LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF NICKEL ALLOY STEELS

LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF

NICKEL ALLOY STEELS

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE USE OF NICKEL-CONTAINING ALLOYS

NO 1238

Distributed byNICKEL

INSTITUTEProduced byINCOnco ~- Nickel

~~ INSTITUTE knowledge for a brighter future

LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF NICKEL ALLOY STEELS

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE USE OF NICKEL-CONTAINING ALLOYSNO 1238

Originally, this handbook was published in 1975 by INCO, The International Nickel Company Inc. Today this company is part of Vale S.A.The Nickel Institute republished the handbook in 2021. Despite the age of this publication the information herein is considered to be generally valid.Material presented in the handbook has been prepared for the general information of the reader and should not be used or relied on for specific applications without first securing competent advice. The Nickel Institute, INCO, their members, staff and consultants do not represent or warrant its suitability for any general or specific use and assume no liability or responsibility of any kind in connection with the information herein.

Nickel Institute

[email protected]

........................................................................................

Table of Contents

Page No.

Location of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Introduction

General Effects of Low Temperatures on Carbon and Alloy Steels ................................ .

Standard Specifications for Nickel Steels for Use at Low Temperatures ........................... .

2¼ Per Cent Nickel Steel ............................................................. . Requirements for Low-Temperatuure Use ............................................. . Typical Mechanical Properties ..................................................... . Physical Properties ............................................................. . Welding ..................................................................... .

3½ Per Cent Nickel Steel ............................................................. . Requirements for Low-Temperature Use .............................................. . Typical Mechanical Properties ..................................................... . Physical Properties ............................................................. . Welding ..................................................................... .

5 Per Cent Nickel Steel ............................................................... . Requirements for Low-Temperature Use .............................................. . Typical Mechanical Properties ..................................................... . Physical Properties ............................................................. . Welding ..................................................................... .

8 Per Cent Nickel Steel ............................................................... . Requirements for Low-Temperature Use .............................................. . Typical Mechanical Properties ..................................................... . Thermal Expansion ............................................................. . Effects of Stress Relief and Cold Work ................................................ . Welding

9 Per Cent Nickel Steel ............................................................... . Requirements for Low-Temperature Use .............................................. . Typical Mechanical Properties ..................................................... . Effect of Cold Straining on Impact Properties .......................................... . Physical Properties .............................................................. . Welding ..................................................................... .

AISI-SAE Nickel Alloy Steels ........................................................... .

Nickel Alloy Steel Castings ............................................................ .

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

4

4

4

4 4 6 7 7

8 8 8

11 11

13 14 14 15 15

16 16 17 17 17 17

18 18 18 24 24 25

25

25

32

Location of Data

Steel Typea Tables and Figures Page No.

21/4 Ni (ASTM A 203) .............. Tables I, 11, 111, IV, V; Fig. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ................. 5, 6, 7, 8 3½ Ni (ASTM A 203) .............. Tables VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI; Fig. 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,

13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 ..................... 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

5 Ni (ASTM A 645) ................ Tables XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII ..................... 14, 15, 16 8 Ni (ASTM A 553) ................ Tables XVIII, XIX; Fig. 19, 20, 21 ................... 16, 17, 18, 19 9 Ni (ASTM A 353, A 553) .......... Tables XX, XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVII;

Fig. 2, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,31,32,33,34 .......... 5, 19, 20,21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27

1340 .......................... Table XXIX ............................................ 28

2320 .......................... Table XXX ............................................. 30 2330 .......................... Tables XXVIII, XXX, XXXIII .......................... 28, 30, 31 2340 .......................... Table XXX; Fig. 36 ................................... 29, 30 2345 .......................... Table XXIX ............................................ 28 2360 .......................... Table XXX ............................................ 30 2380 .......................... Table XXX ............................................ 30

3120 .......................... Table XXX ............................................ 30 3130 .......................... Table XXXIII ........................................... 31 3140 .......................... Table XXX ............................................ 30 3180 .......................... Table XXX ............................................ 30

4140 .......................... Table XXIX ............................................ 28 4320 .......................... Table XXX ............................................ 30 4330 .......................... Tables XXX, XXXIII; Fig. 37 ......................... 29, 30, 31 4340 .......................... Tables XXVIII, XXIX, XXX; Fig. 1, 35, 38 ............... 5, 28, 29, 30 4360 .......................... Table XXX ............................................ 30 4380 .......................... Table XXX ............................................ 30 4620 .......................... Table XXX ............................................ 30 4630 .......................... Table XXXIII .......................................... 31 4640 .......................... Tables XXIX, XXX .................................... 28, 30 4680 .......................... Table XXX ............................................ 30

5145 .......................... Table XXIX ............................................ 28

8620 .......................... Table XXX ............................................ 30 8630 .......................... Tables XXVIII, XXX; Fig. 39 .......................... 28, 30, 32 8~40 .......................... Tables XXX, XXXIII ................................... 30, 31 8660 .......................... Table XXX ............................................ 30 8680 .......................... Table XXX ............................................ 30

Ni-Cr-Mo ....................... Table XXVIII ........................................... 28

Ni-Mo-Si ....................... Table XXVIII ........................................... 28

Cast Ni Steels ................... Tables XXXI, XXXII, XXXIII; Fig. 39 ....................... 31, 32

a The Al SI-SAE system for numbering steels is used if applicable.

3

Low Temperature Properties of Nickel Alloy Steels

INTRODUCTION

This bulletin provides information on the properties of nickel alloy steels at temperatures below 75 F. The effects of heat treatment, section size, production practice and fabricating procedure are discussed and illustrated. Detailed information is presented on specifications and properties of the steels commonly used for the construction of equipment to operate at subzero temperatures.

Numerous aspects of the effects of low tempearture on the properties of metals and equipment are covered in references selected from the many available on this subject: (a) material,* design and construction specifications,1-8 (b) material testing specifications, 9-10 and ( c) general and specific information on the ferritic steels, especially the straight nickel steels.11-86 Data for the AISI-SAE steels are mostly from references 87 to 93 and data for the cast steels are from references 94 to 96.

GENERAL EFFECTS OF LOW TEMPERATURES ON CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS

In carbon and most low-alloy steels, as the temperature drops below 7 5 F, strength and hardness increase, tensile ductility generally decreases, and notch-impact values decrease drastically, as illustrated in Figure 1 for a nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel. Nickel, especially in the straight nickel steels, can minimize this loss in notch-impact toughness, as illustrated in Figure 2 and as shown in this bulletin.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR NICKEL STEELS FOR USE AT LOW TEMPERATURES

Specifications for the 2¼, 3½, 5, 8 and 9 nickel steels follow:

American Society for Testing and Materials Part 1, Steel Piping, Tubing, and Fittings, and Part 4, Steel-Pressure Vessel, Forgings, Railway, Reinforcing, Structural

A 203 Nickel Alloy Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels.

A 300 Notch Toughness Requirements for Normalized Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels ( discontinued).

* These are in addition to ASTM material specifications which are listed further along in this bulletin.

4

A 320 Alloy Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service.

A 333 Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for LowTemperature Service.

A 334 Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature Service.

A 350 Forged or Rolled Carbon and Alloy Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for Low-Temperature Service.

A 352 Ferritic Steel Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts Suitable for Low-Temperature Service.

A 353 Nine Per Cent Nickel Alloy Steel Plates, Double Normalized and Tempered, for Pressure Vessels.

A 420 Piping, Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service.

A 522 Forged or Rolled Nine Per Cent Nickel Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Low-Temperature Service.

A 553 Eight and Nine Per Cent Nickel Alloy Steel Plate, Quenched and Tempered, for Pressure Vessels.

A 593 Charpy V-Notch Testing Requirements for Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels ( discontinued).

A 645 Five Per Cent Nickel Alloy Steel Plate, Specially Heat Treated, for Pressure Vessels.

A 671 Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower Temperatures.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II, Material Specifications (Part A, Ferrous)

These comprise SA-203, SA-320, SA-333, SA-334, SA-350, SA-352, SA-353, SA-420, SA-522, SA-553 and SA-645, all identical with the above corresponding ASTM numbers.

2¼ PER CENT NICKEL STEEL

The 2 ¼ per cent nickel steel is specified for equipment operating at temperatures as low as -90 F. It is covered by Grades A and B, ASTM A 203 and ASME SA-203.

Requirements for Low-Temperature Use

Specifications for composition, heat treatment, ten-

sile and impact properties, and allowable design stresses for the two grades, A and B, of this steel are summarized in Table I. ASTM A 203 specifies the composition and tensile requirements of the two grades at two tensile strength ranges. A normalizing heat treatment or heating uniformly for hot forming is specified for both grades by ASTM A 203 and ASTM A 300 for all thicknesses. A suitable temperature for normalizing

Temperature, K

50 100 150 200 250 300 ~

7" .... -4340 ..r::. Oil Quenched & Tempered

(.J .... 300 120 0

Tensiles: Rockwell C 37-39 z I

Impacts: Rockwe:I C 33-35 > 250 I I

100 .... Yield Strength (.J

(0.2% Offset) co

·;;; C.

C. .,.e I E 0 200 80 > 0 nsile Strength C. 0 ... .... co vi·

..r::. VI 150 60 u Q) I ... ci.i ?fi

100 40 co• Q) ... <(

.:i 50 20 Q)

a: ~

0 ci,

0 C:

-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 £ w

Temperature, F

Fig. 1. Effect of test temperature on tensile and impact properties of quenched and tempered AISI 4340 steel. Tensile data: Reference 43. Impact data: Reference 38.

Fig. 2. Effect of nickel on impact toughness of normalized and tempered ½ inch plates of low-carbon steel.31

-300 -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F

5

is 1650 F, and tempering or stress relieving, if employed, should not exceed 1200 F. The time at temperature for normalizing or stress relieving should be at least one hour per inch of thickness. Impact requirements are listed in Table I; they are discussed separately below.

A Charpy keyhole-notch level of 15 foot-pounds at -75 Fis specified for the two grades by ASTM A 300,

TABLE I

Composition, Heat Treatment and Mechanical Properties Specified for 2¼% Nickel Steel Plate for

Low-Temperature Service

Composition (ASTM A 203) Grade Aa Grade ea Carbon, max, %

To 2 in. 0.17 0.21 Over 2 to 4 in. 0.20 0.24 Over 4 in. 0.23 0.25

Manganese, max, % To 2 in. 0.70 0.70 Over 2 in. 0.80 0.80

Phosphorus, max, % .035 .035

Sulfur, max, % .04 .04

Silicon,% 0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30

Nickel,% 2.10-2.50 2.10-2.50

Tensile Requirements (ASTM A 203)b Tensile Strength, psi 65,000-77,000 70,000-85,000

Yield Point, min, psi 37,000 40,000

Elongation (8 in.), min, % 19 17

Elongation (2 in.), min, % 23 21

Heat Treatment Normalize c Normalizec

Impact Requirements ASTM A 300

Charpy (Keyhole-Notch), min, ft-lb 15at-75F 15 at-75 F

ASTM A 593 Charpy IV-Notch), min, ft-lb

For 2-in. and thinner plate 13 at-90 F 15 at-90 F For 2-to 3-in. plate 13 at-75 F 15 at -75 F

Bending Requirements, Ratio: Bend Dia to Specimen Thickness

1 in. and under 1 1½

Over 1 to 4 in. l½ 2

Over 4 in. 2 2½

Allowable Design Stress ASME,2 Sec. VIII, Div. 1, Table UCS-23

Up to 650 F, max, psi 16,200 17,500

ASME,3 Sec. VIII, Div. 2, Table ACS-1 Up to 100 F, max, psi 21,700 23,300

• The maximum plate thickness is normally limited to six inches. b Flat specimens: ASTM A 20. Plates over two inches thick shall be

heat treated to produce grain refinement by normalizing or by heating uniformly for hot forming.

0 Although not specified, a satisfactory normalizing temperature is 1650 F.

as shown in Table I. Alternatively, ASTM A 593, also shown in Table I, specifies 13 foot-pounds Charpy V-notch for Grade A and 15 foot-pounds for Grade B at -90 F for plates 2 inches or less in thickness, and similar impact values at -75 F for plates 2 to 3 inches in thickness. Present practice favors the use of Charpy V-notch impact requirements specified by ASTM A593.

Typical Mechanical Properties

Room temperature ( 7 5 F) tensile properties of commercial plates surpass the tensile requirements listed in Table I, as shown in another bulletin.*

The effect of heat treatment on the low temperature tensile properties is demonstrated in Figures 3 ( normalized) and 4 ( quenched and tempered) for A 203 Grade A plate. 11 Definite added strength at low tern-

* Bulletin 2-C: "Nickel Alloy Steel Plates."

105 NORMALIZED A 203 GR. A

95 ' OT.S.

iii e Y.S.

:,.: 85

I VJ 75 VJ w a: 65 I-VJ

55

45 LONGITUDINAL TO R.D.

-250 -200 -150 -1 00 -50 0 50 100

TEMPERATURE - F

Fig. 3. Effect of temperature on tensile data of normalized A 203 Grade A material.

co .J

I A 203 GRADE A I-

LL 100 NORMALIZED I ~-->- •

t? 80 a: /" . w

z w 60 •LONGITUDINAL;• ~ ::c

0 TRANSVERSE • 0 u I- ./ 0 40 z ./ I

> >- 20

,,.. Q. 0 15 ft. - lb. a: <t: ----✓ ::c 0 -• u

-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 TEMPERATURE - F

Fig. 5. Charpy V-notch impact test transition temperature curves for normalized A 203 Grade A specimens.

6

perature is obtained by the quench and temper heat treatment.

The effect of heat treatment on the low temperature impact properties is shown in Figures 5 (normalized) and 6 ( quenched and tempered) for A 203 Grade A plate. 11 In the transverse direction, the material in the normalized condition had a 15 ft-lb transition temperature of -110 F whereas the quenched and tempered material had a transition temperature of -140 F. Other Charpy V-notch impact tests showed superior notch toughness of quenched and tempered material over normalized material.

Further tests using quarter section normalized and quenched and tempered plate gave results shown in Table II. The quenched and tempered material had a nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature of -110 F whereas the normalized material's NDT was -75 F. The effects of heat treatment and plate thickness are shown in Table III and Figure 7 for Charpy V-notched specimens. Figure 7 also illustrates how this steel meets

115 QUENCHED & TEMPERED - _;, 203 GR. A

105 0 T.S.

iii e Y.S.

