=

OP4M=

SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

AClrpTfC bMfppflN MlNfTlofNd lc cobpClp abdoAaATflN fN A usffth CbNTrov CeAmbi lc Teb “pACoba MlrNTAfN lc sAoAiil” EfTAivF Alberto CarpinteriNI ptefano fnvernizziOIdiuseppe iacidognaPI cederico Accornero4 ABpToACT qhe= present= paper= describes= the= results= of= the= Acoustic= bmission= monitoringI= performed= for= five=months= in= order= to= assess= the= structural= behaviour= and= the= frescos= degradation= of= a= usffth= Century=Chapel=belonging=to=the=pacred=jountain=of=sarallo=EftalyFK=qhe=pacred=jountain=of=sarallo=is=composed=of=4R=ChapelsI=some=of=which=are=isolatedI=while=others=are= part= of= monumental= groupsI= containing= over= UMM= lifeJsize= wooden= and= multicoloured= terracotta=statuesI=which=represent=the=iifeI=the=massion=and=the=aeath=of=ChristK=qhe=site=is=considered=the=most=notable=example=in=the=group=of=pacred=jountains=of=miedmontsI=a=complex=that=has=been=included=in=the=rkbpCl=torld=eeritage=iist=since=OMMPK=qhe=Chapel=number=NTI=dedicated=to=the=jount=qabor=episode=of=Christ=qransfigurationI=shows=some=structural=concern=due=to=an=existing= large=crack=and=some= degradation=of= the=high=valuable= frescosI=which=tend=to=detach=from=the=masonry=supportK=fn=order= to= assess= the= evolution=of= the=phenomenaI= an=Acoustic=bmission=monitoring=apparatus=was=usedI= with= six= sensors= that= enable= the= recording= of= the= signals= and= localization= of= the= eventsK= fn=additionI= a= detailed= survey= of= the= Chapel= was= providedI= together= with= a= structural= finite= element=simulationK=qhe=results=of=the=monitoring=show=that=the=large=crack=is=stableI=while=the=process=of=detachment=of=the=frescos=is=evolving=cyclicallyK=ft=seems=that=the=frescos=degradation=could=be=mainly=related=to=the=diffusion= of= moisture= in= the= mortar= substrateK= pome= preliminary= laboratory= tests= also= confirm= that=Acoustic=bmissions=are=recorded=in=mortar=samples=subjected=to=moisture=diffusionK= heywordsW Acoustic emission monitoringI ptructural assessmentI crescos detachment NK fNTolarCTflN =qhe= mroject= “mreservationI= pafeguard=and= salorization= of= jasonry=aecorations= in= the= Architectural=eistorical=eeritage=of=miedmont”=–=named=obJcobpClp=−=was=approved=by=the=miedmont=oegional=dovernment= EftalyF= in= August= OMMV= xNzK= ft= involves= the= main= theme= of= the= Conservation= of= the=miedmont=Artistic=eeritage=and=particularly=the=safeguard=of=the=historical=site=of=the=pacred=jountain=of=sarallo=EcigK=NFK=qhe= research= activity= of= the= obJcobpClp= project= is= multidisciplinary= and= is= developed= by= some=aepartments= of= the=molitecnico=di=qorinoI= the=qhermodynamic=aivision=of= the=kational= fnstitute=of=

================================================N=cull=mrofessorI=aepartment=of=ptructuralI=deotechnical=and=Building=bngineeringI=molitecnico=di=qorinoI=Corso=

auca=degli=Abruzzi=O4I=NMNOV=qorino=ftalyI=albertoKcarpinteri]politoKit=O=Assistant=mrofessorI=aepartment=of=ptructuralI=deotechnical=and=Building=bngineeringI=molitecnico=di=qorinoI=

Corso=auca=degli=Abruzzi=O4I=NMNOV=qorino=ftalyI=stefanoKinvernizzi]politoKit=P=Associate=mrofessorI=aepartment=of=ptructuralI=deotechnical=and=Building=bngineeringI=molitecnico=di=qorinoI=

