LORETO VALENZUELA The CSP for Small and Medium ... VALANZUELA...Stirling engine + electrical generator Reflector CSP Technologies: Point-focus systems 5 Technology Central Receiver

LORETO VALENZUELA The CSP for Small and Medium Sized Installations

Outline

• CSP technologies and review of commercial projects:

– Point-focus systems

– Line-focus collectors

• Challenges for the development of CSP for small and medium sized installations

The CSP for Small and Medium Sized Installations Naples, April 10, 2015, EnergyMed 2

CSP Technologies

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• What is a Concentrating Solar thermal Power (CSP) plant? – A CSP plant is a system where beam solar radiation is concentrated

and then converted into thermal energy at medium/high temperature (150°C - 800°C). This thermal energy is used in a thermodynamic cycle to produce electricity, to feed an industrial process, for solar heating/cooling applications,…

CSP Technology

Point-focus systems

Central Receiver system (CR)

Parabolic dishes with Stirling engines

Line- focus collectors

Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC)

Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR)

The CSP for Small and Medium Sized Installations Naples, April 10, 2015, EnergyMed

CSP Technologies

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and then converted into thermal energy at medium/high temperature (150°C - 800°C). This thermal energy is used in a thermodynamic cycle to produce electricity, to feed an industrial process, or a solar heating/cooling system.

CSP Technology

Point-focus systems







Stirling engine + electrical generator

Reflector

CSP Technologies: Point-focus systems

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Technology Central Receiver (CR) systems Parabolic dishes

Description Heliostats field track the sun and concentrates solar radiation into the receiver (focus) located in the top of a tower

Parabolic dish (reflector) tracks the sun to concentrate solar radiation into a flat or cavity receiver

Concentration ratio 200 to 1500 suns >1000 suns

Tracking system Two-axis Two-axis

Fluid temperatures @570°C for molten salts or steam); @1000°C for air

@850°C (compressed gasses He or H2)

Typical capacity 10-200 MWe 3-25 kWe (Stirling engines)

Storage with MS Available Not proven

Receptor

Heliostatos

Receiver

Heliostats


Property of Torresol Energy © Torresol Energy

Ivanpah, Brightsource Energy © 6

• PS10 (Abengoa); since 2007; Spain; 11 MWe; DSG; No storage; No hybrid

• PS20 (Abengoa); since 2009; Spain; 20 MWe; DSG; No storage; No hybrid

• Gemasolar (Torresol); 2011; Spain; 20 MWe; MS; 15 h storage; No hybrid

• Ivanpah (BrightSource); 2014; USA; 377 MWe; DSG; No storage; No hybrid

• ….

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CR plants: Large commercial systems

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• MARICOPA plant (USA) from Tessera Solar (2010-2012):

• Total power 1.5 MWe; 60 dishes with 25-kWe units ; Decommissioned

• INFINIA power plant in Villarrobledo, Spain:

• Total power 1 MWe: 333 dishes 3-kWe units; Not operated

• Difficulties to develop commercial projects due to:

• Higher cost compared to other CSP technologies and specially comparing to PV and CPV technology

• Few suppliers of Stirling engines

• Reliability and durability of Stirling engines

Parabolic dishes: Commercial systems

7 The CSP for Small and Medium Sized Installations Naples, April 10, 2015, EnergyMed

CSP Technologies

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and then converted into thermal energy at medium/high temperature (150°C - 800°C). This thermal energy is used in a thermodynamic cycle to produce electricity, to feed an industrial process, or a solar heating/cooling system.

CSP Technology

Point-focus systems







Parabolic trough

reflectors

Absorber tubes (receiver)

Piping

Technology Linear Fresnel collectors (LFC) Parabolic troughs (PTC)

Description It has a fixed receiver pipe while mirrors track the sun. Concentrator has a trough shape divided into multiple small reflector lines.

Parabolic trough (reflector) tracks the sun in a single axis to transfer the energy to the fluid circulating through the absorber (moving receiver pipe) .

