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Loss of ControlLoss of Control Why the topic?Why the topic?
The perfectly good The perfectly good airplane partairplane part
Who loses control?Who loses control? Why Why do pilots lose do pilots lose
control?control? What is being doneWhat is being done What can be done?What can be done? Why not you?Why not you?
Who Loses Control?Who Loses Control?(Commercial Jet Airplanes(Commercial Jet Airplanes
Worldwide1994-2003)Worldwide1994-2003)
Airline Fatalities 1994-2003
38%
31%8%
6%
4%
4%
2%
4%
2%
1%Loss-of-Control
CFIT
Mid-Air
In-Flight Fire
Fuel Tank Explosion
Structure
Takeoff Configuration
Landing
Runway Incursion
Windshear
Who Loses Control?Who Loses Control?(General Aviation Accidents, 2000 - NTSB)(General Aviation Accidents, 2000 - NTSB)
RankRank OccurrenceOccurrence # # AccidentsAccidents
11 Loss of Control In-FlightLoss of Control In-Flight 17517522 In-Flight Collision with TerrainIn-Flight Collision with Terrain 88 8833 In-Flight Collision with ObjectIn-Flight Collision with Object 85 8544 Hard LandingHard Landing 52 5255 Loss of Control on Ground/WaterLoss of Control on Ground/Water 47 47
(Collision with Object)(Collision with Object)66 Loss of Control on Ground/WaterLoss of Control on Ground/Water 46 46
(Encounter with Terrain/Water)(Encounter with Terrain/Water)99 Loss of Control on Ground/WaterLoss of Control on Ground/Water 39 391010 Loss of Control on Ground/WaterLoss of Control on Ground/Water 29 29
(nose over)(nose over)
Human Factors IssuesHuman Factors Issues(General Aviation 2000 – NTSB)(General Aviation 2000 – NTSB)
AllAll FatalFatal
Human FactorsHuman Factors Issues Issues 1488 1488 278278Aircraft Handling/ControlAircraft Handling/Control 963963 204204
Planning/DecisionPlanning/Decision 604604 204204
Use of Aircraft EquipmentUse of Aircraft Equipment 180180 12 12
MaintenanceMaintenance 88 88 14 14
CommunicationsCommunications 73 73 15 15
Meteorological ServiceMeteorological Service 12 12 7 7
AirportAirport 3 3 1 1
Who Loses Control?Who Loses Control?
Passenger Interference
Carry-on Baggage
Child Restraint
Passenger Seat Belt Use
FAA Safer Skies Initiative
General Aviation Cabin Safety
Aeronautical Decision Making
Weather
Controlled Flight Into Terrain
Survivability
Runway Incursions
Loss of Control
Controlled Flight Into Terrain
Uncontained Engine Failures
Runway Incursions
Approach and Landing
Weather
Loss of Control
Turbulence
Commercial Aviation
What Can Happen?What Can Happen?
Why Pilots Lose ControlWhy Pilots Lose ControlUnexpected Events and SurpriseUnexpected Events and Surprise
Surprise due to unexpected eventSurprise due to unexpected event Nature of surpriseNature of surprise
InsidiousInsidious SubtleSubtle Cues most often availableCues most often available Not necessarily highly unusual or novelNot necessarily highly unusual or novel
The process of surpriseThe process of surprise
Why Pilots Lose ControlWhy Pilots Lose ControlUnexpected Events and SurpriseUnexpected Events and Surprise
Expectations inconsistent with ongoing Expectations inconsistent with ongoing situationsituation Lack of cues and/or improper interpretation of Lack of cues and/or improper interpretation of
cuescues Erroneous probability estimationsErroneous probability estimations
Decision making becomes impaired and/or Decision making becomes impaired and/or delayeddelayed
Focus on event leads to an interruption of Focus on event leads to an interruption of ongoing activitiesongoing activities
Interruption of ongoing activities can lead Interruption of ongoing activities can lead to…to…
Why Pilots Lose ControlWhy Pilots Lose ControlAircraft UpsetsAircraft Upsets
Unintentional:Unintentional: Aircraft pitch greater Aircraft pitch greater
than 25than 25oo nose up nose up Aircraft pitch greater Aircraft pitch greater
than 10than 10oo nose down nose down Aircraft bank angle Aircraft bank angle
greater than 45greater than 45oo
Airspeeds inappropriate Airspeeds inappropriate for the conditions of for the conditions of flightflight
To include:To include:Any other aircraft state that Any other aircraft state that is not intended by the pilotis not intended by the pilot
