LP 1 Hx of Nsg

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

1/62

Lecturer : Ederlyn Maura M. Delamide

AN3104

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

2/62

Historical

Perspective'sOf Nursing

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

3/62

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

4/62

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

5/62

Learning Objectives

Discuss historical and cotemporary factors influencingthe development of nursing

Identify the essential aspect of nursing

List down important nursing leaders and theircontribution

Define nursing comprehensively

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

6/62

Learning Objectives

Differentiate the two (2) recipients ofNursing

Identify the four (4) major areaswithin the scope of nursing practice

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

7/62

Historical Perspectives

Womens Role

Wife Mother

Daughter

Sister

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

8/62

Religion

Benevolence- love thy neighbor as thyself

Good Samaritan

Royal Empire

Fabiola

The Crusades:

Formation of several Knights

- Knights of St. John of Jerusalem

(Knights of the Hospitalers)

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

9/62

Teutonic Knights

Knights of Saint Lazarus

Deaconess Groups

1836 Theodore Fliedner reinstituted the Orderof Deaconess opened small hospital andtraining school in Kaiserwerth, Germany

Florence Nightingale received her training innursing in Kaiserwerth School

Religion

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

10/62

Early Religious Values

Self denial

Spiritual calling Devotion to duty and work

Religion

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

11/62

War

Crimean War (1854-1856)

Florence Nigthingale

Sir Sidney Herbert of the British War

Dept

American Civil War ( 1861-1865)

- Harriet Tubman & Sojourner Truth

- Walt Whitman & Louisa Alcott- Dorothy Dix

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

12/62

War

World War I- American, British, and French women volunteers

- The Spirit of Nursing in Arlington NatinalCemetery

World War II

- Cadet Nurse Corps

-American Women Military

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

13/62

Societal Attitudes

Societal Attitudes significantly influencedprofessional nursing

Before mid-1800s nursing wasa. Without organization

b. Without education

c. Without social status

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

14/62

Societal Attitudes

Prevailing attitudes includes:

a. Womans place was in the home

b. No respectable woman should have a

career.c. Woman is said to be a wife and mother

d. Pleasant companion for his husband

e. Responsible mother for her children

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

15/62

Societal Attitudes

Societys attitudes about nursing are all reflected in the

writings of Charles Dickens

( Martin Chuzzlewit 1896)

She cared for the sick by neglecting them

Stealing from them

Physically abusing them This literal portrayal of nurses greatly influenced the

negative image and attitude toward nurses up tocontemporary times

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

16/62

Societal Attitudes

In contrast, the Guardian Angel or Angel of Mercyimage arose in the latter part of 19th centurybecause of Florence Nightingale during theCrimean War

a. Respect for the nursing profession

b. Granted women the right to vote

c. Allow nurse to control their profession

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

17/62

Nursing Leaders

Florence Nightingale

- Her achievements in improving the standards forthe care of war causalities in the Crimea earned

the title Lady with Lamp

- Her efforts in reforming hospital and in producingand implementing public health policies and in

her accomplished political nurse

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

18/62

Nursing Leaders

Considered thefounder of ModernNursing

She was influential indeveloping, nursingeducation, practice,and administration

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

19/62

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

20/62

Nursing Leaders

Nightingale was born wealthy and intellectualfamily

She believed she was called by God to help

othersand to improve the well being ofmankind (Schuyler, 1992,p.4)

She was determined to become a nurse in spite of

opposition from her family and the restrictivesocietal code for affluent young English women

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

21/62

Nursing Leaders

She visited Kaiserswerth in 1847,where she had three (3) monthstraining in nursing

In 1853, she studied in Paris with theSisters of Charity, after which she

returned to England to assume theposition of superintendent of a charityhospital for ill governesses

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

22/62

Nursing Leaders

Upon returning to England from theCrimea, a grateful English public gaveNightingale an honorarium of 4500

She used the money to develop theNightingale Training School for Nurseswhich opened in 1860

Nightingales vision of nursing,cludedpublic health and health promotion fornurses

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

23/62

Nursing Leaders

Clara Barton ( 1812-1912) She was a schoolteacher who volunteered as

a nurse during the American Civil War.