:,.: 95

VJ 85 8 VJ

w a:

75 • I-VJ

65

55 LONGITUDINAL TO R.D.

-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100

TEMPERATURE - F

Fig. 4. Effect of temperature on tensile data of quenched and tempered A 203 Grade A material.

co .J

I A 203 GRADE A t;: 120

QUENCHED & TEMPERED (/~ I

~ 100 a: w z 80 . w

./ •-8 ::c u 60 I- • LONGITUDINAL / ~ 0 • TRANSVERSE • / z

I 40 ·_( / >

>- ·•/i Q. 20 1-• o 15 ft. - lb. a: <t: i::::-•1 ::c _ .. •-•""' u

-300 -200 -100 0 100 200

TEMPERATURE - F

Fig. 6. Charpy V-notch impact test transition temperature curves for quenched and tempered A 203 Grade A specimens.

TABLE II

Charpy V-Notch Impact and Drop Weight Data for ASTM A 203 Grade A

Transition Temperature, F.

Longitudinal Transverse NOT

15 ft-lb 25 ft-lb 15 mil 50% S 15 ft-lb 25 ft-lb 15 mil 50% S F

Normalized -75 -113 -90 -145 -50 Quarter Section -105 -67 -145 -50

Quenched and Tempered -110 -155 -128 -163 -75 Quarter Section

TABLE Ill

Effects of Plate Thickness, Heat Treatment and Welding on Fracture Toughness of

Low-Carbon 2¼% Nickel Steel

Transition Temperature, F

Plate Condition a

Normalized Normalized and Tempered As Welded As Welded As Welded

Normalized Normalized and Tempered As Welded As Welded As Welded

Notch

Charpy Impact (V-Notchl

15 mil Lateral Expan-

Locationb 15 ft-lb sion

½-Inch Plate Base Plate -130 -110 Base Plate -100 -100 FZ -135 Middle HAZ -140 Edge HAZ -130

1-lnch Plate Base Plate -100 Base Plate -105 FZ -130 Middle HAZ -120 Edge HAZ -100

Nil Ductility

Transition NOT

-110 -130

-90 -100

• Normalized 1600 F, tempered ll00 F. Welded with E8018-CI electrode.

• FZ = Fusion Zone. HAZ = Heat-affected Zone.

some of its impact requirements. The low and cryogenic temperature static fracture

toughness data for A 203 Grade A plate are given in Table IV.

Fatigue data obtained on normalized commercial ½-inch plate made to ASTM Specification A 203, Grade B, indicate a room-temperature rotating-beam endurance limit of 45,000 psi and an endurance/tensile ratio of 0.64 for smooth bars.

Physical Properties

A few data on thermal expansion, thermal conduc-

7

.c T .::: 2 u ... 0 z I

G ... u ca C. E > C. ... ca .s:; u

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

-140

100

-100

150

-155

Temperature, K

200

-50

250

2¼ Ni , ...

300

OT- Quenched and Tempered,, N - Normalized I..:'~-+--~,,_

ME Code Case 317-2 (13 ft-lb

min. at - 75 F for normalized plate)

IE- NOT for NT 0.5 in. 0 ._,_ _ ___..___.___.....:...;.....___..__...__...__......__...J

-300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100

Temperature, F

Fig. 7. Effect of heat treatment and plate thickness on Charpy V-notch impact of low-carbon 2¼ per cent nickel steel plate (ASTM A 203, Grade A). Longitudinal specimens.51

tivity and specific heat are given in Table V.

Welding

For pressure vessel construction, this material falls into Group P-9A, Table Q-11.1, Section IX of the ASME Code governing welding procedure qualifications.4 Pre-heating to 300 F may be advisable under conditions of heavy restraint. Stress relieving at 1100 F minimum is required for structures falling under Paragraph UCS-67 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code 2 but this temperature should not exceed 1200 F. For metal-arc welding, coated electrodes of the

Specimen No.

NA5 NAG NA9 NA10 NA1 NA2 NA7 NAB NA3 NA4 QTAG QTA7 QTA1 QTA3 QTA9 QTA2 QTA8 QTA4 QTA5 QTA10

TABLE IV

Static Fracture Toughness Data for ASTM A 203 Grade A

Testing Temperature, F

-75 -75

-110 -110 -150 -150 -200 -200 -250 -250 -75 -75

-150 -150 -175 -200 -200 -250 -250 -300

K a mal,_..

ksi Vin.

108.9 105.1 114.3 111.0 98.2 86.9 50.0 52.2 38.9 40.2

140.8 140.8 95.2

118.8 90.4

101.5 80.9 53.1 61.0 40.7

• Fracture toughness computed using maximum load. h Valid plane strain fracture toughness value.

K b 1c

ksi vilL

50.0 52.2 38.9 40.2

53.1 61.0 40.7

N = Normalized condition and QT = quenched and tempered condition.

TABLE V

Thermal Properties of Low-Carbon 2¼% Nickel Steel

Mean Coefficient Mean of Thermal Thermal Specific

Temperature Expansion Conductivity Heat F per 0 f Btu/ hr/ sq ft/ 0 f /in. Btu/lb/°F

-100 too 5.8 X 10-6 0 to 200 6.2 X 10-6

-50 248 68 267

200 280

-150 to 80 .080 80 to 1000 0.144

E8016-Cl and E8018-Cl classifications conforming to A WS Specification A5.5 are used. These electrodes deposit weld metal of the same composition as the base material. Steel wire containing 3 ½ per cent nickel is now commercially available for inert-gas consumable electrode welding and has been used for joining 2 ¼ per cent nickel steel for low-temperature applications. Submerged-arc welding of 2 ¼ per cent nickel steel has been accomplished by using nickel-containing fluxes and low-carbon steel welding wires.

8

The properties of welded ½ and 1-inch plate, notched as indicated, are given in Table III. The base plate was normalized at 1600 F or normalized and tempered at 1100 F and the welds were made with E8018-Cl electrodes. No difficulty was experienced in meeting the Charpy V-notch impact requirements.

3½ PER CENT NICKEL STEEL

The 3 ½ per cent nickel steel is specified for equipment operating at temperatures as low as -150 F. It is covered by Grades D and E, ASTM A 203 and ASME SA-203.


Table VI comprises a summary of specifications for composition, heat treatment, tensile and impact properties, and allowable design stresses for the two grades of this steel. Composition and tensile properties of both Grades D and E at two tensile strength ranges are specified in ASTM A 203. A normalizing heat treatment or heating uniformly for hot forming is specified for both grades by ASTM A 203 and ASTM A 300 for all thicknesses. A suitable temperature for normalizing is 1600 F, and tempering or stress relieving, if employed, should not exceed 117 5 F. The time at temperature for normalizing or stress relieving should be at least one hour per inch of thickness. Impact requirements are listed in Table VI and are discussed below.

ASTM A 300 and the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Paragraph UG-84 2 specify a Charpy keyhole-notch level of 15 foot-pounds at -150 F for the two grades. Alternatively ASTM A 593, also shown in Table VI, specifies 13 foot-pounds Charpy V-notch for Grade D and 15 foot-pounds for Grade E at -150 F for plates 2 inches or less in thickness, and similar impact values at -125 F for plates 2 to 3 inches in thickness. Present practice favors the use of Charpy V-notch impact requirements specified by ASTM A 593.


The tensile properties of commercial 3.5 per cent nickel steel at 75 F surpass the tensile requirements given in Table VI, as shown in another bulletin.*

The effect of heat treatment in the low temperature tensile properties is shown in Figures 8 (as-rolled), 9 (normalized) and 10 ( quenched and tempered) for A 203 Grade D plate.11 Definite added strength at low temperatures is obtained by the quench and temper heat treatment.

The effect of heat treatment on the low temperature impact properties is shown in Figures 11 (as-rolled), 12 (normalized) and 13 ( quenched and tempered) for A 203 Grade D plate.11 In the transverse direction, the material in the normalized condition had a 15 ft-lb

* Bulletin 2-C: "Nickel Alloy Steel Plates."

TABLE VI

Composition, Heat Treatment and Mechanical Properties Specified for 3½% Nickel Steel Plate for

Low-Temperature Service

Composition (ASTM A 2031 Carbon, max, %

To 2 in. thick, incl. Over 2 to 4 in. thick, incl.

Manganese, max, % To 2 in. thick, incl. Over 2 to 4 in. thick, incl.

Phosphorus, max, %

Sulfur, max, %

Silicon,%

Nickel,%

Tensile Requirements (ASTM A 203)b Tensile Strength, psi

Yield Point, min, psi

Elongation (8 in.J, min, %

Elongation (2 in.), min, %

Heat Treatment

Impact Requirements ASTM A 300

Charpy (Keyhole-Notch), min, ft-lb

ASTM A 593 and ASME,3 Sec. VIII, Div. 2 Charpy (V-Notchl, min, ft-lb

For 2-in. and thinner plate For 2-to 3-in. plate

Bending Requirements, Ratio: Bend Dia to Specimen Thickness

1 in. and under

Over 1 in.

Allowable Design Stress ASME,2 Sec. VIII, Div. 1, Table UCS-23

Up to 650 F, max, psi

ASME,3 Sec. VIII, Div. 2, Table ACS-1 Up to 100 F, max, psi

Grade D a

0.17 0.20

0.70 0.80

.035

.04

0.15-0.30

3.25-3.75

65,000-77,000

37,000

19

23

Normalizec

15 at-150 F

13 at-150 F 13 at-125 F

16,200

21,700

Grade Ea

0.20 0.23

0.70 0.80

.035

.04

0.15-0.30

3.25-3.75

70,000-85,000

40,000

17

21

Normalize c

15 at-150 F

15 at-150 F 15 at-125 F

1½

2

17,500

23,300

• The maximum plate thickness is normally limited to four inches. b Flat specimens: ASTM A 20. Plates over two inches thick shall be

heat treated to produce grain refinement by normalizing or by heating uniformly for hot forming.

'Although not specified, a satisfactory normalizing temperature is 1600 F.

9

I As-Rolled A 21)3 Grade D

110

100 ' I'-..

" ............. 90

:= 80

! "' 70

\ ------- Ten~le Strength

I~ ------,__

~ --~ 40

- r---Transverse to Rolling Direction

-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 50 100

Temperature, F

Fig. 8. Effect of temperature on tensile data of as-rolled A 203 Grade D material.

110

100

90

' I 1.

~ Nom1alized A 203 Grade 0

.......... '-...___

' ---~leStrength

\. -70

60 "'' r-- i---

............._ r---_ YieldStrenl!lh

50 I r---Transverse to Rolling Direction --250 -200 -150 -100 -50 50 100

Temperature, F

Fig. 9. Effect of temperature on tensile data of normalized A 203 Grade D material.

121) 1--l-----+----+----+----+-----+-----+----+------t

Quenched and Tempered A 203 Grade D

:ii Xsor~-~--~--~~~r--r-~--~--;

-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 50 100

Temperature,F

Fig. l 0. Effect of temperature on tensile data of quenched and tempered A 203 Grade D material.

120

100

=! 80 = e,i .:i j 60

! J 4l)

20

As-ll~led A 203 ~rade 0 I

2-iach plate ,,,,,.

/ V

/ -V V Longitudin/

I ~ ...... I

.i / I ,,- 15tt-lb

--- --- ---7 ~- -- ,...L_ -- --- --------250 -200 -150 -100 -50 50 100 150 200

Temperature, F

Fig. 11. Charpy V-notch impact test transition temperature curves for as-rolled A 203 Grade D material.

140

120

~ 100

e,i ! 80

I i!f 60 ~

4l)

20

Normal~ed A 203 Grade D f- I

24nch plate

f-

- Longitudin1/

- I V f-

I 0ansverse f- y -- -- ,--- pf -- --- --

__,

-300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50

Temperature, F

- -/

v- ~

/

/ 15tt-lb

_i... -- -- ---

50 100 150 200

Fig. 12. Charpy V-notch impact test transition temperature curves for normalized A 203 Grade D material.

160

140

120

i 100 e,i :!! ~ 80

i I so

4l)

20

f-

-

-

-

Quench~ and Tempered A 203 Grade D 2-inchplate

/ Lon1itudin~ / /

V fiansverse

I / / 1/

~- -- >---- -- --~

-~ -~ -200 -~ -~ -50

Temperature, F

----1...,-- --

,.,-15ff<b

I..L-1---- 1---1-

50 100 150 200

Fig. 13. Charpy V-notch impact test transition temperature curves for quenched and tempered A 203 Grade D material.

10

transition temperature of -170 F while the quenched and tempered material had a transition temperature of -225 F. Other Charpy V-notch impact tests showed superior notch toughness of quenced and tempered material over normalized material.

The effect of cooling rate on the transition temperature of Charpy V-notch specimens is shown in Table VII. The effects of plate thickness and heat treatment on impact properties are illustrated in Figures 14 and 15. The reason for heat treatment becomes apparent from results of the as-rolled specimens.

Figure 16 shows both Charpy V-notch and keyholenotch transition curves and also the nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature determined by drop weight tests. 39

Table VII

Effect of Cooling Rate on Transition Temperature of Low-Carbon 3½% Nickel Steel a

Approximate Cooling Rate

°F/secat 1300 F

Transition Temperature, F, Charpy Impact (V-Notch)

Condition 15 ft-lb 15 mil

Expansion

As Cooled from Austenitizing Temperature Water Quenched 200 -195 Oil Quenched 36 -105 -66 Plate Cooled 5.7 -126 -115 Air Cooled 1.0 -135 -135 Foil Cooled 0.26 -128 -124

Cooled as Above and Tempered at 1150 F Water Quenched 200 -248 Oil Quenched 36 -205 Plate Cooled 5.7 -170 Air Cooled 1.0 -162 Foil Cooled 0.26 -130

• Reference 45.

'-"

-300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 Test Temperature , F

N - Normalized R - As RolJed

50

-216 -180 -160 -162 -130

100

Fig. 14. Effect of heat treatment and plate thickness on Charpy keyhole-notch impact of low-carbon, 3½ per cent nickel steel plate (ASTM A 203, Grade D). Longitudinal specimens.31

160 ~~--~s;-·,e_o_f B-,,.-N,~,m-ali-,ed-~---~--~--~~

-- 1 inch Square - -x-- 2 Inches Square - -- 3 Inches Square

120 1---+--- ------- 4 Inches Square -i--r---i-:;z'.:::=+:=:~1H -----{j-, 5 Inches Square

~ -- 6 Inches Square

i

I Composition %

CMNSINI 0.16 0.73 0.15 3.70

"" 40 1---t----t--:;;,~--t---~.P--+----t----t------+--l

-200 -150 -100 -50 Temperature ,F

l5 ltlb _ ---- _

50 100

Fig. 15. Effect of section size on -impact properties of n,ormalized 3½ per cent nickel steel.