What is Being Done What is Being Done Formal Requirements - Formal Requirements - Practical Test StandardsPractical Test Standards
Recovery from unusual flight Recovery from unusual flight attitudes attitudes Exhibits knowledge of the elements related Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to attitude instrument flying during unusual to attitude instrument flying during unusual attitudesattitudes
Recognizes unusual flight attitudes solely Recognizes unusual flight attitudes solely by reference to instruments; recovers by reference to instruments; recovers promptly to a stabilized level flight attitudepromptly to a stabilized level flight attitude
Using proper instrument cross-check and Using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation and smooth, coordinated interpretation and smooth, coordinated control application in the correct sequencecontrol application in the correct sequence
What is Being DoneWhat is Being DoneFormal RecommendationsFormal Recommendations
FITS (FAA/Industry Training FITS (FAA/Industry Training Standard) – for technically Standard) – for technically advanced piston or light jet advanced piston or light jet aircraftaircraft
NBAA Training Guidelines NBAA Training Guidelines for Single Pilot Operations for Single Pilot Operations of Very Light Jets and of Very Light Jets and Technically Advanced Technically Advanced AircraftAircraft
Industry Airplane Upset Industry Airplane Upset Training Aid, Rev. 1 – Training Aid, Rev. 1 – training curriculum for air training curriculum for air carrier operationscarrier operations
What Can Be Done?What Can Be Done? AwarenessAwareness TrainingTraining
AcademicsAcademics In-FlightIn-FlightSimulatorSimulator
Practice to maintain basic Practice to maintain basic flying skillsflying skills
Advanced airmanship Advanced airmanship attitudeattitude ‘‘Aeronautical sportsmanship’ Aeronautical sportsmanship’
David Robson – “Skydancing; David Robson – “Skydancing; Aerobatic Flight Techniques”Aerobatic Flight Techniques”
CharacteristicsCharacteristics SpiralsSpirals StallsStalls SpinsSpinsAngle of AttackAngle of Attack
AirspeedAirspeed
AltimeterAltimeter
G-LoadG-Load
Below CriticalBelow Critical
IncreasingIncreasing
UnwindingUnwinding
IncreasingIncreasing
Above CriticalAbove Critical
Low & ConstantLow & Constant
UnwindingUnwinding
Essentially +1.0gEssentially +1.0g
Above CriticalAbove Critical
Low & ConstantLow & Constant
UnwindingUnwinding
Essentially +1.0gEssentially +1.0g
Primary causePrimary cause
Primary remedyPrimary remedy
Recovery ActionsRecovery Actions
Excessive BankExcessive Bank
AileronsAilerons
Power-Push-RollPower-Push-Roll
Excessive AOAExcessive AOA
ElevatorElevator
Elevator ForwardElevator Forward
Yaw & Roll Yaw & Roll CoupledCoupled
RudderRudder
ParePare
Maneuver
AcademicsAcademicsRich Stowell Emergency Maneuver TrainingRich Stowell Emergency Maneuver Training
What Can Be Done?What Can Be Done?Calspan’s Upset Recovery Training ProgramCalspan’s Upset Recovery Training Program
Classroom Classroom instructioninstructionCauses of upsetsCauses of upsetsAerodynamicsAerodynamicsRecovery Recovery
techniquestechniques Flight trainingFlight training
Aerobatic BonanzaAerobatic BonanzaIn-Flight Simulation In-Flight Simulation
Learjet Learjet
Aerobatic BonanzaAerobatic Bonanza
G-force awarenessG-force awareness StallsStalls Confidence Confidence
maneuversmaneuversBasic aerobaticsBasic aerobatics
Unusual attitudeUnusual attitude recovery recoveryNose highNose highNose lowNose low
Aerobatic BonanzaAerobatic BonanzaNose Low > 90Nose Low > 90 Announce
Unload
Roll
LevelWings
Pitch
Evaluate
In-Flight Simulation LearjetIn-Flight Simulation Learjet Transport characteristicsTransport characteristics
Unusual Attitude Unusual Attitude RecoveryRecovery
Aircraft dynamicsAircraft dynamics Stability changesStability changes PIO tendencyPIO tendency Dutch RollDutch Roll
Upset eventsUpset events Flight control failuresFlight control failures Wake turbulenceWake turbulence
Loss of ControlLoss of Control
Why the topic?Why the topic? The perfectly good The perfectly good
airplane partairplane part Who loses control?Who loses control? Why Why do pilots lose do pilots lose
control?control? What is being doneWhat is being done What can be done?What can be done? Why not you?Why not you?