Lords of the Sunset Shan Version

8/20/2019 Lords of the Sunset Shan Version

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Lords of the Sunset

Maurice Collis

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[email protected]


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[1] Into Hidden Burma

[2] Trials in Burma

[3] Siamese White

[4] Lords of the Sunset

[5] She was a Queen

[6] Sanda Mala

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1 Empire2 Greece3 India4 West Indies


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10 Thames11 Cleveden12 George Morland13 Champagne


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]ayhwluf bcdlOf ;osF rf@yAif @vBjvMb? ef g ;vl rf ;auMj vBjnmBosFrf @yAif @eBOMj}

],Mbud lOfhclOf[Of;eM? yAefnefawhndlOfj}

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14 Somerset Maugham


14/240

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oeMbcOf n.efuefwF rfjv.ifjcOfurfjerf / u.yfjcOf ,Aef ;yAef qmOf ;c&dwfjimBjimBjtvj zljzdlpftzjoMoeMcOf xkuf bqf geldOf cOf / ulef ;wB;orfh yAefqmOf ;ykwfhtvj nrf bayM;vBj

[ef ,Aef;yAefqmOf ;c&dwfj/ u.yfjeBtvj zljzdlpftzjoMoeMcOf nrfbayM;olefqf ged lOfulef ;wB;/ nmBj[M;=hy.if bOBh v.ifjulef ;qmOf ;cdlOf ;wDjrldif ; nef awugMbtvbeefh omByd kef ;

ref ;auMj vBjvAyfj[Aef ;[if ;u.pf ;/ zljzwf ;vdufjcOf auMj ,lOf awcf gj=htvj awrFif byefwmif ;=hwmif;[ef qdlOf ;nmBj[M;=hOBheefh/

rdlif ;tcbeefh ug mifjcgmifeMb/ wDjqAif b+ifbOef ;wluf ;rl dif ;tcbeefh awvBj[ef

qmOf ;ulef; nefnrf bqf gjtcbcdlOf ;ek difj/ cOfyAefqmOf ;ulef ;cOfjqk rf ; wDhyFwfh_rmef @

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aovkufhwDjqk rf ;qmOf ;vlif r.if @ulOf@v. B@wf 17 ,Aef ;n.uf brM;ao [mif @ZmifoMeldOfh nrf bayM;ydlifjuefwif;tcb/ yAefqmOf ;ulef ;wB ;nefOMjeefh,Ofh/ wB ;,mrfjauMbwifj rdlif ;a[Mcrf ;vkufjed kifj egf ;aq@rd lif ;,kefjemefj 18 rdlOfj=OfymufbyD@yFwf beefh/ +ifhrd lif ;eefhOMj emef qOfj 19 / v.uf ;yd lifnkyfhydlif bu.ef ;rdlif ;emefqOfjeefh imB ;rldefuefwif ; v.uf ;ydlifnkyfhydlif btcb

cOf / a[Mcrf ;tcbcOftwh o.ef bulef ;wB ; yAefulef ;vl dif ;xl def byMbeB aowMh wDjawh cOf

15 P & O16

Tibeto-Burman, awMjvAOf +ifh Sino-Tibetan17 Mongoloid18 Yunnan19 Nanzhao


15/240

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yAefqk rf ;qmOf ;ulef; qd lOf ;,Aef btijqk rf ;ed kifj/ rd lif ;emefqOfj,d kef ;,mOf ; awMbxk dif =Of ymuf byD @odyf ;omrf ao qmOf ;ulef ;wM@wM@ 20 cOf rM;=rf birf ;tvjvlhvFOfug Mb/ ulef ;wB ; vBj

cmBhvlif ; ymB @xd kif rl dif ;rmef @? rldif ;xB ;? rldif ;ndef@wlOf @csmB @eldOf @ nefwdkufhrD ;vdefyOf bwif ;erfeefh/ cOf ,dkwf ;nOf rldif ;rmef@? rl dif ;xB ;vBj/ ulef ;rd lif ;xB ; nef rD ;,lbawMj vAOfeBhyAefwB ;urf ;vAOf ,Ofh/ wDjrd lif ;rmef@twh wB ;nrfbu.ef ;ayhvBj[d kif / rd lOfj=Ofymuf byD@odyf ;=uf ;eefh ulef;rmef @cOf auMbomifjvBjvlify.if qdkifjeFefjeMvDtvj wd kuf ;a[MjvdkyfjwB ;xdkifwDjayM;vBjymBjcd kefj ed lOf rdlif ;oefv. By.wf ;n.uf beefh/ rdlOfj=Ofymuf byD @odyf ;yFwf beefhtwh nlrkefa[Mcrf ;rmef @ =rfbirf ;vBjed lOf rdlif ;wB;wif ;oAifj/ ulef;wB ;eBh =rfjuef ,l boOf ; wf gj=rfjiOf;qOfjZMhcOf / qOfjZMh nefOMjeefh yAef ckefyawo&mqf nef vkufjvmefqmif @ odkyf bykwfjwFef ;uefeefh/ ulpf ;uMj nrf brD;qOfjZMhauMhvAOf z.if ;irf ;

vBjzFefbvdef rd lif ;wB ;wif ;oAifj/ qOfjZMhwB ;cOf vBjomufje.yf b,dkefjclOf ;c.if wDjqOfjZMh rmef @/ vBjyefid kef ;c.ef b/ v.ifjqOfjZMhwB ; u. rf ;e.rf ;ql; qOfjZMhrmef @eefhtwh ndif ed lOfnlrkefqOfjZMhrmef @cOf / rmify.ufj qOfjZMhrmef @olif bodkuf ;rM;yuf ;wyfh ,lbwDjOAif ;vlif rdlif ;wB;aou.ef ;/ vkufj,dif ;qOfjZMhwB ;cOf vBjrdlOf ;[Awf ;qdlifhemif; wDjef g ;a[MnMbOMh?

a[MwMjvd lOf bqdlOf ;eefh/ rdlOfj=Ofymuf byD @odyf ;uOfjeefh qOfjZMhwB ;auMhek difjwif ;auMhek difjauMj nrfbxkuf barMuef / uBhzef ;uefwk duf ;uefwMbaob/ rmify.ufj qOfjZMhwB ;auMhek difj ,Ayf bcOfjvdef rdlif ;[drf ;+rf ;ref;ao wdkuf;[drfnOf auMjrD;/ rmify.ufj cmif ? OMh edlOfv. B

auMj vlif ;rM;[drfqdif ;nlefuOf ; wDjxkifhyAif ; nefwB ;,lboOf ;/ awMjvAOf cmifurfjerftwh yAefqmOf ;c&dwfjOBh,Ofh/ u.yfjOmefjrl dif ; nrf brD;irf ;,Aeftvj =Ofulef ;auMj ,lyfj ,. rf ;rM;/ [B @eM;olef auMj nrfbyAefulef bxBzkuf bo. rfj/ =OfhnkwfbOAif ;vlifwif ;erf auMjulef byif ;vlhvFOf / oAefjwmif;OlOf ;wmif b c.ifulef ;uMhcOfauMj ug MbugMbrM;rM; nrfbayM;rD ;

rdlefuOf b/

v.ifjcmefqf gqdlOf ;eefh wk rfhwl dOfhedlOfulef ;wB ;,f gb,f gberferf/ wmif ;cmefqf gqd lOf ;eefh u.yfjnrf brD;[Fif ;y.ifnmrf ;emwfj c.efjwDjvAOfueftvj qifbyAef rM;eif beB / wDjwB ; cOf auMj nrfbrD;a[Mcrf ; [if ;u.pf;/ a[Mcrf ;rmef @auMj nrfb,dyf ;ukrf ;vBj edlOfqOfjZMh

wB ;/ eBhyAefomBimBrdlif ;wB ; rdlOfjeefh,Ofh/z.if ;eefh ndif;uvAwfj cOfj,dkwf;OAif ;a[Mcrf ;rmef @ wMjvd lOf bao wDhurfqOfj