Corso=auca=degli=Abruzzi=O4I=NMNOV=qorino=ftalyI=giuseppeKlacidogna]politoKit=4=mha=ptudentI=aepartment=of=ptructuralI=deotechnical=and=Building=bngineeringI=molitecnico=di=qorinoI=Corso=

auca=degli=Abruzzi=O4I=NMNOV=qorino=ftalyI=federicoKaccornero]politoKit=

=

OP4N=

jetrological=oesearch=EfkofjF=and=the=regional=authority=of=the=ppecial=kature=oeserve=of=the=pacred=jountain= of= saralloK= qhis= cooperation= is= addressed= to= the= employment= of= nonJinvasive= monitoring=methodologies= to= get= a= precise= damage= assessment= of= historical= structuresI= decorated= surfaces= and=terracotta=statues=belonging=to=this=siteI=which=is=in=the=rkbpCl=torld=eeritage=iist=since=OMMPK=qhe= physicalJchemical= decay= and= the= damage= evolution= of= materialsI= constituting= the= decorated=surfaces=and=the=structural=supportsI=can=be=caused=by=infiltrations=of=waterI=thermoJelastic=stressesI=or=seismic= and= environmental= vibrationsK= qhe= physicalJchemical= degradation= has= to= be= dealt= with=jaterials=pcience=and=Chemical=bngineering=techniques=xOzK=ln=the=other=handI=the=instability=and=the=dynamic=behaviour=of= the=decorated=surfacesI= induced=also=by=seismic=and=environmental=vibrationsI=can= be= investigated= by= Acoustic= bmission= technique= EAbF= using= monitoring= systems= to= control=continuously=and=simultaneously=different=structural=supports=xPzK=qhe=data= collected=during=the= in=situ= experimental= tests= can=be= interpreted=with=cracture=jechanics=models=and=methodologies=x4I=RzK=

=

=

cigK N=qhe=pacred=jountain=of=saralloW=siew=of=the=pquare=of=qribunals=

OK Teb pACoba MlrNTAfN lc sAoAiil

OKNK Brief eistory qhe=most=ancient=pacred=jountain=of=miedmont=and=iombardy=is=situated=among=the=green=of=the=forests=at= the=top=of=a=rocky=spur=right=above=the=city=of=saralloK= ft=consists= in=4R=ChapelsI=some=of=which=are=isolatedI= while= others= are= part= of= monumental= groupsK= qhey= contain= over= UMM= lifeJsize= wooden= and=multicoloured=terracotta=statuesI=which=represent=the=iifeI=the=massion=and=the=aeath=of=ChristK=qhe=pacred=jountain=of=sarallo=is=the=work=of=two=great=churchmen=and=of=a=number=of=artists=headed=by=daudenzio=cerrari=xSzK=qhe=two=churchmen=areW=the=cranciscan=criarI=Blessed=Bernardino=Caimi=and=ptK= Charles= Borromeo= Archbishop= of= jilanK= At= saralloI= cra= Bernardino=Caimi=put= into=practice= the=idea=that=he=had=been=turning=over=in=his=mind=during=his=stay=in=the=eoly=iandK=eis=aim=was=to=erect=buildings= that= would= recall= the= “eoly= mlaces”= of= malestineK= qhose= places= evoke= the= characteristic=monuments=of=Christ∞s=stay=on=earth=Ethe=ptable=at=BethlehemI=the=eouse=in=kazarethI=the=iast=pupperI=Calvary=and=the=eoly=pepulchreFK=ee=began=his=work=in=N4VN=and=carried=on=with=it=as=long=as=he=lived=Euntil=the=end=of=N4VVFI=assisted=by=daudenzio=cerrari=who=continued=the=idea=and=decorated=a=number=of=chapels=with=frescos=and=statues=in=wood=and=terracottaK=ptK=Charles=Borromeo=appreciated=the=work=already=done=when=he=paid=a=visit=to=the=pacro=jonte=in=NRTU=andI= giving= the=place=the=appropriate=name=of=“kew=gerusalem”I= made= it= more=widely=known=among= his= contemporariesK= oeturning= there=at= the= end= of= lctober= NRU4I= he= decided= to= develop= the=original=idea=by=building=new=chapelsI=which=would=illustrate=the=life=of=gesus=more=completelyK=cor= the= great= Bishop= of= jilan= it= was= an= effective= mean= of= his= timeI= giving= the=population= greater=religious=fervour=and=protecting=them=from=the=heresies=that=threatened=korthern=ftalyK=ee=utilized=the=project =for =the =rearrangement =of =the =pacred =jountain =drawn =up =by =the =architect =daleazzo =Alessi =in =NRVO=andI=adapting=it=to=his=own=plansI=gave=instructions=for=the=resumption=of=workK=qhe=work= continued=until= NTSRK=auring= the= eighteenth= century=a= half= dozen=new=artists= added= their=names= to= daudenzio= cerrari∞sW= jorazzoneI= qanzioI= the= ciammighini= and= the= aanedi= in= panting=frescosX= diovanni= d∞bnrico= and= qabacchetti= for= sculptureI= to= mention= only= the= most= wellJknown= of=themK=ptK=Charles=Borromeo∞s= idea=and=efforts=made=the=pacred=jountain=of=sarallo=the=prototype=of=few=other=pacri=jonti=that=arose=in=the=area=during=the=usff=CenturyK=fn=totalI=nine=sites=were=builtI=the=most=important=being=pacred=jountains=of=lrtaI=sareseI=lropaI=Crea=and=iocarnoK=

