIER LUIGI NER%I,19'


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PALA!!ETTO DELLO SPORT, ROME, PIER LUIGI NER%I,


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Triangular concrete elements transfer load of roof to sloping

piers

iers angled in the e6act direction of #ault pressure

Thus load of 42m dia roof transferred #ia 34 piers to a

reinforced concrete ring in the ground

PALA!!ETTO DELLO SPORT, ROME, PIER LUIGI NER%I,19'

PALLA!!ETTO DELLO SPORT ROME PIER LUIGI


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PALLA!!ETTO DELLO SPORT, ROME, PIER LUIGINER%I, 195-5(

T +)*(+


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T= +)*(+

T+T"%), L%)$%),

/>40-4>A W"LL"+ =

B+(L%W, (==

%($"

*ompressi#e form-acti#e structures are also produced in metal, usually

in the form of lattice arches or #aults, to achie#e #ery long spans

ome of the most spectacular & one of the earliest, such as the train

shed at t= ancras tationin London span 102 feet, or


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DA%ID S$ INGALLS HOCKEY

RINK, YALE UNI%ERSITY, NEW

HA%EN, CONNECTICUT, EERO

SAARINEN )ARCH$* & FRED

SE%ERUD )ENG$*, 195-59

*able-networ8 structures-

distincti#e appearance

Technical considerations

allocated a #ery high

priority, due to the need to

achie#e a long span or a

#ery lightweight structure

Tensile form-acti#e

structures in which a #ery

high le#el of efficiency is

achie#ed


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OLYMPIA TENT, MUNICH, GUNTER

BEHNISCH & PARTNER, FREI

OTTO, 19# - 19(2

Their principal application has

been as the roof structures for

large single-#olume buildings

such as sports arenas, li8e the

ice hoc8ey arena at Dale by'ero aarinenand the cable-

networ8 structures of !rei %tto
http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Eero_Saarinen.htmlhttp://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Frei_Otto.htmlhttp://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Frei_Otto.htmlhttp://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Eero_Saarinen.html


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DA%ID S$ INGALLS HOCKEY RINK, YALE UNI%ERSITY, NEW

HA%EN, CONNECTICUT, EERO SAARINEN )ARCH$* & FRED

SE%ERUD )ENG$*,


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DA%ID S$ INGALLS HOCKEY RINK, YALE UNI%ERSITY, NEW HA%EN,

CONNECTICUT, EERO SAARINEN )ARCH$* & FRED SE%ERUD )ENG$*,

1>22 spectators

(oof suspended on both sides from the central concrete arch

urface consists of only a wooden shell o#er supporting steel cables

$espite the interplay of conca#e and con#e6 forms, the static principle

simple and comprehensible : only dramatized thru the upward

cur#ing ends of the support


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"n these buildings, the roof en#elope is an anticlastic double-cur#ed

surface

Two opposite cur#atures e6ist at e#ery location

The surface formed by two sets of cables, one conforming to each of

the constituent directions of cur#ature, an arrangement which allows

the cables to be prestressed against each other

%pposing directions of cur#ature gi#e the structure the ability to

tolerate re#ersals of load necessary to resist wind loading without

gross distortion in shapeC

+nd

restressing enables minimization of the mo#ement which occurs

under #ariations in load necessary to pre#ent damage to the roof

claddingC


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GERMAN PA%ILION AT E+PO (,

MONTREAL, FREI OTTO AND

ROLF GUTBROD, 195-(

> conical sheet-masts of upto 3< m

carry the pre-stressed cable-net roof

ealed by a suspended s8in of

translucent polyester te6tile

upplemented by a shallow dome od

latticed wood

Total area E


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OLYMPIA TENT,MUNICH,GUNTERBEHNISCH &PARTNER, FREIOTTO, 19# -19(2

OLYMPIA TENT


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The tent roof

is carried by

braced masts

anes of

transparent

ple6iglass

pro#ide

optimal

lighting

OLYMPIA TENT,MUNICH,GUNTERBEHNISCH &PARTNER, FREIOTTO, 19# -19(2


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OLYMPIA TENT, MUNICH, GUNTER BEHNISCH &

PARTNER, FREI OTTO, 19# - 19(2


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OLYMPIA TENT, MUNICH, GUNTER BEHNISCH & PARTNER,

FREI OTTO, 19# - 19(2

TWA


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TWATERMINAL,INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT,NEW YORK,EEROSAARINEN,195- 192

0 D-haped supports carry the 0 arched roof shells of the terminal building


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TWA TERMINAL, INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, NEW YORK, EEROSAARINEN, 195- 192


