2/6/2014

SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

CONSTRUCTION OF MUTTAWAR RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX

Muscat, Oman

SUBMITTED BY: Sagnik Bhattacharjee

3rd Year Undergraduate Student

I.D. Number: 110411094

Department of Civil Engineering

Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur

(Formarly known as Bengal Engineering and Science University

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................ 1

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................. 2

PROJECT DETAILS ............................................................................... 3

STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION................................................................ 5

ENVIRONMENT HEALTH & SAFETY DEPARTMENT (EHS) .................... 15

CIVIL DEPARTMENT .......................................................................... 16

QUALITY ASSURANCE & QUALITY STATUS DEPARTMENT (QA&QC) ... 21

PLANNING DEPARTMENT ................................................................. 30

QUALITY SURVEY DEPAPARTMENT ................................................... 33

PROJECT EXECUTION ........................................................................ 34

MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING DEPARTMENT (MEP) .......... 40

CONCLUSION ................................................................................... 42

REFERENCE ...................................................................................... 43

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My summer internship with Larsen and Toubro, Oman has been a

wonderful learning experience and will be of great benefit for my

professional career as a civil engineer. This internship gave me an

insight of how the execution of civil engineering practice takes place

on a construction site and has given me a lot of practical knowledge

and skills which will be of great use for my career.

I wish to express my gratitude to LARSEN & TOUBRO, OMAN LLC.

for giving me this special opportunity to undertake my summer

internship at the Muttawar Residential Complex construction site as

this project involved many unique construction practices and

challenges. It also gave me the unique exposure of construction

practices employed in Oman.

I wholeheartedly offer my gratitude to Mr. C B Singh, Project

Manager and Mr. R. Punithan, Construction Manager of Muttawar

Residential Complex Project (LTO) for their invaluable support and

guidance in bringing this summer training to new dimension.

I would also like to convey my heartiest thanks to Mr.

S.Surianarayanan, QA/QC Manager of Muttawar Residential Complex

Project (LTO) and Dr. L.V. Raja, Technical Manager of AL-TURKI

CEMENT PRODUCTIONS LLC for giving me the opportunity to visit

the batch plant site of AL-TURKI CEMENT PRODUCTIONS LLC.

Finally, I would like to thank all the staff of Larsen and Toubro, Oman

for being so helpful during this summer training.

Thank You

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INTRODUCTION

Larsen & Toubro Limited, also known as L&T, is an

Indian multinational company headquartered in Mumbai, India. It was founded in 1934 by

Danish engineers taking refuge in India, as well as an Indian financing partner. The company has

business interests in engineering, construction, manufacturing goods, information technology and

financial services, and also has an office in the Middle East and other parts of Asia. L&T is

India's largest engineering and construction company.

Larsen & Toubro (Oman) L.L.C. is a branch of the mother company Larsen & Toubro Limited

which is operating in Oman. It provides engineering, construction and contracting services. It

supplies construction products. The company was founded in 1994 and is based in Muscat,

Oman. Larsen & Toubro (Oman) L.L.C. operates as a subsidiary of Larsen & Toubro Ltd. The

company is a joint venture between Larsen & Toubro Ltd, India’s leading engineering and

construction company, and The Zubair Corporation. It’s specialization covers innovative, cost-

effective construction techniques and total project management skills for vital sectors such as

cement, power, petrochemical, refineries.

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PROJECT DETAILS MUTTAWAR RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX

Muttawar Omani Co. SAOC has awarded the tender for its new Residential Mix Use project to

Larsen & Toubro (Oman) LLC (L&T). The following are some specific details about the

residential complex project.