qoday=the=pacred=jountain=of=sarallo=continues=to=be=a=school=of=Christian=truth=and=lifeI=while=at=the=same=time=it=is=the=most=precious=treasury=of=art=in=the=salsesia=salleyK=

=

OP4O=

OKOK The Chapel usffW the Transfiguration of Christ on Mount Tabor As=the=first=object=of=investigation=with=the=Ab=techniqueI=the=Chapel=usff=of=the=pacred=jountain=of=sarallo=is=chosen=EcigK=OFK=qhis=Chapel=houses=the=scene=of=the=qransfiguration=of=ChristI=who=appeared=to=the=Apostles=at=the=foot=of=the=mountainI=in=radiant=light=between=blijah=and=josesX=the=Apostles=then=perform=miraclesK=qhis=Chapel=was=also=foreseen=in=the=“Book=of=jysteries”=by=daleazzo=Alessi=ENRSRJNRSVF=xSITzI=from=which=the=group=of=sculptures=located=high=on=the=mountain=take=inspirationK=qhe=relative=foundations=were=already=begun=in=NRTOI=but=the=chapel=was=not=completed=until=the=NSSMsK=qhe=statues=are=attributed= to=mietro=crancesco=metera=of=sarallo=and=to=diovanni=poldo=of=CamascoI=who=collaborated=with=aionigi=BussolaI= the=last=dating=back=to= the=NSTMsI=whilst= the=frescoes=Eabout=NSSSJNSTRF=are= the=work=of= the=brothers=jontaldoI= known=as= the=“aanedi”I=also=responsible=for= the=decoration=of=the=cupola=of=the=Basilica=of=pacro=jonteK=

=

=EaF= =EbF==

cigK O=bxternal=view=of=the=Chapel=usff=EaFX=internal=view=of=the=jount=qabor=installation=EbF=