ZMhrmef@wDbayM; olif brdlif ;uvM;/ OmB ;ao ,dkwf ;nOf a[Mcrf ;wMjvd lOf b,Ofh vlify.ifqdkifjndif ;uvAwfj olifbzljwFef ; eif bodlOf @-uRwf @-ou.wf @ 21 cOfug Mbrl dif ;wB;/ vBjug Mbnkyf buk rf uefwif ; qOfjZMh? rsLOfhqM;cOf / ayM;aw[yfhoqfqM ndif ;uvAwfjcOfqdkif awOBhrldef uOf b? awnrf b[kyfj,d kwf;nOf wef ;[Aif ;qOfjZMh? rsLOfhqM;cOf ? awyefvkufjvmefok dyf bykwfjwFef ;uefeBtvj qOfjZMhwB;cOf qif b,. rf ;[yfhndif ;uvAwfj/

20 Tartar, wB ;+ifhOMjomif ;x. B ;? yd lefjwif ;erftwh +ifhOMj r.if @ulOf @ 21 Sir George Scott, ,mrfjyAef ckefvlif rd lif ;wB ;


16/240

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q. rf ;eifb acMjwluf ;vlif ;uefwif ;qOfjZMhcOftvj wDjrd lif ;wB ; nrf bwdkOf ;ymB ;nkyfhydlif b nefqf ghwdkOf ; wDjrl dif ;rmef @/ wDjrldif ;wB ; nrf bwFif bwifj ckefz.if ;[email protected]/

nmrf ;emwfjwwf ;odef ? umefuAyf ;c.ef bvf gauMj yefOBhwDjqOfjZMhcOf / nmBj[M;cOf vBjxFrf yf ghyM;[ufhoM wMbcOfeifbuef nrf bwdkuf ;awM;uefeefhu.pf ;/

uFwf bt[hyefv.ifjqmOf ;ulef;n.ef b qdlOf ;nrfbyB b,Aef btijcOf vlif ;rM;nlefuOf ;/vBjuFwf btc wMbrldif ;tcb awnrf bylefhyFef,Ayf bcOfjrM;/ vBjxFrfwlpf ;yef v.ifjuyf ;od kyf bwdwf ;awMbwif ;rl dif ;rmef @ {jvDwd lOf ;aouOf brM;/ n.efuef cd kef ;ulef bxBzkuf bo. rfj vdef [B @eM;olef rM;/ oAefjwmif ;awMholifbauMjvD rM;/ ck def ;vBj [ef arMbid kef ; wDjymif,kif;ymif [B ;eefh/

wFif bwifj zljrD ;qefhndif ;uvAwfjwDjrl dif ;wB ; wMbq. BjxF rf? yefwmif ;cBjqf g wDjqOfjZMh? rsLOfhqM;cOf/ qOfjZMhrdlOfjeefhtwh nrf bck dwf ;umyfjymef / vk rfjZMhymef rf g b auMj cOfnrfb=h/ zljrD;qefhqd lOf ;eefh yAefzljrD ;qefhZmB bnkyfhyd lif bvFefvdef rd lif ; rmef @rM;/ rdlOfj 1922 eefh nOf rdlif ;qOfjZMh? rsLOfhqM;wif ;oAifj =rfj+rf;uef auMbwifjrdlif ;=rfjwk rfvkufjek difj/ z.wfj[Fef ; c.if @oD @qOfjZMh nefedkifj/ wFif bwifj zljrD;qefhndif ;uvAwfjauMhek difj [Awf ;=OfyOfj c.if @oD @rdlif ;=rfjwk rfeefh/ ref ;yAef zljy.ifumef rdlif ;wB;rM;/ rdlOfju.efbeefh nrf b,mrfjrD; v.ifjz. rfh=rfjrM;aoy.ufjtvj vBj[Awf ;yefqd lifheB / qOfjZMhqd lOf ;,mrfjzef ; uef rM;eefh awMjvAOf eifjawMbeMjuef wDj

zl defvAOf ao n.efuef [Awf;umef wMbz.ef ;vD rd lif ;wB ;wif ;vlif ,l b,Ofh/qd lOf ;eBh yAef acMjrkef ;wDjuFyfj nefnmBj[M; vBj+rfw. rfOBh rd lOfjnrfbyB bvBjn.uf b

cmOf ;wmif ;eefh/ {jayM;wA rfxlefjeBtwhauMj yBbqgfj/ ulpf ;uMj ulef ;wB ;cOf [Awf ;ql difh [d kOf zFOfwf gjrdlif ;nmBj[M;cOf rM; nefOMjeefhtwh qmif @=hy.if bvBj,l b/ ayM;nmBj[M; n.uf bwmif ;a[ cB @tev.ifjwB ;auMj zljzwf ;vdufjcOfauMj vBjrD;yd kefhxmefOBh ndwf ;ndwf ;n.wf ;n.wf ;/ wB ;,mrfjrD ; omByd kef ;nef,d kef ;,mOf ;rM;/ ,Aef btijcOfeBauMj [d lOfj[d lif ;rM;/ awqmif @,Aef btijqOfhao ndif ;uvAwfj[Of ; n.efwmif ;u.ef b/ awMjvAOf nmBj[M;cOf ck defj

,f g baocOfaowMh ulef ;wB;eBh nrf bqf gjqmOf ;ulef ;vmuf bvmB ; wDjrl dif ;Oef ;n.ufbykefheefh/ cOf auMjyAef qmOf;ulef ; nef ,l bomifj ef g ;nFrf @ymB @,dlOf @vlif eifbnmBj[M;cOf ,Ofh/ zljzwf ;vdufjcOf aw=hy.ifbrM;,l b/

nmBj[M;cB @teOBh ef g;ndif ;uvAwfj[Of ; ulef;=hquf;rd lif ;wB ; rD;anbeB / OmB ;aoZD@vdyf @-aZM@uM@xD @ rdlOf ;ugMbnrf bayM;[dkif ef g;zdkef cmOf bxmB ;rfof 22 v.ifjwB ; yM;cmOfby.wf ;n.ef b=Ofedkifj/ zd kefcmOfbxmB ;rfof ,if ;of gbyM;rM;eBtvj vBjv. rf =h wmif ;vrfbv.ifj

cmOf b=Ofeefh/ rd lOfjvldefn.uf @xlOf @yl dOf @ 22 Oef ;eefh qOfjZMhuAif ;wkif vBjxkufb,d kOf ;wmB wDjclOfvBcd kefja[M/ uAif ;wkifeBh yAef rdlif ;qOfjZMhwB ; nefugmifj,f gbaoyd lefjao rD;OBh

22 Times


17/240

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ef g;rl dif ;wB ;y.wf ;n.uf b/ nmBj[M;zwf ;cmOf beefh,OfhauMj wMbnmBj[M;twh nrf bvmuf bvmB ;oif rM;/

ulpf ;uMj v.ifjeefh awuyf ;umB bwk rfh,.efj edlOf cmOf ;wmif ;nmBj[M;rM; nefOMjeefhtwh OmB ;vBjxlyf;[ef rM;qif bvBj=h/ vBj=yfhxlyf ; ulef ;qdlOf ;yM;ef g ;zdkefumef cMjwmB eefh/ vBjugMbx.rf bidef; zljc.ifjrmyf bcOf w.yf btujqldifh[dkOf nefOMjeefhu.ef b/


18/240

cBboFifZef;crf; 9

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rMtvjOlOf ;

ayM;cf gjug Mbrl dif f ;wB ; awvBjug Mbrdlif ;rmef @n.efwmif ;/ nmBj[M;twh vldufjoAefjwmif; nef cmrfjvwf ; rl dif ;ndef @wD@,dlOf @ugMbeefh/ =dOf ;nefnmBj[M;cD brM;eefh q.wf bwDjrkrf @ymB @23 /vkufh wDjeefh awvBjodkyfbcD bvFifZB ;ug Mb ulOf @uwf @wM@24 / vkufhwDjulOf @uwf @wM@ qifb

cD b=dOf ;xFifjy.ufjed kifj awMbxdkifwMjukifj/ n.uf bcmOf ;wmif ;wDjndef @wD@,dlOf @ rdlOfjvd lefusFef @OM@&D @eefh vDawhawh/ edkifjvdlef vFwf brBjodyf ;omrfOef;/ omyf bymif bvmB bauMj nrf b

rD ;+eferfh,f g b/ vlrf ;nkefbnkef bn.ef bauMj xlOf ;zwfhyOfbOBh/ ,dkifjqrfukefvdef rdlif ;