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PROJECT DETAILS

PROJECT Construction of Muttawar Residentioa

Development, Plot 125, Area 29, Bowsher, Al-

Khuwair, Muscat, Oman

PROJECT TYPE Residential Development Project

CLIENT Muttawar Omani Co. SAOC

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

CONSULTANT

Faithful + Gould

COST CONSULTANT Faithful + Gould

CONTRACTOR Larsen & Toubro (Oman) LLC

DESIGN AND SUPERVISION

CONSULTANT

WS Atkins & Co. LLC

AWARD OF CONTRACT 15th

October 2012

START OF MOBILIZATION 1st November, 2012

CONTRACT COMPLETION 21st July, 2014

TOTAL PROJECT DURATION 628 days

CONTRACT VALUE 28,905,000 OMR (Rs 4,51,72,73,400)

NUMBER OF FLOORS 7 Floors + 2 Basements

TOTAL AMOUNT OF CONCRETE USED 47,676 cum

TOTAL AMOUNT OF STEEL USED 7,112 MT (Metric Ton)

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STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION

STEPS FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Construction of building is done in the following steps:

1. The piling is done by digging the ground and placing the piles in the bore holes.

Continuous piling is done throughout the entire area.

2. The pile caps are placed on top of the piles. First the reinforcements are placed, and then

the concreting of pile caps takes place.

3. The column reinforcements are set up followed by the base slab.

4. The final concreting of base slab and columns take place through formwork.

5. The retaining walls are constructed at the side of the basement area according to design

specifications.

6. The entire building of residential complex is done by putting slabs over columns utilizing

beams whenever necessary to decrease pressure on columns.

PICTOGRAPHICAL STAGES OF BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION

The following pictures show the progressive stages of the construction of the Muttawar

Residential Complex in the chorological order/

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ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND SAFETY

DEPARTMENT

SAFETY MEASURES The following are some of the safety measures which are to be followed while inside the

construction site:

Keep away from ditches

Always wear safety helmet

Always wear steel plated shoes

Always wear fluorescent jacket

Keep away from construction vehical’s path

Use ladders to climb up which are marked as safe.

HELMET COLOUR White: Engineer

Green: Safety

Blue: Foreman

Yellow: Worker

Red: Electrician

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CIVIL DEPARTMENT

SURVEY Surveying or land surveying is the technique of accurately determining the terrestrial position

of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually on the surface of

the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and their locations. For construction of

building, the following types of surveying are done:

Topographical Survey: This is done as a preliminary survey for the purpose of data

collection

Terrain Surveying: This is done for the identification of the location of the foundation of

the building.

Total Station

A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying and building

construction. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an

electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the instrument to a particular point.

Figure 3 shows a total station.

Figure 1

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It is used for the following purposes:

Coordinate measurement

Angle measurement

Distance Measurement

Data Processing

STRUCTURE Structure of the complex is catagorised into the following:

Sub- Structure

Super Structure

Sub-structure

The sub-structure mainly consists of the foundation. The type of substructure employed here is

the Pile foundation. The Foundation provides support to the structure by transferring load to the

soil with sufficient bearing capacity and appropriate settlement characteristics. The choice of

foundation to be employed depends on the following:

Nature of load requiring support

Nature of soil

Water content

Piles are used to transfer load to the deeper section of the soil mainly because the upper soil isn’t

strong enough to support the structure. This insures stability of the overall structure. The choice

of pile depends on the location and type of structure, the ground conditions, durability of the

materials and cost.

Super-Structure

The super-structure consists of the following:

2 Basements

6 Floors Levels

1 Penthouse Floor Level

Roof

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All the detailing, design specifications and drawings are produced by Atkins International Co.

The drawings are listed with specific serial numbers. Bar bending diagrams are done by Larsen

& Toubro (Oman) LLC. All technical submission has to be approved by the Quality Department.

The construction of the given structure is done by strictly following the specifications given in

the drawing. The drawing report consists of the following:

General Layout (Overall) for each floors, basements as well as piling

General Layout (in parts) for the same (usually divided in 4 parts for each floor)

Section Details

Reinforcement Details

Column Details

Pile Cap Details

Slab Details

All drawings are to be approved for construction before use. All dimensions and cross-sections

for every component of structure and based on these layouts, structure has to be constructed. For

the purpose of construction, the British Standard Codes (BS 4449 and BS 8666) are to be

employed as is the common practice for construction in the Sultanate of Oman.