Her responsibility was to organize the nursing

services she was noted for her role in establishing the

American Red Cross, in linked with theInternational Red Cross ( Geneva Convention)

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

24/62

Nursing Leaders

Clara Barton(1812-1912)

organized theAmerican RedCross linked

with theInternationalRed Cross

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

25/62

Nursing Leaders

Lillian Wald (1867- 1940)

Considered the founder of Public Health

Wald and Mary Brewster were the first tooffer trained nursing services to the pooron the upper floor of a tenement called

the Henry Street Settlement and VisitingNurse Service

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

26/62

Nursing Leaders

Nursing services

Social services

Organized education

Cultural activities

Soon after the founding of the Henry Street

Settlement, school nursing was establishedas an adjunct to visiting nurse

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

27/62

Nursing Leaders

Lillian Wald

(1867-1940)

Founded theHenry Street

Settlement andVisiting NurseService

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

28/62

Nursing Leaders

Lavinia L. Dock

(1858-1956)

Feminist

Prolific writer Political activist

Suffragette

Friend of Wald

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

29/62

Nursing Leaders

participated in protest movements forwomens rights and resulted in the1920 passage of the 19th Amendment

to the U.S Constitution. Which grantedwomen the right to vote

Dock campaigned for legislation toallow nurses rather than physicians tocontrol their profession

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

30/62

Nursing Leaders Nursing Leader and suffragist

Active in the protest movement for womens rights that resulted inthe U.S Constitution amendment allowing women to vote in 1920

1893- Dock with the Mary Adelaide Nutting and Isabel Hamptonfounded the American Society of Superintendents of TrainingSchools for Nurses of the United States and Canada

-A precursor to the current National League for Nursing.

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

31/62

Nursing Leaders

Margaret Higgins Sanger(1879-1966)

Public Health Nurse in NewYork

Imprisoned for opening the

first birth controlinformation clinic inAmerica.

Founder of PlannedParenthood

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

32/62

Nursing Leaders

Nurse activist Margaret Sanger

Considered the founder of Plannedparenthood Was imprisoned foropening the first birth controlinformation clinic in Baltimore in

1916

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

33/62

Nursing Leaders Mary Breckinridge

(1881-1965)

Established the FrontierNursing Service

1918- worked with theAmerican Committee for

Devastated Francedistributing food, clothingand supplies to rural villagesand taking care of the sickchildren.

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

34/62

Nursing Leaders

In 1921, Breckinridge return to theUnited States with the plan to providehealth care to the people of rural

America

1925- with two other nurses began the

FNS in Leslie County in Kentucky andstarted one of the first midwiferytraining school in the United States

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

35/62

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

36/62

Definition of Nursing

Florence Nightingale Defined nursing

the act of utilizing the environmentof the patient to assist him in hisrecovery. (Nightingale, 1860).

clean environment

Well-ventilated

Quiet environment essential forrecovery

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

37/62

Often considered the first theorist

Nightingale raised the status ofNursing through education

Nurses were no longer untrainedhousekeepers but people educated inthe care of the sick


8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

38/62


Virginia Henderson- was one of the firstmodern nurses to define nursing

The unique function of the nurse is toassist the individual, sick or well in theperformance of those activitiescontributing to the health or its

recovery.(or to peaceful death)

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

39/62


He would perform unaided if he had thenecessary strength, will or knowledge and todo such a way as to help him gainindependence as rapidly as possible

Henderson (1966)- described nursing inrelation to client and the clients environmentas compared to nightingale, Henderson saw

the nurse as concerned with both the healthyand the ill individual

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

40/62


In 1987, The Canadian Nurses Association(CAN) described nursing as a dynamic,caring, helping relationship I which the

nurse assists the client to achieve andobtain optimal health

In the latter 2oth century, several nursetheorist developed their own theoreticaldefinitions of nursing

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

41/62

Theoretical definitions are importantbecause they go beyond thesimplistic common definitions

