Low Sulphur Fuels inA Post-ECA WorldMarine Tribology Conference, NaplesMay 2010Luca Gaggero / John Smythe

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Contents

• Marpol Annexe VI and ECA

• The potential spread of ECA

• Lubricant implications of ECA

• The case for 40 BN cylinder lubricants

• An operational solution

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MARPOL Annexe VI

• MARPOL Annexe VI entered into force in May 2005• Fuel oil sulphur content limited to 1.5 mass % within ECA

• The first ECA came into effect in the Baltic Sea in 2006• The second ECA, North Sea and English Channel came in 2007

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4.5% S (HFO) 4.5% S (HFO) 3.50% S(HFO) 3.50% S(HFO) 0.50% S(HFO)0.50% S(HFO)

1.5% S (LSF) 1.0% S (LSF) 1.5% S (LSF) 1.0% S (LSF) 0.10%S (LSF)0.10%S (LSF)

20102010 2012201220082008 20152015 20202020

SEASEA

ECAECA

To be To be reviewed reviewed no later no later

than 2018than 2018

NOX TIER II (14,4 g/kwh)NOX TIER II (14,4 g/kwh)

20112011

NOX TIER III (3,4 g/kwh)NOX TIER III (3,4 g/kwh)

20162016

NOX TIER I (17 g/kwh)NOX TIER I (17 g/kwh)

11stst of MARCHof MARCH 11stst of JANof JAN11stst of JANof JAN 11stst of JANof JAN

ECA Only

ALLOW USE OF ALLOW USE OF ABATEMENT ABATEMENT

TECHNOLOGY AS TECHNOLOGY AS AN ALTERNATIVE AN ALTERNATIVE

TO LSFTO LSF

IMO EMISSION OUTCOME

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Global Influence of MARPOL Annexe VI

• The perceived benefits of emission control areas is being seen by numerous organisations around the world.• The US and Canada have proposed, a 200 mile EPA with effect

from 2012

• European Union

• Japan

• Singapore

• Australia

• It is believed these areas will be declared ECA by 2015

• This would leave vessel operators with a world of ECA…

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Global ECA in 2015?

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Impact of ECA on Vessel Operation

• ECA introduction of LSFO has lead to OEM recommendations for lubrication

Fuel Sulphur, % Cylinder Oil BN Feed Rate Recommendation >1.5 70 Normal Ok <1.5 40 Normal Ok <1.5 70 Normal Not Ok

1 – 1.5 70 Reduced Ok <1 70 Reduced Not Ok <2 40 Normal Ok with hardware

upgrade <3 40 Increased Ok with hardware

upgrade Typical OEM recommendation

• Guidelines suggest for short trips into a ECA, conventional 70 BN cylinder oil at reduced feed rate may be used with LSFO for up to one week

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Cylinder Lubricant Performance Requirements

Physical Aspects

• Control adhesive wear • Preventing metal to metal contact at the piston ring cylinder liner

interface

• Provide stable oil film between ring and liner

• Maintain good gas seal between ring and piston grooves

Chemical Aspects

• Control deposit formation

• Control corrosive wear• Neutralise acidic products of combustion

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Neutralisation Chemistry

• At combustion temperatures around 1600ºC, sulphur in fuel is completely oxidised.

S + O2 → SO2

• At lower temperatures between 900ºC and 1050ºC, further oxidation occurs.

2 SO2 + O2→ 2 SO3(Slow reaction rate, less than 3% conversion)

• Sulphur trioxide forms sulphuric acid in contact with water on the oil film.

SO3 + H2O→ H2SO4• This acid must be neutralised to prevent corrosion

H2SO4 + CaCO3 → CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O

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OEMs Have Minimum Cylinder Oil Feed Rates

H2SO4 + CaCO3 → CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O• For extended LSFO operation a 40 BN cylinder lubricant is required

ACC Algorithm 40 BN versus 70 BN Cylinder Oils

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0S %

Abs

olut

e D

osag

e (g

/KW

h

70 BN Cylinder oil

40 B

N Cyli

nder oil

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Developing a 40 BN Cylinder Oil - Methodology

Develop Formulation

Screener Testing – Bench tests

Screener Testing – Engine test

Field Testing

• Reference oils are used in comparative testing, to ensure candidate technology meets the minimum requirements.• Commercially available oils carrying OEM approvals

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Bench Screening Tests

• pressure Differential Scanning Calorimeter (pDSC)- static flow

• Induction time (min) measured for sample heated from 50°C to

210°C in an air atmosphere at 40°C min-1 rate and held at 210°C,

100 psi pressure, zero flow.

• High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)

• High temperature HFRR rig test screener method used to evaluate

scuffing performance of oils

• Onset of scuffing correlates to minimum friction coefficient.

• Komatsu hot tube test (KHTT)

• Profile of merit rating over temperature range 310°C - 330°C.

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Engine Testing

• Bolnes two-stroke crosshead engine test, evaluates

• Corrosive & mechanical wear control of lubricant in an engine

• Deposit control of lubricant in an engine

• 96 hrs

• Feed rate

• 0.7 g/kWh (low sulphur fuel oil)

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Screening Test Results

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Engine Test Results I

Bolnes Liner Wear: Maximum & Average

Infineum 40 BN Technology

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Engine Test Results IIBolnes Ring Wear:

Total Weight Loss & Top Ring Weight Loss & Total Gap Increase

Infineum 40 BN Technology

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Conclusions

• MARPOL Annexe VI introduced ECA and the associated restrictions on vessel operators choices

• The perceived benefits of ECA are likely to see an increase of these areas around the world

• Vessel operators will require the correct lubricants wherever they operate

• An additive technology has been developed to enable wider availability of 40 BN cylinder lubricant

• This technology provides a REACH compliant alternative to current products

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Finally

• If the major international oil companies already have approved 40 BN cylinder oils, why are any more required?

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Thank you for your attention

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