,dkifjcFef;wd lOf ;rBjrM;wduf ;wduf ;/ rdlOfjwmrf ;crfjnefek difj xdkifwMj=dOf ;rk rf@ymB @ nefyAefzuf ;wlvlif rd lif ;ndef @wD @,d lOf @eefh/ nmBj[M;cdkwf ;vFifZB ;umif cdkef; wMbug MbulOf @uwf @wM@/

rdlOfjvFifZB ;nrf byB bn.uf b nmBj[M;ugMbudef cOfjcrfj wDj=if ;[F rf ;wmwf @csf r[M@ 25 / rdlOfjnrf byBbudef cOfjeefh nmBj[M;ndkufhvOfjndwf ;ndwf ;/ uM;oDul @qd lOf ;oFef ;ul@qd lOf ; rM;udkwf ;wDjeMj

=if ;[F rf ;vlif/ ulef ;Z&if bcOf wif ;trj,dif ;cOf eifjudef cOfj[if ;zf g[if ;ref ; vDvDimrf ;imrf ;/ ulef ;uvM; xF rfzdlef cOfeefhauMj rdlef [mif@ cf gjvBjeMjvBjwM wDjulef ;Z&if bcOftvj nlefjO.ef ;uefOBh/

oAif +ifh[Bjulef ;,.ef ;cOf ? ulef ;xFrfzd lef qd lOf ;nrf byM;cFyf;wdefa[ vFefjug MbvFefjrM; vBja[jvOfjyef cOf / ulef ;ekrf bZ&if brmifqd lOf ; vMbxMhrd lufjrd lufjvldif ;vl dif ; wDjulef ;xFrfzdlef cOf/ qdlOfeBh vBjOMjyAefZmif [mif@ rdlif;ndef @wD @,dlOf @ nefvBj[ef rd leful @y.ufjeefhu.pf ;,Ofh/ ayM;awcB@cdlOf ;ndef @wD @,d lOf@ nrf byM;v.ifjqdlOf ;eBh nrf b,Ofh/vlify.ifqdkifjvFufjvmB @vmBy.ufj? cmOf;,mrf ;vFufjvmB @ugMbvmBy.ufjauMj Zmif [mif @qdlOf ;eBh nrf bvFufjvmB @q. rf;ug Mb/ z.if ;wdkufheifjudefvOfj wDj=if ;[Frf ;wmwf@csf r[M@eefh nmBj[M; v.rf Olefhq.rf ; omBimBndef @wD@,d lOf @ nefnrf bvFufjvmB @vBjeefh/ z.if ;,mrf ;eefh yAefcmOf ;

23 Mumbai, rdlOfjn.efeefh+ifh Bombay24 Kolkata, rdlOfjn.efeefh+ifh Calcatta25 Taj Mahal Hotel


19/240

10 ckef,kif;cAOf

,mrf ;cdkufhw.ef ; w.efjwMbulef;ndif ;uvAwfjauMhek difj/ rdlOfjcD b=dOf ;eefh nmBj[M;nOfOf gwdkwfh oFef ;zFifjrM;/ [Awf ;auMhvmwfjawMbyd lefj eif b,lbwDjndif @uvFef @/ zldOf bvBj[ef

ulef ;ndif ;uvAwfjcOf cOfjn.uf b[Awf ;auMh rldufjrdlufjvd lif ;vdlif ; awMbulef ;udkuf ;rldif ;cOfeefhnmBj[M;nrf bqmif @,. rf ;[yfh vBjv.ifjvFufjvmB @qdlOf ;eefh/ vBjrd lOf ;,lbwDjndif @uvFef@ r.ufjomrfyD@,Ofhtvj cf gjvlifvdk rf ;yFwfj v.ifjqmOf;uvM;cOf arMnlefje.rf ;awMb ulef ;Z&if b

cOf nefOMjeefh/

nmBj[M;ck defjug Mb qefheldOf wMbudef aonefnef / cmefheMbtvj nkyf bvAefjuefwif ; ulef ;xFrfzldef auMhedkifj/ nmBj[M;vmwfjawMbref ; eif bulef ;xFrfzdlefulef ;ndif ;uvAwfjauMhek difj/ vDausMbawh/ wlpf ;qdkOfjzuf ; nefvBjwDjeefha[ oif bzuf ;,Ofhxmrfv.ifjzuf ; wDjulef ;xFrfzdlef / Omef ,lb[Mh? yAefzuf;qMhvf gqd lOf ;eefh/ ulef;xFrfzdlef xOfjxOfj? =Of +ufb+uf bvlifeefh vmwfjawMbnmBj[M;vDvD / clOf ;ekifjnmBj[M;auMj cdkufhcmB ; cF rfhvFyfjOBhtvj ref ;awxmif b nrf bqmif @yAefulef ;zmef ndif ;uvAwfjauMhek difj/ xFifjorfh x. rfbwDjnmBj[M;vmwfjeefhauMj awnrf bqf gjulef ;ndif ;uvAwfj auMhqif b[M,mrfjzFOfndef @wD @,d lOf @/ ref ;awwFyf ;wwf ; u.yfjzmef nrfbeef u.yfjnrf brD ;wlOfxlyf ;tvjqif b,Aefbtijwmef beBhtwh nrf byAefvBj? wdkef ;wlefjqf gvDtvj qif bnrf b[mBhvdlif ;rd lef wmif bauMheB ao [Fef ;ymB ;zldefnmBj[M;yefvDvDimrf ;imrf ;/

cmOf ;wmif ;rkrf @ymB @ awMbxdkifulOf @uwf @wM@eefh vD cmefhawhvlif / [dkifo.ifck def ;

tvjOef ;ek difj/ i.ufjwlpf ;[drf ;+rf ; oAefjwmif ;vFifZB ;auMj [Fifj[Fifj[AOf b[AOf b/ nrf bvmuf bvmB ;oif / oAefjwmif ; vFifZB ;auMj nrf byAif ;/ c.ef ;oef bomBhawMbcg Mb/ vlrf ;rBjrD ; 100Pl dOf @&def @[mB @26 / vFifZB ; aoMhvFefj ef g ;tujumif yMbzkef brkufjvlifOBh/ crfbyeD bvFifZB ;

cyf ;cd kifyef c.ifhvl rf ;,AefOBh nrf byB b[d kif/ ulef ;n.uf bwmif ; cD boFef ;xmefjwDjek difjeefh ayM;cf gjcDbef g ; c.ifhvl rf ;,Aefqd kif awvBjwd lOf ;yef oD bodyf ;[MjosD @vdif @ 27 xFifj/ ef g;c.ifhvlrf ;,Aefeefh rD;zuf ;wl =;vFif ; nefyM;eFifjneft[h zkef brkufjOBh/ vlrf;rBjef g ; c.ifhvlrf ;,Aefeefh u.pf ;rD; 75 PldOf @&def @[mB @/ ayM;n.uf bwmif ; rdlOfjvldef an@yt&@? ar@?usKef @twh cDbc.ifhvl rf;,AefeBh omif bawMbndlOfj/ ulpf ;uMj ZdifjZMhvl defusFef @OM@&D@vDeMbtvj nmBj[M;nrfbcD b oFef ;xmefjcdkufhw.ef ;qdlOf ;eefh/

ayM;vFifZB ;ylefhauMj zkefbrkufjvkufhrM; wmif ;vifurf ;vAOf / vBjcDbn.ifjwDjauMhvAOftvj vBjxmif b[mif @,lb[if;u.pf ;/ tujuAefzMjao e.ef ;auMj nrf bvyf;vDvD/ ayM;ud kwf ;wDjwMjvFifZB ; nefnrfbwFrfjqdkOfjOBheefh zFwfjwdkef brM;/ vBj[efulef ;wif ;erf

cyfh,Buef e.ef ;OBhedlOftw;wmif ;vFifZB ;eefh rd lefnOfulef ;wmB rM;cyfhwrf;OBh/ rd lOfj=Ofef gZMhyBbvFif ;eefh vFifZB ;udkwf; wDjwMjvFifZB ;nefek difj/ c.ifhwmif ;udef cOf rM;olif berfheAifjOmef wif ;cOfjrkef ;qmifwM;axM;ymwfj/ ulef ;[myfbumef auMh[mrfh,. rf,.rf auMh

