LSAT June 2007 Test Explanations - The Princeton Review · PDF fileClue 1 eliminates choice (D); Clue 2 eliminates choice (E); Clue 3 eliminates choice (B), and Clue 4 eliminates choice

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LSAT June 2007 TestExplanations

Click on the question number to navigate to the explanation for that question.

© The Princeton Review, Inc.

Questions 1 - 5

PT00-S1-Game 1 (Qs 1 to 5)

Setup:

This is a 1:1 ordering game in which the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 must be placed in fiveconsecutive spaces.

Clue 1: Elements are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

Clue 2: Ratio of elements to spaces is 1:1

Clue 3: value of space 2 is equal to 2 × value of space 1

Clue 4: value of space 3 < value of space 5

Deductions: Clue 3 limits the possibilities of space 2 to elements 2 or 4 and space 1 toelements 1 or 2, and it also means that element 2 is limited to space 1 or space 2. From Clue4, we know that 0 can't be in space 5, and 4 can't be in space 3. The distribution requirementin Clue 3 will be the most important restriction of the game.

Here's the diagram:

0, 1, 2, 3, 4

1. ASpecific Easier Games

LSAT June 2007 Test ExplanationsSection 1: Games

© The Princeton Review, Inc. | 2

If 1 goes in space 5, Clue 4 requires 0 to be in 3. The only way to meet the requirement ofClue 3 is for 2 to be in space 1 and 4 to be in space 2, leaving 3 in space 4. Choice (A)must be true.PT00-S1-Q1

2. CGeneral Easier GamesThe work from question 1 eliminates choices (A), (B), and (D). Choice (C) is a deduction-spaces 1 and 2 are comprised of either elements 1 and 2 or elements 2 and 4. In eithercase, element 2 is confined to spaces 1 and 2.PT00-S1-Q2

3. CSpecific Easier GamesIf space 3 is not 0, space 3 must be 1, because the value in space 3 still has to be less thanthe value in space 5 (from Clue 4). This places elements 2 and 4 in spaces 1 and 2, 3 inspace 5, and 0 in space 4. Alternately, the deductions of the game require 0 to be in spaces3 or 4, so if space 3 is not 0, space 4 must be, which is answer choice (C).PT00-S1-Q3

4. EGeneral Easier Games; Except Easier GamesThe question asks which pair cannot fill spaces 3 and 4, respectively. Choice (E) violatesClue 4, so that's the credited response.PT00-S1-Q4

5. EGeneral Easier GamesEliminate answer choices that do not have to be true. Choices (A) and (D) can beeliminated from the work in question 3. Choice (B) can be eliminated from the work inquestion 1. You can eliminate choice (C) by plugging element 1 into space 1 and element3 into space 5, which works, leaving answer choice (E), which must be true.PT00-S1-Q5

Questions 6 - 10

PT00-S1-Game 2 (Qs 6 to 10)

Setup:



This is a hybrid game. The ordered groups—Thursday, Friday, and Saturday—form the coreof the diagram, but there is a mini-order game within each group. Three films—G, H, and L—will be placed in days and ordered within those days.

Clue 1: Show this in the diagram.

Clue 2: Show this in the diagram. Account for the “not both” part of the clue with anantiblock.

Clue 3: Show this in the diagram. Account for the “not both” part of the clue with anantiblock.

Deductions: Thursday is the only day on which all three movies can be shown.

Here's the diagram:

G, H, L

6. CGrab-a-rule Harder Games



Clue 1 eliminates choices (A) and (D); Clue 2 eliminates choices (B) and (E), leavingchoice (C).PT00-S1-Q6

7. AGeneral Harder GamesChoice (A) violates Clue 2 and cannot be true.PT00-S1-Q7

8. DSpecific Harder GamesYou are trying to maximize the number of film showings that can occur if L never comesafter G. Try putting G as late as possible, which would be last in Saturday, so that you canuse all three L's. In this scenario, you are able to fit six film showings in the diagram,which is answer choice (D).PT00-S1-Q8

9. ESpecific Harder GamesPlace G in all three days. If H is twice, it can only be in R or F because G is already in S,and Clue 3 says that you can only have one or the other in S. L can now go in either R orS, leaving answer choice (E) as the only choice that must be true.PT00-S1-Q9

10. DSpecific Harder GamesPlace L in all three days. The other H can now go in F or S, and the sole G can go in R orS. The films that could go first on Thursday are L or G, which is answer choice (D).PT00-S1-Q10

Questions 11 - 17

PT00-S1-Game 3 (Qs 11 to 17)

Setup:

This is an order game in which you are scheduling four destination possibilities—G, J, M, T—in order from 1 to 7. All of the elements have to go at least once and, given the ratio ofelements to spaces, some will go more than once.





Clue 3: M-G-M, exactly 2 M's

Clue 4: J

Clue 5:

Deductions: J cannot be in 1 because of Clue 4. Because every element has to be used at leastonce, there will definitely be at least one GJ block.

Here's the diagram:

G, J, M, T

11. AGrab-a-rule Easier Games



Clue 1 eliminates choice (D); Clue 2 eliminates choice (E); Clue 3 eliminates choice (B),and Clue 4 eliminates choice (C).PT00-S1-Q11

12. AGeneral Easier GamesChoice (A) violates Clue 5 and cannot be true.PT00-S1-Q12

13. DSpecific Easier GamesPlace T in week 5. The only place the GJ block will fit is in 2-3. Clue 3 requires M—G—M,so M has to be in week 1. Weeks 4 and 6 cannot be T because the same element cannot beconsecutive (Clue 5), and they cannot be J because there is no room for a GJ block, sothey are split between M and G. The only answer choice that could be true according tothe diagram is choice (D).PT00-S1-Q13

14. ESpecific Easier GamesPlace G in 1 and J in 5. Clue 4 requires G to be in space 4. In order to sandwich a Gbetween two M's (Clue 3), M must be 6, and one of spaces 2 and 3 must also be M. Theremaining space cannot be G (Clue 5) and cannot be J (Clue 4), so it will be T. Whilechoices (B) and (C) could be true, answer choice (E) is the only one that must be true.PT00-S1-Q14

15. ASpecific Easier GamesPlace G in 1 and T in 2. In order to fulfill Clues 3 and 4, spaces 3–6 must be MGJM, leavinganswer choice (A) as the only choice that must be true.PT00-S1-Q15

16. ASpecific Easier GamesPlace M in week 3. Choices (B) and (D) violate Clue 4. Choice (C) violates Clue 5. Choice(E) violates Clue 3, leaving choice (A).PT00-S1-Q16

17. DGeneral Easier GamesEvery J requires a GJ. If there were more than two J's there would not be any room for M,so choice (D) must be true.PT00-S1-Q17



Questions 18 - 23

PT00-S1-Game 4 (Qs 18 to 23)

Setup:

This is a grouping game. Five elements—G, N, P, T, W—are being placed in groups 1, 2, and3.

