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Loretta S. Shaw, Ph.D. student
Walden University
PUBH-8165-3
Instructor: Dr. Jeff Wu
Summer Term, 2009
This program is designed to increase the participant’s knowledge regarding in-door environmental hazards found within the public school systems
- Understand the importance of in-door air qualities
- Introduce chemicals used frequently in schools
- Discuss day to day exposure of hazardous materials
- Explain what causes illness
- Examine school safety options regarding air quality
•Council Bluffs Public School District
•Lewis Central Community School District
•St. Albert’s Catholic Schools
-School Administrators
-School Board Members
-Principals
-Facility Managers
-Teachers
-Custodians
-School Nurses
-Parents
-Community Members
*
To become a voice for the health and wellbeing of our students, faculty, staff and community so that a positive learning environment is achieved.
More than 53 million children and 6 million adults
utilize schools each day
In the United States there are more than 120,000
public and private schools
Most people spend 87-90% of their time inside
According to the EPA indoor air pollution is ranked among the top 5 environmental risks to public health
Source: Environmental Protection Agency, 2009
USA Today published statistics on 128,000 schools across the United States.
This publication measured the amount of outdoor air pollution that was found within our school buildings.
An Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tool was used to collect the data.
Source: USA Today, (2009) The Smoke Stack Effect
School District: Council Bluffs Community Schools
National Rank: 31st percentile
39,528 of 127,809 schools have worse air.
Note: Rankings are based on modeled concentrations and severity of chemicals known or believed to cause cancer or other health related problems
Source: USA Today (2009) The Smoke Stack Effect
Manganese and manganese compounds 52% of overall toxicity
Sulfuric acid 11% of overall toxicity
Toluene diisocyanate (mixed isomers) 9% of overall toxicity
Hydrochloric acid 7% of overall toxicity
Lead and lead compounds 4% of overall toxicity
Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2009)
Griffin Pipe Products Co.
Council Bluffs, Iowa M
idAmerican Energy Co Council Bluffs Energy Center
Council Bluffs, Iowa F
uture Foam Inc
Council Bluffs, Iowa O
maha Public Power District North Omaha Station
Omaha, Nebraska F
res-Co System USA Inc. Red Oak
Red Oak, Iowa
Sources: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Political Economy Research Institute and USA Today (2009) Smoke Stack Effect Report
School District: Council Bluffs Community Schools
National Rank: 1st percentile
326 of 127,809 schools have worse air.
Note: Rankings are based on modeled concentrations and severity of chemicals known or believed to cause cancer or other health related problems
Source: USA Today (2009) The Smoke Stack Effect
Manganese and manganese compounds 93% of overall toxicity
Lead and lead compounds 5% of overall toxicity
Toluene diisocyanate (mixed isomers) 1% of overall toxicity
Sulfuric acid 0% of overall toxicity
Xylene (mixed isomers) 0% of overall toxicity
Source: Environmental Protection Agency (2009)
Griffin Pipe Products Co.
Council Bluffs, Iowa F
uture Foam Inc
Council Bluffs, Iowa M
idAmerican Energy Co Council Bluffs Energy Center
Council Bluffs, Iowa O
maha Public Power District North Omaha Station
Omaha, Nebraska P
axton & Vierling Steel Co
Carter Lake, Iowa
Sources: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Political Economy Research Institute and USA Today (2009) Smoke Stack Effect Report
School District: Lewis Central Community
National Rank: 12th percentile
14,385 of 127,809 schools have worse air
Note: Rankings are based on modeled concentrations and severity of chemicals known or believed to cause cancer or other health hazards
Source: USA Today (2009) The Smoke Stack Effect Report
Manganese and manganese compounds 60% of overall toxicity
Toluene diisocyanate (mixed isomers) 13% of overall toxicity
Sulfuric acid 7% of overall toxicity
Hydrochloric acid 5% of overall toxicity
Lead and lead compounds 4% of overall toxicity
Source: Environmental Protection Agency (2009)
Griffin Pipe Products Co.