General Design Specification Given by the Client Section Density of Steel Rod: 7800 kg/m

3

Standard Length of Bars: 12 m

Grid Span of the Building: 8.4 m

Reinforcements

Stirrups and steel bars are provided in columns in Figure 1.

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Figure 2

Overlapping, development length and anchorage length are specified in British Standard Code.

Overlapping is done alternatively as shown below.

Cover block thickness as per British Standard Code is 30 mm. Additional reinforcements are

kept in the openings such as doors and windows to prevent cracks. All activities are checked and

approved by consultants as well as contractor. All design specifications are in accordance with

British Standard 4449-2005.

Formwork

Formwork is a structure, usually temporary, used to contain poured concrete and to mould it to

the required dimensions and support until it is able to support itself. It is done in the following

steps:

1. The formwork is set up.

2. Shuttering is done. In an elevated area, it is done with the help of vertical props as shown

in Figure 2.

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Figure 3

3. Concrete is poured. Before concreting, clearance has to be obtained from the MEP

(Mechanical Electrical and Plumbing) and the QA & QC (Quality Assurance and Quality

Control) Department. This is done to ensure that all works are carried out as per drawing

and specifications.

4. Shuttering is removed.

5. Concrete is allowed to settle.

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QUALITY ASSURANCE & QUALITY CONTROL

DEPARTMENT Quality is the key component which propels performance and defines leadership traits. It is based

on satisfying, understanding and fulfilling requirement of the client. The Quality Assurance and

Quality Control (QA&QC) department is responsible for ensuring the quality of materials used

for the construction of the building. At Larsen & Toubro Oman LCC, Quality Standards have

been standardized and documented in the Project Quality Plan. The project quality plan is

prepared and formulated as a management summery of quality related activities required to meet

the terms and contracts. It sets out the management practices and describes the quality

management system in consistent with corporate Quality Manual of Larsen & Toubro Oman

LCC.

Quality Management System The quality management system is based on ISO 9001. Its main objectives are as follows:

Better implementation

Create awareness of QMS Department

It is not mandatory to strictly follow the guidelines provided in the ISO 9001-2008. Its purpose is

to guide the company to operate as per of international standards.

Quality and Safety At L&T, Environment, Health & Safety (EHS) is given the highest priority. The EHS policy

enunciated by the Corporate Management lays emphasis on Environment, Health and Safety

through a structured approach and well defined practices. Systems and procedures have been

established for implementing the requisites at all stages of construction and they are accredited to

the International standards of ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 and OHSAS 18001:2007.

Safety is a taken very seriously in the Sultanate of Oman hence the company must abide by all

the standard safety measures and ensure the minimum precaution measures for any hazard. The

Environmental Hazard and Safety Department ensures that all safety and precautionary measures

are being followed in the construction site.

L&T continues to maintain the trail blazing tradition of meeting the stringent quality standards

and adherence to time schedules in all the projects.

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QA & QC Laboratory There are 3 tests done in the QA & QC Laboratory in the Muttawar Residential Complex

construction site.

SLUMP TEST

The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete.

More specifically, it measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch. Consistency

is a term which describes the state of fresh concrete. It refers to the ease with which the concrete

flows. It is also used to determine consistency between individual batches.

The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure. In India this test

is conducted as per IS specification. In Oman and the Gulf region, it is done as per BS

specification

PRINCIPLE

The slump test result is a slump of the behaviour of a compacted inverted cone of concrete under

the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of concrete

PROCEDURE

1. For this test,a spetial type of mould known as Abrams xone is kept on a hard non-

absorbent surface.

2. It is filled with fresh concrete in three stages. It is tamped at each stage using a tamping

rod of standard dimentions.

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3. After tamping the last layer, the concrete is leveled at the top and then the mould is

removed from the top.

4. The concrete subsides and slump is formed.

5. The difference in level between the height of the mould and that of the highest point of

the subsided concrete is measured.

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6. This difference in height in mm is the slump of the concrete

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped concrete, the slump is

termed as true slump, shear slump or collapse slump. If a shear or collapse slump is achieved, a fresh sample

should be taken and the test repeated.