120

NO. Th %C %Mn %Ni 49 100 49 ½" .12 .72 3.40 (Platel

50 1" .13 .60 3.40 (SheeQ -50

80

~

I 60

E 40

20 /

20 ft·lb /

/

0 -320 -280 - 240 -200 -160 -120 -80 -40 40

Temperature, F

Fig. 16. Charpy impact and drop-weight test (NDT) results for 3½ per cent nickel steel plates. 39

Further tests using quarter section as-rolled, normalized and quenched and tempered plate gave results shown in Table VIII. The quenched and tempered material had a NDT temperature of -130 F whereas the normalized material's NDT was -110 F with both being far superior to the as-rolled condition.

The low and cryogenic temperature static toughness data for A 203 Grade D plate are given in Table IX. Dynamic fracture toughness data are given in Table X.

Normalized commercial ½-inch plate made to ASTM specification A 203 Grade D, shows a roomtemperature rotating-beam endurance limit of 49,000 psi and a smooth-bar endurance/tensile ratio of 0.61.

Physical Properties

Data follow on modulus of elasticity, density and electrical resistivity.

Modulus of Elasticity (68 F), psi .......... 30 x 10 6

(-148 F), psi .......... 31 x 10 6

Density, lb/cu in ................................... 0.284 g/cu cm .................................. 7.85

Electrical Resistivity (32 F), microhm-cm ...................................... 25.9

Extensive data on thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, specific heat and magnetic properties are given in another bulletin.*

Welding

For pressure vessel construction, this material falls into Group P-9B, Table Q-11.1, Section IX of the ASME Code governing welding procedure qualifications.4 Preheating to 300 F may be advisable under conditions of high restraint. Stress relieving at 1100 F minimum is required for structures falling under Paragraph UCS-67 of the ASME Code 2 but this temperature should not exceed 1175 F. For metal-arc welding,

* Bulletin 7-A: "Physical Properties of Nickel Alloy Steels."

TABLE VIII

Charpy Impact and Drop Weight Data for ASTM A 203 Grade D

Transition Temperature, F

Longitudinal Transverse NOT

15 ft-lb 25 ft-lb 15 mil 50%S 15 ft-lb 25 ft-lb 15 mil 50% S F

As-Rolled -50 -50 -20 -75 50 Quarter Section -53 -5 -65 50 -50

Normalized -110 -170 -145 -175 -75 Quarter Section -162 -132 -175 -50

Quenched and Tempered -130 -220 -205 -230 -125 Quarter Section -215 -175 -223 -75

11

TABLE IX

Static Fracture Toughness Data for ASTM A 203 Grade D

K a Specimen Testing max

No. Temperature, F ks i v'in.

1 HR7 -50 88.5

1HRB -50 80.1

1HR10 -75 79.1

1HR5 -100 61.4

1HR6 -100 57.2

1HR9 -125 42.6

1HR3 -150 52.4

1HR4 -150 39.3

1HR1 -200 39.4

1HR2 -200 36.4

2HR7 -50 99.2

2HRB -50 75.7

2HR5 -100 50.7

2HR6 -100 62.5

2HR10 -125 47.6

2HR3 -150 63.5

2HR4 -150 43.6

2HR9 -150 57.5

2HR1 -200 42.4

2HR2 -200 36.0

NS -125 116.3

NB -125 131.5

Nl -150 126.2

N2 -150 118.7

N9 -175 105.8

N10 -175 105.7

N3 -200 68.9

N4 -200 68.1

NG -250 48.1

N7 -250 47.3

QT7 -150 150.7

QTB -150 155.2

QT1 -200 148.2

QT2 -200 125.1

QTG -225 97.5

QT3 -250 65.5

QT4 -250 86.9

QT5 -275 75.7

QT9 -300 38.5

QT10 -300 39.5

• Fracture toughness computed using maximum load. b Valid plane strain fracture toughness value.

K b 1c

ksi viii:

42.6

36.3

39.3

39.4

36.4

47.6

43.6

42.4

36.0

68.9

68.1

48.1

47.3

75.7

38.5

39.5

HR = As-rolled condition, N = normalized condition, and QT = quenched and tempered condition.

12

coated electrodes of the E8016-C2 and E8018-C2 classifications conforming to A WS Specification AS.5 are used. These electrodes deposit weld metal of the same composition as the base material. ( Austenitic stainless steel electrodes corresponding to classification E310 under A WS Specification AS.4 have been used for joining 3 ½ per cent nickel steel; here the difference in the coefficient of expansion must be kept in mind.) Austenitic nickel-chromium-iron electrodes corresponding to the ENiCrFe-2 classification of A WS Specification AS.11 also are used for welding 3½ per cent nickel steel. Wire for inert-gas metal-arc welding and submerged-arc welding of 3 ½ per cent nickel steel is available commercially.

The properties of welded ½-inch plate, notched as indicated, are given in Table XI. The base plate was normalized at 1600 F and the welds were made with

Specimen No.

N7 NB N5 NG QT7 QTB QT2 QT3 QT4 QT5

TABLE X

Dynamic Fracture Toughness Data for ASTM A 203 Grade D

K a Testing max

Temperature, F ksi \/iii: -100 63.2 -100 62.4 -150 46.9 -150 43.5 -100 103.9 -130 66.4 -150 77.3 -150 60.3 -200 40.8 -250 38.3

a Fracture toughness computed using maximum load. b Valid plane strain fracture toughness value.

K 1c

b

ksi Yin.

46.9 43.5

66.4

60.3 40.8 38.3

N = Normalized condition and QT = quenched and tempered con-dition.

TABLE XI

Charpy Impact Data on Welded ½-Inch Plate of

Condition

As Welded

Stress Relieved at 1150 F

3½% Nickel Steel

Notch Location

Base plate Edge heat-affected zone Middle heat-affected zone Fusion line Weld metal

Base plate Edge heat-affected zone Middle heat-affected zone Fusion line Weld metal

Charpy Impact (Keyhole-Notch)

at-150 F ft-lb

20 14 16 17 23

28 22 36 36 21

E8016-C2 electrodes. Further impact data on welded plate using matching 3 ½ per cent nickel steel electrodes (E8015-C2) are given in Figures 17 and 18.

5 PER CENT NICKEL STEEL

The 5 per cent nickel steel has been used in the United Kingdom and Europe for pressure vessels operating at subzero temperatures. This steel is covered by British Standard Specifications En 3 7 and by German Iron and Steel Association Specification 680. Plates of the latter grade are preferably used in the quenched and tempered condition. Its use in Europe has been more extensive than in the United States, however, there is a general trend to replace it either by 3½ per cent nickel steel down to -165 For by 9 per cent nickel steel for lower temperatures.

The European version of the 5 per cent nickel steel

60

.ct 50

= ~ 40 .. -= c.:, -= 30 ... -c:, z: a> 20 c -= ,.., Cl> :..::

10

0

70

60 .Cl = 50 .,;; E-..

40 -= c.:,

-= 2 c:,

30 z: a> c -= - 20 cu :..::

10

0

5 2 3 4 1 A ~

1 2 3 4 5 70

1 2 3 4 5 -100

Temperature , F

1 2 3 4 5 -150

1 2 3 4 70

1 2 3 4 -100

Temperature , F

C

1 2 3 4 -150

70 I-----,---+---{

;;: t: 50 f--f--- ---+--+-----+-----/-t----+-7"'-+--.--"9'--i ! 40 f--f-----+--+-----++----6,,,<'=--+--+---=-----1":::._.: 4-----l ... = u

:i 30 f--f---+--:;.~'.'.'.:_..f+,,L._-+-7'-'4--=-1--=:-:i::~:_______i t ~

,:! 20 f--t-r---+--t--H-:;;.ff---t----+---'-------'-------l

-250 -150 100 Temperature , F

Fig. 17. Group of impact curves for one condition of welding and heat treatment of 3½ per cent nickel steel plate.

~ .,;;

~ -= c.:, .c: ... 'S z: cu c .c: ,.., a> :..::

.Cl = ~ "' -= c.:,

-= 2 c:, z: cu c ~ a>

:..::

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1 2 3 4 5 70

1 2 3 4 5 -100

Temperature , F

1 2 3 4 5 -150

D

1 2 3 4 70

1 2 3 4 -100

Temperature , F

1 2 3 4 -150

B

Fig. 18. Effect of welding on impact properties of low carbon, 3½ per cent nickel steel. References 29 and 44. A. Plate normalized. Tested as welded. B. Plate normalized. Stress-relieved at 1150 F after welding. C. Plate quenched and tempered. Tested as welded. D. Plate quenched and tempered. Stress relieved at 1150 F after welding.

13

usually is welded with austenitic stainless steel electrodes of the 18 chromium-9 nickel or 25 chromium-20 nickel type. In addition, a filler wire of the 18 chromium-8 nickel-6 manganese type is used in Europe; the weld deposit is fully austenitic and is resistant to hot cracking.

In North America, a 5 per cent nickel steel version with 0.25 per cent molybdenum has been developed for plate applications primarily for use down to -275 F. It is covered by ASTM A 645 and ASME SA-645. The balance of this section is devoted to the 5 Ni-0.25 Mo steel referred to simply as 5 per cent nickel steel.


Table XII gives the required composition, tensile and impact properties of this steel. Composition and tensile properties are specified in ASTM A 645. A special three-stage heat treatment comprising austenitizing, double reheating, and quenching is specified by ASTM A 645. The maximum thickness covered is limited only by the ability of the material to meet the specified mechanical property requirements.

The following procedures are required for heat treating the 5 per cent nickel steel:

1. Hardening-ASTM A 645

Heat the plate to a temperature of 1575 to 1675 F, hold at this temperature for 1 hour /inch of thickness, but in no case less than 15 minutes, and water quench to below 300 F.

2. Reheating-ASTM A 645

Reheat the plate to a temperature of 1325 to 1400 F, hold at this temperature for 1 hour /inch of thickness, but in no case less than 15 minutes, and water quench to below 300 F.

3. Reheating-ASTM A 645

Reheat the plate to a temperature of 1150 to 1225 F, hold at this temperature for 1 hour /inch of thickness, but in no case less than 15 minutes, and water quench to below 300 F.


The tensile properties of the 5 per cent nickel steel at room temperature surpass the requirements in Table XII as shown in Table XIII.

Average Charpy V-notch impact data listed in Table XIV show energy absorbed and lateral expansion for tests at -275 F and -320 F. The energy absorbed exceeds the supplementary requirements of ASTM A 645 while meeting the lateral expansion requirements.

Fracture Toughness Tests

Drop-weight tests made on 5/s to 1 ½-inch thick plate show that the NDT (Nil-Ductility-Transition) temperature is below -320 F.

14

Crack-started explosion-bulge tests on 5 per cent nickel steel show that the Fracture-Transition-Elastic (FTE) temperature for both base plate and weldments is at or below -260 F.

Fracture toughness tests made on ¼ to 1 ¼-inch thick plate at -275 F gave stress intensity (Kc) values and critical crack lengths (2ac) as shown in Table XV.

Additional fracture toughness tests on I-inch thick plate at -260 and -320 F gave the conditional plane strain fracture toughness values, K 0, as shown in Table XVI for compact tension specimens and Table XVII

TABLE XII

Composition, Tensile, Impact and Bending Requirements for 5% Nickel Steel Plate Specially

Heat Treated a

Composition (ASTM A 645) Carbon, max, % Manganese, % Phosphorus, max, % Sulfur, max, % Silicon,% Nickel,% Molybdenum, % Aluminum, total, % Nitrogen, max, %

0.13 0.30-0.60 .025 .025

0.20-0.35 4.75-5.25 0.20-0.35 .05-0.12 .020

Tensile Requirements Tensile Strength, psi Yield Strength (0.2% Offset), min, psi Elongation (2 in.l, min, %

95,000-115,000 65,000 20.0

Charpy Impact (V-Notchl Requirements at -275 F* Lateral Expansion, min, mil 15 Supplementary Requirements of Charpy Impact (V-Notch) Test

Longitudinal Transverse

Full size (1 Ox 1 O mm), min, ft-lb ¾ Width (10 x 7.5 mm), min, ft-lb 213 Width (10 x 6.67 mm}, min, ft-lb ½ Width (10 x 5 mm}, min, ft-lb 1/J Width (10 x 3.33 mm), min, ft-lb ¼ Width (10 x 2.5 mm), min, ft-lb

25 19 17 13 8 6

Bending Requirements, Ratio: Bend Dia to Specimen Thickness ¾ in. and under 2 Over ¾ to 1 ¼ in., inclusive Over 1¼ in.

Allowable Design Stressest ASME, Section VIII, Division I Table UTH-23, max, psi

ASME, Section VIII, Division II Table AQT-1, max, psi

API Standard 620, Appendix Q Table Q.3.3, max, psi

2½ 3

23,700

31,700

31,700

20 15 13 10 7 5

• Heat Treatment: austenitized, double reheating and quenching. • Values of energy absorption and fracture appearance to be re

ported for information. t ASME values are for temperatures not exceeding 150 F.

TABLE XIII

Room Temperature Tensile Properties of 5% Nickel Steel Platea

Plate Tensile Yield Strength Elong. Reduction Thickness Specimen Strength (0.2% Offset) (2 in.J of Area

in. Orientation psi psi % %

Yi6 Longitudinal 104,200 88,600 32 Transverse 104,300 88,000 34

3/s Longitudinal 100,700 84,600 36 Transverse 101,400 82,400 37

5/a Longitudinal 103,100 87,600 30 77 Transverse 101,800 84,400 30 72

1¼ Longitudinal 98,100 74,600 33 74 Transverse 98,400 73,600 33 77

• Data supplied by Armco Steel Corporation. Composition of heat tested: .08C, 0.60Mn, .OlOP, .009S, 0.25Si, 5.03Ni, 0.30Mo, .08AI, .OlON.

for bend bar specimens. Valid plane strain fracture toughness values, K 1c, would require specimens 4½ to 5 inches thick. 71

Physical Properties

Data follow on modulus of elasticity, density, ther-mal expansion and thermal conductivity.