Council Bluffs, Iowa M
idAmerican Energy Co Council Bluffs Energy Center
, Council Bluffs, Iowa F
uture Foam Inc
, Council Bluffs, Iowa O
maha Public Power District North Omaha Station
, Omaha, Nebraska B
unge North America Inc
, Council Bluffs, Iowa
Sources: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Political Economy Research Institute and USA Today (2009) Smoke Stack Effect Report
School District: Council Bluffs Community
National Rank: 27th percentile
33,776 of 127,809 schools have worse air.
Note: Rankings are based on modeled concentrations and severity of chemicals known or believed to cause cancer or other illnesses
Source: USA Today (2009) The Smoke Stack Effect
Manganese and manganese compounds 49% of overall toxicity
Toluene diisocyanate (mixed isomers) 15% of overall toxicity
Sulfuric acid 10% of overall toxicity
Hydrochloric acid 6% of overall toxicity
Lead and lead compounds 4% of overall toxicity
Source: Environmental Protection Agency (2009)
Griffin Pipe Products Co.
Council Bluffs, Iowa M
idAmerican Energy Co Council Bluffs Energy Center
Council Bluffs, Iowa F
uture Foam Inc
Council Bluffs, Iowa O
maha Public Power District North Omaha Station
Omaha, Nebraska F
res-Co System USA Inc. Red Oak
Red Oak, Iowa
Sources: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Political Economy Research Institute and USA Today (2009) The Smoke Stack Effect Report
School District: Lewis Central Community
National Rank: 18th percentile:
22,170 of 127,809 schools have worse air.
Note: Rankings are based on modeled concentrations and severity of chemicals known or believed to cause cancer or other illnesses
Source: USA Today (2009) The Smoke Stack Effect
Manganese and manganese compounds 69% of overall toxicity
Toluene diisocyanate (mixed isomers) 8% of overall toxicity
Sulfuric acid 6% of overall toxicity
Lead and lead compounds 4% of overall toxicity
Hydrochloric acid 4% of overall toxicity
Source: Environmental Protection Agency (2009)
Griffin Pipe Products Co.
Council Bluffs, Iowa M
idAmerican Energy Co Council Bluffs Energy Center
Council Bluffs, Iowa F
uture Foam Inc
Council Bluffs, Iowa O
maha Public Power District North Omaha Station
Omaha, Nebraska F
res-Co System USA Inc. Red Oak
Red Oak, Iowa
Sources: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Political Economy Research Institute an USA Today (2009) the Smoke Stack Effect Report
School District: Council Bluffs Community
National Rank: 2nd percentile
1,627 of 127,809 schools have worse air.
Note: Rankings are based on modeled concentrations and severity of chemicals known or believed to cause cancer or other illnesses
Source: USA Today (2009) The Smoke Stack Effect
Toluene diisocyanate (mixed isomers) 80% of overall toxicity
Manganese and manganese compounds 9% of overall toxicity
Hexane, n- 9% of overall toxicity
Sulfuric acid 1% of overall toxicity
Lead and lead compounds 1% of overall toxicity
Source: Environmental Protection Agency (2009)
Future Foam Inc
Council Bluffs, Iowa B
unge North America Inc
Council Bluffs, Iowa G
riffin Pipe Products Co.
Council Bluffs, Iowa M
idAmerican Energy Co Council Bluffs Energy Center
Council Bluffs, Iowa O
maha Public Power District North Omaha Station
Omaha, Nebraska
Sources: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Political Economy Research Institute and USA Today (2009) The Smoke Stack Effect Report
School District: Council Bluffs Community
National Rank: 1st percentile
326 of 127,809 schools have worse air.
Note: Rankings are based on modeled concentrations and severity of chemicals known or believed to cause cancer or other illnesses
Source: USA Today (2009) The Smoke Stack Effect
Manganese and manganese compounds 93% of overall toxicity
Lead and lead compounds 5% of overall toxicity
Toluene diisocyanate (mixed isomers) 1% of overall toxicity
Sulfuric acid 0% of overall toxicity
Xylene (mixed isomers) 0% of overall toxicity
Source: Environmental Protection Agency (2009)
Griffin Pipe Products Co.
