B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC KINH T TP.HCM

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TRN NG KHOA

PHT TRIN NGNH VIN THNG VIT NAM

N NM 2020

Chuyn ngnh : Kinh t, qun l v KHH KTQD M s : 5.02.05

LUN N TIN S KINH T

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: TS. L VN T HC VIN CN BCVT

TS. PHAN TH MINH CHU TRNG HKT TP.HCM

Thnh ph H Ch Minh - Nm 2007

MC LC Trang

Trang ph ba

Li cam oan

Mc lc

Danh mc cc k hiu, cc ch vit tt

Danh mc cc bng, th

M U ....................................................................................................................1

CHNG 1:

TNG QUAN V NGNH VIN THNG VIT NAM V KINH NGHIM PHT TRIN VIN THNG CA MT S

NC TRN TH GII

1.1. Tng quan v ngnh vin thng Vit Nam ...................................................5 1.1.1. Khi nim .........................................................................................................5

1.1.2. Lch s pht trin ngnh vin thng Vit Nam ..............................................6

1.1.3. Vai tr ca ngnh vin thng trong nn kinh t - x hi ca Vit Nam .......10 1.2. Cc trng phi pht trin vin thng trn th gii ....................................15 1.2.1. Trng phi Ty u ........................................................................................15

1.2.2. Trng phi M ...............................................................................................17 1.3. Kinh nghim pht trin vin thng ca mt s nc trn th gii ............20 1.3.1. Nht Bn ...........................................................................................................20

1.3.2. Hn Quc .........................................................................................................23

1.3.3. Php ..................................................................................................................28 1.3.4. Trung Quc ......................................................................................................30

1.3.5. nh gi kinh nghim pht trin vin thng ca cc nc Nht Bn,

Php, Hn Quc, Trung Quc ........................................................................39

1.4. Mt s bi hc i vi pht trin vin thng Vit Nam c rt ra t kinh nghim ca cc nc ..............................................................................42

1.4.1. Tip tc ch trng i thng vo cng ngh hin i ...................................42

1.4.2. Tng cng huy ng vn cho pht trin mng li vin thng ..................43 1.4.3. To mi trng cnh tranh lnh mnh trong khai thc vin thng .............44

1.4.4. u tin pht trin cng nghip sn xut thit b vin thng .........................45

Tm tt chng 1 .......................................................................................................46

CHNG 2:

THC TRNG HOT NG V PHT TRIN CA NGNH VIN THNG VIT NAM THI GIAN QUA

2.1. Hin trng pht trin h tng vin thng Vit Nam so vi cc nc trong khu vc v trn th gii ..............................................................................48

2.1.1. Mt in thoi .........................................................................................48

2.1.2. Mt s dng internet ..............................................................................50

2.1.3. Tc tng trng .......................................................................................50 2.1.4. Nng sut lao ng ......................................................................................54

2.1.5. Mt s ch s nh gi trnh thng tin theo tiu chun quc t ...........55

2.1.6. nh gi hin trng pht trin h tng ngnh vin thng Vit nam ........57 2.2. nh gi cc hot ng trong ngnh vin thng Vit Nam ....................58 2.2.1. Sn xut kinh doanh ....................................................................................58

2.2.2. u t ...........................................................................................................62

2.2.3. Nhn lc .......................................................................................................65 2.2.4. Mc cnh tranh .......................................................................................69

2.2.5. Nghin cu pht trin ..................................................................................72

2.2.6. Cng ngh .....................................................................................................74 2.2.7. Ma trn cc yu t bn trong - IFE..............................................................76

2.2.8. Tm tt cc im mnh v im yu ca ngnh vin thng Vit Nam .....77

2.3. nh gi s tc ng ca cc yu t mi trng i vi ngnh vin thng Vit Nam ............................................................................................79

2.3.1. Mi trng v m ..........................................................................................79

2.3.2. Mi trng vi m ..........................................................................................90

2.3.3. Ma trn cc yu t bn ngoi EFE ..........................................................93 2.3.4. Ma trn hnh nh cc i th cnh tranh chnh ........................................94

2.3.5. Cc c hi v nguy c i vi ngnh vin thng Vit Nam .......................96 Tm tt chng 2 ....................................................................................................98

CHNG 3:

GII PHP GP PHN PHT TRIN NGNH VIN THNG VIT NAM N NM 2020

3.1. nh hng pht trin ngnh vin thng Vit Nam n nm 2020 .....101 3.2. Quan im v mc tiu pht trin ngnh vin thng Vit Nam ...........102 3.2.1. C s xy dng mc tiu .......................................................................102 3.2.2. Mc tiu pht trin ngnh vin thng Vit Nam n nm 2020 .............107

3.3. Cc cng c xc lp gii php ..................................................................109 3.3.1. Hnh thnh gii php qua phn tch SWOT .............................................109

3.3.2. La chn cc gii php qua vic s dng ma trn nh lng QSPM ...113 3.4. H thng gii php gp phn pht trin ngnh vin thng Vit Nam n

nm 2020 ....................................................................................................125

3.4.1. Nhm gii php v c ch chnh sch .......................................................125 3.4.2. Nhm gii php v th trng ....................................................................126

3.4.3. Nhm gii php v sn phm v dch v ..................................................130

3.4.4. Nhm gii php v huy ng vn u t cho vin thng .........................133

3.4.5. Nhm gii php v pht trin nhn lc cho vin thng ...........................136 3.4.6. Nhm gii php v pht trin h tng mng li .....................................139

3.4.7. Nhm gii php v khoa hc cng ngh ...................................................141

3.5. Mt s kin ngh ........................................................................................144 3.5.1. Vi B Bu chnh Vin thng ...................................................................144

3.5.2. Vi cc c quan B khc ...........................................................................145

Tm tt chng 3 ..................................................................................................146

KT LUN ...........................................................................................................151

DANH MC CC CNG TRNH CNG B

TI LIU THAM KHO

PH LC

DANH MC CC K HIU, CH VIT TT

- 3G: Third Generation Th h th ba

- ASEAN: Association of South East Asian Nation Hip hi cc quc gia

ng Nam

- AFTA: Asean Free Trade Area - Hip nh v Khu vc T do Thng mi

ASEAN

- AFAS: Hip nh Khung v Thng mi Dch v ASEAN

- ARPU: Average Revenue Per User Doanh thu bnh qun trn mi ngi s

dng

- AT&T: Tp on Vin thng ln nht ca M

- BCVT: Bu chnh Vin thng

- BCC: Business Co-operation Contract Hp ng hp tc kinh doanh

- BOC: Bell Operation Company Cc Cng ty in thoi a phng M

- CDMA: Code Division Multiple Acess Cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia

theo m

- CEPT: Common Effective Preferential Tariff Chng trnh u i thu

quan c hiu lc chung

- CNTT: Cng ngh thng tin

- DWDM: Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Cng ngh dng

tng bng thng ca mng cp quang hin ti.

- DACOM: Cng ty C phn Data Communications Corporation of Korea

(Hn Quc)

- eASEAN: Hip nh v Khng gian Thng mi in t ASEAN

- EFE Matrix: External Factors Evaluation Matrix Ma trn nh gi cc yu

t bn ngoi

- EVN Telecom: Cng ty Vin thng in lc

- EIU: Economist Intelligence Unit C quan tnh bo kinh t

- ENUM: Telephone Number Mapping Dch v tch hp gia mng PSTN

v mng IP

- FCC: U ban thng tin lin bang ca M

- FDI: Foreign Direct Investment u t trc tip t nc ngoi

- GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication H thng thng tin di

ng ton cu

- GDP: Gross Domectic Product Tng sn phm quc ni

- Hanoi Telecom: Cng ty C phn vin thng H Ni

- ITU: International Telecom Union Lin minh Vin thng Quc t

- ISI: Information Society Index Ch s x hi thng tin

- IDC: International Data Corporation Tp on d liu quc t

- ICT: Information and Communication Technology Cng ngh thng tin v

truyn thng

- IFE Matrix: Internal Factors Evaluation Matrix Ma trn nh gi cc yu t

bn trong

- IP: Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet

- IP/MPLS: Internet Protocol/Multi Protocol Label Switching L mt cng

ngh chun tng tc lu lng trn mng, to thun li trong qun l

- IPv6: Internet Protocol Version 6 Giao thc Internet phin bn 6, l giao

thc th h mi, c pht trin thay th IPv4 hin ti.