Modulus of Elasticity (70 F), psi ....... . Modulus of Elasticity (-320 F), psi ... . Density, lb/cu in ................................ .

g/cu cm ............................... . Thermal Expansion (70 to -300 F),

28.7xl0 6

30.7x 10 6

0.282 7.82

per°F ··································--·········· 5.0 X 10 6

Thermal Conductivity (-320 F), Btu/hr/sq ft/°F /in .......................... . 90

Welding

For pressure-vessel construction, 5 per cent nickel steel falls into Group P-1 lA, Table Q-11.1, Section IX of the ASME Code governing welding procedure qualification.4

This material has been successfully welded using three welding processes: ( 1 ) shielded metal-arc welding, (2) submerged-arc welding and (3) gas metal-arc welding. Filler metals employed were of the austenitic nickel-chromium-iron types commonly applied to welding 9 per cent nickel steel such as INCO-WELD * A Electrode and INCONEL* Filler Metal 92. Tensile testing of weldments indicate that specimens mostly broke in the weld metal because of the use of nickelbase alloy filler metal; however, no particular difficulty was experienced in meeting the minimum tensile requirement of 95,000 psi of the base plate. Charpy V-notch impact testing of weldments at -275 F indicates adequate impact toughness in the heat-affected zone and that the energy absorption and lateral expansion requirements were met.

* Registered trademarks of The International Nickel Company, Inc.

15

TABLE XIV

Charpy V-Notch Impact Data on 5% Nickel Steel Plate at Low Temperatures a

Plate Avg.Absorbed Avg. Lateral

Thickness Energy, ft-lb Expansion, mil

in. Longitudinal Transverse Longitudinal Transverse

Properties at-275 F fi'6 b 18 19 42 43 1/s C 93 54 74 50 5/a 98 89 56 51

1¼ 56 58 34 35

Properties at -320 F fi'6 b 24 15 61 44 3/s C 77 46 74 50 % 90 58 63 47

1¼ 50 40 41 33

• Data supplied by Armco Steel Corporation. Same composition as Table XIII.

• ¼ size impact specimen. 0 ¾ size impact specimen.

TABLE XV

Fracture Toughness Test Results of 5% Nickel Steels at -275 F

Plate Stress Intensity Critical Crack Thickness Factor, K, Length,* 2 a,

in. ksi fi. in.

¼ 355 142.8 ¼ 405 185.9 % 330 123.4 % 320 116.1 % 300 102.0 % 307 106.8

1¼ 205 47.6 1¼ 205 47.6

• Calculated using maximum allowable design stress of 23,700 psi.

TABLE XVI

Compact Tension Fracture Toughness Evaluation of 5% Nickel Steel at -260 and -320 F

KQ K K Temperature Notch 1st pop m

F Location ksi Vin. ksi vm. ksi Vin. -320 Base plate 78.0 78.0 120 -320 Base plate 63.8 78.0 120 -260 Base plate 79.5 None 1773

-260 Base plate 92.1 118.0 -260 HAZ 80.2 80.2 92.4 -260 HAZ 105.5b None 105.5b

•· At-210 F. b At-220 F.

HAZ = Heat-affected Zone.

TABLE XVII

Bend Bar Fracture Toughness Evaluation of 5% Nickel Steel at-260 F

Ko K K Notch 1st pop m

Location ksi viii. ksi fi. ksi v7n. Base Plate 54.2 1003

Base Plate 65.4 83.7 83.7 HAZ 57.9 71.2 71.2 HAZ 65.1 65.1

• At -200 F. HAZ = Heat-affected Zone.


The 8 per cent nickel steel was developed for use down to -275 F. It is covered by ASTM A 553, Type II. In general, its microstructural and property characteristics are similar to the 9 per cent nickel steel except that the latter is suitable for applications at lower temperatures.


A summary of composition, heat treatment, tensile, impact and bending requirements for 8 per cent nickel steel plate is presented in Table XVIII. ASTM A 553, Type II covers this steel in the quenched and tempered (QT) condition. The maximum plate thickness covered is normally limited to 2 inches; however, greater thicknesses may be obtained provided the composition meets the specified mechanical property requirements. This steel has been approved for the construction of pressure vessels in accordance with the requirements of Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Allowable design stresses are given in Table XVIII.

16

TABLE XVIII

. Composition, Tensile, Impact and Bending Requirements for 8% Nickel Steel Plate Quenched

and Tempered

Composition (ASTM A 553, Type Ill Carbon, max, % Manganese, max, % Phosphorus, max, % Sulfur, max, % Silicon, % Nickel,%

0.13 0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 7.50-8.50

Tensile Requirements Tensile Strength, psi Yield Strength (0.2% Offset), min, psi Elongation (2 in.), min, %

100,000-120,000 85,000 20.0

Charpy Impact {V-Notch) Requirements at-275 F* Lateral Expansion, min, mil 15 Supplementary Requirements of Charpy Impact {V-Notch) Test

Longitudinal Transverse

full size (10 x 10 mm), min, ft-lb ¾ Width (10 x 7.5 mm), min, ft-lb 1/a Width (10 x 6.67 mm), min, ft-lb ½ Width (10 x 5 mm), min, ft-lb 1/J Width (10 x 3.33 mm), min, ft-lb ¼ Width (10 x 2.5 mm), min, ft-lb

25 19 17 13 8 6

Bending Requirements, Ratio: Bend Dia to Specimen Thickness ¾ in. and under 2 Over ¾ to 1 ¼ in., inclusive Over 1 ¼ in.

2½ 3

20 15 13 10 7 5

Allowable Design Stressest ASME, Section VIII, Division 1, Table UHT-23, max, psi

25,000 (BM) 23,700 (W)

ASME Code Case 1499, Table UHT-23, max, psi 25,000 (W)f

• Values of energy absorption and fracture appearance to be reported for information.

t ASM E values are for temperatures not exceeding 150 F. i Welded product must meet minimum tensile strength of 100,000

psi. Abbreviations: BM = Base Metal. W = Welded.

The following procedures are required for heat treating th; 8 per cent nickel steel:

1.Quenchand Temper(QT)-ASTM A553

Heat until the plate or part attains a uniform temperature of 1475 F, hold at this temperature in the ratio of 1 hour /inch of thickness, but in no case less than 15 minutes, and water quench. Reheat to a uniform temperature within the range of 1050 to 1125 F, hold at this temperature in the ratio of 1 hour /inch of thickness, but in no case less than 15 minutes, and cool in air or water quench; the cooling rate to be not less than 300°F /hour.

2. Stress Relieve (SR)-ASTM A 553

Heat the steel gradually and uniformly to a temperature between 1025 and 1085 F, hold for a minimum of 2 hours for thicknesses up to 1 inch, plus an additional period in proportion to 1 hour for each additional inch of thickness, and cool at a minimum rate of 300 °F /hour in air or water to a temperature not exceeding 600 F.


The tensile properties of the 8 per cent nickel steel at 75 F surpass the requirements in Table XVIII, as shown in Figure 19 for quenched and tempered material.

Typical Charpy V-notch impact data in Figure 20 show energy absorbed and lateral expansion for tests at -275 F. The data show that this steel greatly exceeds the 15-mil lateral expansion requirement for transverse specimens. The energy absorbed exceeds the supplementary requirements of ASTM A 553 for quenched and tempered material.

8 Nickel

Tensile Quenched and Tempered

110 Strength Yield Note: Longitudinal and

transverse specimens Strength are included.

( 0.2 % Offset) 100

C .08-.09

90 Mn 0.39-0.41 p .002-.005 s .013-.014

80 \ Si 0.20-0.21 \ I Ni 7.50-7.70

70 I ( Composition range of I plates tested)

·;:;; I c,. c:, 60 \ c:, 52 \

30

.; I .. 50 ~

t;; 25

40 ll',

ASTM A 553 20 Type II .5

30 ~ 15 C

0 :;::; "'

20 ...

10 C 0 ;:;::;

10 5

0 0

Tensile Data: Range for 3 plates %, ½ and ¾-in. thick.

Fig. 19. Representative tensile properties tor que,1ched and tempered 8 per cent nickel steel plates and how they compare with the minima specified in ASTM A 553.66

17

Thermal Expansion

The average coefficients of thermal expansion per degree F for the quenched and tempered 8 per cent nickel steel are:

5.3 x 10- 6 for the range -260 to 80 F 7.0 x 10- 0 for the range 80 to 800 F

Effects of Stress Relief and Cold Work

Figure 21 summarizes the data on the effects of stress relief and cold work. Stress relieving treatments have no significant effect on tensile properties; this is shown only for yield strength in Figure 21. The toughness of quenched and tempered material is not affected by stress relief for 2 hours at 1050 F, if followed by water quenching, but slower cooling rates (250 or S0°F per hour) give lower impact values. Ten per cent cold work increases yield strength and substantially lowers the impact value. Stress relief at 1050 F after the 10 per cent cold work restores the yield strength to the original quenched and tempered level. It also raises impact values but not to the pre-cold worked levels for the three cooling rates from 1050 F.

Welding

For pressure vessel construction, this material falls into Group P-1 lA, Table Q-11.1, Section IX of the ASME Code governing welding procedure qualification. 4 Quenched and tempered plates %-inch thick, welded by the manual shielded metal-arc process w,ith

8 Nickel Quenched and Tempered

Energy Absorption Composition: Same as Fig. 19 90 at -275 F

80 Long.

70 - Trans "¥ Lateral Expansion = at -275 F 60 60 .c:

Long. B 0 z 50 50 I Trans ~ ~ - 40 40

'i§ .... "' cf c,.

.5 0 ·;:;; C

~ 30 30 "' c,.

"' "' .c ..... (,)

~ 20 20 .el "' --'

10 Supplementary 10 Requirement

0 0 Impact Data: Range of 2 plates % and %-in. thick.

Fig. 20. Representative Charpy V-notch impact data on 8 per cent nickel steel plate and how they compare with the minima specified in ASTM A 553.66

INCO-WELD A Electrodes, develop -275 F Charpy V-notch impact properties of the weld metal and the weld heat-affected zone that match or exceed those of the base metal. The steel meets radiographic quality, joint efficiency, and bend ductility requirements satisfactorily. Table XIX presents the mechanical properties of these welds in plates of 8 per cent nickel steel.

Crack-starter explosion-bulge performance is excellent for base plate and butt-welded plate, both with and without postweld stress relief, with fracture-transition-elastic (FTE) temperatures below-275 F. 58

.Cl

~ u.: Ill

~ I

1;j

i 0 z I

~ t; .. Cl.

E

100

80

60

40

20


la Energy Absorbed

■ Yield Strength Cold-

Q&T

Rolled Stress-Relieved 10%

2 Hours at 1050 F

Water250 50 Quench

Cold-Rolled 10% & Stress-

Relieved 2 Hours at 1050 F

Water250 50 Quench

120

!4. 100 8

80

60

40

... £ g' ., ~ ~ .. >

Cooling Rate From Stress-Relieving Temperature, ° F per hour

Fig. 21. Effect of stress-relief heat treatment, l O per cent cold work and cooling rate from stress-relieving temperature on the properties of quenched and tempered 8 per cent nickel steel plates. 66


The 9 per cent nickel steel is specified for equipment operating at temperatures as low as -320 F. It is covered by ASTM A 353 and ASTM A 553, Type I.


Low-carbon 9 per cent nickel steel is supplied in either the quenched and tempered or double normalized and tempered condition to meet the requirements of the latest revision of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Table XX gives the required composition, heat treatment and mechanical properties, including allowable design stresses. No stress relief is required after welding for applications at temperatures down to -320 F in sections up to 2 inches thick. As shown in Table XX, ASTM Designation A 353 covers double

18

normalized and tempered plate and A 553, Type I covers quenched and tempered plate, both normally limited to a thickness of 2 inches; however, greater thicknesses may be obtained provided the composition meets the specified mechanical property requirements. Other forms, including forgings, are covered by ASTM A522.

The following procedures for heat treatment are recommended in the standards mentioned above:

1. Double Normalize and Temper (NNT )ASTM A353

Heat to a uniform temperature of 1650 F; hold at this temperature in the ratio of 1 hour per inch of thickness; but in no case less than 15 minutes; cool in air. Reheat until the plate attains a uniform temperature of 1450 F; hold at this temperature in the ratio of 1 hour per inch of thickness, but in no case less than 15 minutes; cool in air. Reheat to a uniform temperature within the range of 1050 to 1125 F; hold at this temperature in the ratio of 1 hour per inch of thickness, but in no case less than 15 minutes; cool in air or water quench, at a rate not less than 300°F per hour. If hot forming is performed within the range 1650-1750 F, the first normalize may be omitted.

2.Quench and Temper (QT)-A.STM A 553

Heat to a uniform temperature of 1475 F; hold at this temperature in the ratio of 1 hour per inch of thickness, but in no case less than 15 minutes; quench in water. Reheat until the plate attains a uniform temperature within the range of 1050 to 1125 F; hold at this temperature in the ratio of 1 hour per inch of thickness, but in no case less than 15 minutes; cool in air or water quench, at a rate not less than 300°F per hour.

3. Stress Relieve (SR)-ASTM A 353 and A 553

Stress relieving of parts, when required, may be accomplished by heating at 1025-1085 F for a minimum of 2 hours for thicknesses up to 1 inch, plus an additional period in proportion to 1 hour for each additional inch of thickness, and cool at a minimum rate of 300 °F /hour in air or water to a temperature not exceeding 600 F.


Tensile and Impact Properties or Plate

Typical tensile properties as a function of temperature in 3/s-inch thick plates, double normalized and tempered, are shown in Figure 22. Figure 23 shows similar typical properties for 3/s and ¾-inch thick plates in the quenched and tempered condition. Although this steel is not utilized normally for elevated

\ I

l J

TABLE XIX

Mechanical Properties of Quenched and Tempered %-Inch Plates of 8% Nickel Steel Butt-Welded with

INCO-WELD A Electrodes a

Description of Postweld Property or Material As Weldedb Heat-Treated c

Tensile Properties Tensile Strength, psi 107,000 108,000 Joint Efficiency, % 100d 100d Failure Location Weld and bond Weld and bond

ASME Guided-Bend-Test Results, degrees Longitudinal Face Bend 180 180

Base Metal Weld Metal

Charpy V-Notch Energy Absorption at -275 F, ft-lb

77 69

Heat-Affected Zone 91

Base Metal

Weld Metal

Charpy V-Notch Lateral Expansion at-275 F, mils 51 51

Heat-Affected Zone 50

a Reference 66.