A collapse slump is an indication of too wet a mix. Only a true slump is of any use in the test. A collapse

slump will generally mean that the mix is too wet or that it is a high workability mix, for which slump test is

not appropriate.

MIX TYPE SLUMP USE

Very Dry Mix 0-25 mm Road making

Low Workability Mix 10-40 mm Foundations with light

reinforcement

Medium Workability Mix 50-90 mm Normal Reinforced Concrete

High Workability Mix >100 mm

BRITISH STANDARDS (BS)

The British standards specify a slump cone height of 300 mm, a bottom diameter of 200 mm and a top

diameter of 100 mm. The British Standards do not explicitly specify that the cone should only be lifted

vertically. The slump test in the British Standard was first (BS 1881–102) and is now replaced by the European

Standard (BS EN 12350-2). The test should be carried out by filling the slump cone in three equal layers with

the mixture being tamped down 25 times for each layer.

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COMPRESSIVE TEST Compressive strength of concrete: Out of many test applied to the concrete, this is the utmost

important which gives an idea about all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test one

judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not. For cube test two types of

specimens either cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm or 10cm X 10 cm x 10 cm depending upon

the size of aggregate are used. For most of the works cubical moulds of size 15 cm x 15cm x 15

cm are commonly used.

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids. After 24

hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing. The top surface

of these specimen should be made even and smooth. This is done by putting cement paste and

spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen.

These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days

curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the Specimens

fails. Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the compressive strength of concrete.

APPARATUS

Compression testing machine (Figure 4)

Figure 4

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PREPARATION OF CUBE SPECIMENS

The proportion and material for making these test specimens are from the same concrete used in

the field.

MIXING

Mix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer

SAMPLING

The mound is cleaned and after oil is applied, concrete is filled in layers of around 50 mm.Each

layer is compacted using a tamping rod whos dimentions are specivide under the British

Standard Code. The number of blows is also specified. Top surface is leveled and smoothened

with a trowel

CURING

The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24hours and after this period the specimens are

marked and removed from the molds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until taken out

prior to test. The water for curing should be tested every 7days and the temperature of water

must be at 27+-2oC.

PROCEDURE

1. Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess water

from the surface.

2. Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m

3. Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine

4. Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to the

opposite sides of the cube cast.

5. Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.

6. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the

specimen.

7. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of

140kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails

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8. Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.

RESULT

Average compressive strength of the concrete cube should be calculated in N/mm2 for 7 and 28

days. The strength of concrete increases with age. Table shows the strength of concrete at

different ages in comparison with the strength at 28 days after casting.

Age Strength per cent

1 day 16%

3 days 40%

7 days 65%

14 days 90%

28 days 99%

SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST

A sieve analysis is a practice or procedure used to assess the particle size distribution of a

granular material. The size distribution is often of critical importance to the way the material

performs in use. Being such a simple technique of particle sizing, it is probably the most

common. The purpose of this test is to determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse

aggregates by sieving as per British Standard codes.

PRINCIPLE

By passing the sample downward through a series of standard sieves, each of

decreasing size openings, the aggregates are separated into several groups, each of

which contains aggregates in a particular size range.

APPARATUS

A set of IS Sieves of sizes - 63mm, 50mm, 37.5mm, 25mm, 19mm,

9.5mm, 4.75mm, 2mm, 0.45mm, 0.075mm

Balance or scale with an accuracy to measure 0.1 percent of the weight of the test sample

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PROCEDURE

1. The test sample is dried and weighed.

2. The sample is sieved by using a set of BS Sieves.

3. After completing 4.75 mm, the remaining sample is washed and dried and then finally is

allowed to pass through the remaining sieves.

4. On completion of sieving, the material on each sieve is weighed.

5. Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated as a percentage of the total

sample weight.

6. Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative percentage of aggregates retained on

each sieve and dividing the sum by 100.

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

The results are presented in a graph of percent passing versus the sieve size. On the graph the

sieve size scale is logarithmic. The following should be calculated:

The cumulative percentage by weight of the total sample

The percentage by weight of the total sample passing through one sieve and retained on

the next smaller sieve.