- KT: Korea Telecom Cng ty Vin thng Hn Quc

- KTA: Korea Telecom Authority C quan vin thng Hn Quc

- KTMC: Korea Telecom Mobile Company Cng ty thng tin di ng Hn

Quc

- MFN: Most Favourite Nation Rule Quy ch ti hu quc

- My in thoi: L khi nim dng ch mt thu bao vin thng. Trong

tng lai, thu bao vin thng c th khng l my in thoi nhng l mt

hnh thc thu bao khc.

- NRI: Networked Readiness Index - Ch s sn sng kt ni

- NGN: Next Generation Network Mng th h mi

- PSTN: Public Service Telephone Network Mng in thoi cng cng

- QSPM: Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix Ma trn hoch nh chin

lc c th nh lng

- UNCPC: The United Nations Central Product Classification

- Softswitch: Chuyn mch mm

- SPT: Saigon Posts and Telecommunication Corporation - Cng ty C phn

Bu chnh Vin thng Si Gn

- SWOT: Strengths, Weaknesses, Oportunities, Threats Phng php phn

tch cc im mnh, im yu, c hi v nguy c.

- SMS: Short Message Services Dch v nhn tin ngn

- TDM: Time Division Multiplexing Giao thc truyn d liu theo thi gian

- TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Giao thc iu

khin truyn dn/Giao thc Internet

- USO: Dch v vin thng cng ch

- VNPT: Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Corporation Tp on

Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam

- Viettel: Tng Cng ty Vin thng Qun i

- Vishipel: Cng ty Thng tin in t Hng Hi

- VMS: Cng ty Thng tin Di ng (ch qun mng in thoi di ng

MobiFone)

- Vinaphone: Mng in thoi di ng Vinaphone (do Cng ty Dch v Vin

thng - GPC qun l)

- VoIP: Voice Over IP Phng thc truyn ti ging ni qua giao thc

Internet

- WTO: World Trade Organization T chc thng mi th gii

- W-CDMA: Wide Code Division Multiple Acess Cng ngh a truy nhp

bng rng phn chia theo m

- WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing Cng ngh ghp knh theo

bc sng

- WEF: World Economic Forum Din n Kinh t th gii

- WiFi: Wireless Fidelity Cng ngh kt ni khng dy - WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Cng ngh

truy nhp bng rng khng dy

- xDSL: X-Digital Subscriber Line - Cng ngh s dng cc phng php

iu bin phc tp, chuyn cc d liu thnh cc gi truyn ti trn dy

in thoi gm: ADSL, HDSL, RDSL, VDSL.

DANH MC CC BNG - TH

Trang 1. Danh mc cc bng

Bng 2.1: Nng sut lao ng trong vin thng ca cc nc ASEAN+3 ........54

Bng 2.2: Bng xp hng mt s ch s nh gi v Vit Nam .......................56

Bng 2.3: Cc c s o to cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng ...................66

Bng 2.4: T l vi phm bn quyn phn mm 2004 .......................................73

Bng 2.5: Tm tt hin trng cng ngh mng vin thng Vit Nam ...............75

Bng 2.6: Ma trn cc yu t bn trong .............................................................77

Bng 2.7: Ma trn cc yu t bn ngoi ............................................................94

Bng 2.8: Ma trn hnh nh cc i th cnh tranh ...........................................95

Bng 3.1: D bo dn s Vit Nam giai on 2007-2020 ...............................103

Bng 3.2: D bo quy m GDP Vit Nam giai on 2007-2020 ....................103

Bng 3.3: D bo quy m doanh thu vin thng Vit Nam (trng hp 1) ....103

Bng 3.4: D bo t trng doanh thu vin thng Vit Nam (2007-2020) .......104

Bng 3.5: D bo quy m doanh thu vin thng Vit Nam (trng hp 2) ....104

Bng 3.6: D bo quy m doanh thu vin thng Vit Nam (trng hp 3) ....104

Bng 3.7: D bo tng s thu bao in thoi ca Vit Nam (2007-2020) ....105

Bng 3.8: D bo t trng thu bao di ng trn mng vin thng (2007-2020) 105

Bng 3.9: D bo tng hp s thu bao trn mng vin thng (2007-2020) ..106

Bng 3.10: Tng hp kt qu d bo mt s ch tiu vin thng Vit Nam giai

on 2007-2020 ...............................................................................................106

Bng 3.11: Cc ch tiu pht trin ngnh vin thng giai on 2007 2020 ..108

Bng 3.12: Ma trn SWOT ..............................................................................109

Bng 3.13: Ma trn QSPM v c ch chnh sch ............................................113

Bng 3.14: Ma trn QSPM v th trng .........................................................114

Bng 3.15: Ma trn QSPM v sn phm .........................................................116

Bng 3.16: Ma trn QSPM v huy ng vn ...................................................118

Bng 3.17: Ma trn QSPM v nhn lc ...........................................................120

Bng 3.18: Ma trn QSPM v phung n pht trin mng li ......................121

Bng 3.19: Ma trn QSPM v phung n pht trin khoa hc cng ngh ......123

2. Danh mc cc th th 2.1: Mt s dng in thoi nm 2006 ..............................................48

th 2.2: Mt s dng internet nm 2006 ..................................................50

th 2.3: T trng doanh thu trong ngnh vin thng nm 2006 ...................60

th 2.4: Tnh hnh u t ca ngnh vin thng v giao thng vn ti ........62

th 2.5: T trng vn u t ca ngnh vin thng v giao thng vn ti ...63

th 2.6: T trng u t cho vin thng trong tng vn u t Nh nc ...64

th 2.7: Ch s ngun nhn lc Vit Nam so vi mt s nc .....................68

th 2.8: Th phn cc doanh nghip vin thng VN cui nm 2006 ............70

th 2.9: S thu bao in thoi ca Vit Nam n thng 6/2007 .................90

th 2.10: Mt s dng in thoi ca Vit Nam n thng 6/2007 .........90

th 2.11: C cu khch hng theo tui .....................................................91

th 2.12: C cu khch hng theo mc cc s dng ...................................91

th 2.13: C cu khch hng theo loi hnh ng k ....................................92

- 1 -

M U I. T VN

Ton cu ho v hi nhp kinh t quc t l c hi pht trin nhng cng

n cha rt nhiu thch thc i vi mi nn kinh t, c bit l nhng quc gia

ang pht trin. S kin Vit Nam tr thnh thnh vin th 150 ca t chc thng

mi th gii (WTO) s em li c hi thu ht u t nc ngoi v m rng th

trng xut khu hng ho cho cc doanh nghip trong nc. Tuy nhin, khi m

ca th trng theo cc cam kt gia nhp WTO th nhng ngnh sn xut, dch v

trong nc s phi i mt vi mt p lc cnh tranh rt ln. Cc tp on t bn

nc ngoi vi kh nng to ln v vn, cng ngh hin i v b dy kinh nghim

qun l kinh doanh s l nhng i th qu tm i vi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam.

i vi ngnh vin thng Vit Nam, do vai tr quan trng ca ngnh (va l

mt ngnh h tng, va l mt ngnh kinh t mi nhn ng thi gp phn bo m

an ninh quc phng v trt t x hi, nng cao dn tr ca ngi dn), yu cu sm

c mt k hoch pht trin cho ph hp vi tnh hnh mi li cng cp bch hn.

Hin nay, ngnh vin thng Vit Nam ang thc hin giai on 05 nm cui ca

chin lc pht trin t nm 2001 n nm 2010 vi tn gi: Chin lc hi nhp

v pht trin. Qua qu trnh trin khai chin lc, ngnh vin thng t c

nhiu kt qu rt ng khch l: Mng li vin thng c m rng trong c

nc, mc tng trng thu bao t tc cao, c ch php l ngy mt hon

thin theo hng m ca th trng. Bn cnh , cn mt s im ngnh vin

thng cn phi c gng hon thin hn nh: To mi trng cnh tranh trong cung

cp dch v vin thng, a dng ho dch v gi tr gia tng, nng cao cht lng i

ng nhn lc v u t nghin cu pht trin cng ngh. khc phc nhng hn

ch ang tn ti v chun b tt nht cho qu trnh thc hin cc cam kt gia nhp

WTO v lnh vc vin thng, ngay t by gi ngnh vin thng Vit Nam cn c

nhng bin php pht trin mi. S thnh cng ca vic pht trin ngnh vin thng

Vit Nam l rt quan trng. y c th c xem l mt trong nhng nn tng u

tin thc hin pht trin nn kinh t Vit Nam theo hng cng nghip ho, hin

i ho.