Council Bluffs, Iowa F
uture Foam Inc Council Bluffs, Iowa M
idAmerican Energy Co Council Bluffs Energy Center Council Bluffs, Iowa O
maha Public Power District North Omaha Station Omaha, Nebraska P
axton & Vierling Steel Co Carter Lake, Iowa
Sources: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Political Economy Research Institute and USA Today (2009) The Smoke Stack Effect Report
School District: Council Bluffs Community
National Rank: 2nd percentile
Note: Rankings are based on modeled concentrations and severity of chemicals known or believed to cause cancer or other illnesses
Source: USA Today (2009) The Smoke Stack Effect
Manganese and manganese compounds 91% of overall toxicity
Lead and lead compounds 5% of overall toxicity
Toluene diisocyanate (mixed isomers) 2% of overall toxicity
Sulfuric acid 1% of overall toxicity
Hydrochloric acid 0% of overall toxicity
Source: Environmental Protection Agency (2009)
Griffin Pipe Products Co. Council Bluffs, Iowa
Future Foam Inc Council Bluffs, Iowa
Paxton & Vierling Steel Co Carter Lake, Iowa
MidAmerican Energy Co Council Bluffs Energy Center Council Bluffs, Iowa
Omaha Public Power District North Omaha Station Omaha, Nebraska
Sources: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Political Economy Research Institute and USA Today (2009) The Smoke Stack Effect Report
School District: Council Bluffs Community
National Rank: 29th percentile
36,783 of 127,809 schools have worse air.
Note: Rankings are based on modeled concentrations and severity of chemicals known or believed to cause cancer or other illnesses
Source: USA Today (2009) The Smoke Stack Effect
Manganese and manganese compounds 52% of overall toxicity
Toluene diisocyanate (mixed isomers) 11% of overall toxicity
Sulfuric acid 10% of overall toxicity
Hydrochloric acid 6% of overall toxicity
Lead and lead compounds 4% of overall toxicity
Source: Environmental Protection Agency (2009)
Griffin Pipe Products Co. Council Bluffs, Iowa
MidAmerican Energy Co Council Bluffs Energy Center Council Bluffs, Iowa
Future Foam Inc Council Bluffs, Iowa
Omaha Public Power District North Omaha Station Omaha, Nebraska
Fres-Co System USA Inc. Red Oak Red Oak, Iowa
Sources: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Political Economy Research Institute and USA Today (2009) The Smoke Stack Effect Report
Safety
Cleanliness
Positive Attitudes and Behaviors
Exposure to Chemicals
Air and Water Quality
Source: Healthy Schools Campaign, 2009
- Indoor air pollutants may be 2-5 times higher than outdoor air pollution
Poor indoor air quality may be subtle
Source: American Lung Association, 2009
Most Affected Organ from Air Pollution
Source: Colome, McCunney, Samet & Swankin, 1994
- As important as maintaining the facilities
- Linked to test performance
- Better air quality leads to better attendance
- Physical comfort
Source: Healthy Schools Campaign, 2009
- Bronchial Infections
- Exacerbation of Asthma
- Rhinitis
- Conjunctival Inflammation
- Dyspnea
- Cough
- Fever
- Malaise
- Chest Tightness
Source: American Lung Association, 2009
- Children may be more vulnerable to environmental exposure because of the following:
Rapid growth and development
More breaths per minute in proportion to their body size
Their behaviors can expose them to more chemicals and organisms.