Clue 1: W N; ~N ~W

Clue 2: 2 1; ~1 ~2

Clue 3:

, exactly 1 P

Deductions: Center 2 cannot contain P because only one center contains P (Clue 3), andevery element in Center 2 is also in Center 1 (Clue 2).

Here's the diagram:

G, N, P, T, W



18. BGrab-a-rule Harder GamesClue 1 eliminates choice (A); Clue 2 eliminates choice (C); Clue 3 eliminates choices (D)and (E).PT00-S1-Q18

19. DGeneral Harder GamesChoices (C) and (E) can be eliminated based on the deductions because Center 2 cannotcontain P. Without any further restrictions, Centers 1 and 3 are interchangeable, so therewould be no way to differentiate between choices (A) and (B); eliminate them both,leaving choice (D).PT00-S1-Q19

20. CSpecific Harder GamesDraw a third space in your diagram in Center 2. Clue 2 requires that every element in 2also be in 1, so draw a third space in 1. From the deductions, P cannot be in 2, which



means it now cannot be in 1. Because there is exactly one center that recycles plastic,that center must be Center 3, and choice (C) must be true.PT00-S1-Q20

21. DSpecific Harder GamesDraw three spaces in each group. Because of Clue 2, Centers 1 and 2 will be exactly thesame, so choices (A), (C), and (E) can be eliminated. This also means that the only P willbe in Center 3. From Clue 3, this also means that G cannot be in 3, so it will be in Centers1 and 2. Because W cannot be in a Center without N (Clue 1), the remaining options forgroups 1 and 2 are TN or WN, which means that Center 3 cannot be the only center torecycle newsprint. Choice (D) is the only remaining possibility, and it could be true.PT00-S1-Q21

22. BSpecific Harder GamesPlace G in Center 3. P cannot be in Center 3 (Clue 3) and, from the deductions, it cannever be in Center 2, so it must be in Center 1, which now cannot contain G (Clue 3). Thecontrapositive of Clue 2 means that Center 2 now cannot contain G. Center 2 must nowcontain at least two of N, T, and W, but it cannot contain just W and T (Clue 1). Thepossibilities, then, are T and N, W and N, or all three. In all cases, Center 2 must recyclenewsprint, so choice (B) must be true.PT00-S1-Q22

23. ASpecific Harder GamesPlace W in Center 1. From Clue 1, N must also be in Center 1. We know that Centers 1and 2 will have at least two in common always, but the question stipulates that W is onlyin Center 1, so the other two must be shared. N, therefore, must also be in Center 2, and Pmust be in Center 3 because there can be only one P (Clue 3). G cannot be in 3 (Clue 3) soit must be the second shared element in Centers 1 and 2, which are now complete. T isstill unaccounted for, so it must be in T. There is room for a third element in 3, but it musthave at least P and T, which means that choice (A) could be a complete and accurate listof the materials in Center 3.PT00-S1-Q23



1. BMain Point; 1st SectionThe argument concludes that not all efforts to increase productivity benefit the businessas a whole. The premise is that certain attempts to increase productivity have negativeimpacts on the work force.

A. No. This is a premise of the argument.

B. Yes. This is a good restatement of the conclusion.

C. No. The argument doesn't contrast the interests of the owners with the interests of theemployees.

D. No. This is a premise of the argument.

E. No. This is a premise of the argument.

PT00-S2-Q1

2. BParallel Flaw; 1st SectionThe argument has a part-to-whole flaw. It concludes that Rosa's dogs are moderatebarkers. The premises are that Rosa's dogs are crosses between Labradors, which bark alot, and Saint Bernards, which bark very little. It's not certain, however, that thecharacteristics of crossbreeds will represent the average of the parent breeds'characteristics. One of the dogs might bark as much as Labradors do, and another mightbark rarely, as is typical of Saint Bernards.

A. No. This does not match the structure of the original argument because it does notmake the same type of averaging mistake.

B. Yes. The household cleanser produced by mixing the two chemicals might be morelike one or the other, instead of the average of the two.

C. No. There is no flaw in this argument.

D. No. There is no averaging mistake here.

E. No. This is the wrong flaw. This argument reverses direction; it doesn't make anaveraging mistake.

PT00-S2-Q2

3. DMain Point; 1st SectionThe author makes an analogy between a century and a life, noting that people behavesimilarly toward the end of a century and at the end of a lifetime. People nearing the end

LSAT June 2007 Test ExplanationsSection 2: Args 1


of their lives spend time looking back on their lives. The passage seems to be leading tothe conclusion that people at the end of a century look back on the events of that century.

A. No. This is what they do when their own lives are ending.

B. No. The conclusion of the analogy will refer to the century just ending.

C. No. The analogy deals with looking back, not forward.

D. Yes. See the discussion above.

E. No. This answer choice is not supported by the passage.

PT00-S2-Q3

4. AFlaw; 1st SectionThe argument concludes that Ocksenfrey's prepackaged meals are nutritious, despite areport suggesting otherwise. Danto Foods, a rival of Ocksenfrey, commissioned thereport, and drafts of the report were submitted for approval to the Danto's publicrelations department, suggesting the report is biased. The author believes that becausethe report's originator may have less-than-neutral motives, the results can't be trusted.

A. Yes. Just because there might be a bias does not necessarily mean the claims aren'ttrue.

B. No. There is no unrepresentative sample. All of Ocksenfrey's prepackaged meals arebeing evaluated.

C. No. The report's findings do not bear upon whether Ocksenfrey has motivation tocreate negative publicity for Danto.

D. No. The argument does not discuss Danto Foods' prepackaged meals.

E. No. The report does not concern Danto Foods' products.

PT00-S2-Q4

5. BWeaken; 1st SectionThis interpret-the-evidence argument makes a questionable conclusion about causality.The argument concludes that Earth's warming has resulted primarily from the buildup ofminor gases in the atmosphere, blocking the outward flow of heat from the planet. Thepremise is that Earth's average annual temperature has increased by 0.5 degrees Celsiusover the last century. One flaw is that you don't know when the gases started to build up



in the atmosphere. Another is that there might be another cause underlying both thetemperature increase and the buildup of minor gases.

A. No. It doesn't matter how the minor gases were produced, only that they caused thewarming.

B. Yes. If the warming occurred before the gases started building up, then the minorgases cannot be the cause of the warming.

C. No. Amounts of solar radiation aren't relevant to the conclusion.

D. No. The minor gases still might prevent the solar radiation that gets to the Earth'ssurface from going back into space, thereby causing the warming.

E. No. This supports the argument.

PT00-S2-Q5

6. BAssumption-Suff; 1st SectionDiagram the premise: appointment to the executive board undergraduate degree and~felony conviction. The contrapositive: felony conviction or ~undergraduate degree ~appointment to the executive board. Murray has a bachelor's degree and a felonyconviction. The argument concludes that he cannot be accepted for the position ofExecutive Administrator. There is a gap between eligibility for appointment to theexecutive board and eligibility for appointment to the position of ExecutiveAdministrator.