- 2 -

II. I TNG V PHM VI NGHIN CU 1. i tng nghin cu ca ti: Qu trnh pht trin ca ngnh vin thng

Vit Nam.

2. Phm vi nghin cu ca ti: Trong ngnh vin thng Vit Nam (trn

phm vi c nc).

III. MC TIU NGHIN CU Cc nghin cu ca lun n nhm:

- Phn tch bi cnh v thc trng qu trnh pht trin ca ngnh vin thng

Vit Nam. T , rt ra c cc im mnh, im yu, c hi v nguy c

i vi s pht trin ca ngnh vin thng Vit Nam.

- xut cc bin php pht trin cho ngnh vin thng Vit Nam giai

on t nay n nm 2020.

IV. NGHA KHOA HC V THC TIN CA TI NGHIN CU 1. ngha khoa hc: Hin nay, Vit Nam v trn th gii cha c mt cng

trnh nghin cu mang tnh h thng no a ra c cc l thuyt v pht

trin ngnh. Thc t trong qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch pht trin

ngnh, tu theo quan im ca nh qun l m k hoch pht trin ngnh

s c xy dng theo nhng cch khc nhau nh theo mc tiu pht trin,

theo cc yu t nh hng, theo s tc ng ca mi trng bn trong v

mi trng bn ngoi, theo qu trnh sn xut ca ngnh. khc phc cc

kh khn trn, ti nghin cu ny s dng cc cng c phn tch

ngnh nh ma trn SWOT, ma trn IFE, ma trn EFE, ma trn hnh nh cc

i th cnh tranh, ma trn QSPM, p dng phn tch cho ngnh vin

thng Vit Nam. T , a ra bin php pht trin ngnh vin thng Vit

Nam n nm 2020.

2. ngha thc tin: Qua phn tch bi cnh v thc trng qu trnh pht trin

ca ngnh vin thng Vit Nam, ti nghin cu xut c mt s

bin php pht trin ngnh vin thng Vit Nam t nay n nm 2020 vi

cc s liu kh phong ph. Khc vi chin lc hi nhp v pht trin

hin nay, cc gii php xut ca ti nghin cu nhn mnh hn

n yu t pht trin bn vng v xu th pht trin ca cng ngh vin

- 3 -

thng trn th gii hin nay vi ch trng Pht trin nhanh v bn vng

trn c s tch hp gia vin thng v cng ngh thng tin. Kt qu

nghin cu ca ti c th dng lm ngun ti liu tham kho cho cc

nh qun l vin thng Vit Nam trong qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch

pht trin ngnh giai on t nay n nm 2020.

V. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU t c mc ch ca ti, lun n s dng cc phng php nghin

cu ca ch ngha duy vt bin chng, phng php phn tch tng hp, cc

phng php phn tch ngnh, phng php thng k ton, thng k lch s, so

snh, trc nghim, phng php d bo theo xu th.

VI. KT QU T C V NHNG IM MI CA LUN N Trc y c nhng cng trnh nghin cu ca B Bu chnh vin thng

hoc Tng cc Bu in (khi cha thnh lp B) cp n nh hng pht trin

ngnh vin thng Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu ny mi ch xut nh

hng pht trin ngnh vin thng trong hai giai on 1991-2000 v 2001-2010, bi

cnh nghin cu lc cha st vi tnh hnh hi nhp ca Vit Nam nh hin nay.

Trong thi gian t nm 2003 n nm 2005, B Bu chnh vin thng cng ch

tr xy dng chin lc pht trin cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng Vit Nam,

trong c cp chin lc pht trin vin thng Vit Nam n nm 2010 v nh

hng n nm 2020. Trong chin lc ny, mc thi gian n nm 2010 c

trnh by kh chi tit. Tuy nhin, nh hng pht trin ngnh vin thng Vit Nam

giai on 2010-2020 mi ch c cp mang tnh phc tho. Bn cnh , v mt

l thuyt, trn th gii hin nay cha c mt nghin cu hon chnh no cp n

vn pht trin ngnh. Cc nghin cu v pht trin ngnh u lm theo li t

pht, theo quan im ring ca cc nh nghin cu.

Khc phc cc hn ch nu trn, kt qu nghin cu ti a ra c

mt s im mi sau:

1. Gii thiu v nu ra vai tr ca ngnh vin thng Vit Nam trong qu trnh

pht trin kinh t - x hi.

2. Trnh by cc trng phi pht trin vin thng trn th gii v phn tch

kinh nghim pht trin vin thng ca mt s nc in hnh gm Php,

- 4 -

Nht Bn, Hn Quc v Trung Quc. T , rt ra c bi hc i vi

qu trnh pht trin ca ngnh vin thng Vit Nam.

3. Phn tch nh gi c hin trng pht trin ca ngnh vin thng Vit

Nam so vi cc nc trong khu vc v trn th gii.

4. nh gi mi trng bn trong v mi trng bn ngoi ca ngnh vin

thng Vit Nam. T , tng kt c cc mt mnh, mt yu, c hi v

nguy c ca ngnh vin thng Vit Nam v xut cc gii php pht trin

thng qua vic s dng ma trn SWOT.

5. xut c cc nhm gii php gp phn pht trin ngnh vin thng

Vit Nam giai on t nay n nm 2020 gm: Nhm gii php v c ch

chnh sch, nhm gii php v pht trin th trng, nhm gii php v

pht trin sn phm dch v, nhm gii php v huy ng vn u t, nhm

gii php v pht trin nhn lc vin thng, nhm gii php v pht trin

h tng mng li v nhm gii php v nghin cu pht trin, ng dng

khoa hc cng ngh trong vin thng.

- 5 -

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V NGNH VIN THNG VIT NAM V KINH NGHIM PHT TRIN VIN THNG CA MT S NC TRN TH GII

1.1. Tng quan v ngnh vin thng Vit Nam 1.1.1. Khi nim

Theo quan im ca Pete Moulton [II.9, Pg.25]: Vin thng l khoa hc ca

s truyn t thng tin qua mt khong cch di s dng cng ngh in thoi hoc

cng ngh v tuyn, n lin quan n vic s dng cc cng ngh vi in t, cng

ngh my tnh v cng ngh my tnh c nhn truyn, nhn v chuyn mch m

thanh, d liu, hnh nh qua cc phng tin truyn dn khc nhau nh cp ng,

cp quang v truyn dn in t.

Tng t quan im ca Pete Moulton, trong bng phn ngnh ca mnh, T

chc thng mi th gii (WTO) [II.14] cng nh ngha: Vin thng l tt c s

chuyn ti, truyn dn hoc thu pht cc k hiu, tn hiu, ch vit, m thanh, hnh

nh, ging ni, d liu thng qua cc dy dn, sng v tuyn, cp quang, cc

phng tin vt l hoc cc h thng in t khc. Dch v vin thng c chia

thnh hai nhm: Dch v vin thng c bn v Dch v gi tr gia tng. Dch v vin

thng c bn bao gm tt c cc dch v vin thng cng cng v t nhn cung cp

truyn dn thng tin n thit b u cui ca khch hng. Dch v vin thng gi tr

gia tng l nhng dch v vin thng m nh cung cp b sung thm cc gi tr

cho cc thng tin ca khch hng qua vic nng cao hnh thc hoc ni dung ca

thng tin hoc cung cp nhm lu tr v khi phc thng tin.

Vit Nam, theo Php lnh Bu chnh Vin thng c Quc Hi Nc

Cng Ho X Hi Ch Ngha Vit Nam kho X thng qua ngy 25/5/2002 [I.19

T.121-122, T.134], cc khi nim thuc lnh vc vin thng c cp gm thit

b vin thng, thit b mng, thit b u cui, im kt cui, dch v vin thng,

ng truyn dn, ti nguyn thng tin (kho s vin thng, ph tn s v tuyn

in, ti nguyn internet, qu o v tinh), sng v tuyn in, thit b v tuyn.