=PK aAMAdb ANAivpfp lc Teb abCloATba procACb pTorCTroAi

prmmloTp Bv Teb Ab TbCeNfnrb

PKNK bnergy aensity Criterion and b-value Analysis of Ab bvents qhe= preservation= of= mural= painting= heritage= is= a= complex= problem= that= requires= the= use= of= nonJdestructive=investigation=methodologies=to=assess=the=integrity=of=decorated=artworks=without=altering=their= state= of= conservationK= A= complete= diagnosis= of= crack= pattern= regarding= not= only= the= external=decorated=surface=but=also=the=internal=support= is=of=great= importance=due=to=the=criticality=of= internal=defects=and=damage=phenomenaI=which=may=suddenly=degenerate=into=irreversible=failures=xUI=VzK=A=great=deal=of=nonJdestructive=techniques=work=by=introducing=some=type=of=energy=into=the=system=to=be=analyzedK=ln=the=contraryI=in=Ab=testsI=the=input=is=the=mechanical=energy=release=generated=by=the=material=itself=during=the=damage=evolutionI=so=that=no=perturbation=is=induced=and=the=integrity=of=the=system=may=be= guaranteedK= By= monitoring= the= support= of= a= decorated= surface=by= means= of= the= Ab=techniqueI=it=becomes=possible=to=detect=the=occurrence=and=evolution=of=surface=vsK=support=separation=and=of=stressJinduced=cracksK=CrackingI=in=factI= is=accompanied=by=the=emission=of=elastic=wavesI=which=propagate=through=the=bulk=of=the=materialK=qhese=waves=can=be=received=and=recorded=by=piezoelectric=EmwqF=transducers=applied=to=the=external=surface=of=the=artwork=supportK=lbjective= of= the= research= is= to= use= the= Ab= technique= to= assess= the= support= of= the= decorated= mural=surfaces=developing= the=application=aspects=of= this= techniqueI= which=has=been=widely=studied=from=a=theoretical= and= experimental= point= of= view= by= the= authors= in= the= safeguard= of= civil= and= historical=buildings =xNMJNOzK =fn =a =first =stageI =it =will =be =essential =to =recognize =the =artwork =to =be =monitoredI =its =conservation=state=and=the=severity=of=its=conditions=at=the=beginning=of=the=monitoring=and=restoration=processesK=qhe=Ab=technique=makes=it=also=possible=to=predict=and=localize=the=presence=of=cracks=and=analyze=the=damage=evolution=in=supports=such=as=decorated=masonry=walls=and=vaults=xNPzK=Acoustic=bmission=data=have=been=interpreted=by=means=of=statistical=and=fractal=analysisI=considering=the=multiscale=aspect= of=cracking=phenomena= x4zK= ConsequentlyI= a= multiscale=criterion= to=predict= the=damage= evolution= has= been= formulatedK= oecent= developments= in= fragmentation= theories= xN4zI= have=

=

OP4P=

shown=that= the=energy=t=during=microcrack=propagation=is=released=over=a=fractal=domain=comprised=between=a=surface=and=the=specimen=volume=sK=qhe=following=sizeJscaling=law=has=been=assumed=during=the=damage=processW== t ∞=N ∞=s aLP= ENF

=fn= bqKENF= a= is= the= soJcalled= fractal= exponent= comprised= between= O= and= PI= and= N= is= the= cumulative=number=of=Ab=events=that=the=structure=provides=during=the=damage=monitoringK=qhe=authors=have=also=shown=that= energy=dissipationI= as=measured=with= the=Ab= technique=during= the=damaging=processI=follows=the=timeJscaling=law=xNRzW==

= t ∞=N ∞=t=βt= EOF =where=βt=is=the=timeJscaling=exponent=for=the=released=energy=in=the=range=EMI=PF=and=N the=number=of=Ab=eventsK==By= working=out= the= exponent= βt= from=the= data= obtained= during= the=observation=periodI= we=can=make=a=prediction= on= the= structure∞s= stability= conditionsW= if= βt= Y= N= the= structure= evolves= toward= stability=conditionsX=if=βt ≈=N=the=process=is=metastableX=if=βt=[=N=the=process=becomes=unstableK=joreoverI= a= statistical= interpretation=to= the=variation= of= the= bJvalue=during= the=evolution=of=damage=detected=by=Ab= has=been=proposedI= which= is= based= on=a= treatment= originally=proposed=by=Carpinteri=and=coJworkers= xNSI=NTzK=qhe=proposed=model=captures= the= transition=from=the=condition=of=diffused=criticality=to=that=of=imminent=failure=localisationK=By=analogy=with=seismic=phenomenaI=in=the=Ab=technique=the=magnitude=may=be=defined=as=followsW=== m=Z=iogNM Amax=H=fErF= EPF==where=Amax=is=the=amplitude=of=the=signal=expressed=in=voltsI=and=fErF=is=a=correction=taking=into=account=that=the=amplitude=is=a=decreasing=function=of=the=distance=r=between=the=source=and=the=sensorK=fn=seismology=the=empirical=dutenbergJoichter∞s=law=xNUzW== iogNM N (≥=mF=Z=a – bm ===or=====N (≥=mF=Z=NM=a – bm E4F==expresses=the=relationship=between=magnitude=and=total=number=of=earthquakes=in=any=given=region=and=time=periodI=and=it=is=one=of=the=most=widely=used=statistical=relations=to=describe=the=scaling=properties=of=seismicityK= fn=bqK= E4FI= N= is= the=cumulative=number=of=earthquakes=with=magnitude=³=m= in =a =given=area=and=within=a=specific=time=rangeI=whilst=a and=b=are=positive=constants=varying=from=a=region=to=another=and=from=a=time=interval=to=anotherK=bquation=E4F=has=been=used=successfully=in=the=Ab=field=to=study= the= scaling= laws= of= Ab= wave= amplitude= distributionK= qhis= approach= evidences= the= similarity=between= structural=damage=phenomena=and=seismic=activities= in=a=given=region=of= the=barth∞s= crustI=extending=the=applicability=of=the=dutenbergJoichter∞s=law=to=ptructural=bngineeringK=According=to=bqK=E4FI= the= bJvalue= changes= systematically= at= different= times= in= the= course= of= the= damage= process= and=therefore=can=be=used=to=estimate=damage=evolution=modalitiesK=bquation=E4F=can=be=rewritten=in=order=to=draw=a=connection=between=the=magnitude=m=and=the=size=i=of=the=defect=associated=with=a=Ab=eventK=By=analogy=with=seismic=phenomenaI=the=Ab=crack=sizeJscaling=entails=the=validity=of=the=relationshipW=== N (≥=iF=Z=ci=–Ob ERF==where= N= is =the =cumulative =number =of =Ab =events =generated =by =source =defects =with =a =characteristic =linear= dimension=≥=iI=c= is =a =constant =of =proportionalityI =and =Ob Z=a= is= the= fractal=dimension= of= the=damage=domainK==ft= has=been=evidenced=that= this= interpretation=rests=on= the=assumption=of= a=dislocation=model= for= the=seismic= source= and= requires= that= OKM= ≤= a= ≤= PKMI= iKeKI= the= cracks= are= distributed= in= a= fractal= domain=comprised=between=a=surface=and=the=volume=of=the=analysed=region=xNVI=OMzK=qhe= cumulative= distribution= ERF= is= substantially= identical= to= the= cumulative=distribution=proposed=by=Carpinteri=xNSzI=which=gives=the=probability=of=a=defect=with=size=≥=i=being=present=in=a=bodyW=