Gradation affects many properties of an aggregate. It affects bulk density, physical stability and

permeability. With careful selection of the gradation, it is possible to achieve high bulk density,

high physical stability, and low permeability.

AL TURKI CEMENT PRODUCTS LLC Al Turki Cement Products LLC is one of the leading supplier of ready mix concrete in the

construction industry in Muscat, Oman. It has three state-of-the-art plants all of which are

operating in Oman. One of these plants is located in Ghala Industrial Area. This plant supplies

ready mix concrete to the Muttawar Residential Complex construction site under Larsen and

Toubro Oman LLC.

At the Ghala Industrial Area, there are 3 computerized and automatic plants which have a total

capacity to produce 330 m3 per hour. This is complemented with 100 tonne manufacturing

capacity ice flaking plants to deliver temperature-controlled concrete as low as 25oC during high

ambient temperature. A fleet of eight mobile concrete pumps, and 30 transit mixers is used for

the supply of concrete in Muscat,Oman. Al Turki Cement Products LLC is also certified by ISO

9001 for providing standard quality of cement

A batch plant in Al Turki Cement Products LLC consists of large silos which are used for

storing cement, micro silica and fly ash. Sand and aggregates are carried to the mixer using a

conveying belt. The temperature required for concrete mixing, as per requirement, is maintained

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chilled ice and chilled water. First the constutient materials are collected in the collection hop,

then to the mixer where the actual mixing for concrete takes place and then finally to transit

mixer. There are 3 such batch plants located in that area producing 2 m3, 2.25m

3 and 2.5m

3. Each

batch plant requires 45 seconds for mixing. For material and soil testing purpose, Al Turki

Cement Products LLC also has laboratory facility for physical, chemical as well as durability

testing.

For supplying of concrete for the Muttawar Residential Complex, the required temperature is 33

degrees and the specified Water-Cement Ratio is 0.4. The cement provided for mixing is

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).

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PLANNING DEPARTMENT

RESPONSIBILITIES The planning department is responsible for planning all the activities taking place in the

construction as well as ensuring that their plans are being implemented on the site.

There are three important documents which are produced by this department:

Overall Construction Schedule / Programme

Monthly Progress Report (For each month)

Daily Progress Report (For each day)

Apart from this, the planning department also deals with billing, contracting, cost analysis,

expenditure, resource management etc. They have to be regularly in touch with the contractors

and clients.

For example, for any floor to be constructed all details of costs has to be approved by the client

and then the money is issued for doing the work at a given time frame. The client will ensure that

work is done and if they do not find the work satisfactory, then they can reduce the amount of

money issues.

CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME All the construction processes are scheduled in this document along with their expected start and

expected finish. This is further supplemented with a graph which indicates the following:

Actual work

Remaining work

Critical Remaining work

Milestone

The software used for developing this schedule is called Prima VERA. It produces a time graph

which is colour coded according to the following colours:

Blue: Actual Work

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Green: Remaining Work

Red: Critical Remaining Work

Actual work and remaining work are the work done within the specified time period. Critical

remaining work is the work done beyond the specified time period. The time required to prepare

this schedule is around 15 days. This is the first and the most important work in the construction

of a building. Once the schedule is made, it has to be approved by the client and only after that,

the construction of the building can commence.

MONTHLY PROGRESS REPORT The monthly progress report consists of the following sections:

Project Particulars: General details about the project as well as the project profile.

Project Status: This section shows the monthly progress plan vs. actual work done on

site.

Manpower, Plant and Machinery Details:This section shows the resource management

aspect of the construction.

EHS Report: This section includes safety measures, awareness as well as hazard reports

on the site.

Invoice Status, Cost Variation, PS Items and Cost Curves: This includes all the

payments, billing costs incurred and their analysis etc.

Materials Assessment Status, Technical Quaries & Shop Drawing List: This section

deals with materials, their procurements, technical quarries as well as monthly progress

curves.

Procurement Status: This section deals with the list of clients, manufacturers, supplies

etc.

Quality Report: This section deals with all the testings, number of testings done on site

etc.