26 Feringheigh27 Shilling, idkef ;,. Bjndif ;uvAwfj


20/240

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28 Katna


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29 Howrah30 Chowringhee

31 Hooghly32 Ganges33 Bengali34 Dhoti


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37 Hindu 38 Surealist


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39 Bay of Bangal 40

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53 Noel Whiting


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y&mB @[Frf @odkyfbvmwfj ]eBhtwh yAefwDjOAif ;u&M@csD @ 75ndlOfj? rd lOfjOef ;eefhu.pf; cd kefjcD bvFifZB;xmwfjegf ;OAif ;? ulef ;wA rfuFyfjOBh? ,if ;nrf brD ;wif byOf b? vBjqkuf ;a[q. rf ;nd lOfj? rdlOfjeefh rD ;ulef;auMhek difj vkufhyefn.ifjref ;? [Of ;vmwfj ql rf ;,Ofh? nrf beifj,OfheB ? auMheefh nmrf ;wlpf ;[Of ;a[ eifjwDjn.ifjref ;cdkef ;? rdlOfjeefh rD ;xFifjulef ;auMhek difj

vFyfjnM;eM;[Of ;rM;a[ vkufhyefxFifj? [Of ;auMjclOf ? vBj,lb? nrf byAefoif ? [Of ;qkuf ; a[q.rf ;vBj,lb? ulef ;ef g;vFifZB ;wif ;vrf ;auMj o.yfhoFyfhvmwfj cdlOf ;[Of ;OBh? wDjokwf ; rD ;ulef ;auMhek difj nrf b,d lefhvBja[xmrf rM;wDj[Of ;

]ayM;qdlifheBtwh[Of ;xmif b olawnrf bqf gjndif;uvAwfj? vkufhwDjrd lif ;vf g rM;} eBOMj}

OmB ;aoudef cOfjcrfj od kyf budefnefOmefndwf ;ndwf ;ao nmBj[M;cOf ugMbw. rfef g; +ifjcFuf b/ rd lOfjrM;wDj+ifjcFufb qkuf;wlpf ;wDjyMjeMj cFyf ;ymef ;oD qOfjemif ;wdyfhxD ;vM;/

],mrf ;eBh ref ;emif ; rD ;ymefvf g,Ofh}]=uf ;odyf;uOfjyD@? awvBjte y.ifqmifhref ;u.efb? rdlOfjref;[Awf ;wmOfhnluf ; wDj

rldif ;uAif ;crf ;eefh qf ghwdkOf ;y.ifqmifheBh n.uf bwmif ;wMbaob}

[d rf ;cFyf ;ymef ;oDref ;eefh vBj[efy.ifqmifhnefed kifj/ ayM;wmif brwfhOBh ed lOf vifqmifhtwh y.ifeBhnrf [email protected] ;aondwf ;,Ofh/ cFuf ;OBhckefzDemif ;zDcOf uMjOBhef g;tujr.ufbtujcdlOf ;eefh/ OmB @xdif @odkyf bvmwfj

]awMjvAOf ? ref ;rD;wDjuAif ;wkif ? wif ;wMjukifj uBqAwf ;ymufbvuf ;? ulpf ;uMj [Of ;

wFrfjvdufjy.if bcmOf bOBhwDjref; wMbrM;xlyf ;[Of ;wDjumwfbavMh? nrf b[dkif [Of ;awcDbuM; n.uf bug Mj}

umif crfj odyf ;rlif ;ymB cldifj nmBj[M;cf gje.ef ;rM;tvj wlifhwufhcOfao cOfjrM;ef g; +ifje.ef ;/ zFOfef g;okwf ;auMj ,if ;wdkufhzef [efq. rf ;OBh,lb/ wdkef brM;rdlOfjoDbrlif ;/ v. rf x. rf boAifarM;tr;ef g ;wMjukifj/ ef g;=def ;rBhvlifeBh arM;rM;qlOfqlOfqDqD / ,if ;vBjidef ;oAifu.ifhu.efb/ oAif rM[Of b? oAifrFOf ;+ifhauMjvBjidef ;/ ,dyf ;ZB ;xmwfja[ nmBj[M;rM;wmif ;umif =def ;/ vBjokwf bel rfnlnmB rdlif;Oef ;n.ufb/ u.yfjyAefOef ;vldefv.ifj iOf ;vd lefzwfhof gbed lOfwlefjtvj oDidkef ;cOf =dOfjrmyfjOBh/ nmBj[M;vBj,mefuB OBhwif ;rkifha[M=def;nmBj[M;

wDjar@wFef@[Fwf @ eefh/

75 Karachi


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cBboFifZef;crf; 25

nrf bodkyf be.ef ;vBjtvj rd lOfj=Ofef g=uf ;rlif ;eefh cdkefjrM;ed lOfvmif ;okif / vBj [ef ulef ;o.rfjr.uf boD bauMh wAuf ;erfhef g ;e.if a[ =wf ;erfhyefwlefjr.uf b/ wDjyMb,d lOfjcAOf

auMj=wf ;yM;vDvD/ vBjrkifjwlpf ;xmwfjolpf bwukif b wf gjomBvFwf b/eBhyAef =Ofef gnmBj[M;y.ufj[Fufj/ OmB ;aoeBh awvBjxlyf ;[ef =Ofef gwif ;erf,l b

nrf b[mifh/ ulef ;rd lif ;,l @&lyf @eBh emef ;vBj[ef =Ofef gZMhymifbof geefh/ z.if ;cmOf ;rBj umif Oef ;,mOf ;aowMh wDj,l @&lyf @vFwfbn.ufbvMjtvj nmBj[M;cOf nrf bqmif @vkufh/ ayM;cmOf ;uwf ;orfh uwf ;eMbtvj nrf bqmif @vkufhwlpf ;/ rmify.ufjrmifvf gtwh xkuf bvDvkufhwlpf ; =Ofef gZMhymif bof geefh nrf bqf gj[Mh/

cy;yme;o qOjemi;wyhx;vM; nenl;yMhpmefbyme;Oh


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26 ckef,kif;cAOf

Î

cOfjcrfjrmef @

wmrf ;crfjxFifjOef ;ek difj awvBjugMbudef cOfjcrfj wDj=def ;auM@wef @-vkof @ 76 cOf / vkof@yAef nlpf;auMhnM@:dlOf @-tO@vD@ 77 ao yAefyMbr.uf bcMh ZmB bydkef ;rdlif ;Oef ;n.uf bykefh wDjqefhq. rfwMjukifj/ =def;ref ; rD ;wDj[drf ;Zifbe.ifndef ;,M; ef g ;Omif ;qefhq. rf / rdlOfjwmrf ;

crfjqAwf ;rlif ; nmBj[M;cOf ZmB ;=dOf ;cmrfje.if ndef;,M;rM;/ vlrf ;zwfhrM;urf ;ek difjtvj +eferfhn.efbcOf vkufhug Mbedkifjurf;ek difjurf ; wDjeMje.if/ nmBj[M;ekifjOBh od lOfjvmBjtvjomif bawMb wif ;ZdifjZMhOBh/ vlif;wDjZif berfha[ yBug Mbwmif ;=def ;vkof @cOf/ vkof@eifj