=

OP44=

m (≥=iF=∞=i=–γ ESF==qhereforeI=the=number=of=defects=with=size=³=i=isW== NG(≥=iF=Z=ci=–γ ETF==where= g= is= a= statistical= exponent= measuring= the= degree=of= disorderI= iKeK= the= scatter= in= the=defect= size=distributionI= and= c= is= a= constant= of= proportionalityK= By=equating=distributions= ERF=and= ETF= it= is= found=thatW=Ob Z=γK=At=the=collapseI=the=size=of=the=maximum=defect=is=proportional=to=the=characteristic=size=of=the =structureK =As =shown =by =Carpinteri =and =coJworkers =xNTzI =the =related =cumulative =defect =size =distribution=Ereferred=to=as=selfJsimilarity=distributionF=is=characterized=by=the=exponent=γ Z=OKMI=which=corresponds=to=b Z=NKMK=ft=was=also=demonstrated=by=Carpinteri=xNSz=that=γ Z=OKM=is=a=lower=bound=which=corresponds=to=the=minimum=value=b Z=NKMI=observed=experimentally=when=the=load=bearing=capacity=of=a=structural=member=has=been=exhaustedK=qhereforeI= by= determining= the= bJvalue= it= is= possible= to= identify= the= energy= release= modalities= in=a=structural=element=during=the=monitoring=processK=qhe=extreme=cases= envisaged=by=bqK= ENF=are=a Z=PKMI=which=corresponds=to=the=critical=conditions=b Z=NKRI=when=the=energy=release=takes=place=through=small=defects=homogeneously=distributed=throughout= the=volumeI=and=a Z=OKMI=which=corresponds= to=b Z=NKMI=when=energy=release=takes=place=on=a=fracture=surfaceK=fn=the=former=case=diffused=damage=is=observedI= whereas= in= the= latter= twoJdimensional= cracks= are= formed= leading= to= the= separation= of= the=structural=elementK=fn=the=followingI=the=data=obtained=from=the=monitoring=are=mainly=interpreted=by=bquation=EOF=and=E4FK=