Critical Issues/ Concerns/ Permit/ Design Requirement: This section deals with all the

issues and concerns of clients and consultants, dealings with the local authorities and a

holiday list.

Progress Photograph: This section includes a collection of photos of the various stages

of the construction processes.

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Daily Work Progress: This is the list of all the work done on a day in different

departments:

Civil

Architecture

MEP Workmen Details: This is the list of all the workers working on site.

Daily Resource Report: This is a cumulative report of all manpower available at site

along with physical conditions as follows:

Temperature

Humidity

Wind

Weather

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QUANTITY SURVEY DEPARTMENT This department is responsible for the monthly planning based on cost calculating bill of

quantities (BoQ). They prepare the following documents:

Detailed break up of values

Application of payment

Bill of Quantities

Estimation of pricing of the Bill of Quantities.

Contract documents

Record of Delays

They measure the work progress needed and site and formalize communication between

company, clients, consultants, contractors etc. in accordance to the Standard Documents for

Buildings and Civil Engineering Work given by the International Federation of Consulting

Engineers.

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PROJECT EXECUTION

BLOCK WORK

PREPARATION OF MORTAR

Mortar is prepared by mixing sand and cement in the ratio of 1:5 respectively, in adequate

amount at water. This is done by taking five measured buckets of sand and one measured bucket

of cement and mixing them using the mechanical mixing them using the mechanical mixing

machine for five to ten minutes. The setting out time for mortar is 2 hours. Mortar is important in

block-work because mortar binds the building blocks together.

BLOCK-WORK

For block work, we put the different blocks in a definite alignment and they are fixed in their

respective positions using mortar. After the second layer, we must introduce wall tie (L-clamp)

to attach it to the adjacent column. Then we put mesh (net gauge) over the block along the entire

layer. This net gauging and wall tie is done in every alternative three layers along the entire

height of wall.

Blocks are classified in two ways:

Based on inner cavity:

Solid block

Hollow block

Based on dimensions

(190 X 190 X 390) mm

(140 X 190 X 390) mm

(90 X 190 X 390) mm

The type of block used is determined by the given specification given in the design. The

thickness between each layer of blocks is 1 mm both horizontally as well as vertically. Hollow

blocks are lighter in weight but have the same strength as solid blocks. They are used in the

interior part of the building because, due to the presence of hollow cavity, they can keep the

interior temperature cool. Figure 3 shows the dimensions of the inner cavity. Also, they allow

steel rods to go through the cavity hence makes the structure stronger. This is mainly done near

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the doors for extra stability. Solid blocks are used in the outer walls and also in the interior

opening areas.

Figure 5

The cement used for making mortar is OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement). The strength of the

blocks used is 10 N/mm2. Insulation boards are placed between walls to keep the room cool.

They are called Polystypene insulator and they are 50 mm thick.

PLASTERING/ RENDERING Before plastering, level pads (button marks) have to be set on the walls in such a manner so that

they are right angled at the corner of the walls. This right angling is done using spirit level. Then

corner bids have to be placed in the corner. This is done to prevent damage to the corner walls.

For corner bids, galvanized iron mesh is used in place of internal plastering and stainless steel is

used for external plastering. Minimum thickness of plastering is 15 mm and maximum can be 30

or 40 mm because block work may not always be done perfectly. Above the mesh, rush-coat has

to be provided.

CURING

Spraying water at the walls for 3 days after preparation is called curing.

PLASTERING

The material used for plastering is Uniplast 1105. Plaster material is mixed with water using

machine called plaster machine. In this case we use Putzmeister MP 25. This mixing takes 30

minutes. Mixture is sprayed on the wall and it has to be smoothened using mason float and

trowel. First, it is made a little rough, and then it is smoothened. Then it is cured again for 3 days

to avoid cracking.

There are 2 reasons for cracking to take place.

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Presence of air hole

Thermal expansion

In case of cracking, the region has to be broken 100 mm on both sides of crack and the process is

repeated. Rush-coat is used only at places where block work meets concrete. When the sand

cement mixture is not adequate for sticking to the block work, rush-coat is used throughout to

avoid cracks.