Source: Environmental Protection Agency, 2009
1. Combustion by-products
2. Microorganisms and allergens
3. Formaldehyde and other organic compounds
4. Asbestos Fibers
5. Tobacco Smoke
6. Radon
Source: Environmental Protection Agency, 2009
Chemical Releases
Pesticide Exposure
Mold
Asbestos
Lead Based Paint
Volatile Organic Chemicals
Source: Healthy Schools Campaign, 2009
Every person within the school district has a role
Clean Indoor Air Faculty Program
Informational Meeting for All Families
Educational Campaigns
Source: Healthy Schools Campaign, 2009
Pollutant Source Removed
Increased Ventilation Rates
Air Cleaning
Education and Communication
Source: Healthy Schools Campaign, 2009
Illnesses due to poor air quality
Caused by chemicals within the building
3 Factors: - Inadequate ventilation
- Poor system performance in the building
- Ventilation system is the problem
Source: American College of Medical Technology, 2009
Computerized Tool
Sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency
Source: Environmental Protection Agency, 2009
Better Learning Environment
Saves Energy
Comfortable
Source: Environmental Protection Agency, 2009
Higher Test Scores
Increased Daily School Attendance
Teacher Satisfaction
Reduction of Negative Environmental Impacts
Heat/Air Minimizes Pollutant Sources
Source: Environmental Protection Agency, 2009
Helps to maintain a healthy environment
Website to download these tools is:
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/index.html
Source: Environmental Protection Agency (2009)
-- Minute substances in the air
-- Unable to see with the naked eye 25-100 times thinner than a strand of hair
-- 2.5-10 micrometers: Smoke, dirt, dust, mold and pollen
-- < 2.5 micrometers: Toxic organic compounds and heavy metals
-Source: Flynn, Matz, Woolf & Wright, 2008
Lead:
Affects cognitive abilities Toxicity acute illness Lead levels > 10 g/dl
major health concern Indoors: Lead dust
Source: EPA, 2009
Mercury:
1990 latex paint contained elevated mercury levels
Phenyl mercuric Acetate: used to increase the shelf life of paint
No longer in use
Mold: Also known as fungi or mildew
-Requires moisture to grow
-Can grow on any surface
-Increases allergic and asthma reactions
Source: Environmental Protection Agency, 2009
-Occurs naturally with the breakdown of uranium
-Radioactive gas that can cause lung cancer
-Enters buildings through the ground underneath a
building
The Environmental Protection Agency recommends that all schools be
tested for radon gas
Source: Environmental Protection Agency, 2009
-Mineral fiber added to buildings for strengthening
-Asbestos fibers can be present in the air and inhaled
-Asbestos fibers in the lung can causes illnesses such as
asbestosis, lung cancer or mesothelioma
Source: Environmental Protection Agency, 2009
-- Known as VOCs
-- Emitted as gases at room temperature from solids and liquids
-- Concentrations of VOCs are 10 times greater indoors than outside
-- Found in many household items: hairsprays, paints, lacquers, pressed wood products, copiers, printers, markers, correction fluids, glues, adhesives and photography solutions
Source: Healthy Schools Campaign, 2009
- Every person from the students to the superintendent can help improve indoor air quality
- Each person has a specific job and responsibility
Cleaning
Printing
Science Labs
Art Classes
Vocational Shop Courses
Auto Repair Classes
Source: Healthy Schools Campaign, 2009
Green Clean Schools National Healthy Schools Campaign:
- Training of personnel for proper and safe use
- Procedures for storage, mixing and application
- 5 Step Process
Source: Healthy Schools Campaign, 2009
1. All solutions used within the school meet green standards as provided by one of the following companies: CA VOC, Eco Logo, Green Seal or DFE
2. Green equipment should be used
3. Green cleaning procedures
4. Use paper and plastic products that are green
5. Education for “green schools” should be provided to all people using the school.
(Healthy Schools Campaign, 2009)
Personal Responsibility
Decrease Emissions
C
lean Air Filters
Maintain Heating and Air Systems
Reduce Clutter
Source: Healthy Schools Campaign, 2009
Yearly budgeting should include maintenance and repair of heating and air units
Choose professional contractors that are aware of indoor air quality plans
Test all buildings fro radon and record radon levels
Share annual indoor air quality reports with school personnel, parents and interested community members
Source: Healthy Schools Campaign, 2009
Develop and Indoor Air Quality Plan (IAQ)
Educate the School Board regarding IAQ’s
Indoor Air Quality Budget
Schedule Routine Maintenance Checks
Source: Minnesota Department of Health, 2009
Clean Filters
Outdoor Pollutants
Heating and Air Unit Maintenance
Movement of Air
Source: Minnesota Department of Health, 2009
Heating and air scheduled maintenance
Heating and air filter changed per guidelines
Outdoor Emissions
Source: Minnesota Department of Health, 2009
DO NOT BLOCK AIR DUCTS
Watch that refrigerators and computers are not put next to thermostats
Promote ventilation by arranging furniture a couple of inches from the wall
Minimize the amount of chemicals brought into the building
Source: Minnesota Department of Health, 2009
Staff and students need to be active participants in
keeping the rooms free from clutter and waste.