=PKOK ptructural Condition Assessment of the Chapel usff As=regards=the=structural=integrityI=the=Chapel=usff=shows=a=vertical=crack=of=about=PKMM=m=in=length=and=a= detachment= of= frescos=both=on= the=korth= wallI= which=are= the= object= of= the=present= monitoring=campaign= by= means= of= AbK= pix= Ab= sensors= are= employed= to= monitor= the= damage= evolution= of= the=structural=support=of=the=decorated=surfaces=of=the=Chapel=usffW=four=are=positioned=around=the=vertical=crack=while=O=are=positioned=near=the=frescos=detachment=EcigKPFK=cor=the=sensor=pasting=on=decorated=surfacesI=a=suitable=methodology=is=appliedK=joreoverI=the=Chapel=usff=shows=another=vertical=crack=on=the=pouth=wallI=symmetric=of=the=previous=one=with=respect=to=the=pronao=of=the=buildingK=

=

=

cigK P=Chapel=usffW=siew=of=the=jonitored=aamages=and=mosition=of=the=Ab=pensors==

qhe=monitoring=period=of=the=structural=supports=of=the=chapel=began=on=April=OUI=OMNN=and=ended=on=gune=4I=OMNNK=qhe=results=obtained=by=the=application=of=the=Ab=sensors=are=presented=in=cigsK=4=and=RK=

=

OP4R=

=

cigK Q=Chapel=usffW=Ab=from=sertical=Crack=jonitoring==

As =can =be =seen =from =cigK =4I =the =vertical =crack =monitored =on =the =korth =wall =of =the =chapel =presents =a=stable=condition=during=the=acquisition=period=EMKR=Y=βt=Y=NKMF=and=a=clear= distribution=of=cracks= in=a=surface=domain=is=proved=by=the=bJvalue=in=the=range=EMKVRI=NKNMFK=qhe=evidence=for=the=presence=of=a =large =crack =is =offered =by =the =low =frequency =signals =registered =EY =OMM =kezFW =as =a =matter =of =factsI =considering=the=velocity=as=a= constant= and=applying=the=iamb= ratio=xONzI= the=wavelength=needs= to=be=larger= than= that= of= the= maximum= inhomogeneity= in= order= for= the= wave= to= pass= through= without=significant=modifications=in=its=waveformK=ft=is=reasonable=to=assume=that=for=a=high=frequency=wave=it=is=possible=only=to=propagate=through=a=small=inhomogeneityX=on=the=contrary=for=a=low=frequency=wave=it=is=possible=also=to=propagate=through=a=large=inhomogeneity=x4IOOzK=

=

=

cigK R=Chapel=usffW=Ab=from=crescos=aetachment=jonitoring==Concerning=the=monitored=frescos=detachment=EcigK=RFI=the=decorated=surface=tends=to=evolve=towards=metastable=conditions= EMKR=Y=βt=Y= NKUF=and= the= signals= acquired= show= high= frequency=characteristics=EY=4MM=kezFW=therefore=a=distribution=of=microcracks=in=fractal=domain=near=to=a=volume=is=assumed=for=the=analysed=regionK=

=

OP4S=

joreoverI= a= correlation= between= the= specific= analysed= Ab= activity= and= damage= of= the= decorated=surface=could=also=be=found= with=respect= to=different= water= cycle=stages= EeKgK= immersionI= drying=and=coolingFK=As=a=matter=of=factI=a=mortar=specimen=was=monitored=by=means=of=Ab=during=SM=minutes=of=immersion= in= mineral= water= EcigK= SaFK= qhe= relevant= Ab= activity= recorded= is= due= to= the= effect= of= salt=crystallization=and=to=the=specific=pore=distribution=in=the=mortar=bulk=xOPzK=ft=is=worth=noting=that=the=evolution=of= the=cumulated=Ab= resembles= the=kinetics=of= the=capillary=rising= in= the=transient= regime=EcigK=SbFI=underlying=how=the=two=phenomena=are=correlatedK=

=

= ==

= EaF= EbF=

cigK S=Cumulated=kumber=of=Ab=bvents=during=jortar=fmmersion=in=jineral=tater=EaFX=dimensionless=diagram=of= the= capillary= risingK= bach= curve= refers= to= the= dimensionless= quantity= α= which= is= function= of= the= sample= === thicknessI=sorptivity=and=potential=evaporation=of=the=microenvironoment=xO4z=EbF=