CERAMIC/ PORCELAIN FLOOR TILING The latex additive used for bonding purpose is Rheomix 141. It is mentioned above is made by

mixing cement and water and is applied to the concrete slab. For floor tiling, the concrete slab on

top of which tiling has to be done is thoroughly cleaned for around 12 hours. Then the mortar is

made and placed on it within an hour of it being made. The mortar is prepared with cement to

sand ratio of 1:4. The depth of mortar is 70 mm.

After mortar is dried, latex is prepared and spread over the mortar for better bonding with floor

tiles. These tiles are now placed over this with 2 mm gap between each tile. This gap is

maintained by using a 2mm plastic spacer. They will also have to be leveled to ensure that they

make a perfect 90 degrees with the walls. After this, grouting is done to fill the 2 mm space

between tiles. Finally after 20 minutes, curing is done.

CERAMIC/ PORCELAIN WALL TILING For tiling a wall, the wall has to be cured and dried for 2 weeks. After that, Mastertile 30 paste is

applied on the wall using a trowel and should be left after placing for 15 to 20 minutes. Then the

tiles are placed with a 2 mm distance from each other. This is done in the same way as done for

floor tiling. For corners, PVC edging is applied so that the corners are protected as they are

relatively more delicate. Then, grouting is done and after that, cleaning.

GROUTING OF TILES

First, grout has to be prepared by mixing the following components:

Colour Powder

Hardener

Reacter

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Grout is made by mixing the components using a 495 g cups. Then the grout is placed between

the 2 mm gap between the tiles using scrapper. Then it will be left undisturbed for 20 minutes.

PAINTING Painting is the final layering of the wall. First, the wall has to be clear of dust particles, grease,

oil etc. For wall painting, first PVA Primer is used. Then after 30 minutes Stucco is applied and

kept for an hour. Another round of Stucco is applied after that. After drying, the wall is cleaned

by sand paper and finally paint is applied. For ceiling, Fenomastic Matt (Emulsion) is used. For

external case, Jotashield Penetration Primer and Jotashield Tex Medium (emulsion) is used.

Painting is done two times. First coat is done withing the specific depth and then after curing and

drying, the final coating is done. All the painting is done using brush putty knife or rollers.

Coloured paint is done at the final stage. It takes around 20 minutes to dry the final point

finishing. Moisture content should be around 8 percent.

FALSE CEILING First, the grid lines are obtained as per engineer’s specifications. The height of the ceiling from

floor is 2.75 m for dry areas. After that, provide GI lines. These lines consist of 3 channels:

L Channels: Support channel

C Channels: Main Channel

Furring Channels: Final Channel

For providing curtains, height will be 2.9 meters. In India grid spacing between 2 consecutive C-

Channels and Furring Channels are shorter, which makes is stronger. In corridors, ceiling height

will be lesser. Wet areas will also have lesser height. Thickness of gypsum board is 12 mm.

Weight of the board is approximately 24 kg. Corner biddings are provided to protect the corners.

For providing curtains, an extra 12 mm ply board is placed above gypsum board to give more

strength to hold the curtain rails at the ceiling.

In the balcony, 6 mm cement board is used since it is exposed to air. In the kitchen, a green

coloured moisture resistant board (MR Board) is used. In the bathroom, 600 X 600 mm gypsum

tiles of 12 mm thickness are used. The reason for the lowering of ceiling in the bathroom is due

to the presence of bathroom accessories space at the top. Ceiling height of wardrobe room is 2.4

m and that of corridor adjacent to the wardrobe is 2.35 meters. Air tight partitions are used for

channeling AC flows. These partitions have a wall thickness of 70 mm. Tracks with dimensions

72 X 3000 mm are used to support air tight partitions.

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Connecting chips are employed for connecting L-channels and C-channels and they are also

fitted with metallic or plastic screws. Plastic screws are used for wall to metal connections.

Metallic screws are used for metal to metal connections. Access doors are provided for

maintenance with dimension 600 X 600 mm. A 10 mm gap is provided between false ceiling and

wall to avoid cracks. This gap is called shadow angle gap.