- 6 -

Dch v vin thng c nh ngha l dch v truyn k hiu, tn hiu, s liu, ch

vit, m thanh, hnh nh hoc cc dng khc ca thng tin gia cc im kt cui

ca mng vin thng. Dch v vin thng cng c phn chia thnh dch v vin

thng c bn v dch v vin thng gi tr gia tng. Bn cnh , Php lnh Bu

chnh Vin thng cn b sung thm dch v kt ni internet, dch v truy nhp

internet v dch v ng dng internet.

Trong :

+ Dch v c bn l dch v truyn a tc thi dch v vin thng qua

mng vin thng hoc Internet m khng lm thay i loi hnh hoc ni

dung thng tin;

+ Dch v gi tr gia tng l dch v lm tng thm gi tr thng tin ca

ngi s dng dch v bng cch hon thin loi hnh, ni dung thng tin

hoc cung cp kh nng lu tr, khi phc thng tin trn c s s dng

mng vin thng hoc Internet;

Trong cc nh ngha v vin thng va nu, tt c u c s thng nht v

khi nim Vin thng l s truyn ti nhiu loi thng tin qua mt khong cch xa

thng qua nhiu hnh thc truyn dn khc nhau. Bn cnh , cch phn chia dch

v vin thng thnh dch v c bn v dch v gi tr gia tng cng thng nht gia

quan im ca WTO v Php lnh Bu chnh Vin thng ca Vit Nam. Tuy nhin,

Php lnh Bu chnh Vin thng c cp thm cc dch v internet, trong khi nh

ngha ca Pete Moulton v nh ngha ca WTO khng cp n dch v Internet.

Nh vy trong lun n ny, phm vi ngnh vin thng Vit Nam s c

hiu bao gm: Hot ng sn xut thit b vin thng, hot ng cung cp dch v

vin thng (dch v c bn v dch v gi tr gia tng) v hot ng cung cp dch

v internet.

1.1.2. Lch s pht trin ngnh vin thng Vit Nam Qu trnh pht trin ca ngnh vin thng Vit Nam n nay c th c

chia lm 04 giai on gm: Giai on phc v, giai on kinh doanh c quyn,

giai on m ca to cnh tranh v giai on chun b hi nhp quc t.

- 7 -

a. Giai on phc v

T trc nm 1987, ngnh Bu in Vit Nam cn rt ngho nn lc hu,

hot ng ch mang tnh cht phc v cho mc ch thng tin lin lc ca ng v

Nh nc. Trong hai cuc chin tranh chng thc dn Php v quc M t nm

1954 n nm 1975, lnh vc thng tin v v tuyn in lc ny ch yu l phc

v cho chin tranh v cho s qun l iu hnh ca Nh nc, phc v cho cng

cuc xy dng x hi ch ngha min Bc.

Sau khi t nc thng nht, h thng t chc ngnh Bu in c chia lm

04 cp: Tng cc Bu in; Bu in Tnh Thnh ph v cc c khu trc thuc

Trung ng; Bu in Huyn v tng ng; Trm bu in x v tng ng.

T sau nm 1979, Tng cc Bu in va gi vai tr qun l Nh nc va t chc

cc hot ng kinh doanh bu chnh vin thng. Theo Ngh nh s 390/CP ngy

02/11/1979 ca Hi ng Chnh ph: Ngnh Bu in l c quan thng tin lin lc

ca ng v chnh quyn cc cp, ng thi l mt ngnh kinh t - k thut ca nn

kinh t quc dn, hot ng theo phng thc kinh doanh x hi ch ngha v ch

hch ton kinh t. Ngy 15/8/1987, Hi ng B trng ra Ngh nh s 121-

HBT ban hnh iu l Bu chnh v Vin thng, xc nh: Mng li bu chnh

v vin thng quc gia l mng li thng tin lin lc tp trung thng nht trong c

nc, do Nh nc c quyn t chc v giao cho ngnh Bu in qun l, khai

thc phc v nhu cu truyn tin ca cc c quan ng, Nh nc cc cp, cc

lc lng v trang, cc t chc kinh t, x hi v nhn dn theo phng thc kinh

doanh x hi ch ngha v ch hch ton kinh t. n nm 1990, Tng cc Bu

in li c giao cho B Giao thng Vn ti v Bu in m nhn chc nng

qun l nh nc.

C th ni, trong giai on ny vai tr ca ngnh bu in cha c nhn

nhn y , ngnh bu in c xem l mt ngnh kinh t k thut v hot ng

ch yu l phc v cho nhu cu thng tin lin lc ca ng l Nh nc, vai tr

kinh doanh gn nh b che m hon ton.

- 8 -

b. Giai on cng ty ho

Ngy 7/4/1990, Hi ng B trng ra Ngh nh s 115/HBT chuyn

Tng cc Bu in thnh Tng Cng ty Bu chnh - Vin thng Vit Nam, nm

trong B Giao thng vn ti v Bu in. n nm 1992, Chnh ph ra Ngh

nh s 03/CP v vic thnh lp Tng cc Bu in l c quan trc thuc Chnh

ph, c chc nng qun l nh nc v Bu chnh Vin thng, k thut truyn dn

tn hiu Pht thanh Truyn hnh v cng nghip Bu in trong c nc. Lc ny,

hot ng qun l Nh nc v lnh vc vin thng v hot ng qun l cng tc

khai thc, sn xut kinh doanh dch v vin thng c tch ri nhau. Trong giai

on t 1990 n 1995, Tng Cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT) l

n v c quyn pht trin mng li v cung cp dch v vin thng ti Vit Nam.

c. Giai on m ca th trng to cnh tranh

Nm 1995, ngnh vin thng khi ng cnh tranh vi vic thnh lp Cng

ty c phn dch v Bu chnh Vin thng Si Gn (SPT) v Cng ty Vin thng

Qun i (Viettel). Cng trong nm ny, Th tng Chnh ph ra Quyt nh s

249/TTg v vic thnh lp Tng cng ty Bu chnh - Vin thng Vit Nam trc

thuc Chnh ph trn c s t chc sp xp li cc n v dch v, sn xut lu

thng, s nghip v Bu chnh - Vin thng thuc Tng cc Bu in trc y.

Tuy nhin, n nm 1996, Tng cc Bu in li c thnh lp gi vai tr qun

l Nh nc v lnh vc bu chnh vin thng. Trong thi gian t nm 1995 n

nm 2000, mc d c thnh lp nhng hai cng ty vin thng mi vn cha c

nhng hot ng no ng k. VNPT vn l n v c quyn hon ton trong lnh

vc cung cp dch v bu chnh vin thng.

Vi nh hng ng n ca cc nh qun l thng qua chin lc u t

vo cng ngh hin i, bt u t giai on ny tc pht trin thu bao vin

thng Vit Nam tng rt nhanh, t mc bnh qun trn 30%/nm. Vo nm 1995

Vit Nam mi ch c tng cng khong 720 ngn thu bao th n nm 2000 Vit

Nam t trn 2,1 triu thu bao. Ngnh vin thng lc ny tr thnh mt

ngnh kinh t trng im, c mc ng gp ngn sch hng u Vit Nam.

- 9 -

Trc xu th hi t gia vin thng v cng ngh thng tin, ng thi

nng ngnh vin thng ln mt tm cao mi, vo nm 2002 Chnh ph ra quyt

nh thnh lp B Bu chnh vin thng vi t cch l c quan ca Chnh ph thc

hin chc nng qun l nh nc v bu chnh, vin thng, cng ngh thng tin,

in t, internet, truyn dn pht sng, tn s v tuyn in v c s h tng thng

tin quc gia trong phm vi c nc; qun l nh nc cc dch v cng v thc hin

i din ch s hu phn vn ca nh nc ti doanh nghip c vn nh nc trong

lnh vc bu chnh, vin thng v cng ngh thng tin.

n nm 2003, ngnh vin thng thc s chuyn t c quyn cng ty sang

cnh tranh trong tt c cc loi dch v. Tng cng c 6 cng ty h tng mng c

thit lp mng li v cung cp dch v gm: Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit

Nam (VNPT), Tng Cng ty Vin thng Qun i (Viettel), Cng ty Vin thng

in lc (EVN Telecom), Cng ty c phn dch v Bu chnh Vin thng Si Gn

(SPT), Cng ty C phn vin thng H Ni (Hanoi Telecom) v Cng ty Thng tin

in t Hng Hi (Vishipel). Trong VNPT, Viettel v EVN Telecom c thit

lp mng v cung cp dch v vin thng c nh ni ht v quc t. C 5 cng ty

c thit lp mng v cung cp dch v thng tin di ng gm: VMS, GPC,

Viettel, SPT v Hanoi Telecom. Th trng vin thng bt u si ng t giai on

ny vi s cnh tranh mnh m t cc doanh nghip vin thng mi i vi VNPT.

d. Giai on chun b hi nhp quc t

chun b cho qu trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t ca t nc, c bit l

s kin Vit Nam gia nhp T chc thng mi th gii (WTO), ngy 23/3/2005

Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh quyt nh s 58/2005/Q-TTg v vic ph

duyt n th im hnh thnh Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam, thnh

lp 3 tng cng ty vin thng vng v cc cng ty vin thng khc thuc tp on,

nh du mt giai on pht trin mi ca ngnh vin thng Vit Nam. Dch v bu

chnh lc ny c tch ra khi vin thng. Hin nay, vic xc tin t chc v

chun b cc iu kin hot ng theo m hnh mi hin nay vn ang c VNPT

tin hnh rt khn trng.

