LT. 1.2Radiological Defense.

Enabling Objectives.(page 1)

• 1.4 Recognize the characteristics and effects of nuclear weapons in accordance with fm 3-3-1, nuclear contamination avoidance.

• 1.5 Monitor radiation dose in accordance with OPNAV p-85-1-95.

Enabling Objectives.

• 1.6 Recognize nuclear attack indicators and symptoms of exposure in accordance with OPNAV p-86-1-95.

• 1.7 Describe immediate actions and radiation casualty treatment in accordance with OPNAV p-86-1-95.

Characteristics of Nuclear Explosions.

• Thermal radiation.

• Blast.

• Initial radiation.

• Residual radiation.

Thermal Radiation

• The first effect of a nuclear burst.

Thermal Radiation.

• Results from fireball formation.

Thermal Radiation.

• Intense heat vaporizes everything within fireball .

Thermal Radiation.

• Combustibles are ignited great distances away.

• BRIGHT LIGHT MAY CAUSE permanent BLINDNESS.

Blast.

• Highly compressed pressure wave.

Blast.

• Enough force to destroy buildings.

Blast.

• Enough pressure to collapse lungs and propel troops.

• Pressure wave is followed by negative pressure.

Initial Radiation(page 4)

• Emitted during the first minute following detonation.

• Consists of gamma rays and neutrons.

Gamma Rays.

• Invisible .

• Similar to x-rays.

Gamma Rays.

• Damage tissues and blood forming cells.• Highly penetrating, can travel considerable

distances.

Neutrons.

• Particles (not rays)• Effects similar to gamma• Confined to ground zero• Highly Penetrating. Can travel considerable

distances.

Residual Radiation.

• Continues past the first minute, mainly fallout.• Fallout is a combination of radioactive material,

earth, and debris.• Emits gamma, alpha, and beta radiation.

Alpha Particles.

• Positively charged particles.• Internal hazard.• Least penetrating.• Must be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed by open

wounds to be hazardous.

Beta Particles.

• Negatively charged particles.• Internal and external hazard.• Same hazard as alpha to include skin contact.

Effects of Radiation(page 4).

• Physiological (human tissue)• Electronic equipment..

Physiological Effects.

• Weight.• General health.• Personal biochemistry.• Previous exposure.

EXPECTED RESPONSE IN GROUPS OF PERSONNEL EXPOSED TO GAMMA RADIATION0 TO 70 LESS THAN5%

HOSPITALIZATIONFULL NONE

150 5% WITHIN 6HOURS

REDUCED EFFECTIVENESS WHILEVOMITING, DEPENDING ON TASK.

NONE

650 WITHIN 2 HR. 100% EFFECTIVENESS REDUCED 2ND TO 6TH DAY. HOSPITALIZATION REQUIRED.

MORE THAN 1/2 AT 16 DAYS

2000 TO 3000 WITHIN 5 MIN.100%

IMMEDIATE, TEMPORARYINCAPACITATION. 30 TO 40 MIN. NO

OPERATIONAL CAPABILITY.

APROX. 7 DAYS

8000 WITHIN 5 MIN.100%

IMMEDIATE, PERMANENTINCAPACITATION.

1 TO 2 DAYS

18000 IMMEDIATE 100% IMMEDIATE, PERMANENTINCAPACITATION.

WITHIN 24 HR.

Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, "dry heaving," nausea, lethargy, depression, and mental disorientation . At lower doselevels, incapacitation is a simple slowing down of the rate of performance due to a loss of physical mobility and/or mentaldisorientation. At the high dose level shock and coma may be the "early symptoms."

Physiological Effects

Effects on Electronic Equipment.

• Electro-magnetic pulse (EMP).

• Destroys electronic circuits.

Degree of Hazard(page 6).

• The hazard depends on several factors to include:• Height OF BURST.• Distance from detonation.• Hardness of target.• Explosive yield.

Height OF BURST.

• Sub-surface burst - fireball centered below the surface.

• Surface burst - fireball touches the ground• Air Burst - fireball does not touch the ground• High altitude Burst. - fireball is above 100,000 ft.

Distance From Detonation.

• The further from ground zero the less you will be effected.

Hardness of Target.

• Construction techniques and materials used determine the effects.

Earth-shielded Positions

Cover sandbags with earth and sod to protect them from thermal exposure

Covered sandbags enhance camouflage and provide fragmentation protection

Buildings

Reinforced-concrete Structure

Reinforced Masonry-block House

Explosive Yield.

• Measured in kilotons (KT)

• Megatons (MT)• (MT or KT)

Represent. the weight in TNT it would take to achieve the same effect.

Immediate Actions.(page 8)

• With no warning.• With warning.• Actions after attack.• Warning signals.

With No Warning.

• Fall flat to the ground, face down with your head toward the blast.

• Close eyes, protect exposed skin from heat.• Remain down until the negative blast passes.• Check for injuries, continue mission.• Defensive positions can be constructed.• Fighting positions or bunkers offer excellent

protection.• CO will determine if MOPP gear will be used.

Foxhole Positions

Fair Protection

Good Protection

Best Protection

With Warning.

Field Expedient Overhead Cover

Cut Timber and Scrap Materials

U-Shaped Metal

Pickets

Fabric Cover or Poncho

Field Expedient Overhead Cover (cont.)

• Use of Vehicles as Expedient Overhead Cover

Actions After Attack.(page 9)

• Check for nuclear contamination's.• Remove contamination by:

– Brushing.

– Scraping.

– Flushing.

• Cover mouth and nose with damp cloth.

Warning Signals.(page 9)

• Three types:– Vocal - yell fallout…. All clear…– Sound - governed by unit SOP– Visual - hand. Signals, standard NATO

markers, and pyrotechnics.

U.S. and NATO Radiological Contamination Markers

Faces Away from Contamination Faces Toward Contamination

White Background with Black LetteringInformation on Marker:Dose RateDate and Time of ReadingDate and Time of Blast (if known)

ATOMATOM

Dosimetry.(page 11)

• Used to measure individual radiation exposure (gamma)

• NCF uses the DT-60 and the IM-143– IM-143 - self-indicating., Issued. to key

personnel– DT-60 - read by. Trained. personnel, issued to

everyone.

First Aid.(page 12)

• Battlefield injuries include:• Blast, thermal and psychological casualties -

treatment is the same as normal battlefield injuries• Radiological casualties• - Send to medical if symptoms appear.

Summary and Review.

• Characteristics of Nuclear Weapon Explosion.– Thermal radiation.

– Blast.

– Initial and residual radiation.

• Effects of nuclear radiation.– On personnel and equipment.

Summary and Review.

• Degree of hazard.– Height OF BURST.– Distance.– Hardness of target.– Explosive yield.

• Immediate actions.– With and with out warning.– Actions after the attack.– Standard warning signals.

• Dosimetry.

Summary and Review.

• First aid.– Blast, thermal, and psychological casualties

– Radiological casualties..