66 72

109

47 61 59

• Welded by shielded metal-arc welding process with joints perpendicular to final rolling direction of plate.

c Two hours at 1050 F, cooled at rate of 250° F per hour. d This may be a little high because !NCO-WELD A welds in 9%

nickel steel generally exhibit a joint efficiency slightly less than 100%.

'iii ... 0 0 S? .,; .. ~ ~

Double Normalized and Tempered 3/8-inch Plates

180

160

140

120

100

BO

60

40

20

0 -400

~

.... ~ I

✓l'/°J/tl// ~

I'-.....~~ .... ~St,-. ....._

' r---!!!,.etJ,

~~ ---i--.

Yield Stren&th (0.2% offsetJ >1'

-\ .

Elona:ation

-300 -200 -100 0 Temperature, F

---

400

350 ~ C

1: 300 ~

'ii 250 ·2

m

200

50

40 ~

30 .~ N

C 0 ,_ 20 :;:::

10

0 100

"' ... C 0 i.:i

Fig. 22. Effect of temperature on hardness and tensile properties of 9 per cent nickel steel in double normalized and tempered condition. 52

19

temperature service, spec.ific requirements allow pressure vessels to be cycled from moderately elevated temperatures to subzero temperatures. Consequently, a few short-time elevated-temperature tensile data for both heat-treated conditions are given in Table XXI.

The probable range and normal expectancy curves for Charpy V-notch impact values of commercial plate, as currently produced for double normalized and tempered and quenched and tempered material, are presented in Figures 24 and 25 respectively. Typical Charpy-V-notch values are shown by the curves of Figure 26, which also shows that these values substantially exceed the supplementary requirements of ASTM A 353 and A 553 for double normalized and tempered and quenched and tempered material, respectively. Additional impact data are shown in Table XXII for plates up to 2 inches thick at -320 F.

Charpy V-notch impact requirements have largely replaced Charpy keyhole-notch requirements for steel plates for pressure vessels as covered by the general specification ASTM A 20. Charpy keyhole-notch requirements are specified in ASTM A 300; however, impact data on this type of specimen show that this requirement is met quite readily.

Tensile and Charpy-impact data on the 9 per cent nickel steel in plate form, in relation to existing ASTM specifications, are summarized in Figures 27, 28 and 29. The double normalized and tempered condition is covered in Figure 27 and quenched and tempered in Figfure 28. Some lateral expansion data, along with data on energy absorbed and fracture appearance, are in-

·;;; a.

0 0

S! .,; .. ~ ~

Quenched and Tempered Plates - ........ ----...---.--.--......- ........ -...----,400

180

160

140

120

100

80 3/4in. ...::

60 ~ 3/ein.----- ::>,-Elona:ation

- -- 30 ~ C

40 ~--1---1---1---1--~f----+--+--+--+----, 20 ~ ... c::

20 l---4--t---1---1---f----+--+--+--+---l 10 ~

OL__J_....1.._..L_..1....._L-.....J.--L.._....1-_~_,o

-~ -~ -m -~ 0 ~

Temperature, F

Fig. 23. Effect of temperature on hardness and tensile properties of 9 per cent nickel steel in quenched and tempered condition. 52

TABLE XX TABLE XXI

Composition, Heat Treatment and Mechanical Short-Time Elevated-Temperature Tensile Properties Properties Specified for9% Nickel Steel Plate for 9% Nickel Steel a

for Low-Temperature Service Test Plate Yield Elon- Reduc-

Composition Temper-Thick- Heat Tensile Strength gation tion <ASTM A 553, Type ll ature ness Treat- Strength (0.2% offset) (1 in.) of Area

Carbon, max, % 0.13 F in. mentb psi psi % %

Manganese, max, % 0.90 Phosphorus, max, % 0.035 Room ½ QT 110,000 93,000 25 74

Sulfur, max, % 0.040 250 ½ QT 101,000 91,000 23 73 Silicon,% 0.15-0.30 450 ½ QT 101,000 90,000 23 73 Nickel,% 8.50-9.50 650 ½ QT 95,000 82,000 31 78

Heat Treatment NNT (ASTM A 353) QT (ASTM A 553, Type ll 850 ½ QT 76,000 68,000 26 79

Tensile Requirements Tensile Strength, psi 100,000-120,000 100,000-120,000 Room ½ NNT 110,000 88,000 26 71 Yie Id Strength 250 ½ NNT 100,000 77,000 24 71

!0.2% Offset), min, psi 75,000 85,000 450 ½ NNT 102,000 76,000 26 69 Elongation (2 in.), min, % 20.0 20.0

Charpy Impact (V-Notchl 650 ½ NNT 91,000 70,000 30 77

Requirements at -320 F* 850 ½ NNT 70,000 60,000 30 81 Lateral Expansion, min, mil 15 Supplementary Room 2 QT 109,000 100,000 25 72

Requirements of 250 2 QT 102,000 91,000 23 73 Charpy IV-Notch) Test Longitudinal Transverse 450 2 QT 101,000 88,000 22 69

Full size (1 O x 1 O mml, 650 2 QT 96,000 83,000 29 77 min, ft-lb 25 20

850 2 QT 76,000 70,000 26 82 ¾ Width (10 x 7 .5 mm), min, ft-lb 19 15

2h Width (10 x 6.67 mm), Room 2 NNT 103,000 80,000 26 69 min, ft-lb 17 13 250 2 NNT 91,000 73,000 25 72

½ Width (10 x 5 mm), 450 2 tllNT 90,000 71,000 25 70 min, ft-lb 13 10

½ Width (10 x 3.33 mm), 650 2 NNT 88,000 68,000 32 76 min, ft-lb 8 7 850 2 NNT 66,000 57,000 34 85

¼ Width (10 x 2.5 mm), min, ft-lb 6 5 • Reference 51.

Bending Requirements, h Q = Water quench NN = Double normalize T = Temper

Ratio: Bend Dia to Specimen Thickness

¾ in. and under 2 Over¾ to 1¼ in. 2½ Over 1¼ in. 3

Allowable Design Stresses** TABLE XXII NNT (ASTM A 353) QT (ASTM A 553, Type I)

ASME, Section VIII, Division 1, 25,000 (BM) 25,000 (BM) Effect of Plate Thickness on Charpy Impact Values Table UHT-23, max, psi 23,700 (Wl 23,700 (Wl at -320 F of Commercial 9% Nickel Steel in ASME Code Case 1499, Quenched and Tempered Condition Table UHT-23, max, psi 25,000 (Wlt 25,000 (Wlt

ASME, Section VIII, Division 2, 33,300 (BM) 33,300 (BM) Charpy Impact IV-Notch), ft-lb Table AQT-1, max, psi 31,700 (W)t 31,700 (Wlt Plate Longitudinal Transverse

Thickness API Standard 620 for in. Range Avg. Range Avg. Reference large low-pressure welded storage tanks for 0.4 31-38 a 45a 55 liquefied natural gas, Table Q.3.3, max, psi 31,700'(W)t 31,700 (Wlt 0.5 28-46a 388 27-36 a 32a 52,54

0.9 45-50 48 34-39 36 54 • Values of energy absorption and fracture appearance reported

1.6 for information. 41-50 45 30-31 30 51 •• ASME values are for temperatures not exceeding 150 F. 1.9 30-473 35a 26-31 28 51 t Welded product must meet minimum tensile strength of 100,000 psi.

:j: Minimum tensile strength 95,000 psi in welded construction. 2 32-48a 40a 20-25 22 51 Abbreviations: N = Normalized. Q = Quenched. T = Tempered. BM = Base Metal. W=Welded. • Two or more heats and/or plates.

20

Double Normalized and Tempered

Temperature, K 100 150 200 250 300

160 ,---,......,.----,..,....-----,----..,..,..-----,-,

=i! 1201------j~------J<~AA~~~~~~~~.:__i ::::

I 1001----1----#.~~~~~~===~~1;;,~~~~~ z

~ 80 t---+-~~~~~~~7%'77'n-"?'77'7,_/.1;~'7"'7',,.,_.7" Y'.~,,"7)'?'7"""-1 u "' C. .s 60t----,,~~~'-----b~77'7",V,,~,L,L,l.'+-,L,~4",<;,L,L,l.'+,4T---i >,

ejg 40 c.:,

-300 -200 -100 0 100 Temperature, F

Fig. 24. Proboble range of Charpy V-notch impact values for double normalized and tempered (at 1050-1075 F) lowcarbon 9 per cent nickel steel plate. Data from many sources.

Temperature, K 120 100 150 200 250

I I I 300

e 40 "' .c

(.)

20

0

QT I

Longitudinal ~ 'l NNT I

\ ~ NNT --f---1-

I / ;It. V" QT

II ,I~ :r-I V , Transverse

II i/2' 0.5 In. Plate -

"/ ~ V QT-Quenched and Tempered ;1/ NNT-Double Normalized -

, ~ ASTM A 353 and A 553 -.- (25ft-lb at -320 F)

I I I I I

-300 -200 -100 Temperature, F

and Tempered. -

0 100

Fig. 26. Effect of heat treatment and rolling direction on Charpy V-notch impact of low-carbon 9 per cent nickel steel plate. Operation Cryogenics. 52

21

Quenched and Tempered

Temperature, K 100 150 200

160 250 300

140 longitudinal Specimens

.c, 120 ::: -"' .c 100 u -Cl z ~ 80 -u "' C.

.E 60 >, C. ... "' 40 -= c.:,

t--~~~'741!~"'!==~---+-Transverse Specimens Normal Expectancy

20

0 -300 -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F

Fig. 25. Probable range of Charpy V-notch impact values for quenched and tempered (at 1050-1075 F) low-carbon 9 per cent nickel steel plate. Data from many sources.

eluded in Figure 29 for the quenched and tempered condition. The 15-mil lateral expansion requirement for transverse specimens is exceeded substantially.

Stability of Impact Properties on Cycling to Low Temperatures

Table XXIII shows the effect on impact properties of low-temperature cycling with and without applied stress.

Fracture Toughness Tests

Naval Research Laboratory drop-weight tests on quenched and tempered plates and weldments in thicknesses up to 1 inch show that the nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature is below -320 F. 63 Similar tests conducted by Nippon Steel Corporation 64 on quenched and tempered plates up to 1.6 inches thick show that the NDT is below -320 F.

Crack-starter explosion-bulge tests on quenched and tempered plates in thicknesses up to ¾ inch show that the fracture-transition-elastic (FTE) temperature is at or below -320 F. 67

Wells wide-plate (WWP) tests on welded and notched double normalized and tempered plates ½ inch thick show fracture occurs under stresses of 129,900 psi and 136,600 psi after gross plastic strains of 0.6 and 0.87 per cent respectively. 68

Brittle-fracture initiation tests of welded and deepnotched quenched and tempered plate ½ inch thick show that a half-crack length of 3.1 inches is required to initiate brittle fracture at -320 Fin the heat-affected

120

110

Tensile Strength

Yield 100 ~---1--1 Strength

, ( 0.2 % Offset>

9 Nickel Double Normalized and

Tempered Note: Longitudinal and transverse

specimens are included.

C Mn .08- 0.44-

0.10 ().60

p .007-.014

s .010-.013

Si 0.22-0.49

(Composition range of plates tested)

Ni 8.61 9.45

90

80

-----===============--1 90

·;;; 70 ... 0 c:,

52 60

i ;:;, 50

40

30

2Q

10

-----------------------1 80 ~

1 Elong

Red. Area = ti

----------------l 70 :. .5

--------------< 60 e Charpy Impact

at -320 F

V-Notch

.. .c u

50 I ~ ..

40 ~ -g

30 :

20;;

ASTM A 300 (15 ft-lb min at -320 FJ

&" f---~-~---110 ~

o~-~-~_. _ _. _ _._--'- _ _._ _ _,_ ___ ........ _....._ _ _.._ _ _,_----'0

120

110

90

80

70 "i g S! 60 .,; ., E ;:;, 50

40

30

20

10

Tensile Strength


Note: Longitudinal and transverse specimens are included.

C Mn .06- 0.44-

0.10 0.61

p

.005-

.018

s .008-.020

Si Ni 0.22- 8.60-0.49 9.45

( Composition range of plates tested)

Red. Area _____ _

90

80

..0

"T = .c ... ~

70 ~ .. ... .. 60 .§

e .. 50 fl

I ~

40 l: c ,:;

30 .!:! oll

~ 20 :S

10

C: ·, N

&" .5! ...

0'---'--__L __ .,__ _ _,__ _ __, __ _,_ _ __._ __ .,__ ___ __, __ _.__~o

22

Fig. 27. Representative tensile and impact properties for a number of double normalized and tempered plates of 9 per cent nickel steel and how these properties compare with the specified minima.31, 51,-52, 54, 63

Double Normalized and Tempered: 1650 F, air cooled, 1450 F, air cooled, 1050-1100 F, water quenched .

Tensile Data: Range of 8 plates 0.4 to 2-in. thick.

Keyhole-Notch Data: Range of 3 plates 0.5 to 2-in. thick.

V-Notch Data: Range of 6 plates 0.5 to 1-in. thick.

* Supplementary requirement. Lateral expansion of 0.015-in. minimum at -320 Fis specified for transverse specimens.

Fig. 28. Representative tensile and impact properties for a number of quenched and tempered plates of 9 per cent nickel steel and how these properties compare with the specified minima.31, 52, 54, 55, 63

Quenched and Tempered: 1450-1475 F, water quenched, 1060-1100 F, water quenched.

Tensile Data: Range of 17 plates 0.4 to 2-in. thick.

Charpy Impact Data: Range of 15 plates 0.4 to 1-in. thick .

* Supplementary requirement, longitudinal.


80 Energy Absorption at -320 F =r 70

':- 60 .c

.g 50 :z

I ~ 40

i 30 .5 e'. 20 "' B 10

Lateral Expansion at -320 F

ASTMA

Supplementary Gr;!: A Requrement

Trans Long.

Fracture Appearance, Broken at -320 F

Long. t 70 .;3 .., 60 ~

~

"' 50 ~ I

40 i 30 g

·;;; c::

20 ~ >< w

10 ~ 2l

0 t--;::::::::±::::':::~=='='=~'='====::;::======::---f O ~ Impact Data: Range of 4 plates ½ and ¾-in. thick.