- 10 -

Nh vy, cng vi qu trnh i mi m ca th trng ca t nc, ngnh

vin thng Vit Nam i t mt ngnh ch yu ng vai tr phc v (thi k

khng chin phc v thng tin lin lc cho chin trng, thi k trc 1986 phc v

cng tc qun l, iu hnh ca ng v Nh nc) sang nh hng th trng

thng qua vic thnh lp Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam. Xa hn na,

chun b cho tin trnh hi nhp quc t, ngnh vin thng dn dn gim c

tnh trng c quyn, to ra mi trng cnh tranh lnh mnh, gip cc doanh

nghip vin thng Vit Nam tp dt, sc cnh tranh vi cc doanh nghip vin

thng khc trn th gii. C th ni, ngnh vin thng Vit Nam lun lun ng

hnh vi qu trnh pht trin ca t nc, mi giai on pht trin ca t nc

u c s ng gp khng nh ca ngnh vin thng Vit Nam.

1.1.3. Vai tr ca ngnh vin thng trong nn kinh t - x hi ca Vit Nam Theo quan im ca B Bu chnh Vin thng trong bn d tho chin lc

pht trin Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng Vit Nam n nm 2010 v nh

hng n nm 2020 [I.5], ngnh vin thng Vit Nam c 05 vai tr chnh gm:

(1).Vin thng l ngnh thuc kt cu h tng ca nn kinh t; (2).Vin thng l

ngnh c ng gp ln cho s pht trin kinh t; (3).Vin thng l cng c h tr

cng tc qun l t nc; (4).Vin thng gp phn m rng hp tc quc t v y

nhanh qu trnh hin i ho - cng nghip ho t nc; (5).Vin thng gp phn

pht trin vn ho x hi v bo v ti nguyn mi trng.

1.1.3.1. Vin thng l ngnh thuc kt cu h tng ca nn kinh t [I.50]

Vin thng vi vai tr l ngnh sn xut vt cht c tha nhn t lu,

nhng vi vai tr l ngnh c s h tng ca nn kinh t th mi c nhn thc

cch y t nm. Trong khi cc nc phng Ty xem vin thng l mt thnh phn

ca c s h tng ngay t sau Chin tranh th gii th hai th i vi Vit Nam cho

n thi im trc i hi ln th VI ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam, vin thng

trn thc t vn ch c xem l ngnh phc v, l c quan hnh chnh s nghip c

thu. Chic my in thoi ch l tn ch, l c quyn ca cc c quan nh nc.

- 11 -

Vin thng theo quan im ti chnh l khng thit yu v c u t rt t t ngn

sch nh nc.

Ch t sau i hi ln th VI ca ng, cng vi vic tha nhn nn kinh t

hng ho nhiu thnh phn, vin thng mi c coi l mt b phn ca c s h

tng x hi v theo cn phi pht trin i trc mt bc. C th ni y l

mt du mc rt quan trng trn con ng nhn thc v vai tr v v tr ca bu

chnh vin thng nc ta. Trong ch th 58-CT/TW, B Chnh tr nhn mnh:

Mng thng tin quc gia l kt cu h tng kinh t - x hi quan trng,... [I.4].

Thut ng c s h tng c gc ch Latin l Infrastructura. Infra c

ngha l nn mng, nn tng hay cn gi l h tng; Structura c ngha l cu trc,

c cu hoc c s. Thut ng ny xut hin t lu cc nc phng Ty. Sau

chin tranh th gii th hai, n c s dng rng ri c trn phng din kinh t l

thuyt ln trong thc tin pht trin nn kinh t quc dn ca mi nc. Vit

Nam, thut ng ny mi c s dng rng ri trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi

qu trnh i mi t duy v i mi nn kinh t ni chung.

Ni dung c s h tng c xc nh bao gm nhng h thng, thit b v

cng trnh vt cht k thut ch yu trong c cc h thng cng trnh v giao

thng vn ti v vin thng. Cn c vo vai tr, chc nng, c tnh khc nhau ca

h thng c s h tng, ngi ta phn chia thnh hai b phn: c s h tng sn xut

v c s h tng x hi. C s h tng sn xut gm nhng h thng cng trnh

phc v trc tip v ch yu cho hot ng sn xut kinh doanh nh: thu li, in,

kho bi, cu cng,... C s h tng x hi gm phn ln nhng cng trnh phc v

cho sinh hot vn ho - x hi ca dn c, nh: trng hc, bnh vin, c s vn

ho, phc li cng cng... Nh vy, vin thng va thuc c s h tng sn xut,

va thuc c s h tng x hi.

Vi t cch l c s h tng sn xut, vin thng thc hin vai tr tc ng

n sn xut kinh doanh mt cch tng hp v a dng trn nhiu phng din khc

nhau:

- 12 -

a) To iu kin cung cp mi thng tin c bn cn thit cho sn xut v thc

y cc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, la chn phng n tnh ton ti u

cc yu t u vo v u ra.

b) Tc ng mnh m n qu trnh chuyn i c cu sn xut v c cu

kinh t x hi, thc y pht trin s nghip cng nghip ho, hin i ho.

c) To tin v iu kin m rng th trng trong nc, gn th trng

trong nc vi th trng nc ngoi, thc y qu trnh a t nc

chuyn mnh sang kinh t th trng.

d) Gp phn thc y qu trnh chuyn i c ch kinh t, phng thc qun

l t chc sn xut. H thng thng tin di ng, truyn s liu, Internet pht

trin s to ra mt cuc cch mng trong qun l kinh t c tm v m v vi

m.

Vi t cch l c s h tng x hi, vin thng to ra nhng tin cn thit

cho s pht trin vn ho - x hi, ci thin v nng cao i sng vt cht v tinh

thn ca nhn dn. Hin nay, thit b vin thng l mt trong nhng phng tin

khng th thiu ti cc trung tm vn ho, khoa hc, nhng c s o to, trng

hc, bnh vin, trung tm th thao.

1.1.3.2. Vin thng l mt ngnh kinh t ln [I.50]

Trong xu hng pht trin chung trn th gii, vin thng tr thnh mt

ngnh kinh t - dch v quan trng ca Vit Nam khi bc vo k nguyn thng tin.

Vin thng hin i c tc ng mnh m n qu trnh chuyn i c cu sn xut

v c cu kinh t x hi, thc y s nghip cng nghip ho, hin i ho t

nc. Hin ti, Vit Nam c bn l mt nc nng nghip, t trng lao ng th

cng cao (chim khong 70% lao ng). Vic pht trin vin thng s cho ra i

cc ngnh cng nghip dch v thng tin c hm lng tr tu cao, c gi tr gia tng

cao nh: t vn, thit k, bo tr, bo dng cc h thng thng tin, o to t xa, y

t t xa, thng mi in t, giao dch ti chnh qua mng my tnh,... Kinh nghim

thc t cc nc i trc cho thy, trong tng lai, nhng ngnh ny s tr thnh

nhng ngnh cng nghip hng u Vit Nam, thu ht hng triu lao ng c

- 13 -

trnh , nh vy, t trng dch v trong GDP s tng v thc y vic ci cch cc

ngnh cng nghip khc.

Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t th trng Vit Nam, s lng ngi

lao ng nng thn ra thnh ph ngy cng tng gy ra khng t cc vn x hi

mi cn gii quyt. Vi vai tr cn i, quy hoch, vin thng s to iu kin thc

hin chng trnh vic lm nng thn. Mt khc, vin thng pht trin s a cc

gi tr vn ho tinh thn n nng thn, min ni, hi o, nng cao mc sng nng

dn, nng thn.

Trc y ngnh vin thng nc ta cn lc hu, t trng doanh thu trong

tng sn phm quc ni khng nhiu, khong 0,52% vo nm 1991. Trong nhng

nm gn y, ngnh vin thng c nhng tin b rt ng khch l, ng gp rt

quan trng vo s tng trng GDP ca nc ta. ng gp ca doanh thu vin

thng trong GDP nm 2001 l 1,9%; nm 2002 l 2,3% [I.5] v nm 2004 l 4,5%.

Trong nm 2002, tng doanh thu ca ngnh t khong 25.000 t ng, tng vn

u t vo vin thng hng nm trn 8.000 t ng, tng gi tr ti sn lnh vc vin

thng c tnh khong 40.000 t ng, np ngn sch Nh nc hn 3.300 t ng.

Nm 2004, tng doanh thu vin thng l 32.500 t ng, nm 2005 l 39.300 t

ng. Trong giai on 1993-2000, ngnh vin thng c nhng ng gp ng k

cho nn kinh t, t l ng gp ngn sch ca ngnh vin thng trong giai on ny

l 16% trn tng vn u t, y l t l cao th hai ch sau ngnh du kh. T l

ng gp vo tng trng GDP ca ngnh vin thng hng nm trong giai on

1993 - 2000 l 2,6%, ng th ba trong c nc sau ngnh du kh v in lc.

1.1.3.3. Vin thng h tr cng tc qun l t nc [I.50]

Thng tin l cng c Nh nc qun l, iu hnh mi hot ng ca t

nc. Bt k Chnh ph no ln cm quyn u s dng cc phng tin thng tin

lin lc qun l v iu hnh t nc. Khi lc lng sn xut cha pht trin,

cha c sn xut hng ho th thng tin ch yu phc v chc nng qun l hnh

chnh ca Nh nc, phc v an ninh, quc phng. Nhng khi sn xut hng ho ra

- 14 -

i v pht trin th thng tin cn l cng c quan trng Nh nc thc hin

chc nng qun l v m nn kinh t.

i vi Vit Nam, t khi ra i vin thng lun l cng c phc v s lnh

o ca ng v qun l ca Nh nc. Nhm y mnh s pht trin kinh t ca

Vit Nam theo c ch th trng c s qun l ca Nh nc theo nh hng x

hi ch ngha, vic nm thng tin nhanh, nhy, chnh xc, kp thi l yu t v cng

quan trng. Vin thng cng m bo nng cao nng lc, hiu qu qun l v iu

tit nn kinh t th trng bng php lut, k hoch v cc cng c khc mt cch

linh hot v ph hp vi xu th tin hc ho nn kinh t quc dn.

1.1.3.4. Vin thng gp phn m rng hp tc quc t, y mnh cng nghip

ho, hin i ho [I.50]

Cng cuc cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc mun thc hin thng li

cn m rng quan h hp tc quc t. Pht trin vin thng, Vit Nam s c iu

kin tip cn vi khi lng tri thc khng l ca nhn loi: k thut mi, phng

thc kinh doanh mi, kinh nghim qun l v cc thnh tu khoa hc cng ngh ca

nhn loi trn cc mt, tn dng c li th ca nc i sau pht trin. Vin

thng cng s to thm iu kin cho nn kinh t Vit Nam ho nhp, tip cn vi

nn kinh t th gii, thu ht vn, chuyn giao cng ngh, hp tc kinh doanh

pht trin.

1.1.3.5. Vin thng gp phn pht trin vn ho x hi, bo v mi trng [I.50]

Vin thng cung cp rt nhiu dch v cho vic nng cao cht lng cuc

sng. Nh c vin thng hin i, cc lnh vc phc v x hi nh y t, gio dc,

phng chng thin tai, giao thng v cc dch v cng cng c th c ci thin

nhanh chng c v cht lng v s lng.

ng dng vin thng s gp phn vo vic s dng c hiu qu hn nng

lng v cc ngun ti nguyn quc gia. ng thi, nh vic trao i thng tin

ngy cng tng s dn dn gim bt nhu cu i li ca con ngi v s vn chuyn

ca hng ho, do s gim c lng kh thi CO2 v cc cht nhim mi

trng khc.

- 15 -

C th ni, vin thng l ngnh c vai tr rt to ln, nh hng n mi mt

ca i sng kinh t - x hi. Vic pht trin ngnh vin thng s c ngha nh

hng trc tip n s pht trin kinh t, nng cao dn tr, i sng tinh thn ca

ngi dn, gp phn gi gn trt t x hi, an ninh quc phng v ch quyn ca

quc gia, bo v ti nguyn thin nhin v bo v mi trng.

1.2. Cc trng phi pht trin vin thng trn th gii Nhn vo lch s pht trin vin thng ca cc nc trn th gii, c bit l

trong giai on m ca th trng vin thng, ta thy trn th gii c hai trng

phi chnh v pht trin vin thng l trng phi M v trng phi Ty u.

Trng phi M ch trng phn chia trch nhim v quyn li cho nhiu nh khai

thc, to cnh tranh mnh m trong lnh vc vin thng c bn, tch ri c quan

qun l hot ng kinh doanh vin thng v c quan qun l Nh nc v vin

thng. Trong khi , trng phi Ty u ch trng ch to cnh tranh lnh vc

cung cp dch v gia tng, vn gi c quyn mng c nh, chm hn trong vic

tch bit r rng gia c quan qun l kinh doanh vin thng v c quan hoch nh

chnh sch. Tiu biu cho trng phi M gm: M v cc nc ni ting Anh nh

Anh, c, New Zealand,; i din cho trng phi Ty u l Php, c, Ty Ban

Nha v cc nc Ty u khng ni ting Anh khc [II.7].

1.2.1. Trng phi Ty u Bt u t nm 1984, Lin minh chu u thng qua mt chng trnh v

vin thng nhm thc y vic pht trin h tng vin thng s dng cc cng ngh

cao, tin ti thit lp mt th trng vin thng thng nht, ng thi nng cao kh

nng cnh tranh ca cc nh khai thc v sn xut vin thng cc nc thnh vin

trn th trng vin thng quc t.

Nm 1987, cun sch xanh phn tch xu hng pht trin vin thng Ty

u v nh ra chnh sch pht trin vin thng chung cho cc nc thnh vin c

lin minh chu u thng qua gm cc khuyn ngh chnh:

- M th trng thit b u cui.

- 16 -

- Ngha v u ni lin mng gia cc nh khai thc ca cc nc, to thnh

mng li vin thng thng nht trong c khi i vi mng c nh.

- Tch bit gia c quan qun l Nh nc v c quan qun l vin thng.

Nm 1988, cc B trng vin thng ca cc nc trong lin minh chu u

ph duyt cc khuyn ngh trong cun sch xanh, ng thi ban hnh chnh

sch v m ca th trng thit b u cui da trn cc chun k thut v quy nh

an ninh thng nht.

Nm 1990, Lin minh chu u thng qua hai chnh sch v u ni lin

mng v dch v. Chnh sch u ni lin mng quy nh v cc chun kt ni,

phng thc thu knh ng trc v tnh gi cc. Chnh sch dch v quy nh

cc dch v ngoi dch v thoi, ting ni trong mng a dch v ISDN c th cnh

tranh t do, ring cc dch v truyn s liu th c n nh thi gian m ca t

nm 1994.

Nm 1993, Lin minh chu u thng qua d lut quy nh t nm 1998

th s cho cnh tranh trong c mng c nh v cung cp cc dch v c bn.

Ti Php: Trc sc p cnh tranh do phi m ca th trng vin thng

hon ton vo nm 1998, nm 1990 Php thnh lp hai php nhn ring l l Bu

chnh Php v Vin thng Php (France Telecom) trc thuc B Bu in. France

Telecom c c quyn khai thc kinh doanh mng c nh, thng tin di ng

cnh tranh 1+1, cc dch v gi tr gia tng cnh tranh hon ton.