A. No. The argument's scope is limited to people with bachelor's degrees.

B. Yes. If the requirements for appointment to the position of Executive Administratorare the same as the requirements for appointment to the executive board, theargument makes logical sense.

C. No. This doesn't explain why Murray's felony conviction renders him ineligible for theposition of Executive Administrator.

D. No. This doesn't address the issue of the argument, which is why Murray cannot beaccepted for the position of Executive Administrator.

E. No. The type of felony charge doesn't matter.

PT00-S2-Q6

7. DPrinciple-Match; 1st SectionThe ethicist claims that the most advanced kind of moral motivation is based solely onabstract principles and, thus, does not involve calculated self-interest or the desire toadhere to societal rules and conventions. The correct answer choice must provide an



example in which the motivation for an action is based on abstract principles and not onself-interest or the desire to adhere to societal pressures.

A. No. Bobby contributed money because he didn't want to look bad.

B. No. Wes contributed money out of self-interest.

C. No. Donna's lack of action resulted from self-interest.

D. Yes. Jadine's motivation was based on the principle that protecting the environment isalways more important than making money.

E. No. Societal pressure induced Leigh to report her employer's practice.

PT00-S2-Q7

8. AMain Point; 1st SectionThis is a disagree-with-the-position argument. The proponents of the electric car claimthat, when they solve the technical problems associated with the battery, the cars will bewidely used and, thus, will cause a lessening of the environmental degradation caused byauto emissions. The author points out that, although these cars are emission-free, theelectricity to power these cars needs to come from somewhere. The power will have tocome from river damming, nuclear power plants, or coal-fired power plants, all three ofwhich cause considerable environmental degradation. The passage seems to be leading tothe conclusion that the widespread use of electric cars will not lead to a lessening of theenvironmental degradation.

A. Yes. See the discussion above.

B. No. The author does not dispute that electric cars will be popular.

C. No. The proponents already recognize that technical problems need to be solved.

D. No. This is too strong. The author doesn't say how much damage the three powersources will create.

E. No. This is too strong. The author doesn't say that widespread use of electric carswon't reduce the amount of environmental degradation. Rather, the author points outthat the environmental consequences won't be as rosy as the proponents think.

PT00-S2-Q8

9. EWeaken; 1st SectionThe argument concludes that although video game sales have increased over the pastthree years, they will begin to decrease in the near future. The premise is that, in the past,over 75 percent of video games were purchased by people between 13 and 16 years ofage, and the number of people in this age group is expected to decline over the next ten



years. This argument has two potential problems. First, people who were in the 13-to-16-year-old age bracket when the data was compiled might continue to buy video gameswhen they are older. Secondly, you don't know the timespan of the data; the percentageof teen buyers might have dropped recently, but the historic percentage could be high.

A. No. If anything, this supports the argument.

B. No. This argument is about video game purchases, not rentals.

C. No. This isn't relevant to the conclusion. If anything, the availability of otherentertainment options would support the argument's claim that video game sales willdecrease.

D. No. The number of video game types is irrelevant.

E. Yes. If recent purchasers are over 16, then video games sales might not decrease, eventhough the number of 13-to-16-year-olds will decrease.

PT00-S2-Q9

10. BMain Point; 1st SectionThe argument concludes that double-blind techniques should be used whenever possiblein scientific experiments. The premises are that scientists should avoidmisinterpretations stemming from pre-existing expectations and opinions and thatdouble-blind techniques help prevent such misinterpretations.

A. No. This is a premise.

B. Yes. This is a good restatement of the conclusion.

C. No. This is not supported by the passage.

D. No. This is a premise.

E. No. The passage does not talk about scientific objectivity.

PT00-S2-Q10

11. CReasoning; 1st SectionThis is a disagree-with-position argument. A common complaint holds that electronicmedia have corroded the intellectual skills needed for and encouraged by literary media.The author rejects this claim, concluding that the spread of electronic media will likelyalter the human mind and not cause it to devolve. The author supports her conclusion bycomparing the present to several centuries ago, when similar complaints were raised



about the spread of literacy. This comparison demonstrates that complaints concerningelectronic media are likely overstated.

A. No. The argument claims the opposite.

B. No. The author is advancing no such hypothesis.

C. Yes. It shows that cultural changes don't necessarily have negative effects on themind.

D. No. The author doesn't challenge the claim that these skills are being lost.

E. No. This evidence is cited in support of the author's claim, not in support of theopposing position.

PT00-S2-Q11

12. AParallel; 1st SectionThe argument concludes that one cannot be obligated to answer all questions truthfullyand to keep all promises. The premise is that, when faced with potentially conflictingobligations, such as telling the truth and keeping a confidence, one cannot always fulfillboth obligations. The correct answer choice will have two rights or obligations thatsometimes conflict, such that one can't fulfill both.

A. Yes. Like the original argument, there are two things that will come into conflict, suchthat both can't be fulfilled all the time.

B. No. There are not two conflicting rights or obligations.

C. No. There are not two conflicting rights or obligations.

D. No. This is diagrammable in a way that the original argument is not.

E. No. There are not two conflicting rights or obligations. Also, this is diagrammable in away that the original is not.

PT00-S2-Q12

13. CAssumption-Suff; 1st SectionThe argument concludes that Group M contains twice as many cans as does Group L. Thepremises are that all of Group L was recycled to help produce Group M, the constitutionof the cans was almost completely aluminum, and 50 percent of the aluminum containedin Group M was recycled from the L group. The correct answer choice will eliminate thepossibility that some aluminum might be lost in the recycling process.

A. No. This doesn't address the amount of aluminum salvaged from Group L.

B. No. Only the quantity, not the quality, matters.



C. Yes. This eliminates the possibility that the recycling process might eat up some of thealuminum from the cans in Group L.

D. No. Only the quantity matters, not the quality or provenance.

E. No. Other materials are not relevant.

PT00-S2-Q13

14. EWeaken; 1st SectionThe argument concludes that microwaves, not heat, destroy the lysozyme enzyme. Rawmilk heated to 50 degrees Celsius in a microwave loses 50 percent of its initialconcentration of lysozyme, while milk heated by a conventional heat source loses verylittle of its initial concentration of this enzyme. The credited response needs to provideanother reason why the milk heated in the microwave lost more of this enzyme.

A. No. This doesn't provide another reason why the milk in the microwave lost more ofthe enzyme.

B. No. The argument is about enzyme loss, not enzyme replacement.

C. No. It doesn't matter how quickly the milk heats up when exposed to a conventionalheat source.

D. No. The argument is about enzyme loss, not taste.

E. Yes. This provides another reason-other than the presence of microwaves-why themilk heated in the microwave lost more of the enzyme. The enzyme might not be ableto stand heat greater than 50 degrees Celsius.

PT00-S2-Q14

15. DAssumption-Suff; 1st SectionThe argument concludes that every year, all high-risk individuals must receive a vaccinefor a different strain of the flu virus. Vaccinating all high-risk individuals will reduceserious cases of the flu, but each year's vaccination protects only against the strain of theflu virus most prevalent that year. The correct answer choice will eliminate the possibilitythat the same strain of flu virus could be most prevalent several years in a row.