C Mn .08- 0.44-

0.10 0.50

p

.005-

.012

s .008-.013

Si Ni 0.22- 8.60-0.24 8.86

(Composition range of plates tested)

Fig. 29. Charpy impact properties of quenched and tempered 9 per cent nickel steel plate at -320 F and how they compare with those specified in ASTM A 553.67

TABLE XXIII

Effect of Low-Temperature Cycling and Tensile Stress on Impact Properties of 9% Nickel Steel a

Charpy Impact {V-Notchl No. of At 68 F At-320 F

Applied Cooling Tensile Cycles Energy Fibrous Energy Fibrous Stress 68 to Absorbed Fracture Absorbed Fracture

psi -320 F ft-lb % ft-lb %

0 0 111 100 44,48 63,67 0 20 110 100 48,52 67,68

22,250b 20 109 100 46,52 67,68

• Double normalized and tempered."' • 89% of allowable design stress.

TABLE XXIV

Compact Tension Fracture Toughness Evaluation of Quenched and Tempered 9% Nickel Steel at

-260 and -320 F

Temperature F

-320 -320 -260 -260

K a Q

ksi fi.

129.0 133.0 98.8

139.0

K 1st pop

ksi Yin. 136.0

• Conditional plane strain fracture toughness.

K m

ksi fi.

197 194 185

23

zone under a tensile stress of 0.4 times the yield strength. 69

Fracture toughness tests conducted by Del Research Corporation 70 on quenched and tempered plate 1 inch thick at -260 and -320 F gave the conditional plane strain fracture toughness, KQ, values shown in Table XXIV. Valid Kie values would require specimen thicknesses of 4 ½ to 5 inches.

Fracture toughness tests conducted by TRW Inc. 71

on quenched and tempered plate 3 inches thick at 7 5, 100 and -321 F indicate KQ values in all cases as shown in Table XXV. Valid Kie values were not obtained because of insufficient specimen size; however, the toughness of the material appeared to be high based on the crack size factor, (KQ/ a,,8 ) 2•

Crack opening displacement ( C.O.D.) fracture toughness tests on plate up to 3 inches thick at temperatures down to -321 F gave C.O.D.max values at the first onset of maximum load of .010-.016 inch and Kmax values of 150,000-210,000 psi 0fl. Only minor differences in fracture toughness properties of quenched and tempered and double normalized and tempered plate up to 1.2 inches thick were found. 72

Compact tension fracture toughness tests conducted by the University of California, Berkeley 73 on double normalized and tempered plates ¾ inch thick gave valid K 10 values at 73 ksi-v,ui: at -450 F. Compact tension (WOL) specimens 0.70 inch thick were used for these tests. Additional specimens of the same thickness were too thin for valid Kie values at -320 F; however, a conditional fracture toughness value, KQ, in the range 130 to 150 ksiym. was obtained.

Compressive Strength

Nine per cent nickel steel, like other ductile materials, has no compressive strength corresponding to ulti-

TABLE XXV

Fracture Toughness Test Results of Quenched and Tempered 9% Nickel Steel in 3 in. Plate Thicknesses

at75,-100and-321 F

Temperature F

75

-100

-321

0.2% Yield Strength ksi

92.3

96.6

124.5

• Conditional plane strain fracture toughness.

K a Q

ksi fi.

95.0 101.5 100.5 101.4 99.8 98.5 96.3

114.1 100.8 106.5

mate tensile strength. Its compressive yield strength (0.2 per cent offset), for quenched and tempered ¾-inch plate, is 90,000 psi at 75 F and 136,000 psi at-320F.

Hardness and Hardenability

There is no appreciable difference in hardness between material in the double normalized and tempered and quenched and tempered condition of heat treatment. Figure 23 gives the hardness of quenched and tempered material at test temperatures between 75 and -320 F. A typical end-quench hardenability curve for 9 per cent nickel steel and its isothermal transformation diagram are given in other bulletins.*

Fatigue Properties

Figures 30, 31 and 32 summarize the fatigue properties of 9 per cent nickel steel. Figure 32 shows results of a plastic fatigue test, which was developed by Lehigh University, in which the degree of plastic strain is plotted against cycles to failure. 62

Effect of Cold Straining on Impact Properties

Figure 33 shows the effect of cold working on the Charpy V-notch impact values of 9 per cent nickel steel. It will be noted that the material is restored to its original properties by stress relieving. ASME ( Section VIII, Div. 1, page 199 and Div. 2, page 167) recommends that the material should be stress relieved if the amount of strain exceeds 3 per cent, as determined by the following formula:

Per Cent Strain= 65t { 1- ~) Rr Ro

where t = Plate Thickness Rr = Final Radius R0 = Original Radius ( equals infinity for

flat plate)

Physical Properties

Data follow on modulus of elasticity, density and electrical resistivity. These apply to the 9 per cent nickel base material in both conditions of heat treatment.

Modulus of Elasticity ( 70 F ), psi .......... 2 7 x 10 6

Modulus of Elasticity (-320 F), psi ...... 30 x 10 6

Density, lb/cu in ................................... 0.284 g/cu cm .................................. 7.86

Electrical Resistivity (70 F ), microhm-cm ...................................... 33.0

Additional data on thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, specific heat and magnetic properties are given in another bulletin.t

* Bulletin 6-A: "Hardenability of Nickel Alloy Steels." Bulletin 6-B: "Isothermal Transformation Diagrams of Nickel Alloy Steels."

t Bulletin 7-A: "Physical Properties of Nickel Alloy Steels."

24

·.; =-

c::, c::,

~ .,; "' ~ ~

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20 104

~

'\ r-. 1,r-.~ 1,

QT = Quenched and Tempered NNT = Double Normalized and Tempered

I'-. , ..... 1111 11111 .....

r--.. i, Standard Smooth Specimens ~ i--.. QT

.... ---NNT

b>' 60-Degree V-Notch Specimens ~ (.010-inch radius) I

~.~

"'"~ QT -- -NNTI

106 108

Cycles to Failure

Fig. 30. Rotating-beam fatigue data for smooth and notched bars of 9 per cent nickel steel. 51

180 \

160

·:1 140 \.

·c::, c::, c::,

:. 120 .,, :!! ~

100

80

60 3 10

.. I' ',. •. ·, \ ' ' •. "\.

I\

' ' ........ "',

104

1, '· \

,'.?<Q "',, ,(-.....

'· -:f~t: ........ ... ~r-,.. .... 1s; .......

t-1"--.. -105

Cycles to Failure

....... .. i-- ·-1--t-..... ,

i- .... --·-·--.. ....... ~

106 107

Fig. 31. Reciprocating-beam fatigue data for normalized 9 per cent nickel steel at three temperatures. 28

1.0 0.9

~ 0.8 - 0.7 ~ 0.6 ~ C 0.5 ·.;

~ 0.4

0.3

0.2 ._...,__.__._...,_~----~-~--'-~-'--~~ 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,000 100,000

Cycles to Failure

Fig. 32. Plastic-fatigue behavior of 9 per cent nickel steel in double normalized and tempered and quenched and tempered conditions.34

:!ii ;::

"' ..c .s C, z ~ -u "' co. .5 >, e-"' ..c u

- Double Normalized and Tempered ½-in. Plate, Transverse (Strained by cold rollinlll

[2] Quenched and Tempered ¾-in. Plate, Longitudinal 50 (Strained in tensile machine)

40

30

20

10

0

SR = Stress relieved at 1050 F after cold work NSR = Not stress relieved after cold work

0 5

SR

5 Strain,%

10 10

Fig. 33. Effect of cold-work strain and subsequent stress relief on Charpy impact level of 9 per cent nickel steel at -320 F.

Welding

For pressure vessel construction, 9 per cent nickel steel falls into Group P-llA, Table Q-11.1, Section IX of the ASME Code governing welding procedure qualifieation. 4 The ASME toughness requirements for weld metal and heat-affected zone for low-temperature service are the same as for the base metal. Many pressure vessels for low-temperature applications have been welded successfully with austenitic nickel-chromium-iron alloy filler materials to achieve welds with high strength, good ductility and notch toughness, and thermal expansion matching the base plate. Welded design values are based on the use of austenitic nickelchromium-iron alloys that have 95 per cent of the base-metal strength. However, design stresses matching those of the base material are allowed provided that the welded products meet the minimum tensile strength of the base material.

Nine per cent nickel steel can be welded manually with coated electrodes and by gas metal processes (MIG and TIG) using INCO-WELD A Electrode or INCONEL Filler Metal 92 filler materials. These electrodes correspond, respectively, to the ENiCrFe-2 classification of AWS Specification A5.11 and the ERNiCrFe-6 classification of AWS Specification A5.14. Typical weld-joint tensile properties as a function of temperature and welding processes are shown in Fig-

25

ure 34. 52 Table XXVI shows impact properties of welded 9 per cent nickel plate up to 1 inch in thickness. Additional typical mechanical property data for welds in 9 per cent nickel steel are given in Table XXVII. 78• 79 Welds of matching strength to the base plate have been achieved using appropriate filler metals such as INCONEL Filler Metal 625, INCONEL Welding Electrode 112 or INCO-WELD B Electrode. 77

Some vessels have been welded using short-circuiting arc or pulsating-arc processes. Both of these processes are variations of the standard gas metal-arc processes (MIG). Normally a smaller diameter wire ( .030-.045 in.) is used and all position welding is possible.77

Submerged-arc welding has been used successfully for the fabrication of vessels and tanks for low temperature service. This process was employed in welding tanks using INCONEL Filler Metal 625 and INCOFLUX * 4 Submerged Arc Flux. Matching strengths across the welds were obtained. 77

AISI-SAE NICKEL ALLOY STEELS

The tensile and fatigue properties of a number of wrought straight nickel and nickel-containing alloy steels in the range from room temperature to low temperatures are presented in Table XXVIII. These data are from numerous sources as indicated by the column on references.

Figures 35, 36, 37 and 38 show that the AISI medium-carbon alloy constructional steels have good fracture toughness at low temperatures. Figure 35 shows the advantage of liquid quenching over normalizing and Table XXIX demonstrates the important benefit conferred by adequate quenching in contrast to slack quenching. Figures 36, 37 and 38 relate fracture toughness (Charpy V-notch) to tempering temperature and hardness, and also show the effect of mixed martensiticbainitic structures produced by austempering heat treatments.

Table XXX presents extensive Charpy V-notch impact data ori a number of quenched and tempered constructural steels, showing the effects of carbon content, tempering temperature and hardness. The greater toughness of low-carbon martensites in contrast to highcarbon martensites of equal hardness is illustrated.

NICKEL ALLOY STEEL CASTINGS

The low-temperature impact behavior of cast nickel alloy steels parallels that of their wrought counterparts, as shown in Tables XXXI and XXXII. The expected advantage for the tempered martensite structure is evident, as indicated in Figure 39. Table XXXI shows that nickel progressively improves the low-temperature performance of normalized low-carbon cast steels, just

* Registered trademark of The International Nickel Company, Inc.

as it does wrought steels. The requirements for the four cast nickel and nickel alloy steels covered by ASTM Specification A 352 are shown in Table XXXII, but the specification should be consulted for details.

Data for some cast medium-carbon nickel alloy steels of the AISI type are given in Table XXXIII for both the normalized and tempered and the quenched and tempered conditions.

Weldments in Quenched and Tempered 9 Nickel Steel Plate

180

160

140

120

"f g 100 g

~ ~ .,,

·;;; ... C> C> g .,; .. ~ z;;

80

60

40

20

0 -400

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 -400

...... r---

-300

- --..... r---.

-300

I I Inert-Gas Weld INC0NEL Filler -

Metal 92

re11s;1e s --~w,

r---. --.. r-- ,__ -Yield Strength ( 0.2 J;; offset J

Elon11ation

-200 -100 0 Temperature, F

-r--

50

40

30

20

10

0 100

~

.E ~ C C, :;::; .. ~ C,

lil

·;;; ... C> C> g

~ .. .::, .,,

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 -400

-r--

-r---

-300

I I

Metal-Arc Weld INC0-WELD A _

Electrode

Tensil ~;!!:_ngth

~ r-- r---.

Yield Stre - ngth ( 0.2 % offset)

Elongation

-200 -100 0

Temperature, F

Weldments in Double Normalized and Tempered 9 Nickel Steel Plate

I I

Inert-Gas Weld INC0NEL Filler _

Metal 92

~St ...f!!ieth

---r------....._

'field St :!!!!!_h (0.2% offset)

Elongation


t-----

50

40

30

20

10

o 100

~

.5 ~ C C, ;;::; .. bO C

;li3

·;;; ... C, C> g

~ z;;

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

o -400

..... -.....

---

-300

I I

Metal-Arc Weld INC0-WELD A _

Electrode

~es ......!!!.!!.tth

-----~ Yield Strength (0.2% offset)

Elongation


1---

r--

-

50

40

30

20

10

0 100

1---

- 50

40

30

20

10

0 100

~

.5 ~ C C,

~ bO C C,

lil

~

.5 ~ C 0 :;::; .. bO C co lil

Fig. 34. Tensile properties from -320 to 75 F for transversely butt-welded plates comprising INCONEL and INCO-WELD A deposits in as-welded 3/s-inch 9 per cent nickel steel plate. (Note: The elongation values appear to be lower than plate values because most of the elongation occurs in the more ductile, narrow weld-metal band which is only a small portion of the 2-inch gage length. See Figures 22 and 23 for elongation values of plate.) 51

26

TABLE XXVI

Charpy Impact Data at -320 F for Welded 9% Nickel Steel Plate a

Charpy Impact, ft-lb

Double Normalized and Tempered Quenched and Tempered

Electrode b

Base Metal Electrode A Electrode A Electrode A Electrode A MIG-92 MIG-92

Treatment After Welding

As Welded As Welded Stress Relieved e Stress Relieved e As Welded Stress Relieved t

Notch Location c V-Notch Keyhole Notch

3/s-lnch Plated - ¾-Width Specimens51,52 BM 25- 39 HAZ 28· 33 WM 35- 36 HAZ 19- 21 WM 42- 46 HAZ 28- 72 HAZ 37- 54

27-32 25-27 24-26 21-38 23

½-Inch {NNTl and ¾-Inch {QT) Plates- Full-Size Specimens47,51,52 Base Metal Electrode A Electrode A Electrode A Electrode A MIG-92 MIG-92 MIG-92 MIG-92

Electrode A Electrode A MIG-92 MIG-92

As Welded As Welded Stress Relievedt Stress Relievedf As Welded As Weldedf Stress Relievedf Stress Relieved t

Stress Relievedf Stress Relievedt Stress Relievedf Stress Relieved f

• All welding was horizontal.

