LRFD Bridge Manual Part I & Part II 2013 Edition

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The Commonwealth of Massachusetts

Deval L. Patrick

Governor

Richard A. Davey

Secretary & CEO

Frank DePaola, P.E.

Administrator

Prepared by The Massachusetts Department of Transportation

Highway Division Bridge Section

June 2013

LRFD Bridge Manual

A CKN OWLED GEMEN TS

MassDOT would like to acknowledge the contributions made by the following individuals and

companies in the preparation of the MassDOT LRFD Bridge Manual – 2013 Edition. Their dedicated

efforts have made this edition of the Bridge Manual possible.

Bridge Manual Committee

Alexander K. Bardow, P.E., State Bridge Engineer, MassDOT

Michael L. Merlis, P.E., Bridge Standards Engineer, MassDOT

Bryan L. Busch, P.E., Director of Structural Engineering, CME Associates, Inc.

Joseph P. Gill, P.E., President, Gill Engineering Associates

Contributions Provided By

Peter J. Connors, P.E., Geotechnical Engineer, MassDOT

Richard G. Murphy, P.E., Hydraulics Engineer, MassDOT

Preston A. Huckabee, P.E., Chief Engineer, Gill Engineering Associates

MassDOT Bridge Section, Bridge Design Unit CME Associates, Inc. Gill Engineering Associates

INTRODUCTION TO THE PURPOSE AND USE OF THIS BRIDGE MANUAL

i . Purpose .......................................................................................................................... i - 1 ii Use of this Bridge Manual ...................................................................................... i - 1

CHAPTER 1: BRIDGE SITE EXPLORATION

1.1 SURVEY FOR BRIDGES ......................................................................................... 1 - 1 1.1.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 1 - 1 1.1.2 Bridge Grid Survey .................................................................................................. 1 - 1 1.1.3 Bridge Detail Survey ............................................................................................... 1 - 1 1.1.4 Additional Survey for Bridges over Railroads ............................................... 1 - 2 1.1.5 Survey for Stream..................................................................................................... 1 - 2 1.2 BORINGS FOR BRIDGES ....................................................................................... 1 - 3 1.2.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 1 - 3 1.2.2 Boring Plan ................................................................................................................. 1 - 3 1.2.3 Definitions .................................................................................................................. 1 - 3 1.2.4 Depth and Location .................................................................................................. 1 - 4 1.2.5 Other Subsurface Exploratory Requirements .................................................. 1 - 5 1.2.6 Ground Water Observation Wellpoint ............................................................... 1 - 5 1.2.7 Inaccessible Boring Locations ............................................................................. 1 - 6 1.2.8 Presentation of Sub- Surface Exploration Data............................................... 1 - 6 1.3 HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULICS .................................................................... 1 - 7 1.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 - 7 1.3.2 Hydraulic Design Criteria...................................................................................... 1 - 7 1.3.3 Hydraulic Study Procedure ................................................................................... 1 - 8 1.3.4 Hydraulic and Scour Design Flood Selection Guidelines ......................... 1 - 15 1.3.5 Guidelines for "No-Rise " Encroachment Reviews for Proposed

MassDOT Bridges Crossing NFIP Regulatory Floodway Delineations 1 - 15

1.3.6 MassDOT Modified Froehlich Local Abutment Scour Equation ........... 1 - 17 1.3.7 Hydraulic Study References ................................................................................ 1 - 18

CHAPTER 2: PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING GUIDELINES

2.1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................... 2 - 1 2.1.1 Purpose of Preliminary Engineering .................................................................. 2 - 1 2.1.2 Goal of a Bridge Project ........................................................................................ 2 - 1 2.1.3 Preliminary Engineering Decision Making Methodology ........................... 2 - 1 2.1.4 Use of Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems (PBES) ..................... 2 - 2 2.1.5 Preliminary Engineering Phase Deliverables .................................................. 2 - 4 2.2 CONTEXT SENSITIVITY AND AESTHETICS ............................................... 2 - 5