A. No. The number of individuals vaccinated does not matter; all high-risk individuals arereceiving vaccinations.

B. No. The argument does not talk about the likelihood of influenza epidemics.

C. No. This is a premise.



D. Yes. This eliminates the possibility that a particular strain was deemed likely to bemost prevalent two years in a row.

E. No. The side effects don't matter.

PT00-S2-Q15

16. DPoint at Issue; 1st SectionTaylor views as suspect the claim that 61 percent of information transferred during aconversation is communicated through nonverbal signals. His premise is thatmathematically precise claims could never be established by science. Sandra claims thatprecision is possible in certain areas. She disagrees with Taylor's premise that allmathematically precise results are suspect.

A. No. They are discussing research that has already happened, not research that mighthappen.

B. No. Sandra doesn't say whether she thinks it's possible to determine whether 61percent of the information is communicated this way.

C. No. Sandra doesn't say whether great precision can be expected in this sort ofscientific study.

D. Yes. Taylor believes that all mathematically precise results are inherently suspect;Sandra thinks that, in some sciences, mathematically precise results are notinherently suspect.

E. No. Neither makes a point about how many of scientists' claims are false.

PT00-S2-Q16

17. BFlaw; 1st SectionThe hospital executive concludes that the hospital's highest priority should be theprotection of clients' confidentiality. The premise is that, at a conference on nonprofitmanagement, some computer experts claimed that unauthorized access to confidentialdata represents the most significant threat to institutions such as hospitals. The executivefails to consider that hospital management involves more than just protecting data.

A. No. Wrong flaw. The hospital executive does not confuse unauthorized access withthe protection of clients' confidentiality.

B. Yes. Computer experts are experts only in computers, not in nonprofit management asa whole. They might not know about other, more significant threats.

C. No. The executive is not making a causal argument.

D. No. From what group would the argument be drawing an unrepresentative sample?



E. No. The conclusion is about a specific hospital, not about all institutions.

PT00-S2-Q17

18. BInference; 1st SectionFind the answer choice supported by the passage.

A. No. The passage doesn't tell you how many scientists skeptical of global warming areacting against the accepted standards of scientific debate.

B. Yes. The passage states that the global warming hypothesis represents theconventional wisdom and that scientists achieve the greatest recognition byoverthrowing conventional wisdom.

C. No. This statement is too strong: The passage does not say that conclusive evidencefor global warming exists.

D. No. The passage does not discuss whether scientists skeptical of global warming haveoffered any alternative hypotheses.

E. No. The passage does not say that recognition is the primary impetus for research intoglobal warming.

PT00-S2-Q18

19. AStrengthen; Except; 1st SectionThe historian concludes that the Land Party's 1935 victory resulted from the party'saddressing the concerns and problems of agricultural and small business groups. Thepremises are that the economic problems of the time hit agricultural and small businessgroups the hardest, the Land Party targeted these groups in the election, and the LandParty received most of its support from rural and semirural areas. Eliminate answerchoices that strengthen the conclusion.

A. Yes. The argument does not concern itself with urban groups. This answer choice isirrelevant to the conclusion.

B. No. If voters are more likely to vote for a party that focuses on their problems, thenthe Land Party was more likely to have won in 1935.

C. No. If the Land Party was most successful when the agricultural sector facedeconomic distress, then it seems more likely that its success in 1935 resulted from theagricultural sector's distress.

D. No. If no other major party addressed the issues of people in semirural areas, it seemsmore likely that they would vote for the party that was addressing their issues



E. No. If people are more likely to vote when economically challenged, then theexplanation of Land Party's success in 1935 makes sense.

PT00-S2-Q19

20. EReasoning; 1st SectionThis is a disagree-with-position argument. Gamba concludes that one should not assumethat the votes for and against the new water system represent the view of the majority ofHopeville's residents. He opposes Munoz's claim that the residents of Hopeville areopposed to the new water system. Gamba's premise is that the resolution opposing thewater system was voted on within the Southwest Hopeville Neighbors Association, few ofwhose members voted. Also, the members who voted against the water systemrepresented less than one percent of Hopeville's population.

A. No. The argument doesn't talk about a correlation between holding certain views andthe proclivity to vote.

B. No. Gamba does not claim that the statistical data can be manipulated any which way.

C. No. Munoz does not say that his conclusion is definitely true, just that the vote in thehomeowners' association is evidence of citywide opposition.

D. No. The evidence of the voting is confirmable.

E. Yes. Gamba disagrees with Munoz because he thinks that the sample size was toosmall to determine whether the whole city is opposed to the new water system.

PT00-S2-Q20

21. AFlaw; 1st SectionThe driver concludes that his risk of having an accident will be reduced if he trades hissports car for a minivan. The premises are that he drives his sports car recklessly and thatminivans and larger sedans have very low accident rates compared to those of sportscars. The driver doesn't consider whether aggressive drivers, who are more likely to getinto accidents, prefer sports cars. Minivans and larger sedans might not cause accidentrisk to go down; perhaps the people who buy these sorts of cars are more cautious.

A. Yes. Nothing in the data indicates a causal connection between risk of accident andtype of car.

B. No. The sample seems quite adequate.

C. No. The evidence does not suggest any causal direction, so it can't be saying that thereduction of accident risk is likely.



D. No. Trading in a sports car is not sufficient to lower the risk of accident; he also needsto change his driving style.

E. No. The reliability of the data source is not in question.

PT00-S2-Q21

22. DInference; 1st SectionFind the answer choice supported by the passage.

A. No. We know that, because politicians are isolated, acts of resident participation areless likely to produce a positive response. There might be other reasons whyparticular acts aren't likely to produce a positive response.

B. No. There are other reasons why resident participation is discouraged, such as lack ofnews coverage.

C. No. We know this is a factor, not that it's the most important factor.

D. Yes. Lack of news coverage is cited as a reason for local politicians' isolation. This, inturn, helps to explain the lack of positive official response to acts of residentparticipation, which is a reason for residents' discouragement.

E. No. There might be other reasons why local politicians are isolated from theirelectorates.

PT00-S2-Q22

23. CAssumption-Suff; 1st SectionThe philosopher concludes that actions are right if they can be reasonably expected toleave unchanged the aggregate well-being of the people affected by them. The premisesare the following: reasonably expected to increase the aggregate well-being morallyright; morally wrong reasonably expected to reduce the aggregate well-being. Thephilosopher needs to eliminate the possibility of a third option—that something can beother than morally right or morally wrong.

A. No. Reduce aggregate well-being morally wrong. This is a premise.

B. No. This isn't the option the philosopher needs to eliminate.

C. Yes. This eliminates the possibility that an action can be something other than morallyright or morally wrong.

D. No. It doesn't matter whether there are such actions. The argument simply allows fortheir possibility.



E. No. The philosopher assumes this: good consequences (increase aggregate well-being) morally right.

PT00-S2-Q23

24. APrinciple-Match; 1st SectionThe passage states that designer interaction with consumers is better than survey datawhen trying to figure out how to change low-rated features on seats. Survey data will tellthe designer why a feature was low-rated but not how to change it on the next model toget a higher rating.