- Eating and drinking should be limited in classrooms
- Report all spills and leaks immediately to the
custodial staff
- All “approved” chemicals should be stored in their
original containers
- Each room should be dusted and vacuumed daily
Source: Healthy Schools Campaign, 2009
Each school district should have a policy regarding “approved chemicals”
Strict adherence to the chemical list is expected
Minimize the amounts of chemicals brought into the classroom
Minnesota Department of Health, 2009)
Report IAQ concerns
Volunteer
Support Tax Levis
Source: Healthy Schools Campaign, 2009
Indoor Air Quality Policy
Building surveys
Indoor Air Quality Committee
Source: Healthy Schools Campaign, 2009
Each person who uses the school buildings have a responsibility to help improve the quality of the air within the schools. These responsibilities include:
- Do not bring chemicals into the buildings unless approved by the designated air quality specialist
- Make sure your shoes are free of debris by wiping them off on the floor mats before entering the buildings
- Adhere to know smoking within any public building
- Report any foreign odors, leaks or spills to the custodial staff
Source: Healthy Schools Campaign, 2009)
American Lung Association. (2009). Indoor air quality. Retrieved July 6, 2009 from
http://www.lungusa.org
Colome, S., McCunney, R.J., Samet, J. M., Swankin, D. (1994). Indoor air pollution: An introduction for health professionals. Retrieved July 5, 2009 from www.epa/gov/iaq/pdfs/indoor_air_pollution.pdf
Environmental Protection Agency. (2009). Asbestos in schools. Retrieved June 30, 2009 fromhttp://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/asbestos_in_schools.html
Environmental Protection Agency. (2009). Healthy schools campaign. Retrieved June 30, 2009 from
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/environmental.html
Environmental Protection Agency. (2009). Healthy seat campaign. Retrieved June 30, 2009 from
http://www.epa.gov/schools/healthyseat/basicinformation.html
Environmental Protection Agency. (2008). High performance schools. Retrieved June 30, 2009
from http://www.epa.gov/iaq/school design/highperformance.html
Environmental Protection Agency. (2009). Indoor air pollution. Retrieved July 6, 2009 from
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pdfs/indoor_air_pollution.pdf
Environmental Protection Agency. (2009). Mold. Retrieved June 30, 2009 from
http://epa.gov/mold/pdfs/moldremediation.pdf
Environmental Protection Agency. (2009). Yosemite. Retrieved June 28, 2009 from
http://www.yosemite.epa.gov/ochp/ochpweb.nsf/content/fastfacts.htm
Flynn, E., Matz, P., Woolf, A., Wright, R. (2008). Indoor air pollutants affecting child health.
Retrieved July 1, 2009 from http://acmt.net/_Library/docs/IndoorAirPollution.pdf
Healthy Schools Campaign. (2009). Program guide. Retrieved June 28, 2009 from
http://www.healthyschoolscampaign.org/program/gcs/guide.2/1-4use.htm
Minnesota Department of Health. (2009). Indoor air quality in schools. Retrieved June 28, 2009 from
http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/indoorair/schools/admin.htm
Moeller, D. W. (2005). Air in the home and community. In Environmental Health (pp. 117-120).
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
National Partnership Healthy Schools Campaign. (2009). Green cleaning. Retrieved July 5, 2009 from
http://www.healthyschoolscampaign.org/programs/gcs/index.php
Potera, C. (2008). School siting poses particulate problem. Environmental Health Perspectives,
116(11), 52-56.
USA Today (2009). The smoke stack effect: Toxic air in America’s schools. Retrieved July 12, 2009 from http://content.usatoday.com.news/nation/environment/smokestack/index