i LRFD Bridge Manual - Part I

LRFD BRIDGE MANUAL

PART I: DESIGN GUIDELINES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2 . 2 . 1 Ge ne ral Obje c ti v e s ....................................................................................................2 - 5 2 . 2 . 2 U nde rs tandi ng the Co nte x t .....................................................................................2 - 5 2 . 2 . 3 B ri dg e A e s the ti c s ......................................................................................................2 - 6 2 . 3 N EW B RID GE A N D B RID GE REPLA CEMEN T PROJECTS ......................2 - 6 2 . 3 . 1 Ge ne ral Obje c ti v e s ....................................................................................................2 - 6 2 . 3 . 2 B ri dg e Ty pe S e l e c ti o n Pro c e s s .............................................................................2 - 8 2 . 3 . 3 A ppro pri ate B ri dg e S truc ture Ty pe s by S pan Rang e ....................................2 - 8 2 . 3 . 4 S ubs truc ture Lo c ati o n Gui de l i ne s .....................................................................2 - 11 2 . 3 . 5 S upe rs truc ture S e l e c ti o n Gui de l i ne s .................................................................2 - 15 2 . 3 . 6 Pre f abri c ate d B ri dg e El e me nts and S y s te ms ( PB ES ) and Pre f abri c ate d B ri dg e U ni ts ( PB U ’ s ) .................................................................2 - 17 2 . 3 . 7 B ri dg e Ty pe S e l e c ti o n Wo rks he e t .....................................................................2 - 17 2 . 4 B RID GE REHA B ILITA TION A N D S U PERS TRU CTU RE REPLA CEMEN T PROJECTS .................................................................................2 - 22 2 . 4 . 1 Ge ne ral Gui de l i ne s .................................................................................................2 - 22 2 . 4 . 2 Pre l i mi nary S truc ture Re po rt ..............................................................................2 - 24 2 . 4 . 3 S e l e c ti ng B e tw e e n B ri dg e Re habi l i tati o n and B ri dg e Re pl ac e me nt ......2 - 27 2 . 5 GEOTECHN ICA L REPORT ...................................................................................2 - 28 2 . 5 . 1 Ge ne ral ......................................................................................................................2 - 28 2 . 5 . 2 Re po rt Outl i ne ..........................................................................................................2 - 29 2 . 6 HY D RA U LIC REPORT............................................................................................2 - 31 2 . 6 . 1 Ge ne ral ......................................................................................................................2 - 31 2 . 6 . 2 Re po rt Outl i ne ..........................................................................................................2 - 32 2 . 7 S KETCH PLA N S ........................................................................................................2 - 34 2 . 7 . 1 Intro duc ti o n ...............................................................................................................2 - 34 2 . 7 . 2 D ata Re qui re d f o r the Pre parati o n o f S ke tc h Pl ans .....................................2 - 34 2 . 7 . 3 Pre parati o n o f S ke tc h Pl ans .................................................................................2 - 34 2 . 7 . 4 S ubmi ttal s and A ppro v al s .....................................................................................2 - 39

CHA PTER 3 : LRFD B RID GE D ES IGN GU ID ELIN ES

3 . 1 D ES IGN CRITERIA ....................................................................................................3 - 1 3 . 1 . 1 D e s i g n S pe c i f i c ati o ns ..............................................................................................3 - 1 3 . 1 . 2 Cri ti c al and Es s e nti al B ri dg e s ..............................................................................3 - 1 3 . 1 . 3 Li v e Lo ad .....................................................................................................................3 - 2 3 . 1 . 4 D e s i g n Me tho ds .........................................................................................................3 - 2 3 . 1 . 5 D e s i g n S o f tw are .........................................................................................................3 - 2 3 . 1 . 6 Earth Pre s s ure Co mputati o ns ................................................................................3 - 3 3 . 1 . 7 B ri dg e Rai l i ng s / B arri e rs .........................................................................................3 - 3 3 . 1 . 8 Te mpe rature .................................................................................................................3 - 5 3 . 2 B RID GE FOU N D A TION S ........................................................................................3 - 5 3 . 2 . 1 Ge ne ral ..........................................................................................................................3 - 5 3 . 2 . 2 Pi l e Fo undati o ns ........................................................................................................3 - 6 3 . 2 . 3 D ri l l e d S haf ts ..............................................................................................................3 - 7 3 . 2 . 4 Pe rmane nt and Te mpo rary S uppo rt o f Ex c av ati o n.........................................3 - 9 3 . 2 . 5 Grav e l B o rro w f o r B ri dg e Fo undati o ns ...........................................................3 - 10 3 . 2 . 6 Crus he d S to ne f o r B ri dg e Fo undati o ns ............................................................3 - 10 3 . 2 . 7 Fo undati o ns o n Ro c k ..............................................................................................3 - 10 3 . 2 . 8 Pre - l o ade d A re as .....................................................................................................3 - 11

ii LRFD Bridge Manual - Part I

3.2.9 Scour Considerations ............................................................................................. 3 - 11 3.3 SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN ................................................................................... 3 - 12 3.3.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 3 - 12 3.3.2 Walls: Abutments, Wingwalls, and Retaining Walls ................................. 3 - 13 3.3.3 Piers ............................................................................................................................. 3 - 15 3.3.4 Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts ................................................................... 3 - 15 3.4 SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ................................................................ 3 - 17 3.4.1 Design Requirements ............................................................................................. 3 - 17 3.4.2 Seismic Hazard Maps ............................................................................................ 3 - 19 3.4.3 Analysis and Design Methodology ................................................................... 3 - 20 3.4.4 Substructure Inertia and Seismic Soil Forces ............................................... 3 - 27 3.4.5 Modeling and Design of Bridge Bearings for Seismic Analysis ............ 3 - 29 3.4.6 Seismic Design of Wingwalls and Retaining Walls ................................... 3 - 30 3.5 SUPERSTRUCTURE DESIGN ............................................................................. 3 - 31 3.5.1 Composite Design................................................................................................... 3 - 31 3.5.2 Deck Slabs ................................................................................................................ 3 - 32 3.5.3 Distribution of Loads on Stringer Bridges .................................................... 3 - 34 3.5.4 Distribution of Loads on NEXT Beam Bridges ............................................ 3 - 41 3.5.5 Utilities on Structures ........................................................................................... 3 - 41 3.5.6 Deflection and Camber ......................................................................................... 3 - 42 3.5.7 Elastomeric Bridge Bearing Assemblies ........................................................ 3 - 43 3.5.8 Scuppers ..................................................................................................................... 3 - 51 3.6 STEEL SUPERSTRUCTURES .............................................................................. 3 - 52 3.6.1 General Guidelines ................................................................................................. 3 - 52 3.6.2 Cover Plates .............................................................................................................. 3 - 55 3.6.3 Welded Plate Girders ............................................................................................ 3 - 55 3.6.4 Welded Box Girders .............................................................................................. 3 - 56 3.6.5 Splices and Connections ...................................................................................... 3 - 58 3.7 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE SUPERSTRUCTURES ................................... 3 - 58 3.7.1 Standard Beam Sections ....................................................................................... 3 - 58 3.7.2 Materials and Fabrication .................................................................................... 3 - 59 3.7.3 General Design Requirements ............................................................................ 3 - 60 3.7.4 Continuity Design for Prestressed Concrete Beam Bridges ..................... 3 - 61 3.7.5 Design of NEBT Beams Post- Tensioned for Continuity ........................... 3 - 61 3.8 ADJACENT PRECAST PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

DECK AND BOX BEAM BRIDGES .................................................................. 3 - 62

3.8.1 General Requirements ........................................................................................... 3 - 62 3.8.2 Distribution of Loads to Adjacent Precast Prestressed

Concrete Beam Bridges ........................................................................................ 3 - 63

3.8.3 Utilities on Adjacent Precast Prestressed Concrete Deck and

Box Beam Bridges .................................................................................................. 3 - 66

3.9 PRECAST CONCRETE FULL DEPTH DECK PANELS (FDDP) ............ 3 - 68 3.9.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 3 - 68 3.9.2 Materials and Fabrication .................................................................................... 3 - 68 3.9.3 General Design Requirements ............................................................................ 3 - 69 3.9.4 Construction ............................................................................................................. 3 - 70 3.10 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF INTEGRAL ABUTMENT BRIDGES .... 3 - 71

3.10.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 3 - 71 3.10.2 Loads, Load Factors, and Load Combinations ............................................. 3 - 72

iii LRFD Bridge Manual - Part I

3.10.3 Superstructure Types ..............................................................................................3 - 73 3.10.4 Approach Slabs ........................................................................................................3 - 73 3.10.5 Abutment Backfill and Drainage ........................................................................3 - 73 3.10.6 Construction of Integral Abutments .................................................................3 - 73 3.10.7 Superstructure Design Methodology ...............................................................3 - 74 3.10.8 Pile Cap and Abutment Diaphragm Design ....................................................3 - 74 3.10.9 Integral Wingwall Design.....................................................................................3 - 76 3.10.10 Piles ..............................................................................................................................3 - 77 3.10.11 Pile Design ................................................................................................................3 - 77 3.10.12 References ..................................................................................................................3 - 84 3.11 REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES ............................................................3 - 86 3.11.1 General Requirements ............................................................................................3 - 86 3.11.2 Options for Increasing Carrying Capacity ......................................................3 - 86 3.11.3 Fatigue Retrofits ......................................................................................................3 - 87 3.12 ANCILLARY STRUCTURES ................................................................................3 - 87 3.12.1 Pedestrian Bridges ..................................................................................................3 - 87 3.12.2 Temporary Bridges .................................................................................................3 - 87 3.12.3 Sign Attachments to Bridges and Walls ..........................................................3 - 88 3.13 BRIDGE INSPECTION ............................................................................................3 - 88 3.13.1 Requirements for Bridge Inspection Access ..................................................3 - 88 3.13.2 Fracture Critical Bridge Inspection Procedures ...........................................3 - 90 3.13.3 Bridges Requiring Special Inspection and Maintenance Procedures .....3 - 91

CHAPTER 4: CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

4.1 GRAPHICAL STANDARDS ....................................................................................4 - 1 4.2 PREPARATION OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS .....................................4 - 1 4.2.1 General ..........................................................................................................................4 - 1 4.2.2 Organization ................................................................................................................4 - 1 4.3 STRUCTURAL SUBMITTALS ...............................................................................4 - 6 4.3.1 General ..........................................................................................................................4 - 6 4.3.2 First Structural Submittal (S1) .............................................................................4 - 6 4.3.3 Second Structural Submittal (S2) ........................................................................4 - 7 4.3.4 Final Structural Submittal (SF) ............................................................................4 - 7 4.3.5 Submittal of Mylars ..................................................................................................4 - 7 4.4 REVISIONS TO CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS .............................................4 - 7 4.4.1 Approval Procedure ..................................................................................................4 - 7 4.4.2 Revising Construction Drawings .......................................................................4 - 10 4.4.3 Distribution of Revised Construction Drawings ...........................................4 - 10

CHAPTER 5: SPECIAL PROVISIONS AND ESTIMATE

5.1 GENERAL ......................................................................................................................5 - 1 5.2 SPECIAL PROVISIONS ............................................................................................5 - 1 5.2.1 General ..........................................................................................................................5 - 1 5.2.2 Payment Items ............................................................................................................5 - 1 5.2.3 Preparing a Lump Sum Item ..................................................................................5 - 2 5.2.4 Schedule of Basis for Partial Payment...............................................................5 - 4 5.3 QUANTITY CALCULATIONS ...............................................................................5 - 4

iv LRFD Bridge Manual - Part I

5 . 3 . 1 Ge ne ral ......................................................................................................................... 5 - 4 5 . 3 . 2 S tandard N o me nc l ature f o r B ri dg e Re l ate d Ite ms ......................................... 5 - 4 5 . 3 . 3 Gui de l i ne s f o r Es ti mati ng Quanti ti e s ................................................................ 5 - 5 5 . 4 PREPA RA TION OF ES TIMA TE ........................................................................... 5 - 9 5 . 4 . 1 Ge ne ral ......................................................................................................................... 5 - 9 5 . 4 . 2 U ni t Pri c e s .................................................................................................................. 5 - 9 5 . 4 . 3 S ubmi ttal s ................................................................................................................. 5 - 10

CHA PTER 6 : S HOP D RA WIN GS , CON S TRU CTION PROCED U RES ,

A N D OTHER S U B MIS S ION S

6 . 1 A PPROV A L PROCES S ............................................................................................. 6 - 1 6 . 1 . 1 Ge ne ral ......................................................................................................................... 6 - 1 6 . 1 . 2 Re s po ns i bi l i ty ............................................................................................................ 6 - 1 6 . 1 . 3 A ppro v al o f S ho p D raw i ng s .................................................................................. 6 - 1 6 . 1 . 4 A ppro v al o f Co ns truc ti o n Mate ri al s , Pro duc ts , and Fabri c ati o n Pro c e dure s ................................................................................................................... 6 - 3 6 . 1 . 5 Co mmuni c ati o n f ro m Co ntrac to rs , Fabri c ato rs , and S uppl i e rs ................. 6 - 3 6 . 2 S HOP D RA WIN GS ..................................................................................................... 6 - 3 6 . 2 . 1 S truc tural ..................................................................................................................... 6 - 3 6 . 2 . 2 Traf f i c ......................................................................................................................... 6 - 5 6 . 2 . 3 D i s tri buti o n................................................................................................................. 6 - 6 6 . 3 EFFECT OF CON TRA CT D RA WIN G REV IS ION S ON S HOP D RA WIN GS .................................................................................................................. 6 - 6 6 . 4 CON S TRU CTION PROCED U RES ........................................................................ 6 - 7 6 . 4 . 1 Re v i e w i ng Co ns truc ti o n Pro c e dure s .................................................................. 6 - 7 6 . 4 . 2 D i s tri buti o n................................................................................................................. 6 - 8