A. Yes. Consumer input will help determine how to fix the low-rated features in order tomake these features more highly rated and, therefore, will help make the designsuccessful.

B. No. This may be true, but it's not what the passage illustrates. Postmarket surveyswon't help the designers figure out how to change a feature to make it more highlyrated.

C. No. The passage doesn't concern itself with market niches.

D. No. The passage is concerned with features that are unappealing. It is not intended toillustrate how unappealing features come about.

E. No. The passage is not intended to illustrate which features are affected by consumerinput, only that some low-rated features might become more highly-rated withconsumer input.

PT00-S2-Q24

25. CResolve/Explain; 1st SectionThe apparent paradox is that, although the French academy of art was a major financialsponsor of both painting and sculpture during the nineteenth century, and the academydiscouraged innovation in the arts, only nineteenth-century French sculpture showedlittle innovation. Nineteenth century French painting showed a lot of innovation.

A. No. This makes the paradox worse because the academy discouraged innovation inthe arts, yet painting showed a lot of innovation. If painting got more money, onemight think that painting would have shown the same lack of innovation, or even lessinnovation, than sculpture.

B. No. This makes the paradox worse.



C. Yes. If the painters weren't sponsored, then they wouldn't have been discouragedfrom innovation, whereas the sculptors, more of whom were sponsored, would havebeen discouraged from innovation.

D. No. This does not explain why, if the major sponsor was the French academy, therewas a lot of innovation in French painting and little innovation in French sculpture.

E. No. That the total amount of financial support from sponsors declined during thenineteenth century does not explain why French painting showed more innovationthan French sculpture.

PT00-S2-Q25



1. CPrinciple-Match; 2nd SectionThe correct answer choice will have someone sacrificing comfort or pleasure forappearances.

A. No. This doesn't say why the person buys an automobile to commute to work.

B. No. There is no sacrifice here.

C. Yes. The couple sacrifices taste and money for the sake of appearances (impressingtheir guests).

D. No. This person sacrifices comfort for the sake of environmental concerns.

E. No. The acrobat is not sacrificing anything.

PT00-S3-Q1

2. AResolve/Explain; Except; 2nd SectionThe apparent paradox is that Jim got a new, highly efficient gas water heater, yet his gasbills increased. Eliminate any answer choices that help resolve the apparent paradox.

A. Yes. This makes the paradox worse. If the new water heater uses a smaller percentageof the total gas used, then why have his bills increased?

B. No. If the household is larger, then the household might use more gas, thus makingthe bills increase.

C. No. If Jimmy started using a gas dryer, then he might have used more gas, thus makingthe bills increase.

D. No. If the gas is more expensive, then the bills might increase.

E. No. If there is more gas usage, the bills might increase, even with a high-efficiencywater heater.

PT00-S3-Q2

3. EPoint at Issue; 2nd SectionCarolyn concludes that Marc Quinn's “portrait” of Sulston is not, in fact, a real portrait ofSulston. Her premise is that a portrait must bear a recognizable resemblance to itssubject, and Quinn's “conceptual portrait” of Sulston consists of replicated DNAfragments. Arnold disagrees with Carolyn's conclusion and believes that Quinn's“portrait” is a portrait of Sulston. His premise is that it gives information about howSulston was created.

A. No. Carolyn never says whether she considers it art.



B. No. Both recognize it as Quinn's work.

C. No. Neither thinks that the work looks like Sulston.

D. No. Carolyn doesn't say whether she thinks the work contains the instructionsaccording to which Sulston was created.

E. Yes. Carolyn does not think so, while Arnold does.

PT00-S3-Q3

4. EFlaw; 2nd SectionThe argument concludes that corporations' use of motivational posters probably won'tachieve the intended purpose of boosting employees' motivation to work productively.The premise is that almost all of the employees are already motivated to workproductively. The premise doesn't tell you how motivated the employees are; if they wereonly somewhat motivated, these posters might help them become even more motivated.

A. No. The argument is not concerned with corporations that do not currently usemotivational posters.

B. No. The argument discusses corporations that use motivational posters. It does notdiscuss corporations in general.

C. No. The argument only addresses one benefit. It doesn't need to consider otherbenefits.

D. No. The argument only addresses whether employees will be motivated to workproductively. It doesn't need to address other factors affecting employee productivity.

E. Yes. See the discussion above.

PT00-S3-Q4

5. CAssumption-Suff; 2nd SectionThe argument concludes that the early entomologist was wrong to infer that ants carryingparticles to neighboring ant colonies were bringing food to their neighbors. Additionalresearch showed that the ants were emptying their own colony's dumping site. There is agap between emptying a dumping site and not bringing food to neighbors. The answerchoice needs to eliminate the possibility that the dumped material might contain food.

A. No. The entomologist was not comparing ant societies to human societies.

B. No. Nothing was said about ants having the capacity to make use of objects as gifts.

C. Yes. This eliminates the possibility that the dumped material might contain food.



D. No. The important part was what the ants were bringing over, not what theneighboring ants did with it.

E. No. He might have retracted his conclusion, but that doesn't make the conclusionfollow logically.

PT00-S3-Q5

6. BPrinciple-Match; 2nd SectionThe passage states that Jablonski wanted to do something to encourage better drivingamong young drivers and has donated cars from her dealership to driver educationprograms at area schools. Some members of the community have bought cars from her inorder to show support. Jablonski benefits from her good deed.

A. No. The passage doesn't suggest there's only one way to reduce traffic accidents.

B. Yes. Jablonski did something for others and benefited as a result.

C. No. The passage doesn't tell us which group would benefit the most from driver'seducation.

D. No. This is one case; it doesn't tell you that it is usually in one's best interest toperform altruistic actions.

E. No. The passage does not say that Jablonski's actions had broad community support.

PT00-S3-Q6

7. BPoint at Issue; 2nd SectionAntonio concludes that one who lives a life of moderation will lose the joy of spontaneityand the opportunities that come to those who sometimes take great chances. His premiseis that living a life of moderation means never deviating from the middle course. Marladisagrees with Antonio's conclusion because she disagrees with Antonio's conception ofa life of moderation. She thinks that someone who never deviates from the middle coursewill not be moderate enough in trying to be moderate.

A. No. Marla never says whether she thinks this is desirable.

B. Yes. Antonio thinks that a life of moderation requires keeping to the middle course,whereas Marla thinks that a life of moderation requires moderation in how often oneis moderate.

C. No. Neither discusses other virtues.

D. No. Neither discusses how often one ought to deviate from the middle course.

E. No. Marla doesn't discuss whether moderate spontaneity is desirable.

PT00-S3-Q7



8. EFlaw; 2nd SectionThis is an interpret-the-evidence argument. The advertisement concludes that Fabric-Softis the most effective fabric softener available. The premise is that over 100 consumerscompared a towel washed with Fabric-Soft to a towel washed without Fabric-Soft, and 99percent preferred the former. The conclusion is too extreme, given the evidence; theconsumers tested did not choose among all fabric softeners.