q. rf ;ar;emif ;ref; ef g;olefr.uf beefh/ ar;emif ;ref;yAef rmef @ao ef g ;wMjukifjulef ;=hquf ;ref ;rD;wif ;erf / ef g ;cFuf bqdlOf ;eefh vBjZmifhrFefj arMymef ;oDyMhpmefbzFOf OBh/ ref ;auMhqef cFyf ;ymef ;oD qOfjemif ;wdyfhxD ;vM; o.ifcFyf ;eefh/ ymefzOMhref ;eBhvDolefqf gawh/ ref ;=hquf ; ,mrfjnAefjauMhuefwif; arMymef ;oDvlif ndif ;uvAwfjZ&Fefhuf -y&Fef@uOdef @ 78 / yMhpmefbeBh ud lwf b,f gbq. rf ; Omefje.ufjeM;ymif brdlif ;rmef @rM;u.pf ;/ OmB ;vif rM; xk difugMbvef @wef @ao [MvAifhw.ifh q.rf ;umefymef ;oDref ;/ cmBcFyf ;ymef ;oDref ;a[ vBj[ModkOfhudef cOfjrM;/ u.yfjeB v.ifjref ;eBhyFuf byd lifjvmuf bvmB ;OBhwif ;ydlefj/ ref ;rD ;oD bodyf ;,Ofhao yAefulef ;nlefjn.ef b,AefbtijauMhek difj/ rmuf bwMof g

rdlefulef ;ekrf bauMhek difjao wlpf ;ugMb wlpf;rM; tujumif cFuf b ef g ;olef r.uf bvkof@eefh/wmrf ;crfjeBh yAefymifudef rl bcOfjcrfj/ wDjndif @uvFef @twh ayM;awvAifhvl

qd lifheB nrf bOBhydlif ,f gbwDjwmif ;udef/ ,mrf ;eBhtwh vkof @vAifhcOfjcrfjrmef @tvj OBhwmif ;udefyAefyd lif ,f gb/

q. rf ;eifb Zdifjrmef @ vBjwrf ;Omif ;zuf ;rDbwif ;oAifj urf ;vAOf / nrfbrD ;ydlifwmBOBh awvBjudef zuf ;rDbvf g,OfhrD beefh/ wDjzldefnmBj[M;cOfeifjOBheefh rD ;zuf;odyf ;[MjrD b/

76 Gordon Luce77 Authur Waley78 Frank Brangwyn


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cBboFifZef;crf; 27

awvBjudef zuf;odyf ;[MjrD burf ;vAOf / ayM;Zdifjxkif ;nmBj[M;cOftwh of g bzuf ;n.ef bo.ifomrf rD b ef g ;aza[udef / rd lefeif b edlOfuBbclOfj? cMrl[Fifj? nMbvl;qMjo.ifomrfvkufj? zuf ;

cAOfuyf ;n.ef bndwf ;ndwf ;/ wDjrdd lif ;rmef @twh awvBjudef zuf ;odyf ;[MjrD burf ;vAOf / wDjndif @uvFef @ wMb[mifj[Fef ; [Awf ;zuf ;odyf ;[MjrD b {jayM;vFyfj? {jayM;Omefeefh,myf bnd lOfj/ wDjrd lif ;rmef @twhimBj,lb/

ef g;&MbqOmif brmef bemef; 79 eefh wF rfjOBhv.ifjzdlef cOfj qOfjZMhrd lOfjymef yumef beefhqdlifheB / ed lOfzd lef cOfj rD;zuf ;omrfymuf brD b/ [mifj[Fef ;zuf ; {jayM;vFyfjuef /zuf ;[dkef ;+rf ayh zuf ;nefqA rf ;/ yM;nefOmefnefolrfj/ nef rBjayhnefclrf / erfhzuf ;

ayh nefzAwf ;/ ayM;udef ,Ofhwif ;oAifjauMj vFOfvBjvDvDimrf ;imrf;ef g ;w.ifh/ ymefyumef b

nef =dOfj=dif;rM;eefh okwf ;oAifjOmB ;ug Mb,Ofh/ wMbnmBj[M;cOftwh vkof @u.pf ;[Fef ;yef zuf ; odyf ;[MjrD bOBh/ zuf ;nefvDnefimrf ;rlwf ;rlwf;/ [Fef ;OBh odyf;[MjrD baowMh yM;nefOmefnefolrfj? nef rBjnefclrf ? nefqA rf ;nefzAwf; {jayM;vFyfjuef / wDjzdlef vBj[efxFifj oAefjqdkOfjzuf ;u.ef b/ vkof @eBh ref ;cFef bvdufjvFwf@xdef @ 80 tvj qdkOfjzuf ;qdlOf ;eefh yefqdkOfjvFwf @xdef @OBhrlwf;rlwf ;/

nef rM;wrf ;yef n.efwmif ;twh yAefcOfj/ nOfzuf ;wmif brDbu.ifof gb ef g;az cOfja[udef / nmBj[M;twh wlpf ;qdkOfjzuf ;a[ qf gcf gjudef ,F rfh ayM;nrfb,dlefhuefjvBj/

ayM;udef cOfj,Ofh cOf cf gj=h[mB ;umef nmBj[M;wMbug Mbtvbrdlif ;wB ;eefh/ awvBj ,lboOf;q.rf ; qOfjZMhcOf [Mh? xFifjorfhqOfjemif;cOf /

wDbwD bvkof @ auMhyAefar;emif ;vkof @eefh xmrfnmBj[M; ]w.efjwMb cf gj[ef qOfjemif ;qOfj,dif ;u.pf ;twh ol rfnrf bvlOf bn.ufbrd lif ;rmef @ug Mb,Ofh? wDjeBh awvBj[ef qOfj,dif ;ef g ;a[McOf ,l b? ol,mrfjxlyf ; vmef ,dif ; qOfjZMhrmef @rdef ;wlif ;[Mh}

nmBj[M; vBj,dkefv.ifj,lyfj,. rf ;nmBj[M;/ cOfyAefzf geB / wD bwDbvkof@odkyf bvmwfjwFuf bwFufbvFif;vFif ;/

]urfhu.ef b? olnrf b,mrfjidef;[Mh v.ifjc.ifbusD ;z,M;cOf c.if bz,M;cOf 81 eefh

[Of ;twho.ef b olyAefulef ;=hv.ifjrdlif ;rmef @OBh wif ;erfeB / wDjtwh oleBhrdlefulef ;w.ifjwAOf ; [Awf ;uFifj=hv.ifjrd lif ;rmef @vDvDeefhu.pf;vlif}

nmBj[M;vBjw.yf btuj ugmrf ;wD bwD bvkof @/ nmBj[M;aw[Awf ;[dkOf =h v.ifjulef;auMhqdkOfjOMj c.ifbusD;z,M;eefhvMb/

]ref ;uBhekifjrd lefulef ;qmB ;a[ ulyfhyBq. rf ;emif ;,dif ;auMhek difjwMbaob}

]ndk rf @ C} nmBj[M;[Awf ;uFifj nrf bvmuf bvmB ;oif/ wD bwDbvkof @odkyf b vmwfj/

79 rSef eef ;r[ m&mZ0i f 80 Latin81 acgi fBuD;bk&m;?acgi f bk&m;


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28 ckef,kif;cAOf

]olnrf b=hoifu.pf;? crfjeBhyAef[dkOfOMj? nrf bvBj[efvFwf ;aondwf ;? x. rf b? rD ;qOfj,dif ;rl dif ;Oef;n.uf bauMhek difj? yAefvkufjvmefqOfjZMhrdlif ;rmef @? o.ef bOMjndif ;uvAwfj

cOf ,dkwf;nOf a[Mcrf ;cOftvj rd lif ;cOf,Ofh? ref ;ekifjrdlefulef ;qmB ;auMhed kifj? nrf bxmif bndif ;uvAwfjcOfyAefulef ;? cOfjn.uf b[Awf;auMhq.rf ;cOf? oDhtujndif ;uvAwfjcOfa[ ,l boOf ; rdlefndif ;uvAwfjcOf ? =hy.if b[Mh nef [Of;cB@eefh? rD;qOfj,dif ;eifbauMheBh,l b[drf ;eBh,l b?orfhawcdkefjugMb[MqOfj,dif ; wDjrd lif ;wB ;eBtwh nrf byB bomifbxkuf b,lOfh? ,lbwDjeBhtvj?