CEILING PAINTING

JOINT COVER

The material used for this purpose is Khauf Ready gips. This is used in 2 rounds with 24 hours

interval. After that paint is applied in the ceiling. To avoid paint on unwanted area, white

coloured tape is used.

POLISHING OF FURNITURE WOOD For this 3 materials are required

Thinner

Colour

Lacqure

Thinner is used widely for cleaning purpose. There are 2 colour used as a combination, one is red

an the other is black. Finally laker is used.

DOORS The door frame consists of 3 components:

Architrave

Sub frame

Frame

Silicon Cealent is used to attach wood to brock work or concrete. Pur Adhesive 501 is used to

attach wood with wood. A gap of around 15 mm is maintained between the door frame and

block-work or concrete. This is done so that we can insert Poly Urathin (PV) which is used for

bonding between door and block-work or concrete. The material used for making the doors is

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“Red Marandi”. The outer coating or layers is usually covered with Laminate or Venear. These

are the thin sheet of wood, sliced or rotary cut from wooden logs. They have a thickness of 0.4 to

2 mm. Only the outer doors and the staircase doors will have fire resistant material. Inside the

house, kitchen doors may also have fire resistant material.

Figure 6

Doors also have to include hinges, locks, handles and other hardware. These are called Iron

Mongree. There are more than 25 types of doors being used in the construction site. Rails are

made on the floor for sliding doors to slide.

ROOF WATER PROOFING For roof water proofing, combo water proofing is employed. On top of the concrete slab on the

roof, a yellow coloured Polyfoam of thickness 50 mm is layed. This is followed by another

layering of Ploy Tech material which is followed by polyfab which is a geotextile membrane or

separating membrane. Finally, a poly board of dimensions 3 X 3 meters is layed to avoid

cracking. This set of layering is known as combo water-proofing.

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MECHANICAL ELECTICAL PLUMBING

DEPARTMENT (MEP) The MEP Department is responsible for all the non-civil related activities which are required in

the construction of the residential complex building. They perform and provide sharp drawings

for activities related to the following specializations:

Electrical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Plumbing

As seen in the construction site, gaps for electrical maintenance work are provided between each

consecutive floor.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Heat ventilation

Air conditioning

Pump

Plumbing

Water supply and Drainage System

Irrigation

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

Low voltage cables

Low voltage panels

Power supply

CCTV

SMATV

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ELECTRICAL FACILITIES IN THE COMPLEX

The complex has a close circuit chilled water system for centralized air condition. Water is

chilled at 6 degrees while circulating inside the coil. It also has a fire fighting system which

includes sprinklers and wet raisers. All kitchens in the complex has Liquefied Petroleum Gas

supply for cooking purpose.

The complex has 12 passenger lifts and one service lift. It has a defuser at the corridor ceiling. A

colerx unit is installed for the maintainance of water of swimming pool.

POWER DISTRIBUTION

The power is supplied by the Muscat Electricity Distribution company. They provide an I

Voltage of 11 kV. There are 5 step down transformers being used in the complex to transform 11

kV to 230 V and 415 V. The total power required for the project is 10 Megavolt Ampere (MVA).

FLAT POWER

One Bedroom Apartment 10-12 kW

Two Bedroom Apartment 12-15 Kw

Three Bedroom Apartment 15-20 kW

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CONCLUSION It was a wonderful learning experience at Larsen & Toubro (Oman) LLC Muttawar Residential

Complex Muscat. I gained a lot of insight regarding almost every aspect of site. I was given

exposure in almost all the departments at the site. The friendly welcome from all the employees

is appreciating, sharing their experience and giving their peace of wisdom which they have

gained in long journey of work. I am very much thankful for the wonderful accommodation

facility from Larsen & Toubro (Oman) LLC. I hope this experience will surely help me in my

future and also in shaping my career.

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REFERENCE http://www.engineeringcivil.com/workability-of-fresh-concrete-by-slump-test.html

http://www.buildingresearch.com.np/services/mt/mt1.php

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_analysis#Types_of_gradation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying