LOOKING TO AMERICA’S FUTURE: CHILDREN IN IMMIGRANT

FAMILIES

by

DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D.Professor of Sociology and

Center for Social & Demographic AnalysisUniversity at Albany, SUNYEmail: DonH@albany.edu

Phone: (518) 442-4668

Family to Family National ConferenceAnnie E. Casey Foundation

Nashville, TNMay 5, 2006

Acknowledgements: Suzanne Macartney

● Immigration & New American Majority

● Family Strengths

● Major Challenges

● Housing, Language, and education

● Economic Consequences of Immigration

● New Child-Based Data for Local Areas

– OVERVIEW –

0.0

25.0

50.0

75.0

100.0

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

American Indian (2000-2050 with NHOPI, Other)Asian/NHOPI (2000-2050 Asian alone, 2060-2100 includes American Indian)Black, Non-Hispanic Hispanic originWhite, Non-Hispanic

Figure 3. Percent of U.S. Children Ages 0-17 in Specified Race/Ethnic Groups, 1980-2100

Projections for 2000-2050 were released by the Census Bureau March 18, 2004. These projections take into account the much larger Hispanic population identified in Census 2000. Projections and estimates for other years are from an earlier series released by the Census Bureau January 13, 2000, and were based on the count of Hispanics in Census 1990.

61%50%

56%

84%72%70%

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

2000 2030

Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and over

Slide 4. Estimates and Projected Percent of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age 2000 and 2030

Presented by Donald J. Hernandez. Data is from the Population Projections Program, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Issued March 18, 2004.

Slide 5. Percent of Children in Immigrant Families: 1910, 1960, 1990 and 2000

28%

6%13%

20%

1910 1960 1990 2000

4/5 Citizen

s

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 2000, public use microdata files.

Slide 6. Percent of Children in Immigrant Families by Region of Origin, 2000

87%

12%10%

2% 2%

62%

1%

22%

2% 1%

Europe North America Latin America Asia Africa Oceania

19102000

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

Slide 7. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families

Living with Two-Parents, 2000

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

85%

79%

63%

69%

90%

75%

85%

85%

86%

93%

88%

91%

88%

76%

Mexico

Central American

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Hmong

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

Vietnam

Pakistan/ Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iraq

former USSR

Africa, Blacks

Two-ParentFamily

50% 100%

Slide 8. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families

Living with Working Fathers, 2000

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

92%

93%

87%

89%

75%

76%

83%

80%

90%

95%

90%

85%

90%

92%

Mexico

Central American

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Hmong

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

Vietnam

Pakistan/ Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iraq

former USSR

Africa, Blacks

FathersWorking

50% 100%

Slide 9. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families

with Father Not a H.S. Graduate, 2000

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

69%

53%

44%

33%

51%

48%

45%

33%

32%

15%

15%

38%

11%

8%

Mexico

Central American

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Hmong

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

Vietnam

Pakistan/ Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iraq

former USSR

Africa, Blacks

Fathernot H.S.Grad

50% 100%

Slide 10. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families with

Father 0-8 Years of School, 2000

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

45%

30%

19%

10%

41%

30%

29%

24%

14%

4%

4%

18%

2%

4%

Mexico

Central American

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Hmong

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

Vietnam

Pakistan/ Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iraq

former USSR

Africa, Blacks

Father 0-8years ofschool

50% 100%

Slide 11. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families

with Fathers Not Working Full-Time, 2000

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

35%

31%

38%

32%

44%

42%

38%

37%

30%

30%

36%

34%

33%

32%

Mexico

Central American

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Hmong

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

Vietnam

Pakistan/ Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iraq

former USSR

Africa, Blacks

FatherNotWorkingFull-Time

50% 100%

Slide 12. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families

Living in Official Poverty, 2000

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

30%

22%

32%

23%

40%

34%

28%

25%

19%

22%

29%

26%

20%

20%

Mexico

Central American

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Hmong

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

Vietnam

Pakistan/ Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iraq

former USSR

Africa, Blacks

Official Poverty

50% 100%

Slide 13. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families

Living in Basic Budget Poverty, 2000

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

76%

66%

75%

68%

84%

66%

65%

56%

50%

57%

65%

55%

46%

54%

Mexico

Central American

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Hmong

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

Vietnam

Pakistan/ Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iraq

former USSR

Africa, Blacks

BasicBudgetPoverty

50% 100%

Slide 14. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families with Home Owned

by Parents or Householder, 2000

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

48%

42%

25%

49%

43%

44%

53%

57%

62%

45%

48%

61%

52%

41%

Mexico

Central American

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Hmong

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

Vietnam

Pakistan/ Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iraq

former USSR

Africa, Blacks

Parents orhouseholderowns home

50% 100%

Slide 15. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families

Who Live in Overcrowded Housing, 2000

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

67%

59%

48%

45%

82%

61%

61%

46%

47%

51%

41%

40%

37%

45%

Mexico

Central American

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Hmong

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

Vietnam

Pakistan/ Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iraq

former USSR

Africa, Blacks

Over-crowdedHousing

50% 100%

Slide 16. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families with Father

Limited English Proficient (LEP), 2000

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

70%

60%

64%

48%

80%

70%

71%

55%

66%

35%

48%

48%

57%

18%

Mexico

Central American

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Hmong

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

Vietnam

Pakistan/ Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iraq

former USSR

Africa, Blacks

Father LEP

50% 100%

Slide 17. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Who Are

Limited English Proficient (LEP), 2000

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

38%

28%

29%

20%

51%

33%

34%

27%

37%

23%

20%

23%

27%

15%

Mexico

Central American

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Hmong

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

Vietnam

Pakistan/ Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iraq

former USSR

Africa, Blacks

Child LEP

50% 100%

Slide 18. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Who Speak English

Very Well, and Speak Another Language at Home,

2000

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

53%

56%

62%

52%

45%

49%

51%

42%

48%

61%

66%

53%

57%

28%

Mexico

Central American

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Hmong

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

Vietnam

Pakistan/ Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iraq

former USSR

Africa, Blacks

ChildPotentialBilingual

50% 100%

Slide 19. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families

in Linguistically Isolated Households, 2000

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

37%

33%

33%

23%

39%

30%

28%

22%

39%

20%

20%

24%

31%

12%

Mexico

Central American

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Hmong

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

Vietnam

Pakistan/ Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iraq

former USSR

Africa, Blacks

LinguisticIsolation

50% 100%

Slide 20. Percent of U.S. Four-Year-Oldsin Immigrant Families

Enrolled in Pre-k/Nursery School, 2000

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

35%

43%

52%

60%

25%

29%

35%

50%

47%

47%

35%

43%

53%

61%

Mexico

Central American

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Hmong

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

Vietnam

Pakistan/ Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iraq

former USSR

Africa, Blacks

Pre/NurserySchool

50% 100%

Slide 21. Demographic Overview for Children in Immigrant Families

immigrant resources:• Two-parent families with other adults in home • Strong work ethic• Potential bilingual skills for U.S. economy• Homeownership, commitment to community

immigrant challenges:• Low educational attainments• Much part-time, part-year work, high poverty• Overcrowded housing, low health insurance• Limited English proficiency• Low pre-k/nursery school enrollment

Slide 22. Short-Term Economic Consequences

of Immigration

• Competition from new immigrant workers lowers wages mainly for earlier immigrants

• Immigrants benefit by earning higher incomes than they would in their country of origin

• Complementary immigrant job skills lead to better wages for native workers

• Complementary immigrant job skills lead to net gains in economic output of $1-$10 billion per year

• Consumers benefit from lower cost goods and services produced by immigrants

Source: James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston (eds.) (1997) The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Slide 23. Long-TermImpact of Current Immigrants

on Government Taxes/Expenditures

For the average immigrant:

• State/Local benefits exceed taxes by $25,000

• Federal taxes exceed benefits by $105,000

• All taxes exceed benefits by $80,000

Therefore, the lifetime net contribution of the average immigrant to government treasuries is $80,000 Source: James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston (eds.) (1997) The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of

Immigration. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Slide 24. New Child Indicators for Public Policy, Advocacy, and Philanthropy

supported by

-- The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation

-- Annie E. Casey Foundation

-- W. T. Grant Foundation

-- Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation

-- Center for Law and Social Policy

-- National Task Force on Early Childhood Education for Hispanics

Slide 25. WE ARE PRODUCING 200 CHILD INDICATORS

FOR LOCAL AREAS

Topics include

Immigrant Generation, Country of Origin,

Language Proficiency, Citizenship, Race-Ethnicity

and

Family, Economic, Educational,

Housing, and Neighborhood Situations

LOOKING TO AMERICA’S FUTURE: CHILDREN IN IMMIGRANT

FAMILIES

by

DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D.Professor of Sociology and

Center for Social & Demographic AnalysisUniversity at Albany, SUNYEmail: DonH@albany.edu

Phone: (518) 442-4668

Family to Family National ConferenceAnnie E. Casey Foundation

Nashville, TNMay 5, 2006

Acknowledgements: Suzanne Macartney