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Looking the southern ocean from space: recent results
and perspectives
Giovanni Macelloni – IFAC - CNR
Workshop “Oceano Antartide” Napoli 4-5 luglio 2019
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Oceanic and atmospheric processes influencing air-sea interactions
Remote sensing and Ocean-Atmosphere Processes
Neukermans, Harmel, Gali et al. 2018. Elem Sci Anth,
Main Parameters Observed from Space:
• Sea Ice – Tickness, Concentration,Motion, Edge, Snowcover
• Sea Surface Temperature • Sea surface height• Sea surface salinity• Ocean colour (clorophyll and prymary production,
Phytoplanction,algae)• Surface winds• Atmosphere parameters on Sea-Ice
Satellite Sensors and Parameters
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Ice Extent –– NSIDC
Sea ICE – Properties : Low resolution Products available (mw-opt)
Extent, comcentration, iceberg
July 1° July 1°
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Sea ICE – Properties : Low resolution Products available
Concentratio + Snow Depth + SST Sea Ice Drift
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
JAXA – AMSRE-2 Product
2019 Minimum record!
Sea ICE – Properties : Low resolution Climatological studies
NSIDC - Product
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Sea ICE – Properties : Low resolution Climatological studies
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Sea Ice Thickness existing instruments
Passive (microwave) systems Active (microwave/oprtical) systems
Tb Sensitive to thickness Signal difference between sea and sea – ice
ESA - SMOSESA – Cryosat-2 - Ku
NASA – Icesat-2 - LaserAMSR- E SSM/I
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Sea Ice Thickness available products…only in the Arctic !
Low tickness 0- 100 cm
Low resolution , high revisit time (daily)
Tickness 100- 500 cm
High resolution , Low revisit time (monthly)
Total
FYl
MYl
Tilling et. al 2018
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Terra Nova Bay polynya observed by active (ASAR) and passive (AMSR-E) microwave radiometers
Parmiggiani 2006 , 2011
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
M. Moctezuma Flores et al. 2014
Automatic measurement of polynya in BTN area
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Modelling sea ice formation in the Terra Nova Bay polynya
Modis Data
Model
Sansiviero et al. 2017 – Journal of Marine Science
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Monitoring the Terra Nova Bay Polynia
MODIS
ASAR
Aulicino et al. 2018 – Remote Sensing
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Estimating Sea Ice thickness by using SSM/I data
Aulicino et al. 2014 – IEEE TGRS
Annual Variability
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Segmentation of ICEBERG
Binary Image
SAR image
Iceberg Monitoring
Nunziata et al. 2018 – IEEE
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
2019 Prelim results on sea ice thickness retrieval in the MIZ
Antarctica - Weddell Sea, March, 30 2019
CosmoSkyMed - satellite 4
YOPP acquisition –PNRA Project WAMIZ
CSK SAR: 6.05 ± 1.87 cm
SMOS (BRE): 4.65 ± 1.49 cm
De Caroils et. Al 2019
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Sea Ice in Antarctica The needs• Develop a solid sea Ice thickness product is the priority
• Better understanding of snow depth and snow properties is critical for calculating thickness retrieval uncertainties and for improving algorithms.
• Collection of in situ data collections for: i) density distribution of snow and ice for conversion of freeboard into thickness, ii) enhanced accuracy of snow depth, iii) enhanced accuracy and validation of freeboard, and iv) identification of areas of flooding at the snow–ice interface.
• Coincident in situ, airborne and spaceborne validation. An overall agreement between the operations and research communities is that collecting coincident airborne vs spacebornevalidation along satellite overpasses would improve validation success for retrieval algorithms
• More data from polynyas and leads.
Sources: SCAR, SOOS, EC, Community papers, etc.
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Sea Surface Temperature Thermal or MW radiometers
Daily Products Available
University of Maine Copernicus Service
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Sea Surface Temperature Climate studies
Freeman et al. 2016
Detection of Polar Front by using model and SST data
Period 2002-2014
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Sea Surface Temperature Climate studies
Seasonal Correlation between SST
and
(a) Antarctic Oscillation (AAO)
(b) Southern Oscillation (SO).
ENSO-Southern Ocean Teleconnections Using Satellite-Derived SST
Ferster et al. 2018
The largest coefficients
occur with AAO and SO
during the austral summer
and autumn, while the
smallest coefficients occur
in austral winter.
Period 1982-2016
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
∙ Maintaining continuity in currently valued datasets. Continued investment in
successful SST programmes is vital for the Southern Ocean community.