Ti c: Nm 1989, vin thng c (Deutch BundesPost Telekom) c

thnh lp v c quyn kinh doanh, khai thc v mng li v dch v in thoi c

nh. Cc dch v khc c m ca cho cnh tranh km theo cc quy nh cht ch

thng qua cc quy nh v nhng dch v bt buc phi cung cp cho x hi c

Nh nc nh gi cn thit. Vin thng c c nhim v cung cp ng truyn

cho cc nh khai thc vin thng mt cch bnh ng. C quan qun l Nh nc v

vin thng c vn thuc B Bu in vi nhim v hoch nh cc chnh sch,

cc quy nh qun l Nh nc v phn b tn s v tuyn in.

- 17 -

Ti cc nc chu u khc (Thy in, Ty Ban Nha, H Lan,): Cc nc

u ch trng theo hng tch qun l Nh nc v qun l sn xut kinh doanh

vin thng, tch bu chnh ra khi vin thng. Ngoi Anh c hai cng ty khai thc

mng in thoi c nh, cc nc cn li cng u cho mt cng ty c quyn khai

thc mng c nh, dch v di ng c m ca cho cnh tranh 1+1 (mi nc c

2-3 nh cung cp dch v di ng, tr Italia v Ty Ban Nha vn gi c quyn),

cc dch v gi tr gia tng c cho cnh tranh hon ton, thit b u cui c t

do ho.

1.2.2. Trng phi M Quan im xuyn sut ca ngnh vin thng M l cc lut l, quy nh

c thit lp ra nhm mc ch bo v quyn li cho ngi s dng, ch trng

vic to cnh tranh, t bt buc cc nh khai thc phi ct gim chi ph c th

cung cp dch v vi gi r nht cho ngi s dng.

Ngnh vin thng M ch trng da vo cc cng ty t nhn cung cp

cc dch v cho x hi v m ca th trng vin thng cho cc nh khai thc mi

tham gia, tin hnh bi b cc quy nh ca Chnh ph cho th trng v cng

ngh c th xc nh c cu kinh doanh, ch gi nhng quy nh cn thit bo

m cho ngi dn c cung cp cc thng tin trong nc vi gi c hp l.

Ngoi ra, ngnh vin thng M cn thc hin thch ng ho cc quy nh,

lut l trn quan im kinh t, k thut i vi tng loi dch v.

Cc quy nh, lut l trong ngnh vin thng M th hin hai gc chnh:

(1).Gc khai thc: rng buc nhng nh khai thc ln, ni lng i vi cc nh

khai thc nh, khng c kh nng nh hng n th trng; (2).Gc dch v:

phn chia dch v vin thng thnh dch v c bn v dch v cao cp, dch v c s

dng tn s v dch v khng s dng tn s.

Do c th l mt nc lin Bang (mi tiu Bang u c quyn a ra cc

lut l ring), vin thng M cng c cch qun l rt c o. cp lin Bang, cc

quy nh ca U ban thng tin lin bang (FCC) c gi tr v qun l v tn s v

tuyn v c tc dng ph quyt cc quy nh ca tng Bang trong trng hp c cc

- 18 -

tranh chp. Ngoi ra, cc tiu Bang c th c cc quy nh ring iu tit hot

ng vin thng thuc phm vi ca tiu Bang . FCC khng thuc B Bu in,

B Bu in ch lm cc chnh sch ln cho ngnh, phn qun l iu hnh sn xut

kinh doanh u do FCC thc hin.

Th trng thit b u cui c vin thng M m ca rt sm (t nm

1968), theo hng khch hng c th t do la chn thit b u cui, cc cng ty

cung cp dch v vin thng khng c tnh thit b u cui vo chi ph. FCC c

ban hnh cc tiu chun k thut cho cc thit b u cui nhng khng cm ngi

s dng dng cc thit b u cui khng t tiu chun.

Trc nm 1984, AT&T l cng ty c quyn cung cp dch v in thoi

cng cng, cc dch v tin hc v dch v gi tr gia tng th cho cnh tranh. T nm

1984, AT&T c chia lm ba b phn: b phn nghin cu (Bell Lab), b phn

sn xut cng nghip (Western Electric) v b phn khai thc thng tin ng di

trong nc v quc t trn c s cnh tranh ci m. Thng tin trong tng Bang do

by cng ty Bell Operation Company (BOC) khai thc, cc cng ty BOC ch c

khai thc thng tin trong Bang, khng c khai thc cc thng tin lin Bang v

quc t, dch v gi tr gia tng v kinh doanh thit b. Vic t chc li AT&T to ra

mt th trng hn hp gia cnh tranh v c quyn theo tng dch v v tng

vng lnh th.

i vi cc dch v gi tr gia tng, FCC phn chia dch v vin thng lm

hai loi l dch v cao cp v dch v c bn. T nm 1980, dch v cao cp c t

do ho hon ton, cng ty AT&T v cc cng ty BOC sau ny phi cho cc nh

cung cp dch v gi tr gia tng kt ni mt cch bnh ng vo mng li ca

mnh. T nm 1991, do s hi t gia vin thng v CNTT gy ra nhiu tranh

ci trong phn nh gia dch v vin thng v dch v CNTT, cc cng ty BOC

c quyn khai thc cc dch v gi tr gia tng nhng ch trong phm vi ni Bang.

Tm li, i vi quan im pht trin vin thng ca M, t do ho v t

nhn ho vin thng l cng c ht sc hu hiu quc gia ho nhp vo nn kinh

t ton cu, huy ng c ti a ngun cho pht trin vin thng, pht huy c

- 19 -

ht tim nng ca t nc. Quan im pht trin vin thng theo trng phi M

c cc nc ni ting Anh nh Anh, c v New Zealand p dng. Cc nc nh

Nht Bn, Hn Quc cng vn dng tng phn.

Anh: Nm 1981, Anh tin hnh tch bu chnh ra khi vin thng v

thnh lp cng ty vin thng quc doanh British Telecom, cho php t do ho thit

b u cui, cc cng ty cung cp dch v gi tr gia tng th c k sinh trn mng

li in thoi c nh, cho php cng ty Mercury Communication Ltd. cnh tranh

cng British Telecom. Nm 1984, Anh cho thnh lp c quan qun l vin thng

ring bit ra khi B Bu in l OFTEL vi cc chc nng c bn l ban hnh cc

tiu chun k thut, bo v quyn li khch hng, quy nh khung gi cc v t

nhn ho British Telecom.

c: C quan qun l vin thng tch bit ra khi b thng tin l AUSTEL

c thnh lp nm 1989. Nm 1991, cho php cnh tranh 1+1 trong mng c nh

gia cng ty quc doanh Telstra v cng ty c phn OPPTUS. C ba cng ty cnh

tranh trong khai thc dch v di ng, cc dch v gi tr gia tng v thit b u

cui c t do ho hon ton.

New Zealand: Nm 1987, Nh nc tin hnh thnh lp cng ty vin

thng quc doanh TCNZ. Nm 1989, TCNZ c c phn ho, lc ny mng c

nh c cnh tranh gia hai cng ty TCNZ v Clear Communication Ltd. Thng

tin di ng, nhn tin v cc dch v khc c cnh tranh bi bn cng ty khc

nhau. Cc dch v gi tr gia tng c t do ho. C quan hoch nh chnh sch l

B Thng tin nhng c quan qun l, bo m mi trng cnh tranh ca ngnh

vin thng li l B Thng mi.

Tm li, mi trng phi trn u c nhng u im v nhc im ring.

Trng phi Ty u th thch hp vi nhng quc gia c trnh vin thng thp,

cn s n nh tp trung pht trin mng li. Trong khi , trng phi M th

ph hp vi nhng nc c mng li vin thng pht trin, mt in thoi

trn 100 dn t mc kh tr ln (t nht t 30 my/100 dn). i vi cc nc

khu vc Chu nh Nht Bn, Hn Quc v Trung Quc, la chn con ng pht

- 20 -

trin vin thng ca h l vn dng c hai trng phi sao cho ph hp vi hon

cnh thc t ca mnh. Ring i vi Vit Nam do c th ca ngnh vin thng,

chng ta cng khng th p dng hon ton mt m hnh pht trin no ca nc

ngoi. Nhng dch v cn pht trin a dng phc v nhu cu ngi dn nh

dch v gi tr gia tng, dch v internet th c th p dng theo trng phi M.