Concentration ratio >50 suns (depends on secondary reflector)

Up to 70 suns

Tracking system One-axis One-axis

Fluid temperatures @500°C for direct steam generation (DSG)

@500°C for DSG; @400°C for synthetic oil

Typical capacity 10-200 MWe 10-300 MWe

Storage with MS Not proven Available

CSP Technologies: Line-focus collectors

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Linear reflectors

Rotation axes

Absorber tube


• Systems with large commercial deployment

• SEGS experience, USA, since 1984; No storage; Hybrid

• Spanish power plants, since 2008 (Andasol 1); Storage with MS

• Worldwide deployment (USA, Middle East, North Africa, South Africa…)

• > 3 GWe (>70 CSP plants) in operation; Typical HTF oil

PTC plants: Commercial systems

Source: Solar Millenium AG Andasol – 3, Spain 10

5 MWe LFR plant in Kimberlina, USA

• Kimberlina (AREVA), USA; since 2008; 5 MWe

• DSG superheated steam @40bar/400°C; No storage; No hybrid

• Puerto Errado-1 (NOVATEC), Spain; since 2009; 1.4 MWe

• DSG saturated steam @50bar; No storage; No hybrid

• Puerto Errado-2 (Spain), Kogan Creek (Australia),….

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LFR plants: Commercial systems


Challenges for development of CSP for small and medium sized installations

• Commercial applications for distributed STE plants of

small/medium size (high cost of the land, isolated

areas, …)

– Development of cost effective and reliable Stirling engines

– Modular designs of multi-tower plants of small size (100

kWe-5MWe):

• Development of micro-turbines for solar –driven Brayton cycles

• Development of small-sized heliostat fields highly automatized


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• Modularity: small-sized heliostats + multi-tower systems

• Hybrid tower concepts (AORA Solar, eSolar, …) – Hybrid “Tulip” tower concept from AORA Solar:

• Typical unit capacity: 100 kWe + 170 kWt (demo plants in Israel and Spain)

• Compressed air@1000°C (gas turbine) (backup fuel: LHP)

AORA Solar (www.aora-solar.com)

CR plants: Emerging concepts



• Commercial applications for distributed STE plants of

small/medium size (high cost of the land, isolated

areas, …)

– Design of small-sized solar fields with PTCs 100 kWe-

5MWe):

• Designs of PTCs adequated for small/medium sized solar fields

• Use of enviromentally safe heat transfer fluids

• Improvement in the coupling of PTC solar fields and ORC for

reducing O&M costs

– Idem for linear Fresnel reflectors



• PTC/LFR technologies for small scale power systems

(e.g. co-generation):

– Coupling to ORC (<300°C) + Industrial Process Heat (IPH)

– Connection to the power cycle or IPH:

• Indirect (use of heat exchangers between solar field and process)

• Direct (steam generation directly in the solar field)

– Hybridization (concepts already proven):

• Solar field

• Power cycle


Other market potential

• PTC/LFR technologies for industrial process heat and solar heating/cooling applications

1EJ = 277.77 MWh



• Accompanying measures for efficient reseach and technical

development:

– Stable legal framework and properly planned for the short, medium and long-

term development of CSP technology.

– Dissemination of CSP technology, through specific degrees, masters, seminars,

etc., to increase the number of professionals with adequate training for

assuring the success of its commercial deployment .

– Fluid mechanisms and stable procedures to ensure effective communication

between different sectors (governments, R&D centers, and industrial sector).

– Funding programs, both at national and European level, to support R & D,

innovation and demonstration projects.

– Providing the industry specific regulations regarding standardization.

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The CSP for Small and Medium Sized Installations

For additional information on CSP commercial projects:

• Spanish Solar Thermal Electricity Association (PROTERMOSOLAR): www.protermosolar.com

• European Solar Thermal Electricity Association (ESTELA): www.estelasolar.eu

• Concentrating Solar Power Projects (NREL): http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/

Thank you very much! Loreto Valenzuela Gutiérrez CIEMAT, Plataforma Solar de Almería E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.psa.es


http://www.protermosolar.com/

http://www.estelasolar.eu/

http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/

http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.psa.es/

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LORETO VALENZUELA The CSP for Small and Medium ... VALANZUELA...Stirling engine + electrical generator Reflector CSP Technologies: Point-focus systems 5 Technology Central Receiver