CHA PTER 7 : B RID GE LOA D RA TIN G GU ID ELIN ES

7 . 1 POLICY .......................................................................................................................... 7 - 1 7 . 1 . 1 Purpo s e ......................................................................................................................... 7 - 1 7 . 1 . 2 Rati ng S pe c i f i c ati o ns .............................................................................................. 7 - 1 7 . 1 . 3 D e f i ni ti o ns .................................................................................................................. 7 - 1 7 . 1 . 4 Qual i f i c ati o ns ............................................................................................................. 7 - 2 7 . 1 . 5 Fi e l d Ins pe c ti o n......................................................................................................... 7 - 2 7 . 1 . 6 Lo ad Rati ng S o f tw are .............................................................................................. 7 - 2 7 . 1 . 7 U ni ts .............................................................................................................................. 7 - 2 7 . 2 GEN ERA L LOA D RA TIN G REQU IREMEN TS ............................................... 7 - 3 7 . 2 . 1 A B ri dg e Pro je c ts D e s i g ne d us i ng LRFD ............................................................. 7 - 3 7 . 2 . 1 B B ri dg e Pro je c ts D e s i g ne d us i ng A S D / LFD ...................................................... 7 - 3 7 . 2 . 2 El e me nts Re qui ri ng Lo ad Rati ng ........................................................................ 7 - 3 7 . 2 . 3 D e ad Lo ads ................................................................................................................. 7 - 4 7 . 2 . 4 Li v e Lo ads .................................................................................................................. 7 - 5 7 . 2 . 5 S pe c i al Ins truc ti o ns f o r Lo ad Rati ng s ............................................................... 7 - 7 7 . 2 . 6 S pe c i al Ins truc ti o ns f o r Lo ad Rati ng s o f Pre c as t Pre s tre s s e d Co nc re te Me mbe rs i nc l udi ng A djac e nt Pre c as t Pre s tre s s e d Co nc re te B e ams ........ 7 - 9 7 . 2 . 7 S pe c i al Ins truc ti o ns f o r Lo ad Rati ng s o f A rc he s ........................................... 7 - 9

v LRFD Bridge Manual - Part I

7.2.8 Special Instructions for Corroded Steel Stringer/Girder Web

Load Ratings .............................................................................................................7 - 12

7.2.9 Guidelines for Recommendations ......................................................................7 - 13 7.3 REPORT SUBMITTAL REQUIREMENTS .......................................................7 - 14 7.3.1 Submittal Media .......................................................................................................7 - 14 7.3.2 Report Distribution .................................................................................................7 - 15 7.4 CALCULATIONS AND INPUT FILE FORMAT ............................................7 - 15 7.4.1 Hand Calculations ...................................................................................................7 - 15 7.4.2 AASHTOWare™ Bridge Rating Input File Submission.............................7 - 15 7.4.3 Check of Calculations Submission ....................................................................7 - 17 7.5 RATING REPORT .....................................................................................................7 - 17 7.5.1 Preparation and Format .........................................................................................7 - 17 7.5.2 Report Organization ...............................................................................................7 - 18 7.6 AVAILABLE PLANS ...............................................................................................7 - 20

CHAPTER 8: SPECIAL PERMIT VEHICLE ANALYSIS GUIDELINES

8.1 POLICY ...........................................................................................................................8 - 1 8.1.1 Purpose ..........................................................................................................................8 - 1 8.1.2 Definitions ...................................................................................................................8 - 1 8.1.3 Qualifications .............................................................................................................8 - 1 8.1.4 Field Inspection .........................................................................................................8 - 1 8.1.5 Undocumented Bridge Structures ........................................................................8 - 2 8.2 APPLICATION OF LIVE LOADS AND LOAD RATING

INSTRUCTIONS ..........................................................................................................8 - 2

8.2.1 Objective ......................................................................................................................8 - 2 8.2.2 Live Loads ...................................................................................................................8 - 2 8.2.3 Special Instructions for Special Permit Vehicle Analysis ..........................8 - 2 8.3 SPECIAL PERMIT VEHICLE ANALYSIS REPORT ......................................8 - 3 8.3.1 Format ...........................................................................................................................8 - 3 8.3.2 Submission and Processing Protocol ..................................................................8 - 4 8.4 EXISTING INVENTORIED ROUTES ..................................................................8 - 4 8.5 PRIVATELY OWNED AND OTHER AGENCY OWNED

STRUCTURES ..............................................................................................................8 - 5

APPENDIX: USGS SEISMIC HAZARD CONTOUR MAPS FOR THE

2500- YR RETURN PERIOD

vi LRFD Bridge Manual - Part I