They described what nursing is

The relationship among nurses andnursing, the client, the environment

and the intended client outcome:health


8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

42/62

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

43/62

Nursing is adoptive

Nursing is concerned with thehealth promotion, healthmaintenance, and healthrestoration

Nursing is a helping profession


8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

44/62

Professional Nursing Associations alsodeveloped their definition

1973, American Nurses Association (ANA)described nursing practice as direct, goaloriented and adoptable to the needs of theindividual, the family and the community

during health and illness (ANA, 1973, p.9)


8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

45/62

In 1980, the ANA changed this definition ofnursing to this:

Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment ofthe human responses to actual and potentialhealth problems( ANA, 1980, p.9)

In 1995, ANA recognized the influence andcontribution of the science of caring to

nursing acknowledges four essential featuresto contemporary nursing practice


8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

46/62

a. Attention to the full range of humanexperiences and responses to health andillness without restriction to a problem

focused orientation

b. Integration of objective data withknowledge gained from an

understanding of the client or groupssubjective experience


8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

47/62

c. Application of scientific knowledgeto the processes of diagnosis and

treatment

d. Provision of a caring relationship

that facilitates health and healing


8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

48/62

The recipients of nursing are sometimescalled Consumers

Consumers- is an individual, group ofpeople, or community that uses aservice or commodity

People who use health care products orservice are consumers of health care

Recipients of Nursing

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

49/62


8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

50/62


Patient- person who is waiting for orundergoing medical treatment and care

The word patient came from a Latin wordmeaning to suffer or to bear. Traditionallythe person receiving health care has beencalled a patient

Usually, people become patients when theyseek assistance because of illness or for surgery

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

51/62

Recipients of Nursing Clients- person who engages the service or

services of another who is qualified to provide thisservice

The term client presents the receiver of health care

as laboratories in the care, as people who are alsoresponsible for their own health

The health status of the client is the responsibility

of the individual in collaboration with healthprofessionals

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

52/62

Scope of Nursing

Nurses provides care for three types ofClients:

Individuals Families

Communities

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

53/62

Scope of Nursing

Nursing practice involves fourareas:

Promoting health and wellness Preventing illness

Restoring health

Care of the dying

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

54/62

1. Promoting Health and Wellness

Wellness is a state of well-being.

Engaging in attitudes and behaviorthat enhance the quality of life andmaximize personal potential

( Anspaugh, hamrick, & Rosata,2001)

Scope of Nursing

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

55/62

Nurses promote wellness in clients in bothhealthy and ill by:

Improving nutrition and physical fitness

Preventing drug and alcohol misuse

Restricting smoking

Preventing accidents and injury at home

and workplace

Scope of Nursing

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

56/62

Preventing illness the goal is to maintainoptimal health by preventing disease

Nursing Activities includes: Immunizations

Prenatal and infant care

Prevention of sexually transmitted disease

Scope of Nursing

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

57/62

Restoring Health

Focuses on the ill client and it extends fromearly detection of disease through helping theclient during the recovery period

Nursing Activities includes:

Providing direct care to the ill person, such

as administering medications, baths andspecific procedures and treatment

Scope of Nursing

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

58/62

Performing diagnostic and assessmentprocedures such as, measuring blood pressureand examining feces for occult blood

Consulting with other health care professionalsabout clients problems

Teaching clients about recovery activities, suchas exercises that will accelerate recovery afterstroke

Scope of Nursing

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

59/62

Rehabilitating clients to their optimalfunctional level following physical ormental illness, injury, or chemical

addiction

Scope of Nursing

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

60/62

Care of the Dying

provides comforting and caring for people

of all ages who are dying. Includes: Helping clients as comfortably as possible

until death

Helping support persons cope with death

Scope of Nursing

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

61/62

Nurses carry these activities at:

Home

Hospitals

Extended care facilities.

Some agency, like hospices are specially

designed for this purpose

Scope of Nursing

8/8/2019 LP 1 Hx of Nsg

62/62

Documents

LP 1 Hx of Nsg