∙ Investigating solutions for higher temporal and spatial resolution observations,
but will require investment in more missions and/or innovative engineering.
∙ Increasing targeted acquisitions in areas of interest. SST plays a vital role in all
near-surface Southern Ocean processes (ice edge, transitional seasons, leads and
polynyas)
SST The needs
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Sea Surface Salinity L Band microwave Radiometers
SMAP (2015- )Aquarius (2011-2015)
• L-band space borne systems (SMOS and Aquarius) have provided the first global estimation of SSS from space
SMOS (2009 - )
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Sea Surface Salinity – High latitudes• Some difficulties exist in the monitoring of low SSS values
• Improvements at high latitudes are needed• Southern Ocean SSS validation exercises should begin as soon as possible.• Campaigns are needed
From T. Lee 2016
Aquarius
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Aulicino et al . 2018 - ESSD
Sea surface salinity and temperature in the southern Atlantic Ocean from South African
icebreakers, 2010–2017
South African Cruise within PNRA project
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Sea Surface Level Altimetry
Copernicus Service
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Sea Surface Level Gravimetry
Jeon et al. 2018 – Nature Scientific Report
SEA Surface height temporal Trends
New correction of GRACE data
Relevant for Southern Oceans
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Maximum winter surface mixed-layer depth (MLD)
Mixed-Layer Seasonal and Interannual Variations
B. Buongiorno Nardelli et al. 2017 – JGR
Combination of Satellite data : SST (AVHRR+ AMSRE); SSS (SMOS ESA) ; Sea Level Anomalies (Altimeter)In Situ (ARGO- CTD) ; Glider , XBTClimatology
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
• Further research and development into addressing SSH measurement
capabilities,
• increased spatial and temporal resolution is needed ; spatial resolution for
intermittent ice cover, and increased temporal to understand seasonal and
annual sea level dynamics.
• Targeted data acquisition. Individual regions identified as important were the
Amundsen-Bellingshausen region, the Antarctic Peninsula and the Weddell Sea
(~ 120°W to 0°).. Similar to SST coverage requests, high-latitude polynyas were
identified as priority regions of study because they give insight into SSH in
largely ice-covered regions, which requires the next point, increased resolution.
SSH The needs
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Clorophyll, Primary Production and biogeochemistry
Sentinel-3 OLCI chlorophyll-a concentration
Nasa Product
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Clorophyll, Primary Production and biogeochemistryComputation of NPP in the ROSS sea from satellite data (Chl, Sea Ice, SST) 1997- 2013
Schine et al. 2016
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Clorophyll, Primary Production and biogeochemistry
Correlation with SAM (Southern Annular Mode)
Schine et al. 2016
Correlation with MEI (Multivariate ENSO Index)
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Clorophyl Concentration MAPS in the ROSS SEA
February 2006 February 2012
Rivaro et al. 2019
Relationships with inorganic carbon and pH
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
• Maintain and further develop the collection of calibration and verification data.
• Develop new algortihms for new sensors ongoing in situ data collection strategy is becoming increasingly important.
• Autonomous platforms The development and use of bio-optical floats that are capable of operating in the Southern Ocean, including under ice, is a high priority for this community (like Argo)
• Increased spectral resolution of sensors more elaborate and complex products to be produced ( photo-physiology estimates, new algorithms for floristic and environmental conditions) .
• LIDAR data phytoplankton carbon content and POC (CALIOP-CALIPSO). LiDAR would provide unprecedented and critical information on the vertical structure of marine microbes, biomass and biogeochemistry in the Southern Ocean.
Ocean Colours, The needs
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Antarctic Science + Satellite Antartcic Science + Satellite + Ocean
Antarctic Science Antartcic Science + Ocean
ITALIAN RESEARCH SOUTHERN OCEAN AND REMOTE SENSING
17K36 K
1.7K3K
USUKDEAUFINZJPCHS
USUKDEAUFICHJPNZS
USUKDEAUFCHIJPCARU
USUKAUDEFCHCAJPNLI
7°
10°
6° (quasi 5°) 6°
SCOPUS ANALYSIS 1995-2019
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
S1 - MW
S2 - VISIBLE
S3 - THERMAL
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
Background Mission Plan over Terra Nova BayCosmoSkymed
Current National Capabilities : SAR – CSK
Sea ice, ocean wind, glaciers facies, mouvements, etc.
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
NEW National Capabilities : PRISMA - Hyperspectral
Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019
From the sea
NEW National Capabilities : Added Value for :• Cal / val activities• Develop new algorithms and products
From the Sky
Boulder clay
Laura Bassi