A. No. Allergies to fabric softeners do not affect the claim that Fabric-Soft is the mosteffective fabric softener.

B. No. The argument doesn't cover environmental concerns.

C. No. The argument only makes claims about effectiveness. It doesn't make claimsabout price.

D. No. The argument doesn't make claims about expense or whether fabric softeners areworthwhile. It makes claims about the effectiveness of a particular fabric softener.

E. Yes. Consumers would have needed to choose Fabric-Soft over all other fabricsofteners in order for the advertisement to claim that Fabric-Soft is the most effectivefabric softener.

PT00-S3-Q8

9. DAssumption-Nec; 2nd SectionThe naturalist concludes that the Tasmanian tiger is extinct and that recent claims to thecontrary are false. The premises are that the Tasmanian tiger's natural habitat was takenover, the tigers were systematically eliminated from that area, and no hard evidence oftheir continued existence has been found. There is a gap between not finding any tigers intheir aboriginal region and no tigers existing anywhere.

A. No. It doesn't matter how Tasmanian tigers were eliminated from their natural habitat,just that they were eliminated.

B. No. This doesn't fill the gap between Tasmanian tigers not being seen in their naturalhabitat and the tigers not existing anywhere.

C. No. The argument doesn't depend on every naturalist looking for evidence.

D. Yes. If they are not in their natural habitat, and they are not anywhere else, then thetigers are not alive anywhere.

E. No. This does not fill the gap between the tigers not being seen in their natural habitatand the tigers not being alive anywhere.

PT00-S3-Q9



10. EMain Point; 2nd SectionThe passage notes that advertisers have learned that people are more easily swayed todevelop positive attitudes about things if those things are linked, with pictoral help, tothings about which they already have positive attitudes. The passage seems to be leadingto the conclusion that advertisers will link products to pictures of things that peoplealready like.

A. No. The passage says that pictures help people develop positive feelings, not thatprose needs to be eliminated.

B. No. It's not a matter of whether products can be better represented in pictures or inprose.

C. No. Magazines can still have pictures.

D. No. The passage talks only about the correlation between positive images andpeoples' feelings, not negative images.

E. Yes. See the discussion above.

PT00-S3-Q10

11. EAssumption-Nec; 2nd SectionThe argument concludes that mercury levels in saltwater fish are higher now than theywere 100 years ago. The premise is that feathers from seabirds stuffed 100 years agocontain half as much mercury, which came from fish eaten by the birds, as feathers takenfrom modern seabirds of the same species. There is a gap between analyzing the feathersof stuffed, dead birds and live birds.

A. No. This makes it more likely that the conclusion is false. If birds eat less fish, theywill have less mercury in their feathers.

B. No. The ocean habitat does not matter. The argument discusses saltwater fish, nottheir habitats.

C. No. It doesn't matter whether the mercury is needed. The argument needs to showthat there is more mercury in saltwater fish now than there was 100 years ago.

D. No. If anything, this weakens the conclusion.

E. Yes. This eliminates the possibility that the process used to stuff the dead birdsreduced mercury levels, thus making the comparison of mercury levels betweenstuffed birds and live birds more valid.

PT00-S3-Q11



12. DMain Point; 2nd SectionThis is a disagree-with-position argument. The argument notes that novels X and Y aresemiautobiographical and are similar in many ways, which might suggest that one of theauthors plagiarized the other's work. The argument concludes that the similarities aremore likely coincidental because of the authors' similar lives and backgrounds.

A. No. This is a premise.

B. No. This is the interpretation with which the author disagrees.

C. No. This is a premise in support of the conclusion that the similarities arecoincidental.

D. Yes. This is another way of saying that it is more likely that the similarities between Xand Y are coincidental.

E. No. The argument doesn't entertain the idea that the two authors have similarbackgrounds; it asserts that they do. Also, this answer is too strong. The author saysthat it is more likely that the similarities are coincidental, not that is very likely thatsuspicions of plagiarism are unwarranted.

PT00-S3-Q12

13. BStrengthen; 2nd SectionThis is a solve-the-problem argument. The author concludes that cognitive psychotherapyis likely more effective than forms of psychotherapy that focus on changing unconsciousbeliefs and desires. The premise is that cognitive therapy focuses on changing a patient'sconscious beliefs, which are the only beliefs under the patient's direct control. Theargument overlooks the possibility that other solutions-those that focus on changingunconscious beliefs and desires-might still be effective.

A. No. If anything, this weakens the argument. If problems are caused by unconsciousbeliefs, then it would seem best to fix the unconscious beliefs rather than theconscious ones.

B. Yes. This helps to eliminate the possibility that psychotherapy concentrated onunconscious beliefs and desires could be effective.

C. No. It doesn't matter if cognitive psychotherapy is the only form that focuses onconscious beliefs. The argument contrasts cognitive psychotherapy with varieties ofpsychotherapy focused on unconscious beliefs.



D. No. The contrast is between psychotherapy that focuses on conscious beliefs anddesires and psychotherapy that focuses on unconscious beliefs and desires. Thisanswer choice talks about psychotherapy that focuses on unconscious beliefs anddesires. It doesn't help the conclusion, which advocates psychotherapy focusedprimarily on conscious beliefs and desires.

E. No. The focus of this argument is on conscious beliefs. Other psychological states aredismissed. If anything, this answer choice weakens the argument.

PT00-S3-Q13

14. CPrinciple-Match; 2nd SectionThe passage suggests that universities should use only open-source software because itbetter matches the values embodied in academic scholarship, which is central to themission of universities. Open-source software, which allows users to view and modify thecode in which the program is written without getting permission or paying a fee,contrasts with proprietary software, which does not allow viewing or modifications of itscode unless a fee is paid.

A. No. This is close, but it states that universities should use the most advanced softwaretools that can achieve the goals of academic scholarship. The passage doesn't mentionwhich software is the most advanced.

B. No. The passage doesn't mention software expense, only whether fees are paid formodifications.

C. Yes. According to the passage, universities should use the type of software technologythat best matches their central values.

D. No. The passage does not talk about efficiency.

E. No. This is too strong. The passage talks only about software technology, not about allactivities pursued by universities.

PT00-S3-Q14

15. CWeaken; 2nd SectionThis is an interpret-the-evidence argument. The argument concludes that psychologicaltreatment lasting more than six months is more effective than short-term treatment. Theauthor bases this conclusion on a survey of two groups. Among the people who sought apsychologist's help and received treatment for less than six months, 20 percent claimedthat treatment made things a lot better. Among those who received treatment for morethan six months, 36 percent claimed that treatment made things a lot better. While youhave to accept the statistics as true, ask why they might not support the conclusion, and



look for other interpretations. Why were some people in treatment for a longer period oftime, for example? What might make them respond more positively to the survey, besidesthe claim that treatment lasting longer than six months is more effective?