[Of ;awod kyf brdkwfjyef ? ref ;auMjawrdkwfjol,lb}

nmBj[M;yM;qf grM;ndwf ;ndwf ;/ OlefhzefZmif [mif @qOfj,dif ; auMhqdkOfjOMj c.if busD ;z,M; nefOMjeefh/ wMbvBjxlyf ;[ef qOfj,dif ;rmef@ auMhrD ;qf gvmuf bvmB ;eBh yAef okef brmefnefek difjvl;/ ulpf ;uMj ZD @vdyf @-aZM@uM@xD @ yf ghnmBj[M;wDjrd lif ;wB ;OBh/ omB vlrf ;vkufhwDjref ; zFOfrM;wDjnmBj[M;/ c.if busD;z,M; auMhwDbwD bvkof @vmwfjeefhtwhnmBj[M; nrf bqmif @xlyf ;,Ofh/ awvBj[mifj[Fef ;wMbcdkefjrdlif ;wB ; urf ;vAOf ,Ofh/ wDbwD bvkof @ wlpf ;nmBj[M;ao clOfOBh[if ;ref ;/ ,.uf bnmBj[M;u.pf ;,lOfh/ c.if busD ;z,M; nefOMjeefhauMj awqmif @yAefqOfj,dif ; nef ref;Olefhzef a[ vmwfj,.uf bu.pf ;auMj nrf b

=hvlif /

nmBj[M;cOfeifjnkyf bawMbxdkifodyf ;nAwf ;rlif ;/

rdlOfjnmBj[M;cOf rd lOf ;eefhvdkufhawh,Ofh/ vyf ;odifbOBhawh,Ofh/ vBjvrf ;vd rf ;

cOfj ef g ;tujwlefjrBh/ u.yfjrD;omBvFif ;vmOfu.pf ;tvj nrfbayM;vBj[ef yMbwlefjrBhqFifjvFif ;vD / wDjeMje.ifauMj vBj[efiOf ;vmOftvj vmOfek difjvkufjeBh tzjyAefvmOfo.ifvkufjOBh/ ck defjeldOf =dOf ;orfbyef ba[ ZmB ;cmrfj rM;wmif ;=def ;umiferfhcdkef ;/ oFOf bnmB [d kef;+rf

r.uf b[mif @vDcOf OFwfhv.rfhnmBj[M;cOfOBh/


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cBboFifZef;crf; 29

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cmOf ;wmif ;umwf bavMh

umwf bavMheBh yAefOAif;edlOfv. B nef rD ;[drf ;vFefvdef rd lif ;rmef@rdlif ;wB ;/ vkufhwDjeMjerfhymif bvmB bokif oDb[Aifxwf ;/ yAefOAif ; nefzljrD;qefhndif;uvAwfj wDjwMjukifjcOf rM;vdkOfj z.if ;cmOf ;rBjeefh/ zljrD ;qefhndif ;uvAwfjurfjerf ayM;vd kOfjumefnOfydef bodef b

,OfhauMj nrf brldOf ;rdlif ;zif =ufjzift[bao ug Mbyuf ;,lbwDjumwf bavMh/ wDjumwf bavMh rD; =def ;OmB @xdif @vifed kifj/ wif ;wMjukifj uBoD bymuf bvuf ;tvj Oef ;vAOfu.pf ;twh nrfb+wfjvBj/ awr. Bjq.rf ;wmif ;/ u.yfjeB vBjqf guef wMbcOfje.ef ;wDjysdef;reM;82 nefuBo.ifymuf b

[Mjodyf ;vuf;eefh/ uM;OmB @xdif @ xFifjvrf ;ek difjeefhtwh yAefoFef ;nefnar@&D@uef @ cOf +ifhoaw@osFef @OFuf @u.ef @ 83 nefOMjeefh/ wmif bclOf ;? {jvkufjqmifjulef ;qf ghcD bwmif ;vif ao n.uf bwMjukifjrM; rdlOfjcmOf ;umifOef ; vFwf bwdkufhrBj[Fif ;,l beefh/

oAefjwmif ;nefn.uf bwMjukifjrM;eefhvDawh/ oAefjwmif ;,mifeBh vrfvd lrfjOBh/ ug mifjauMjugmifj,Ofh wDji.uf;ref ;auMjugmifj wMbuM;o.ifvrf ;,mif byefuefu.pf ;/ nrf bqd lifhcmOf ;wmif ;/ ayM;rD ;odyf ;[MjrDhedwfjauMj vwf ;[drf ; ymifbvFifrdef rdef buvMbwlifb 84 nefyAefn.ifj wDjvFif rdef qd lOf ;ug Mbrl dif ;tcb? rdlif ;xB ;? rl dif ;anM@oxa&@vD @,d lOf @ 85 cOf

cOfjvdkOfjeefh/ ayM;a[Mjr.ufj ek difjrlif;ymBodyf;[MjxdkifyMbud lOf

86

/ oAefjwmif ; auMjodkOfjeMb vBjvwf ;cmrfjwlifjeM; rM;/ vBj[efxmwfjolpf barMbaxM; 87 ulefbyif;OBh/ qA rf rd lOfj1930 zFef bvdefOBeefh yB brD ;zf g rM;tr;uk rf ;auMbxFifj/ ayM;awauMbxmwfjaqbwD b

rf g bauMj xkuf bvDof g byM;oOfvAuf ; wMbqifj[Fif ;zFefbvdefOBeefh/

82 ysOf ;rem; 83 Station Wagon84

r*Fvm' kH85 Austrailia86 yJcl; 87 a&Tarmf a"mbk&m;


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30 ckef,kif;cAOf

ayM;ylefhyMbudlOf nrf bqf gjoAefjwmif ;,mif,Ofh/ oAefjwmif ;twhvD ,l b/ ulpf ;uMj zkef brkufjerf / uM;ug Mbug MbrM;rM; nrf bayM;rD ;erftvj edkifjqlOf @rlif;a[MjrM; qAwf ;

odyf ;vuf ;/ rdlOfjnrf byB bzFOfw.if bilb88

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zFOfw.if bil b rd lOfj 3 rlif ;ymB 50 rDhedwfj/ vkufhwDjwMjukifj a[MjrM;cmOf ;wmif ;ymuf byFwf bodyf;vuf ; ef g ;oD bqlOf@rlif ;tvj vBjo.efbOMj zwfhzAif buef ed kifjqlOf @rlif ;

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ref ;/ ref ;,lbwDj=def ; nefrd lOfjn.efwmif ; ,mrfj[Awf ;=if ;udefcOfjwyfhodkuf ;eefh/ yAef =def ;rBhouf ;vlif nefyM;+ifjwif ;erf / ymefodkyf bymef vFufjvmB @rM;tvj awMjvAOf zljxwf ;odefOAif ;w.if bil b yAefrmef @auMhek difjrM;/ rmef ;,mrfj[myfbumefvlify.ifqdkifj wf gjnmBj[M;wDjwMjukifj z.if ;r.ufj 1930 eefh/

ulpf ;uMj nmBj[M;cOf nrf bqmif @vdkOfjwDjref ;[dkif / nmef ;{jzFOfysdef;reM; wmrf ; crfj=uf ;rlif ;/ vkufhwDjw.ifbil b awMbxd kifysdef ;reM; rD ;xFifjqAwf ;odyf ;vuf ;/ zFOfysdef ;reM; rd lOfj 8;30/ wDjysdef ;reM; nrf brD ;=if ;[Frf ;=if ;vdkOfje.ef ;oif/ ulpf ;uMj rD ;+ifje.ef ;n.ef buFyfhuFyfh nefqyf ;OBhuef wif;oFif bwmif ;udef wDjwMjvFifZB ;eefh/ =dOfhr. BjrM;