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TWA TERMINAL, INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, NEW YORK, EEROSAARINEN, 195- 192

DULLES INTERNATIONAL


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DULLES INTERNATIONALAIRPORT, %IRGINIA, USA,195#-2, EERO SAARINEN

uge hanging roof of theTerminal Buildings

31 angled pillars carry the

roof

*oncrete slabs hung

between supporting steel

cables


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BENJAMIN FRANKLIN HALL, BERLIN, HUGH A$ STUBBINS


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POMPIDOU CENTER, PARIS, 19(1-((, INTERIOR OF LIBRARY REN!O PIANO &R$ ROGERS


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+( : 025 *%)T'%(+(D W%(L$ +(*"T'*T.('SAINSBURY CENTRE FOR THE %ISUAL ARTS, UNI%ERSITY OF EASTANGLIA, NORWICH, NORFOLK, ENGLAND, 19(5-(#, FOSTER


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LATE MODERNISM

+( : 025 *%)T'%(+(D W%(L$ +(*"T'*T.('

GARDEN GRO%E COMMUNITY CHURCH, CALIFORNIA,

19(-#' ARCHITECTS. JOHNSON/BURGEE ARCHITECTS


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+( : 025 *%)T'%(+(D W%(L$ +(*"T'*T.('SAINSBURY CENTRE FOR THE %ISUAL ARTS, UNI%ERSITY OF EASTANGLIA, NORWICH, NORFOLK, ENGLAND, 19(5-(#, A+ONOMETRIC

B01203343

RENAULT SALES H$"$,


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" ,SWINDON, WILTSHIRE,FOSTER ASSOC$ )AR$*,O%E ARUP & PARTNERS)ENG$*, 19#1-#


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RENAULT SALES H$"$, SWINDON, WILTSHIRE, FOSTER ASSOC$

)AR$*, O%E ARUP & PARTNERS )ENG$*, 19#1-#

'longated hall composed of 01 identical

construction units

(oofs hung from /4m high steel

supports in (enault yellow

!unctional area : sales =F=, computer

centre, display area, technical training

centre & restaurant : total /2,222 sq=m=

: all united under one roof


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RENAULT SALES H$"$, SWINDON, WILTSHIRE, FOSTERASSOC$ )AR$*, O%E ARUP & PARTNERS )ENG$*, 19#1-#


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T' G+H"T *')T'(, )'W D%(IA +(*"T'*TJ "=='"

LATE MODERNISM


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LATE MODERNISM

BARTLE E+HIBITION HALL, KANSAS CITY CON%ENTION CENTER,

MISSOURI, 19( HELMUT JAHN OF C$F$ MURPHY ASSOCIATES


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BARTLE E+HIBITION HALL, KANSAS CITY CON%ENTION CENTER,MISSOURI, 19(, PLAN ARCHITECTS. HELMUT JAHN OF C$F$ MURPHYASSOCIATES


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KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, OSAKA BAY, KANSAI,

JAPAN, REN!O PIANO BUILDING WORKSHOP, 19##-94

KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, OSAKA BAY, KANSAI,


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JAPAN, REN!O PIANO BUILDING WORKSHOP, 19##-94

KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, OSAKA BAY,


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KANSAI, JAPAN, REN!O PIANO BUILDING WORKS

19##-94 Built on a man-made island 3 miles from %sa8aA ser#es

%sa8a, Iobe and Iyoto

Built on more than a /222 piles in unstable terrain

iles pass thru 4;K water, 4;K mud and anchored in /02K of

roc8

+ system of sensors in the piles to warn of shift :

acceptable 0/2M

'ach pile own calibration system : read9usts the depth

using powerful hydraulic 9ac8s

trict standards not only to deal with earthqua8es &

tsunamis but also passenger #olume

Iobe earthqua8e /55; magnitude milesC

: no damage to the buildingA light settling at some spots in

island perimeter

GENERAL STRUCTURE REMINDS ! "A#E


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KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT,

OSAKA BAY, KANSAI, JAPAN, REN!O

PIANO BUILDING WORKSHOP, 19##-94

+symmetrical shape helps passengers orient

themsel#es

igher portion o#erloo8s the runways, handles

passengers and guides them to their correct

destination

'ach of 0 le#els ha#e specific function :

international arri#als, domestic flight departures &arri#als, shopping areas, restaurants and

international departures

Waterloo Station, International Terminal, 1993, London,


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Architect: Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners.

The exteriors

"The design contains a number of

innovative [engineering] features,most notably the use of tapering steel

sub-elements."

Angus J. MacDonald,

Structure and Architecture.