BM 32 35 HAZ 68- 82 29-37 WM 60- 71 28-34 FZ 73- 74 34-40 WM 56- 64 29-33 HAZ 43- 60 22-34 WM 96-101 44-52 FZ 84-111 44-57 WM 76- 98 45-51

1-lnch Plate - Full-Size Specimens 47 FZ 60- 85 WM 65-105 FZ 57- 83 WM 97-112

39-41 40-60 29-35 51-65

V-Notch Keyhole Notch

28-35 19-24 41-45 27-30 35-37 41-53 23-36

46 52-65

33-47

71-91

31-86

22-27 21-23 23-24 22-26

43

b Electrode A is covered, metal-arc type (I NCO-WELD A Electrode). MIG-92 is consumable wire, inert gas type (INCONEL Filler Metal 92). c BM = Base Metal. HAZ = Heat-Affected Zone. FZ = Fusion Zone. WM = Weld Metal. d Tempered at 1100 F. • Stress relieved 1050 F, cooled at 300° F /hour. t Stress relieved 1050 F, 2 hours, air cooled.

TABLE XXVII

Typical Mechanical Properties for Welds in 9% Nickel Steel a

0.2% Offset Charpy V-Notch Impact

Tensile Yield % Weld HAZ Type Strength Strength Elong. Failure

Welding Product Test psi psi in 2 in. Location 80 F -320 F 80 F -320 F

INCONEL Welding AWM 115,000 74,000 36 Electrode 112 Trans 114,500 Weld & Plate 56.0 47.0 72.0 35.5

INCO-WELD A AWM 97,000 59,000 39 74.7 65.7 91.0 57.0 Trans 101,000 Weld

1NCONEL Filler Metal 625 AWM 119,000 79,100 29 67.5 53.7 99.3 62.0 Pulsing Arc Trans 112,000 Plate &

Fusion Line

1NCONEL Filler Metal 92 AWM 105,000 65,000 39 134 126 81.0 66.0 Pulsing Arc Trans 102,600 Weld

1NCONEL Filler Metal 625 AWM 111,000 66,600 32 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. INCOFLUX4 Trans 108,700 Weld & Plate

INCONEL Filler Metal 82 AWM 97,500 55,100 39 84.6 80.5 64.2 41.5 INCOFLUX 4 Trans 101,000 Weld

INCO·WELDB AWM 107,800 65,700 31.7 44 53

• These properties are quoted as typical values only, and are not intended for use as minimum or design values. Mechanical properties can vary with technique, heat input, and, in some cases, joint design.

AWM = All Weld Metal. Trans== Transverse. N.A. = Not Available.

27

TABLE XXVIII

Tensile and Fatigue Properties of Some Wrought Nickel-Containing Steels at Low Temperatures

Test Yield Elon- Reduc- Endurance limit Chemical Composition, % Heat Temper- Tensile Strength gation tion of Hard- Modulus of psi

Steel Treatment ature Strength (0.2% Offset> (40) Area ness Elasticity Type C Mn Ni Cr Mo F F psi psi % % DPH psi Unnotched Notched Reference

2330 0.28/ 0.60/ 3.25/ Normalized 77 109,000 89,000 12 50 246 26.9 X 106 59,000 28 0.33 0.80 3.75 -108 121,000 105,000 12 46 284 28.0 63,000

-314 163,000 141,000 13 33 315 30.8 112,000

2330 0.28/ 0.60/ 3.25/ 1500, 00; Temp 925 77 145,000 139,000 18 59 322 29.2 X 106 75,000 17,500 28 0.33 0.80 3.75 -108 159,000 140,000 20 50 358 30.0 95,000

-314 180,000 186,000 20 40 384 31.6 125,000 40,000

4340 0.46 0.70 1.78 0.95 0.23 1550, 00; Temp 1200 77 146,000 136,000 20 60 30.9 X 106 74,000 20,000 87 -314 208,000 200,000 20 44 31.8 116,000 20,000

4340 0.46 0.70 1.78 0.95 0.23 1550. 00; Temp 800 77 231,000 214,000 12 46 30.7 X 106 89,000 49,000 87 -314 288,000 267,000 4 11 30.9 122,000 36,000

4340 0.40 0.75 1.86 0.84 0.23 1575. 00; Temp 450, 79 269,000 225,000 12 40 531 28.4 X 106 88 4 hr; Temp 450, 4 hr -108 281,000 239,000 12 40 548 30.6

-321 319,000 278,000 10 24 639 30.6 -423 332,000 0.6 0.2 818 30.4

8630 0.27 / 0.70/ 0.48/ 0.49/ 0.18 Normalized 77 90,000 80,000 16 58 217 27.1 X 106 46,000 28 0.33 0.90 0.67 0.56 -108 104,000 92,000 18 57 252 28.9 58,000

-314 150,000 134,000 12 28 289 31.7 93,000

8630 0.27 J 0.70/ 0.48/ 0.49/ 0.18 1500, 00; Temp 850 77 142,000 122,000 16 60 302 29.8 X 106 70,000 30,000 28 0.33 0.90 0.67 0.56 -108 154,000 127,000 17 57 332 31.1 80,000

-314 192,000 166,000 12 50 376 32.3 125,000 35,000

5%Ni 0.16 0.50 5.16 1560, 00; Temp 1040 68 86,000 66,000• 28b 69 175< 93 -297 136,000 120,000 28b 57 255<

Ni-Mo-Sil 0.26 1.26 1.91 0,43 Normalized 77 232,000 196,000 12 44 29.8 X 106 88,000 38,000 87 -314 283,000 233,000 12 33 31.3 120,000 46,000

N~Cr-Mo 0.34 0.44 2.27 1.88 0.40 1560, 00; Temp 1040 68 168,000 148,000 17b 51 397< 93 -58 182,000 164,000 17b 65 337< -94 183,000 164,000 18b 62

-297 226,000 204,000 J7b 63

Ni-Cr-Mo 0.34 0.44 2.27 1.88 0.40 1560, 00; Temp 1090 68 150,000 128,000 19b 69 298< 93 -58 166,000 143,000 19b 63

-297 205,000 185,000 21 b 51 397<

• Permanent Set. Abbreviations: b Elongation in 5 diameters. OQ = Oil Quenched. T = Tempered. c Brine!!. d Full thickness plate specimens, 2-in. gage length. 6 45-deg V-notch, .010-in. root radius. 1 1.31% Si.

Temperature, K

50 100 150 450 60

4340 Modified

50 .0

~ TABLE XXIX :.: l:I 40 Effect of Slack Quenching on Transition Temperature of 0

<r Six Medium-Carbon Alloy Steels3 .!! 0 .c ~ 30 ~ Transition Temperature, F i 15 ft-lb Charpy Impact (V-Notchl Transition Temper-.§ 20 AISI ature Increase > Steel Slack Quenched Quenched to Caused by Slack ~ Type to Rockwell C 40 Martensite Quenching, F .c '-'

10 2345 -150 Less than -230 More than 170 Heat Treatment

1525 F, OQ Temper 1200 F 4340 -100 Less than -320 More than 220

0 1525 F, AC Temper 1000 F 4640 -100 -260 160

-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 4140 -70 Less than -320 More than 250 Temperature, F 5145 10 -228 238

impact properties of 1340 135 -175 310

Fig. 35. Effect of heat treatment on modified 4340 steel.30 • Reference 38.

28

60

2340 1ooo•F(Rc34); ..a 50 Water Quenched -+--::;i.----r--T"""-""'!'--J _J Tempered - I hr

>,

~ eoo•F (Rc40) ~ 30 t---t-----t--+J'---+--b--t---r----r-------1 w -g 20 l---+---+7"c..._+--;,,,4--f--a. E

-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400

Testing Temperature °F

60 2340 Aus tempered 500•F - 4 hrs. Tempered l000°F ( Re 34)

..a 50 100% Boinite _J

' LL 401--+----l---+---l'--Tempered 800°F(Rc40)

>,

~ ~ 30t--+----f---+-_,_.._......,.~---+----+----+---t w

-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 Testing Temperoture°F

Fig. 36. Transition curves for 2340 steel after quenching and tempering (left) and austempering (right).89

50

..a 4330 1000°F( Rc42)

_J 40 Oil-Quenched

;_ Tempered - I hr. U._ aoo•F ( Re 44 >

~ 30 (I;

400" f' (Re 50 5)

soo°F(Rc49) C: w

20 u 0 Q.

E 10

0 ~~-~--~-__._ __ .__ _ _._ _ ___. __ ...,__, -300 - 200 -100 0 100 200 300 400

Testing Temperature° F

.0 _J

50

,:_ 40 U._

4330 Austempered-2 hrs.

~ 301---1----f----+---4-,,,"-,,MC_,.,£::.:=F===!==='-l (I; C w - 201--+---l---2f/'":,I'"'-'-- 640°F-98% Boinite g ---- 630°F-l00% Boinite a.E IO ___ 592 .F {90%Boinite

10% Mortensite ____ 535 .F { 50% Boinite

0 '----'--......J---'---'----'----'-5-0_%_...M_o_r_t•_n__.si_re_,

- 300 - 200 - 100 0 100 200 300 400


Fig. 37. Transition curves for 4330 steel after quenching and tempering (left) and austempering (right).89

D Oi I-Quenched _.J 40

l.L

~ 30 (I;

C

w 2 0 I-+---=.-'!"''-u 0 Q.

E IOi-'3;;;;;-"""1~--+- -+----+

400°F ( Re 53)

500°F ( Re 521

- 300 - 200 - 100 0 100 200 300 400

Testing Temperature °F

60'

4340 ..a 50 Austempered

Tempered 1000°F (Re 39)

_J

LL 40

>,

2' ~ 30 w

IO i----..."'F"'.,.,."""-i6~=+---+----+- ---545°F-2hrs. 90% Boinite 10 % Mortensite

0 '---'----'---~--'---~--'---~--'---' -300 - 200 -100 0 100 200 300 400


Fig. 38. Transition curves for 4340 steel after quenching and tempering (left) and austempering (right). 89

29

TABLE XXX

Low-Temperature Impact Properties of Quenched and Tempered Nickel Alloy Steels3

Heat Treatment Transition Charpy Impact (V-Notch), ft-lb,

AISI Composition, % Quenching Tempering Rockwell at Temperature Indicated, F c Temperature Steel Temperature b Temperature C (50% Brittle) Type C Mn Ni Cr Mo F F Hardness -300 -200 -100 0 100 F

2320 0.18 0.91 3.47 1650 300 43.5 17 24 30 30 30 800 30 10 19 35 54 59 -120

1000 22 19 24 65 75 75 -140 2330 0.33 0.86 3.50 1575 800 35 15 20 30 41 46 -115

1000 26 10 24 49 59 60 -160 2340 0.43 0.83 3.38 1550 800 39 10 18 24 30 35 -65

1000 30 15 19 37 44 45 -150 2360 0.57 0.91 3.50 1475 800 40 5 9 10 19 24

1000 32 8 11 18 30 35 -65 2380 0.75 1.00 3.50 1450 800 45 5 6 10 12 14

1000 35 8 10 12 14 20 40 3120 0.23 0.75 1.26 0.58 1650 300 43 10 15 23 28 30

800 35 11 15 25 44 50 1000 26 5 13 33 76 78 1200 19 13 35 95 96 96

3140 0.38 0.77 1.26 0.64 1550 800 43 10 15 21 26 30 -185 1000 30 13 16 35 45 48 -200 1200 25 14 25 55 63 66 -200

3180 0.72 0.92 1.34 0.63 1450 800 47 4 5 10 14 14 1000 40 10 10 12 16 20 1200 31 18 19 40 45

4320 0.21 0.74 1.53 1.09 0.19 1650 400 43 9 17 25 27 28 800 37 5 10 16 25 30 30

1000 33 8 16 28 40 45 -65 1200 21 19 35 80 90 90 -175

4330 0.30 0.84 1.69 1.10 0.20 1575 400 50 5 14 16 20 20 600 47 5 6 10 14 17 800 43 6 10 14 19 21 70

1000 35 17 17 23 30 34 -110 1200 27 17 35 45 53 56 -185

4340 0.38 0.77 1.65 0.93 0.21 1550 400 52 11 15 20 21 21 600 48 10 14 15 15 16 800 44 9 13 16 21 25

1000 38 15 18 28 35 36 -130 1200 30 15 28 55 55 55 -185

4360 0.57 0.87 1.62 1.08 0.22 1475 800 48 5 6 10 11 14 1000 40 9 10 13 18 23 -10 1200 30 12 15 25 42 43 -110

4380 0.76 0.91 1.67 1.11 0.21 1450 800 49 4 5 8 9 10 1000 42 8 8 10 12 15 60 1200 31 5 11 19 33 38 -50

4620 0.20 0.67 1.85 0.30 0.18 1650 300 42 14 20 28 35 35 800 34 11 16 33 55 55

1000 29 16 34 55 78 78 1200 19 17 48 103 115 117

4640 0.43 0.69 1.78 0.29 0.20 1550 800 42 16 17 20 25 27 1000 37 17 22 35 39 39 -190 1200 29 17 30 55 67 67 -180

4680 0.74 0.77 1.81 0.30 0.21 1450 800 46 5 8 13 15 16 1000 41 11 12 15 19 22 1200 31 11 13 17 39 43

8620 0.20 0.89 0.60 0.68 0.20 1650 300 43 11 16 23 35 35 800 36 8 13 20 35 45 -20

1000 29 25 33 65 76 76 -150 1200 21 10 85 107 115 117 -195

8630 0.34 0.77 0.66 0.62 0.22 1575 800 41 7 12 17 25 31 0 1000 34 11 20 43 53 54 -155 1200 27 18 28 74 80 82 -165

8640 0.45 0.78 0.65 0.61 0.20 1550 800 46 5 10 14 20 23 1000 38 11 15 24 40 40 -110 1200 30 18 22 49 63 66 -140

8660 0.56 0.81 0.70 0.56 0.25 1475 800 47 4 6 10 13 16 lOOQ 41 10 12 15 20 30 -10 1200 30 16 18 25 54 60 -90

8680 0.76 0.81 0.67 0.60 0.22 1450 800 50 3 4 5 9 10 1000 42 4 5 10 14 17 1200 32 3 6 11 25 40 -30

• References 90, 91 and 92. Induction furnace laboratory heats normalized before quenching. b Quenched in oil as 0.45-inch square bars. (Oversize Charpy blanks). • Values scaled from curves.