88 awmi f i l89 Wolsley or Vauxhall


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32 ckef,kif;cAOf

xkuf ba[twh cOfawvmwfj ]nosdef bz,M; nxl ;oazM;u.if;twb}92 qOfj[Of ;qf gvDusMheB /

ayM;ol yefvdlOfxFifjao nef cOf ,.ef;eefhtwh vlrf;cf gj[Awf ;umef [mOfjn.uf b rM; awhawhOMjOMj/ vkufhwDjeMjof gwMuD@eefh awn.ufbacMjug mrf ;,k rfh,k rfh,mBj,mBjrM;/

nmBj[M;cOforfh cD buM;n.uf bwmif ;rM;tvj nrfbqmif@[efemif ;,dif;[myfbclOf ; qd lOf ; arMausMbarMrlefjeefh/ nmBj[M;cOf vwf ;[drf ;wMjvFifZB ;a[ cdkefjv. B rdlif ;wB ; nef rD;cmOf ;wmif ;=uf ;odyf ;vuf;eefh/ Zmif ,ArfjauKj nrfbvFufjvmB @oif/ rd lefuOfbvmBvmBtvj vD

cmefh/ wDjeBh ug Mbckuf ;qf gvBj wmif ;[mif@vD vdef rd lif ;ndif @uvFef @ nmBj[M;cOf / ayM;ug Mb cmOf ;wmif ; =uf ;odyf ;vuf ; wDjndif @uvFef @twh awvBj[ef Zmif,A rfjrAOf ;edkifj,OfhrAOf ;

ek difj/ nefedkifjwif ;nefek difj nrf boljrldefuef / ayM;cmrfjylefhyMbrBhauMj awvBj[efvdef [B @eM;/ xFifjorfhyMb,d lOfjcAOf / eefhyAef erfhvdef [defzM rdlif;ndif @uvFef @/ ulpf ;uMj ukefvlifan@osLdOf @;eBh ug mifjeMbnM;vM;/ Zmif ,A rfj nefek difjeBh nrf bqmif @okwf ;vBjimBjimBj/ vBj[efwif ;[d kif / ef g ;cmOf ;wmif ;vuf ;edkifj yMbrBheBh nrf bokwf ;vBj/ nrf byB bvBj[ef vdef[B @eM;/ ayM;vBjcOfjef g;yMbrBhnefedkifj ugMbxFifjauMj yAefyMbrBhu.pf ;/ xdkif wDjvD cmefh,Ofh qif bud kifhumifh vBjn.uf byMbrBhugMb/

oAefjwmif ;cdkefjokif rM;urf;ndwf ;ndwf ;/ wmif ;i.uf ;nef rdlefi.ufjo.uf beefhauMjerf rM;/ yMbrBhnefedkifj,Ofhnefek difj/ wDjoAefjwmif ;i.uf ;wDjek difj,OfhwDjek difj/ nrfb

qf gjoAefjwmif; nefqmif @[efwmif ;wf gjwdefv. BaowMh qduf ;v. B auMj orfhyB bqf gjeif buOf b/ef g;tujyMbrBhqdlOf ;eefh vdefyOfbvmyfjauMjvBj[ef rD;wif ;erf / yMbrBh,Ofhv.uf;yOf b?v.uf ;yOfb,OfhyMbrBh/ od kyf buefodkyf buefOBhxFifj/ nefyFuf bnefyd lifja[auMj nrf bvBj[ef oif / ef g;cmOf;wmif ;y.wf ;n.ef beefh u.pf ;vBj[ef wlefjrBhrAOf ;vf g / wlefjrBhwmif brAOf ;clef ; avM;uefOBhaowMh nrfbayM;vBj=h[efqFifj/ ayM;xd kifwDji.uf ;nefedkifj v. rf r.if ; awvBj[efoifxFifjeB / ulpf ;uMj rD;nefi.uf ;[Aifek difjauMj nrf bvmuf bvmB ;oifrM;/ ulpf ;uMjwDjvk def ;okwf ; vBj[efwlefjyFufbtvj nmBj[M;ql rf;ug Mbawhawhnd lOfj/ uM;nmBj[M;cOf auMj

cOfjrM;ef g ;omyf b vdefyAif ;n.ef bnefedkifj/ ymifbyAif ;eBh nrf bayM;ugmifj/ ulpf;uMj ug mifj aoyMbrBh qdlOf ;vBj[efwDjwmif ;tvj ef g ;qf gnmBj[M; imB ;rd lefvkufhwDjaon.ifjn.ifj v.wfj rM;eefh/ ef g ;umifxkifhyAif ;n.ef beBh rD ;OAif ;umwf bavMh ud kuf ;yM;umwfbOMj? wMjvFifZB ;OMj/ed lOfymef ;wmyfjv. B [d rf ;OAif ;eefh rD;olef r.uf buD @oDul @rAOf;/ ef g;umifolef r.ufbqdlOf ;eefh

rD ;=def ;ymif buvlOf b erfhrdkOf ;ndif ;uvAwfjcOfwif ;erf/ [drf ;wmif ;eB auMj rD;wlefjyFuf bul @wDj/ vFyfjvOf ;[mif @vD awhvlif/ nrfbqf gjwlefjyFuf b ef g ;xdlef bef g;cldOf ;? rdlefwlefjyFuf bulef ;vkrf ;vM;wlpf ;vlOBhvDvDeefh/ vBjokwf bvlrf ;auMjolwf bof gOBh/ vl rf;,Aefn.ef bauMjvFefjwf gjomBvFwf b/ vBjokwfb nmB +rf[dkef ; nefnrf brd lefuef wif ;nmBoFOf bvkufhwDj

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cBboFifZef;crf; 33

vdef cF rfjvFwf b vkufhwmif ;wf gjn.ufbrM;/ OAif ;umwf bavMheBh rd lefOmif ;olefn.ef b nefqOfj =def ;auMhek difj vk rf ;vM;yluf ;y.ifOBheefh/ qf gnmBj[M; ydOfug Mbwmif ;uBykefhxFifj/

=def ;OmB @xdif @ rD;OBhwmif ;ed lOfwMjvFifZB ; ed lOfv. B [def nefokifr.ufjymuf bxwf ;eefh/ awvBjOMj yAefa[M=def;n.ef b wMbulef ;tvbvrf;wlOfxd lef bcOf vdkOfjoOf ;eB auMjvBj/ =def ;eBhrD;qefhek difju.pf;aowMh yM;+ifjcFuf b+ifjek difjtvj +ifje.ef ;omrf+ifj/ ef g;umif +ifjcFuf beefh rD;zD;ZB ;nefek difj [dkif;OBh/ xFifjorfh rD;rMn.ef bvD[ufhydlefj nef

arM[Of b Okufj hhh Okufj hhh eefhu.ef b/


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34 ckef,kif;cAOf

Ð

ydkwf beMj=Of [Fufj

OmB ;ao udef ,OfhvdkOfj,Ofheefh nmBj[M;cOf zFefumef cyfhrmB cmOf ;wmif ;/ qOfjemif ;wdyfhxD ;vM; nrf byB bzFOfrM;OMj/ cmOfbref ;auMj nrf bvBjidef ;oif / nefvDaoydlefjeefhtwh

rldOfjzkufj nmBj[M;cOf awugMbOAif ;iOfjrdlif ;wB ; wlefjwD ;ao awxmrfv.ifjqOfjemif ;wdyfhxD;vM;/ q.ifbref ;rD ;zFefumefoifOBh wMbcmOf ;wmif ;nmBj[M;/ xkufbvDilyfhiDhuefawhawhnd lOfj/ xFifjorfh awvBjck difOBhwmif bnef qd lOf ;xkuf bvD[Fef ;eefhu.efb/ OmB @xdif@vmwfj

]xkuf bvDugMbxlyf ;vmB @Zf ao@93nd lOfj}

]vmB @Zf ao@yAefzf g}]wDjy.wf ;eBhtwh n.efuef =hquf;ref ;erf ? xkufbvDug Mbxlyf ;ref ;ndlOfj? ref ;

[Awf ;=def ;ef g ;e.if[mB ;,Mj wDjOAif ;,.ifj=pf b? awMjvAOf umB b=def ;vifek difjwmif ;e.ufjwlefjwD; a[,l boOf;? ,mrfj[myf bumefodkuf ; awMbxdkifqefh ckefodkuf ;vlif ? xFifjorfh ref ;yAefulef ;vlif ;[Aef ; wDj=if;[Aef ;qd kOfjvdkOf ;nD@xef @94eefhndlOfj}

nmBj[M;vmwfj

]ayM;yAefvkufj[Aef;uOfbnD @xef @eBtwh vDolefqf g ,lb? ulef;ndif ;uvAwfj[Of ;

eBh ayM;yAefvkufj[Aef ;uOf bnD@xef @eB olefqf gedlOf cOfwMbaob? ayM;OMjulef ;[Awf ;=def ; ,lbef g;umiferfhwDjukefvlif an@osLdOf @eB awwdlOf ;olefqf gu.ef b? [Of ;awvBjxlyf ;ref ;qd lifh [d kOf}