=

== === EaF= EbF=

cigK T=cinite=blement=mesh=EaFX=mrincipal=tensile=stress=contour=on=the=deformed=mesh=EbF==QK cfNfTb bibMbNT MlabiifNd =qhe= chapel= was= discretized= exploiting= symmetry= with= threeJdimensional= linear= pyramid= elementsI=accounting=for= the=accurate=geometry=of=the=stone=masonry=structureK=ln=the=contraryI= the=wooden=roof=structure=was= considered=only=as=an=external= loadK=qhe=mesh=of= the=structure=is=shown= in=cigK= TaK=qhe=elastic=properties=assumed=for=the=masonryI=and=the=densityI=where=respectively=equal=toW=b Z=Ob=H=V=maX=n Z=MKPX=r Z=OMMM=kgLmPK=qhe=elastic=analysis=allows=for=a=preliminary=assessment=of=the=structureK=cigK=Tb=shows= the=contour= of= the=principal= tensile=stressI=reported=on=the=deformed=shape=of= the=structureK=qhe=deformation=clearly=shows=the=opening=mechanism=due=to=the=effect=of=the=pronaoI=as=well=as=to=the=thrust=of= the= internal= vault= that= support= the= mount= qabor= installationK= qhe= tensile= stresses= calculated= on= the=internal=wall=of=the=chapelI=justify=the=presence=of=the=two=symmetric=dominant=cracksK=A=more=detailed=mechanical=characterization=of= the=masonry=is= currently=under= development= to=perform=the=subsequent=nonlinear=analysisK=

=

OP4T=

RK ClNCirpflNp =qhe=Chapel=number=NTI=dedicated=to=the=jount=qabor=episode=of=Christ=qransfigurationI=of=the=pacred=jountain=of=sarallo=shows=some=structural=concern=due=to=cracking=and=some=degradation=of=the=high=valuable=frescosI=which=tend=to=detach=from=the=masonry=supportK=fn=order= to=assess= the= evolution=of= the=phenomenaI= the=results= of= the=Acoustic=bmission=monitoring=program=of=the=Chapel=have=been=providedI=together=with=a=structural=finite=element=simulationK=qhe=cinite=blement= analysis= provided= the=basic= mechanism=that= is= taking=place= in= the=chapelI= which=caused=two=main=cracks=in=the=internal=wallsK=qhe=results=of=the=monitoring=show=that=the=large=cracks=are=stableI=while=the=process=of=detachment=of=the=frescos=is=evolving=cyclicallyK=ft=seems=that=the=frescos=degradation=could=be=mainly=related=to=the=diffusion= of= moisture= in= the= mortar= substrateK= pome= preliminary= laboratory= tests= also= confirm= that=Acoustic=bmissions=are=recorded=in=mortar=samples=subjected=to=moisture=diffusionK==AChNltibadbMbNTp =qhe=financial=support=provided=by=the=miedmont=oegion=EftalyF=to=the=mroject=‘‘mreservationI=pafeguard=and= salorisation= of= jasonry= aecorations= in= the= Architectural= eistorical= eeritage= of= miedmont”= =EobJcobpClpF=is=gratefully=acknowledgedK== obcbobNCbp xNz oegione=miemonteK=aeterminazione=airigenziale=kKNRNI=T=agosto=OMMVK xOz ae =cilippis =bKI =qulliani =gKjKI =pandrone =oKI =pcarzella =mKI =malmero =mKI =iombardi =pertorio =CKI =

werbinatti=jK=EOMMRF=Analisi=degli=intonaci=della=Cappella=del=Calvario=al=pacro=jonte=di=saralloK=Aohlp=NOWPUJ4RK=

xPz drosse=CKrKI=lhtsu=jK=EOMMUF=Acoustic bmission TestingK=ppringerI=eeidelbergK=x4z Carpinteri= AKI= iacidogna= dKI= mugno= kK= EOMMTF= ptructural= damage= and= lifeJtime= assessment= by=