A. No. We don't know how many people in the short-term group said that treatmentmade things worse. Also, a greater percentage people in the long-term group said thattreatment made things better.

B. No. The conclusion is based on the percentages of those who responded. It doesn'tmatter how many people in each group responded. If more people responded from thelong-term group, that might make their statistics more credible.

C. Yes. If you don't like a workout program and don't think it's effective, you are unlikelyto stick to it for a long time; the same goes for therapy.

D. No. The long-term group still had a higher percentage of people who thought thetherapy helped.

E. No. The difference in satisfaction between the two groups matters, not what thepsychologists encouraged them to do.

PT00-S3-Q15

16. BMain Point; 2nd SectionThe philosopher notes that nations are not persons because they can't perform actionsand don't have thoughts or feelings. If they are not persons, they can't have moral rightsand responsibilities. For a nation to survive, though, many of its citizens must attributethese rights and responsibilities to the nation, so that the citizens will make the necessarysacrifices. The philosopher seems to be leading to the conclusion that, in order for anation to survive, many of its citizens must believe something that is not literally true.

A. No. The philosopher does not talk about other beliefs a nation's citizens must hold inorder to be motivated to make sacrifices.

B. Yes. A nation needs many of its citizens to believe something that is literally false inorder for it to survive.

C. No. Nations can never be a proper target of moral praise or blame, but they may stillbe a target.

D. No. This is not the conclusion that the philosopher intends. The philosopher is notpassing moral judgment on nations.

E. No. This may be true, but the philosopher structured his argument to lead to aconclusion about nations and what citizens of nations believe about them.

PT00-S3-Q16



17. BAssumption-Nec; 2nd SectionThe argument concludes that one needs to exercise equally the muscles on the oppositesides of the spine in order to maintain a healthy back. The premise is that muscles onopposite sides of the spine need to pull equally in opposing directions to keep the back inproper alignment and protect the spine, so balanced muscle development is needed.There is a gap between exercising muscles equally and balanced muscle development.One might not need to exercise certain muscles as much as others to get balanced muscledevelopment.

A. No. This is saying that equally well-developed muscles will be sufficient to keep theback in proper alignment. The argument is talking about what is necessary.

B. Yes. This closes the gap and disallows the possibility that muscles on opposite sidesof the spine might not need the same amount of exercise for balanced muscledevelopment.

C. No. This is saying that exercise of the muscles on opposite sides will be sufficient fora healthy back. The argument is talking about what is necessary.

D. No. This is too strong. The argument doesn't require that there be irreparable damageif the muscles are exercised unequally, only that balanced muscle development willnot occur.

E. No. The gap is between equal exercise and balanced muscle development.

PT00-S3-Q17

18. BFlaw; 2nd SectionThe Editorialist concludes that people will likely accept the notion that it is sometimesmorally right to obstruct the police in their work. The premise is that it is widely acceptedthat one has a moral duty to prevent members of one's family from being harmed and,therefore, many would accept that it would be morally right for parents to hide a falselyaccused child from the police. There is a big difference between recognizing that one hasa moral duty to prevent members of the family from being harmed and thinking that it ismorally right to obstruct the police in their work. Suppose your sister is a mass murderer.Would you think that your obligation to prevent her from being harmed overrides yourobligation to protect other citizens from harm?

A. No. The argument did not make a part-whole mistake.

B. Yes. The argument assumed that protecting a family member from harm was thehighest sort of moral obligation.

C. No. The argument does not talk about justice at all.



D. No. The argument claims that we will think that it is sometime morally right toobstruct the police, not that there is no moral obligation to obey the law.

E. No. It doesn't matter whether the parents are mistaken in their beliefs.

PT00-S3-Q18

19. AStrengthen; 2nd SectionThis is a disagree-with-position argument. The Editor concludes that governmentalintrusion into the lives of voters will rarely be substantially reduced over time in ademocracy. This position runs counter to that of candidates who say that they will reducegovernmental intrusion into voters' lives. The premise is that the politicians elected arethose who promise that the government will help people with their most pressingproblems. Such help costs money, which can only come from taxes-a form ofgovernmental intrusion. The gap is between what politicians promise and what theyactually do. Anyone remember, “Read my lips?”

A. Yes. The Editor's argument depends on politicians delivering what they promise-atleast sometimes.

B. No. If this were true, it would weaken the conclusion.

C. No. The argument claims that taxes will be required for any sort of governmentalassistance, whatever the problem might be.

D. No. This argument is only talking about democratic societies.

E. No. It doesn't matter whether the politicians promise to do what they actually believeought to be done. The gap is between the promise and following through on thatpromise.

PT00-S3-Q19

20. CParallel Flaw; 2nd SectionThe argument concludes that we should accept the proposal to demolish the old trainstation. The premise is that the local historical society opposes this proposal. It has nocommitment to long-term economic well-being because preserving old buildings createsan impediment to new development, which is critical to economic health. The flaw isthat, just because preserving old building creates an impediment to new development, itdoesn't mean that the people in the local historical society have no commitment to long-term economic well-being. The train station might help draw businesses to that area, forexample.

A. No. This argument is not flawed.



B. No. This argument is not flawed.

C. Yes. Just because beauticians want to generate more business for themselves does notmean that there are no other reasons why they think you should have your hair cutonce a month.

D. No. There is no group of people to whom the argument says the committee should notlisten.

E. No. This argument is not flawed.

PT00-S3-Q20

21. BWeaken; 2nd SectionThis is an interpret-the-evidence argument. The ethicist concludes that consumption ofmeat will soon be morally unacceptable. The premise is that the number of people fed byanimals raised on grain is less than the number that might be fed by the grain that theanimals eat. In addition, grain yields are leveling off, the amount of farmland is beingreduced, and the population is expanding. There is a gap between these facts and thejudgment that eating meat will become morally unacceptable.

A. No. There is a difference between what people will do and what they ought to do.Eating meat could be morally unacceptable, even if many people still do it.

B. Yes. If this were true, then people would get the benefit of the grain from theremaining farmland and the meat from cattle and sheep eating grass on non-arableland.

C. No. If this were true, it would give us another reason not to eat meat. This wouldstrengthen the argument.

D. No. This does not address the facts that grain yields are leveling off and that thepopulation is rapidly expanding. It still might become morally acceptable for people toconsume meat.

E. No. It still might be morally unacceptable to eat meat, even if a diet composed solelyof grain products is not adequate for human health. There are supplements, after all.

PT00-S3-Q21

22. CInference; 2nd SectionPrice of coffee beans increases increase prices; increase prices sell non-coffeeproducts or coffee sales decrease; sell non-coffee products decrease profitability;coffee sales decrease decreased profitability. Both consequences of increased prices



decrease profitability, so it looks like, if the price of coffee beans increases, then theCoffee Shoppe's overall profitability will decrease.

A. No. This goes the wrong way. The shop's profitability might decrease for a multitudeof reasons other than coffee bean prices increasing. It could be discovered that it hasrats in its kitchen, for example.