]eefh,OfheMb nef ,myf bOBh? ref ;ug MbwAwf b,lb[if ;ref ;auMhvAOf ? nrf bayM; cOfjn.ufbydlefj}

]vmwfjxFifjtvj v.ifjref ;}

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cBboFifZef;crf; 35

]ref ;nrf bxlyf ; ulef ;ndif ;uvAwfj rdlefwrf ;Omif;rmBrDjOBheefh? ayM;yAefzljrD;qefhndif ;uvAwfj cFef ;nrf bcf gjxlyf;u.efbOMj? vmuf bvmB ;awh,l b? ref ;,mrfj[myf bumef ef g;

wyfhyvdufj,dyf;u.ifj? vkufhwDjeefhn.ufbrM;a[ vk dOfjnOfydef bodef byFwfj? wDjzif=ufjzift[b ref ;auMjnrf brdlOf ;? wDjOmefje.ufjeM;ymifbndif @uvFef @eefh rD ;wlifjeM;c.if cOfyDje.ifhwif;erfOMj? =def ;vlif =def ;vmif auMj rD ;wif ;erf ? ulpf ;uMj ref;nrfbrd lOf ;? ref ;nOfomOfwB ;n.ef bauMhek difj? ref ;,lboOf ;q.rf ;ar;ref ;? ol awvBj[ef ,l b? [Of ;auMj nrf byB b

,mrfjxlyf ;ref ;? ulpf ;uMj ,mrfjidef ;ref ;vmwfjOMj edlOfvk rfjZMheBh nrf brD;qmOf ;cldOf ;ulef ;vf g vD[ufhrdlefwB ;eBOMj}

][Of ;olefqf grM;awh,Ofh? awMbxdkif ,mrf ;eBh nmBj[M;nrf byB bvBjxlyf ; ulef;wB ;

aoauMh? ulpf ;uMj cdkef ;odkyf bv.ifjvmB @Zfao@tvj? [Of ;awvBjxlyf;ref ;qdlifh[d kOf ? [M;o.if auMh nrf bqf gjzlj[myfbumefvlify.ifqdkifj,OfhauMj nmBj[M;orfh awvBjug Mb,lboOf ;q. rf ;zljrD;qefhvlif auMhek difj? aw[Awf;[d kOf}

nmBj[M;cOf vBjacMjw.yfbtujimBjimBj/ OmB @xdif @vmwfjrM;

][Of ;vlOfbrD;ulef ;od kyf brdkwfjyef ? rD ;auMhed kifjndlOfj? ref ;yAef:.rf @95}

nrf bvBjxlyf ;uefwif ;:. rf@ rD;odyf ;omrfyD@,Ofh/ rd lOfjqif b[M =hquf ;ref ;eefh ref ;yAef ckefz.if ;[email protected]. ByvFwfjOMh96 / [email protected]. ByvFwfjOMheBh rD;ef g ;tujumif [email protected] rdlif ;ndef @wD@,dlOf @eefh/ nmBj[M;,mrfjudefcOfjcrfjq. rf ;ref ;vmBvmBy.ufj/ wDjzM+ifjcFuf bref ; cFefOBh=OfwlOfowf ;nefyM;cOfeefhwif ;erf /

ref ;yM;qf gtvbvrf ;wlOfxd lef b/ xFifjorfh ref ;arMzkuf bo. rfjvk rf ;vM;olef / orfhyAefulef ;vAefj[Fif ;auMhek difj/ ayM;vd kOfjumefvlify.ifqdkifj,OfhauMj ug Mb,l bwDjndif @uvFef @vBj vDvDimrf ;imrf;aowMh ref ;nrf brdlOf ; nOfomOfwB ;auMhedkifjao,lb wDjumwf bavMhOBh/

]:. rf @,lbwDj=def ;qmBhwM[Of ;eefhu.pf ;? rdlOfj[Of ;nrf byB bn.uf b rdlOfjzkufj[Of ;ug Mbxlyf ;ref ;a[ ugMb,.ef ;vdufjodkyf brdkwfjug Mj? ol ,mrfj[ef ar;ref ;teb}

]ndlOf ;=dOf b hhh}

]vD[ufhyd lefjawh}

xFifjef gzkufj yFwfbrlif ; nmBj[M;cOf cmrfjugMbwmif ;=def ;:. rf @cOf/ =def ;ref ;rD ;ed lOfqduf ;ymef;wmyfjv. Bao wmif ;viforfhrD ;yMbwlefjyFuf b/ ef g;Omif ;olef=def ;auMj rD ;wlefjr.uf bul @rAOf;/ wDjwM=Ofheefh vBj[efr.uf bo. rfbr.uf bc.if buD@OBh/ ug Mbckuf ;qf gvBj r.uf bxlOf bcmrf;wDj

rdlif ;ndif @uvFef@eefh/ xFifjorfh omOfOmefje.ufjndif @uvFef @cOf ekifjuMbOkef byM;vmB ; r.uf boDul@rAOf ;eefh/ yAef =def ;nOfnkwf bvFif auMbOBh rD;qefhed kifju.pf ;/ wDjomif bOmif b

95 Thom96 Deputy Commissioner of Paletwa Hill Tract97 ppf awG


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36 ckef,kif;cAOf

eefh rD;cdlOf ;nefu.yfj cdkefjedlOfoOf ao uD @r.uf boDvd lifOBh/ ugMbrdlef r.uf b qkyfberfhzdkifjwDjrd lif ;nmBj[M;cOf / :.rf @ekifjoldOfjrlifjrlifjvlif wd kOf;cFyf ;wdefnefqMh vBjokyf ;nOfeefh

a[ yBnAefjef g;olefOBh/ ayM;[efnmBj[M;cOf ql rf ;qlrf ;od lOf ;odlOf ; +ifhcOfjef g;=def ;/ wDjzM +ifjcFuf bvBj[ef =OfwlOfowf ; nefyM;cOf qdlOf ;wdkufhud kwf;OBheefh/ vBj[efyM; cFyf ;ymef ;oDwif ; yyfhurfjz.ifj/ +ifjeBh awyAef +ifjref ;wFrfjvdufj/ rmify.ufj ref ;wFrfjvdufjyk dwf bef g;rFufhuqdef ; ndif @uvFef @zd kefek difj/ ref;n.efte ef g;=def ;e.ufj=def ; q.wfbq.wf b/eifja[clefhcB @ v.ifjOef;yMjvifcd kef ;/ ayM;,Ofh nmBj[M;cOf ,.ef ;vdufjodkyfbrdkwfj wMbyefvmB @Zf ao@/ ref ;vkufhug Mba[ wFrfjyefurf ;vAOf/

nmBj[M; nrf byB bvBj[ef ar;wB ;ref;eefh/ nmBj[M;cOf n.uf b=def ;rM;/ vdufjodkyf b rd kwfjtwh zFOfef g;x.if ;nmBj[M;,Ofh/ rd lOfjwlifhwufhuefeefh nmBj[M;vmwfj

]odkyf brd kwfjyef wif ;ar;olz.ifjavMb}

]nM; hhh qf gjnd lOfj? vlOf bvBjodkyf brdkwfjyefnd lOfj}

ref ;qlrf ;eMbnM;vM;ao +ifhymOfbqd kOfjacMjek difj/ yAefoifa[ nmBj[M;nrf bw.if ;/ emif ;,dif;n.ef bauMhek difj zFOf rM;wDjzuf ;wlurf ;vAOf / ,. rf ao;ao;n.efbu.pf ;/ekifjOBhodefjvmBjoDo. rf bvrf wif ;odlOfjo.efh/ wlpf ;Zmif [mif @eMjwMauMj vFyfjvuf ;vF rf ,lb/ vBj[ef ef g ;rdkOf ;ref ;,dyf ;yM; zd k fefcmOf bolb&d,98zdkefedkifj/ ref ;,dyf ;rdkOf ;

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Lords of the Sunset Shan Version