30

TABLE XXXI

Low-Temperature Impact Properties of Cast Nickel Steels a

Composition, % Heat Treatment

Charpy Impact (V-Notchl, fHb, at Indicated Temperature, F

C Mn Si Ni F -320 -160 -120 -80 -40 0 40 70

0.13 0.65 0.35 0.0 Norm 1650 3 13 29 44 59 68 0.13 0.65 0.35 1.03 Norm 1650 3 8 17 32 48 62 71 0.13 0.65 0.35 2.02 Norm 1650 7 12 21 34 48 60 72 0.13 0.65 0.35 3.50 Norm 1650 15 24 35 46 56 67 74

• Reference 94.

TABLE XXXII

Requirements of Nickel and Nickel Alloy Steel Castings for Low-Temperature Service

Steel ASTM A 352 and ASME SA-352 2½% Nickel Grade LC2 Ni-Cr-Mo Grade LC2· 1 3½% Nickel Grade LC3 4½% Nickel Grade LC4

Chemical Composition Carbon, max, % 0.25 0.22 0.15 0.15 Manganese, % 0.50-0.80 0.55-0.75 0.50-0.80 0.50-0.80 Phosphorus, max,% .040 .040 .040 .040 Sulfur, max, % .045 .045 .045 .045 Silicon, max, % 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.60 Nickel,% 2.0-3.0 2.5-3.5 3.0-4.0 4.0-5.0 Chromium,% 1.35-1.85 Molybdenum, % 0.30-0.60

Heat Treatment a NT or QT NT or QT NT or QT NT or QT

Tensile Properties Tensile Strength, min, psi 70,000 105,000 70,000 70,000 Yield Point, min, psi 40,000 80,000b 40,000 40,000 Elongation (2 in.l, min, % 24.0 18.0 24.0 24.0 Reduction of Area, min, % 35.0 30 35.0 35.0

Charpy Impact <V·Notchl

Energy Value, min, ft-lb c 15 30 15 15 Test Temperature, F -100 -100 -150 -175

• Heat treatment: Normalized and tempered (NT) or quenched and tempered (QT). Castings shall be tempered at a minimum of 1100 F except Grade LC 4 which shall be 1050 F. h Yield Strength. c Average of three specimens.

TABLE XXXIII

Impact Properties of Cast Nickel Alloy Steels a

AISI Nominal Composition, % Charpy Impact IV-Notch), ft-lb, at Indicated Temperature, F Steel Type C Mn Si Ni Cr Mo -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 40 70

Normalized and Tempered 2330 0.30 0.70 0.28 3.50 8 8 9 13 21 30 42 3130 0.30 0.70 0.28 1.25 0.65 3 4 5 7 14 23 32 4330 0.30 0.70 0.28 1.82 0.80 0.25 8 11 15 21 25 28 4630 0.30 0.70 0.28 1.82 0.25 2 8 21 27 32 33 34 8640 0.40 0.88 0.28 0.55 0.50 0.20 4 7 14 21 25 27

Quenched and Tempered 2330 0.30 0.70 0.28 3.50 12 13 17 27 33 35 35 3130 0.30 0.70 0.28 1.25 0.65 10 12 15 25 35 38 40 4330 0.30 0.70 0.28 1.82 0.80 0.25 9 15 22 27 30 32 32 4630 0.30 0.70 0.28 1.82 0.25 9 21 33 39 43 45 46 8640 0.40 0.88 0.28 0.55 0.50 0.20 5 11 20 32 39 43 45 45

• Steel Castings Handbook. 96

31

Fig. 39. Low temperature impact properties of waterquenched and tempered and normalized and tempered nickel-chromium-molybdenum cast steel (8630).95

.s::. u ~ 2 cb 0 .s::. t ~

~ ... ('ti

.s::. CJ

40

30

20

0

100

-300

Temperature, K

150 200 250 300

-200 -100 0 100 Temperature, F

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32

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33

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47. Armstrong, T. N., Gross, J. H., and Brien, R. E., "Properties Affecting Suitability of 9 Per Cent Nickel Steel for Low-Temperature Service," Welding J. Research Supplement, 38, 1959, p 57-s.

48. "Low Temperature Properties of Ferrous Materials," TR-169, Soc. Automotive Engineers, May 1959.

49. Johnson, R. J., "Nickel Steel Alloys for Liquids at -320 F," Chemical Engineering, July 25, 1960, p 115.

50. Johnson, H. H., and Stout, R. D., "Comparison and Analysis of Notch Toughness Tests for Steels in Welded Structures," Welding Research Council Bulletin 62, July 1960.

51. Unpublished data from The International Nickel Company, Inc.

52. "Final Results from Operation Cryogenics-9% Nickel Steel Vessels Impact and Burst Tests," The International Nickel Co., Inc., Chicago Bridge and Iron Co., and United States Steel Corp., 1961.

53. Peck, J. V., and Witherell, C. E., "Welding 3 ½% Nickel Steel," Welding J. Research Supplement, 42, 1963, p 193-s.

54. "9% Nickel Steel-Qualification Tests," Centro di Informazioni del Nickel (CIN) and Societa Italiana Acciaierie di Cornigliano (SIAC) Circa 1963. Approved by Associazione Nazionale Controllo Combustione, Registro Italiano Navale, American Bureau Shipping, Bureau Veritas, Lloyd's Register of Shipping and Norske Veritas.

55. "9% Nickel Steel Bursting Tests at Low Temperatures," Acciaieria e Tubificio di Brescia, Centor di Informazioni del Nickel, Centro Sperimentale Metallurgico, Italsider-Stabilimento SIAC, and Societa per l'Industria dell 'Ossigerno e di altri Gas, Circa 1964.

56. ASTM Special Committee on Fracture Testing of High Strength Metallic Materials, "Progress in Measuring Fracture Toughness and Using Fracture Mechanics," Materials Research and Standards, 4, 1964, p 107.

57. Flannery, J. W., and Wetherell, C. E., "Welding 3½ and 9 Per Cent Nickel Steels and 36 Per Cent Nickel-Iron Alloy for Cryogenic Service," Materials Research and Standards, 4, 1964, p 533.

58. Gross, J. H., "PVRC Interpretive Report of Pressure Vessel Research, Section 2, Materials Considerations," Welding Research Council Bulletin 101, Nov. 1964.

59. Ingraham, J. M., "Fracture Behavior of Steel Pressure Vessels at the Ductile-Brittle Transition," Materials Research and Standards, 4, 1964, p 649.

60. Lancaster, J. F., "A Comparison of British, European and United States Pressure Vessel Steels," ASME, presented at Petroleum Mechanical Engineering Conference, Los Angeles, Sept. 20-23, 1964.

61. Fellini, W. S., Goode, R. J., Puzak, P. P., Lange, E. A., and Huber, R. W., "Review of Concepts and Status of Procedures for Fracture-Safe Design of Complex Welded Structures Involving Metals of Low to UltraHigh Strength Levels," Report No. 6300, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, June 1965.

62. Yeo, R. B. G., and Miller, 0. 0., "A History of Nickel Steels from Meteorites to Maraging," Proceedings, AIME Metallurgical Society Conferences, "Sorby Centennial Symposium on the History of Metallurgy," 27, 1965, p 467.

63. Susukida, H., Ando, S., and Tsuji, I., "Characteristics of 9% Nickel Steel for Low Temperature Service," Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review, 3, No. 4, 1966,p 384.

64. "Studies on 9 Per Cent Nickel Steel for Moss-type Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers," Cat. No. EXE 338, Nippon Steel Corporation, Tokyo, Japan, March 1973.

65. Srawley, J. E., and Brown, W. R., Jr., "Fracture Toughness Testing," ASTM STP 410, 1966, p 133.

34

66. Spaeder, G. J., Majetich, J.C., and Benter, W. P., Jr., "A Quenched and Tempered 8 Per Cent Nickel Steel for Applications Down to -275 F," presented at the ASME Petroleum Mechanical Engineering Conference, Phila., Pa., Sept. 17-20, 1967.

67. Benter, W. P., Jr., and Murphy, W. J., "Explosion-Bulge and Drop-Weight Tests of Quenched and Tempered 9 Per Cent Nickel Steel," ASME, Petroleum Mechanical Engineering Conference, Phila., Pa., Sept. 17-20, 1967.

68. Burdekin, F. M, "The Fracture Strength of Welded 3 ½ % and 9% Nickel Steels at Low Temperature," British Welding Journal, 11, 1964, p 586.

69. Ikeda, K., and Kihara, H., "Brittle Fracture Strength of Welded Joints," Welding J. Research Supplement, 49, 1970, p 106-s.

70. Bucci, R. J., Greene, B. N., and Paris, P. C., "Fatigue Crack Propagation and Fracture Toughness of 5 Nickel and 9 Nickel Steels at Cryogenics Temperatures," ASTM STP 536, 1973, p 206.

71. Vishnevsky, C., and Steigerwald, E. A., "Plane Strain Fracture Toughness of Some Cryogenics Materials at Room and Subzero Temperatures," ASTM STP 496, 1971, p 3.

72. Haynes, A. G., Firth, K., Hollox, G. E., and Buchan, J., "Strength and Fracture Toughness of Nickel-Containing Steels," presented at the Symposium on Properties of Materials for Liquid Natural Gas Storage, ASTM, Boston, Mass., May 21-22, 1974.

73. Jin, S., Hwang, S. K., and Morris, J. W., Jr., "Comparative Fracture Toughness Testing of Cryogenic Alloys at Liquid Helium Temperature," AD 786, 229, Technical Report No. 5, University of California, Berkeley, Calif., Contract No. N00014-69-A-1062, NR 031-762, August 1974.

74. Pense, A .. W., and Stout, R. D., "Fracture Toughness and Related Characteristics of the Cryogenic Nickel Steels," Welding Research Council Bulletin 205, May 1975.

75. Tenge, P., and Solli, 0., "9 Per Cent Nickel Steel in Large Spherical Tanks for Moss-Rosenberg 87600 M3

LNG-Carrier. A Fracture Mechanical Approach to Testing and Design," presented at the International Institute of Welding Annual Assembly, 1971.

76. Tenge, P., and Solli, 0., "Fracture Mechanics in the Design of Large Spherical Tanks for Ship Transport of LNG," Norwegian Maritime Research, 1, No. 2, 1973.

77. Tharby, R.H., Heath, D. J., and Flannery, J. W., "The Welding of 9 Per Cent Nickel Steel-A Review of the Current Practices," presented at The Welding Institute's International Conference, Welding Low Temperature Containment Plant, London, England, November 20-22, 1973.

78. Data from Huntington Alloy Products Division, The International Nickel Company, Inc.

79. Conaway, H. R., and Mesick, J. H., "A Report on New Matrix-Stiffened Nickel-Chromium Welding Products," Welding J. Research Supplement, 49, 1970, p 27-s.

-,0. Sarno, D. A., Bruner, J.P., and Kampschaefer, G. E., "Fracture Toughness of 5% Nickel Steel Weldments," Welding J. Research Supplement, 53, 1974, p 486-s.

81. Weston, W. F., et al, "Low Temperature Elastic Properties of Aluminum 5083-0 and Four Ferritic Steels," presented at the Symposium on Properties of Materials for Liquid Natural Gas Storage, ASTM, Boston, Mass., May 21-22, 1974.

82. Sarno, D. A., McCabe, D. E., Sr. and Heberling, T. G., "Fatigue and Fracture Toughness Properties of 9% Nickel Steel at LNG Temperatures," Paper No. 73-Pet-4 presented at the ASME Petroleum Engineering Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., September 16-20, 1973.

83. Doty, W. D., "Welding of Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steels," presented at ASM Symposium on WELDING OF MODERN STEELS, Detroit, Mich., Oct. 15 and 16, 1968.

84. Pellini, W. S., "Advances in Fracture Toughness Characterization Procedures and in Quantitative Interpretations to Fracture-Safe Design for Structural Steels," Welding Research Council Bulletin 130, May 1968.

85. Schwartz, I. A., Lange, E. A., and Martin, M. L., ''Notch Toughness Properties of Pressure Vessel Steels," Task 4A024401A891-02, TR 67-021, OCE, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Progress Report I (UNCLASSIFIED), Feb. 1, 1968.

86. Kunitake, T., and Ohtani, H., "Effects of the Chemical Composition and Microstructure on the Mechanical Properties of 9% Nickel Steel," Sumitomo Metals, 21, No. 1, January 1969, p 36.

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87. Spretnak, J. W., Fontana, M. G., and Brooks, H. E., "Notched and Unnotched Tensile and Fatigue Properties of Ten Engineering Alloys at 25 C and -196 C," Trans. ASM, 43, 1961, p 547.

88. McGee, R. L., Campbell, J. E., Carlson, R. L., and Manning, G. K., "The Mechanical Properties of Certain Aircraft Structural Materials at Very Low Temperatures," WADC Technical Report 58-386, November 1958.

89. Klinger, L. J., Barnett, W. J., Frohmberg, R. P., and Troiano, A. R., "The Embrittlement of Alloy Steels at High Strength Levels," Trans. ASM, 46, 1954, p 1557.

90. Baeyertz, M., Craig, W. F., Jr., and Sheehan, J. P., "Effect of Alloying Elements on Impact Properties of Quenched and Tempered Steels," Report No. 22, Project No. 90-466B, Armour Research Foundation, September 1, 1949.

91. Baeyertz, M., Craig, W. F., Jr., and Sheehan, J.P., "The Effect of Carbon Content on the Notched Bar Impact Properties of Quenched and Tempered Steel," Report No. 28, Project No. 90-466B, Armour Research Foundation, September 14, 1950.

92. Schwartzbart, H, and Sheehan, J. P., "The Effect of Carbon, Phosphorus and Alloy Contents on the Notched Bar Impact Properties of Quenched and Tempered Steels," Report No. 39, Project No. 90-466B, Armour Research Foundation, February 24, 1953.

93. Krish, A., and Haupt, H., "Mechanical Properties of Alloy Steels at Subzero Temperatures" Arch. Eisenhiittenw., 13, 1940, p 299.

94. Nelson, W. L., "Castings for Subzero Service," Oil and Gas Journal, 37, April 13, 1939, p 36.

95. Juppenlatz, J. W., "Water Quenching Small Steel Castings," Steel, 114, May 22, 1944.

96. "Steel Castings Handbook," Steel Founders' Soc. America, Cleveland, 0., 3rd ed., 1960, p 407.

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LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF NICKEL ALLOY STEELS