B. No. This goes the wrong way. There might be other reasons why the shop'sprofitability decreases.

C. Yes. See the discussion above.

D. No. We don't know what happens to the price it pays for coffee beans if its overallprofitability decreases because its overall profitability might be decreasing for manyreasons. It's just that, if the prices of coffee beans increase, the shop's profitabilitywill definitely decrease.

E. No. There might be many reasons why, although the price it pays for coffee beanswon't increase, the coffee sales might not increase. People might have decided theyliked another coffee shop better, for example.

PT00-S3-Q22

23. DFlaw; 2nd SectionThe argument concludes that political candidates' speeches are selfishly motivated and,so, the promises made in the speeches are unreliable. The premise is that, although thesespeeches promise lots of things and express good intentions, politicians make thesespeeches in order to get elected. The flaw is that the argument is attacking the politician'smotivations for the promises. I might promise to help an old lady across the street inorder to get a merit badge, but that doesn't mean that I won't keep that promise. In fact, Ihave a really good reason to keep that promise-the merit badge that I want.

A. No. The argument doesn't talk about promises that aren't selfishly motivated.

B. No. This is too strong. The argument says that promises from politicians areunreliable, not that all promises made for selfish reasons are never kept.

C. No. There is no reverse causal relationship in this argument.

D. Yes. In claiming that the politicians have selfish motives for their promises, theargument assumes that these promises must be unreliable.

E. No. The argument is about promises, not about whether a candidate is worthy for anoffice.

PT00-S3-Q23



24. EPrinciple-Str; 2nd SectionThe sociologist concludes that those who claim that people are made evil by theimperfect institutions that they form cannot be right. The premise is that institutionscannot cause the problems of people because institutions are merely collections ofpeople.

A. No. The passage does not make a comparison between the amounts of good or evilindividuals do and the amount that people in an institution do.

B. No. The passage doesn't say that institutions are inevitably imperfect.

C. No. The passage asserts people aren't made evil by institutions. It doesn't say howoptimistic we should be about individuals.

D. No. The passage doesn't discuss a society's values.

E. Yes. The institution does not determine the goodness or evilness of the people thatcompose it.

PT00-S3-Q24

25. AFlaw; 2nd SectionThis is a disagree-with-position argument. The argument disagrees with theanthropologists' claim that the human species evolved the ability to cope with diversenatural environments. The premise is that a species related to early humans evolved suchan ability, but it became extinct. The flaw is that the argument confuses a necessarycondition with a sufficient one. In order for humans to survive, it was necessary for themto evolve this coping ability. It was not sufficient, as evidenced by the extinction ofAustralopithecus afarensis.

A. Yes. The argument confuses the necessary condition for humans to have survivedwith this condition being sufficient for Australopithecus afarensis to have survived.

B. No. The premise states that Australopithecus afarensis had this characteristic.

C. No. The argument doesn't claim that all related species must have survived exactly thesame conditions.

D. No. This is close, but it doesn't point out the way in which the coping condition isused in the Australopithecus afarensis case, as opposed to in the anthropologists'claims.

E. No. This is claiming that the coping condition was a sufficient, not a necessary, one.The argument confuses a necessary condition for a sufficient one.

PT00-S3-Q25



Questions 1 - 8

PT00-S4-Passage 1 (Qs 1 to 8)

The passage discusses the traditional rift in the United States between poetry and fiction andpoints to the signs that this rift is abating, using the works of Rita Dove as an example. Thefirst paragraph introduces the topic and gives some reasons why the separation betweenpoetry and fiction has been maintained. In the second paragraph, the author explains whypoetry and fiction have been compartmentalized: U.S. culture tends to view people who domore than one thing as dilettantes. The third paragraph expresses relief that the bias againstpeople who write both poetry and fiction is diminishing and gives a positive assessment ofRita Dove, someone who writes both. The final paragraph discusses Rita Dove's work andhow her work bridges the gap between poetry and prose, even within individual works.

1. EBig Picture

2. DRC Reasoning

3. AExtract-Fact

4. EExtract-Infer

5. DExtract-Fact

6. BStructure

7. AExtract-Infer

8. AExtract-Infer

Questions 9 - 14


LSAT June 2007 Test ExplanationsSection 4: RC


Passage A: This passage discusses whether music and human language originated togetherand argues that they did. The first paragraph introduces the question and notes similaritiesbetween music and human language. The second paragraph discusses studies suggesting thatmusic and language are part of the same neurological system, noting that while almost allpeople can perform and compose language, few can perform and compose music. The lastparagraph answers the question posed in the first paragraph and gives a reason why naturalselection selected for language and not music.

Passage B: This passage discusses the evolutionary advantages of music and contrasts withpassage A. The first paragraph suggests that the evolutionary origins of music can bediscovered by looking at the emotional bonds created by the musical interaction of mothersand children. The second paragraph presents more experimental support for the musicalinteraction of mothers and children. The last paragraph gives reasons why these musicalinteractions represent an evolutionary advantage for humans.

9. CBig Picture

10. BExtract-Fact

11. DExtract-Infer

12. CExtract-Infer

13. ERC Reasoning

14. AStructure

Questions 15 - 22


This passage discusses legal issues raised by the Internet for owners of intellectual property.The first paragraph introduces the issues, pointing out that some owners think that copyrightlaws need to be strengthened, while Web users claim that such restrictions would preventthe Web from reaching its potential. The second paragraph describes the debate and the legalissues behind it in more detail. The third paragraph tries to answer the question of whether aperson who creates a link to a document posted by someone else commits copyright



infringement. The author draws an analogy between that situation and a person giving outthe telephone number of someone who has recorded an answering machine message. Usingthis analogy, the author determines that the person has not committed copyrightinfringement. The author concludes by offering another solution to the copyright problem,which the author claims ought not be solved by strengthening the laws.

15. ABig Picture

16. AExtract-Fact

17. EExtract-Fact

18. CRC Reasoning

19. BExtract-Infer

20. EExtract-Infer

21. DStructure

22. DExtract-Fact

Questions 23 - 27


This passage discusses a new method for providing information about the changing face ofthe Irish landscape that can supplement other sources of information. The first paragraphdiscusses the traditional reliance on evidence from historical documents but points out thesedocuments' limitations. The second paragraph introduces the study of fossilized pollengrains as a new method for providing information about landscape change. The thirdparagraph gives an example: The study of fossilized pollen indicates that cereal cultivationbegan in County Down earlier than had previously been believed. The fourth paragraph givesan example of how the study of fossilized pollen helped correct a belief that some historians



held concerning flax cultivation in County Down. The last paragraph stresses the limitationsto the information that the study of fossilized pollen can provide.

23. ABig Picture

24. BExtract-Fact

25. DExtract-Fact

26. EExtract-Infer

27. CStructure



Documents

LSAT June 2007 Test Explanations - The Princeton Review · PDF fileClue 1 eliminates choice (D); Clue 2 eliminates choice (E); Clue 3 eliminates choice (B), and Clue 4 eliminates choice