Acoustic=bmission=monitoringK=bngineering cracture Mechanics T4W=OTPJOUVK=xRz Carpinteri=AKI=iacidogna=dKI=muzzi=pK= EOMMVF=crom=criticality=to=final=collapseW=bvolution=of=the=

bJvalue=from=NKR=to=NKMK=ChaosI politons and cractals=4NW=U4PJURPK=xSz ae=cilippis=bK=EOMMVF=pacro Monte of saralloK=BorgosesiaK xTz Alessi=dK=ENVT4F=iibro dei MisteriK Anastatic=CopyK=BolognaK xUz Anzani=AKI=Binda=iKI=Carpinteri=AKI=iacidogna=dKI=januello=AK=EOMMUF=bvaluation=of=the=repair=on=

multiple=leaf=stone=masonry=by=acoustic=emissionK=Materials and ptructures=4NW=NNSVJNNUVK=xVz Carpinteri= AKI= fnvernizzi=pKI= iacidogna= dK= EOMMVF=eistorical=brickJmasonry= subjected=to=double=

flatJjack= testW= Acoustic= emissions= and= scale= effects= on= cracking= densityK= Construction and Building Materials=OPW=OUNPJOUOMK=

xNMz Anzani=AKI=Binda=iKI=Carpinteri=AKI=fnvernizzi=pKI=iacidogna=dK=EOMNMF=A=multilevel=approach=for=the=damage=assessment=of=historic=masonry=towersK=gournal of Cultural eeritage=NNW4RVJ4TMK=

xNNz Carpinteri=AKI=fnvernizzi=pKI=iacidogna=dKI=januello=AKI=Binda=iK=EOMMUF=ptability=of=the=vertical=bearing=structures=of= the=pyracuse=CathedralW= experimental=and=numerical=evaluationK= Materials and ptructures=4OETFW=UTTJUUUK=

xNOz fnvernizzi= pKI= iacidogna= dKI= januello= AKI= Carpinteri= AK= EOMNNF= Ab= monitoring= and= numerical=simulation=of=a=OJspan=model=masonry=arch=bridge=subjected=to=pier=scourK=ptrain=4TEOFW=NRUJNSVK=

xNPz Carpinteri= AKI= fnvernizzi= pKI= iacidogna= dK= EOMMTF= ptructural= assessment= of= a= usff= Century=masonry= vault= with= Ab= and= numerical= techniquesK= fnternational gournal of Architectural eeritage=NEOFW=ON4JOOSK=

xN4z Carpinteri= AKI= mugno= kK= EOMMOF= cractal= fragmentation= theory= for= shape= effects= of= quasiJbrittle=materials=in=compressionK=Magazine of Concrete oesearch=R4W=4TPJ4UMK=

xNRz Carpinteri= AKI= iacidogna= dKI= mugno=kK= EOMMTF= qimeJscale= effects= on= acoustic= emission= due= to=elastic=waves=propagation=in=monitored=cracking=structuresK=mhysical Mesomechanics UW=TTJUMK=

xNSz Carpinteri= AK= ENVV4F= pcaling= laws= and= renormalization= groups= for= strength= and= toughness= of=disordered=materialsK=fnternational gournal of polids and ptructures=PNW=OVNJPMOK=

xNTz Carpinteri= AKI= iacidogna= dKI= kiccolini= dKI= muzzi=pK= EOMMUF= Critical= defect= size= distributions= in=concrete=structures=detected=by=the=acoustic=emission=techniqueK=Meccanica=4PW=P4VJPSPK=

=

OP4U=

xNUz oichter=CKcK=ENVRUF=blementary peismologyK=tKeK=creemanI=pan=crancisco=and=iondon=xNVz oundle= gKBKI= qurcotte= aKiKI= phcherbakov= oKI= hlein= tKI= pammis= CK= EOMMPF= ptatistical= physics=

approach= to= understanding= the= multiscale= dynamics= of= earthquake= fault= systemsK= oeviews of deophysics=4NW=NJPMK=

xOMz qurcotte= aKiK= ENVVTF= cractals and Chaos in deology and deophysicsK= Cambridge= rniversity=mressI=kew=vorkK=

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materialsK=gournal of bngineering Mechanics=NONW=TPTJT4PK=

xOPz drossi= CKjKI= bsbert= oKjKI= puarez= del= oio= iKjKI= jontoto= jKI= iaurenziJqabasso= jK= ENVVTF=Acoustic= bmission= monitoring= to= study= sodium= sulphate= crystallization= in= monumental= porous=carbonate=stonesK=ptudies in Conservation 4OW=NNRJNORK=

xO4z eall=CKI=eoff=tKaK= EOMMTF=oising=dampW=Capillary=rise=dynamics= in=wallsK= mrocK oK pocK A=4SPW=NUTNJNUU4K=