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THE INTERNATIONAL RAIL TERMINAL AT WATERLOO STATION,

LONDON, NICHOLAS GRIMSHAW & PARTNERS )ARCH$*, YRM
http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Continental_Train_Platform.htmlhttp://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Continental_Train_Platform.html


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The N"32 million - a railway station on a comple6 site


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The N"32 million a railway station on a comple6 site

andles up to /; million passengers a yearA

completed in ay /553

The most impressi#e feature of the scheme from a

*+$ perspecti#e is the massi#e cur#ed train shed

which gradually e6pands towards the station end

The comple6ity and #ariation in the size and shapeof the structural elements in#ol#ed in the train shed

were possible because of the application of

structural analysis *+$ techniques, the essential

feature of which was the ability to representparametric relationships


A hit t Ni h l G i h & P t


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$E678. A:; H T8?70>,199 L 3 A :7 N7 : > G 7 :


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The "nternational Terminal

is an addition to Waterloo

tation, a London train

station built in /511=

The TerminalKs main

structure is a /122-foot-long

steel and glass tube that

tapers from a width of /;2 ft=,

to accommodate boarding

platforms, to /2; ft=, i=e= the

width of ; trains=

The Terminal tube

comprises 34 asymmetrical

arches= While they decrease

in size as the structuretapers, the arches are

identical in design=

The arched roof of the train

shed follows the cur#e of the

railway and it accounted for

/2 O of the o#erall budget= The aerial view

199, L;3;, A8=:7=. N7=:;>0 G87?:0& P088$

The Arch !esi"n


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The design is a comple6 #ariation of a bowstring arch= + typical bowstring arch

functions li8e a bow, i=e= the thic8 member is held in cur#ed compression by a tension

cable=

The Waterloo design consists of two bowstring units= The smaller one is flipped, so

that the cable-li8e member runs along the top of the structure= The cladding also flips,lining the inside of the smaller bowstring unit=

a bow a bowstring arch

A section

showing

the two

arches.

The #oint !esi"n


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The two portions

of the Waterloo arch

are fastened to each

other and the

platform below withpin connections=

The pins create zero

moment where the

bowstring sections

meet each other and

the floors below=

Detail of pin joint.

W08>;; S07;, I807;0> T8?70>,199 L 3 A :7 N7 : > G 7 :


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199, L;3;, A8=:7=. N7=:;>0 G87?:0& P088$

Because of the asymmetrical

geometry of platforms, the center

pin was mo#ed to one side,

allowing the arch to rise steeply

on the west side to clear the

structural en#elope of the train,

with a more gentle incline o#er the

platforms on the east=

The platform

The tructural .nit


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'ach structural unit is

actually two triangulated 3-

pin arch assemblies and the

cladding between them=

'ach pair of arches is

structurally independent,

insuring that if any

structural unit is damaged

the others will still stand=

The smaller half of the arch

is clad on its underside with

o#erlapping panels of glass=

Because each 3-pin

assembly is slightly smaller

than the one before, theglass gradually tapers, li8e

the scales on a fish=

The pin joint.

The '6ternal *ladding


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The cladding on the outer

side of the arch sits abo#e the

structure= lass s8ins ha#e

been pro#ided o#er eachbowstring=

"n between, the metal dec8ing

tilts inward, pro#iding easy

water drainage, and creating

an undulating appearance=


A hit t Ni h l G i h & P t


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metal decking

glass aboe

longer bowstring

glass below

smaller inerted

bowstring

triangulated

bowstring structure

The interior


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ORIENTE STATION, LISBON, PORTUGAL, 199-9#, SANTIAGO

P 13> m co#ering o#er > raised railway trac8s 1 enormous glass and steel awnings o#er the openings : the larger

one about //1 m long and // m wide

(ecalls 'ero aarinenKs wor8


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HONG KONGINTERNATIONAL


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INTERNATIONALAIRPORT, HONGKONG, CHINA,1995-9#, NORMAN

FOSTER


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HONG KONG INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, HONG KONG, 1995-9#,

)early ;12,222 sqm= Terminal building

*alled the Qlargest enclosed public space e#er madeK

tructure /=1< 8m long

$esigned to handle 3; million passengersyear

$esigned around a 34 m module

Light weight steel roofassembled on site into /15 units

each weighing /31 tons

!osterKs hallmar8 : openness and lightness : characterise

the interior of the airport

PORTUGESE

PA%ILION


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PA%ILION,

E+PO 9#,

LISBON,

PORTUGAL,199-9#,

AL%ARO SI!A

'normous suspended concrete Q#eilK co#ering an outdoor square

QHeilK solidly anchored in the stone clad #olumes of the main building on

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Long Span Structures1