Ngc li, nhng dch v cn n nh pht trin v m bo nhu cu qun l, an

ninh quc phng nh lnh vc di ng, c nh v in thoi quc t th cn thn

trng hn v c th vn dng mt phn theo trng phi Ty u.

1.3. Kinh nghim pht trin vin thng ca mt s nc trn th gii 1.3.1. Nht Bn

Nht Bn l nc c mng li vin thng v nn cng nghip sn xut thit

b vin thng c xp vo mt nhng nc hng u th gii. y cng l nc c

th trng vin thng rt t do vi s tham gia ca hn 1.100 nh khai thc dch v

vin thng cc loi [II.7].

Qu trnh pht trin ca ngnh vin thng Nht Bn c chia lm hai giai

on r rt: Giai on c quyn mng li v giai on t do ho nhanh chng.

Giai on mt, Nh nc cho NTT c c quyn, h tr ti chnh NTT c th

pht trin mng li mt cch nhanh nht; Giai on hai, sau khi mng li pht

trin hon chnh, Chnh ph cho t do ho mng li mt cch nhanh chng

nng cao cht lng dch v v gim chi ph cho ngi s dng. Nh vy mt kinh

nghim c th rt ra t qu trnh pht trin vin thng ca Nht bn l: c

quyn cho php pht trin vin thng theo ch tiu v s lng, cnh tranh s tc

ng lm gim gi thnh v nng cao cht lng dch v.

a. Giai on Nh nc bo h cho NTT

T trc nm 1952, mng li vin thng Nht Bn rt lc hu, mt in

thoi l 1,8%, mc t ng ho mi l 41,5% [I.49, tr.85]. Nm 1953, Nht Bn

tin hnh qu trnh cng ty ho vin thng v thnh lp cng ty in bo in thoi

Nht Bn NTT mt n v hch ton c lp, c Nh nc bo h cho c

- 21 -

quyn khai thc mng in thoi cng cng vi nhim v pht trin mng li vin

thng trn ton quc.

T tng ch o ca Chnh ph Nht Bn trong giai on ny: Mt l, khi

nhu cu ca ngi dn vt xa kh nng p ng ca mng li th c quyn s

tit kim hn nhiu so vi cnh tranh; Hai l, cng ty quc doanh s lm tt vai tr

pht trin mng li hn cng ty t nhn, nh th mng li s c tri u trn

phm vi c nc.

thu ht vn cho qu trnh pht trin, Nht Bn cho php NTT dng

hnh thc huy ng nh sau [I.49, tr.86-87]:

(1). Giai on t 1953-1960: quy nh mi thu bao khi lp t in thoi s

phi mua tri phiu tr gi 60.000Y (lut trc quy nh khng c thu

ph lp t in thoi qu 30.000Y).

(2). Giai on t 1961-1982: quy nh mi thu bao khi lp t in thoi

mi th phi tr ph lp t 10.000Y v mua tri phiu tr gi 150.000Y.

(3). T nm 1963: pht hnh tn phiu trong nc cho cc t chc ni b nh

qu hu, cc t chc c lin quan: c quan ti chnh, cc nh sn xut cng

nghip m NTT l khch hng.

(4). T nm 1972: NTT pht hnh tn phiu ra cho cng chng thu ht

ngun vn ca ng o tng lp nhn dn.

(5). Trong cc nm 1976 v 1987-1988: NTT pht hnh tn phiu ra nc

ngoi thu ht cc ngun vn u t nc ngoi.

(6). Ngoi ra, t nm 1956: NTT pht hnh tn phiu cho ngn kh Nh

nc, y l mt trong nhng knh quy ng vn ln ca NTT (giai on

1976-1986: mi nm huy ng c khong t 50 150 t Yn).

Nh cc hnh thc huy ng vn trn, giai on 1958-1962 NTT huy ng

c hn 500 t Yn, giai on 1963-1967 l 1.000 t Yn, giai on 1968-1972 l

hn 2.000 t Yn, giai on 1973-1977 l 3.600 t Yn, giai on 1978-1982 l

3.000 t Yn chim a s vn u t ca NTT. Ring cc k phiu v tri phiu bt

buc i vi cc thu bao lp t chim 30% tng vn u t ca NTT. V vy, n

- 22 -

nm 1978, Nht Bn khng cn tnh trng ch lp t my in thoi, mt in

thoi tng t 1,8% (1,5 triu my) nm 1952 ln 36,9% (44,4 triu my) nm 1984

[I.49, tr.87].

b. Giai on t do ho

Nm 1985, Nht Bn tin hnh ci t ngnh vin thng (lc ny t nhn

ho), vic ci t ch yu tp trung khu to cnh tranh, lc ny nhu cu cc dch

v c bn ca x hi c tho mn v mng li vin thng do NTT u t

bt u c li. Nguyn tc thc hin lc ny chuyn t c quyn (bo h cho nh

khai thc pht trin mng li trn ton quc) sang bo v li ch cho ngi s

dng. T tng ci t tp trung cc im:

- Cho t nhn tham gia c dch v vin thng trong nc v quc t, chm dt

thi k c quyn ca NTT i vi cc dch v in thoi trong nc v

KDD vi cc dch v in thoi quc t (nm 1954 KDD c tch ra khi

NTT chu trch nhim khai thc cc dch v vin thng quc t).

- T nhn ho cng ty quc doanh NTT.

- T do ho th trng thit b u cui.

vic cnh tranh c cng bng, B Bu in Nht bn tin hnh phn

loi cc cng ty khai thc dch v vin thng trn mng li c chnh sch hp l

vi cc loi cng ty ny:

(1). Cc cng ty loi I: l nhng cng ty cung cp dch v vin thng trn

mng li ca mnh, y l nhng cng ty khai thc vin thng c mng li

ring.

(2). Cc cng ty loi II: l nhng cng ty khai thc vin thng thu mng li

ca cc cng ty loi I khai thc v kinh doanh dch v vin thng. Cc

cng ty loi II tip tc c chia lm 02 loi: cc cng ty khai thc dch v

vin thng trn ton quc hay quc t v cc cng ty khai thc nhng dch v

khc.

- 23 -

Tnh n thng 3/1992, Nht Bn c hn 1.000 cng ty khai thc dch v

vin thng, trong c 70 cng ty loi I, 1.036 cng ty loi II (36 cng ty khai thc

cc dch v trn din ton quc v quc t) [I.49, tr.89].

Cc cng ty khai thc mi mau chng chim lnh th trng, nm 1992

cc ph ng di ca NTT gim cn 1/2 so vi nm 1985. Th trng vin thng

Nht Bn tng t 8.000 t Yn nm 1985 ln 11.800 t Yn nm 1990, t tc

tng trng bnh qun 8,1%/nm [I.49, tr.89].

Tuy nhin, vi kinh nghim gn 40 nm pht trin mng li, vi kh nng

v vn v k thut cng ngh, NTT vn chim lnh 93% th trng, lc ny NTT i

vo u t nghin cu pht trin cc dch v cng ngh cao, lnh vc m khng mt

cng ty t nhn no Nht Bn c th theo kp. khuyn khch cc nh khai thc

mi m rng th trng, Chnh ph Nht Bn quy nh buc NTT phi cho cc nh

khai thc khc u ni bnh ng vo mng li, cho php cc cng ty mi c

gim cc thp hn so vi mc cc ca NTT v KDD ti 30%.

1.3.2. Hn Quc Ging nh Nht Bn, tinh thn dn tc l nn tng cho chnh sch pht trin

v bo h vin thng ca Hn Quc. H thnh cng vi chnh sch u tin tp

trung u t ca Chnh ph trong thi k tng tc pht trin theo s lng v chnh

sch gn cht pht trin mng li vi xy dng cng nghip sn xut thit b.

Trc nm 1979, mng li vin thng Hn Quc cn rt lc hu vi 2,8

triu my in thoi, trong c 2,3 triu my s dng tng i analogue. Cui

nhng nm 1970, s lng in thoi c lp t ch bng hn 1/3 so vi nhu cu

hng nm (nhu cu hng nm khong 605.000 my, kh nng p ng khong

250.000 my). Tnh trng cu vt cung qu nhiu dn n hin tng tng ph lp

t ln gp 10 ln so vi quy nh ca Chnh ph (ph lp t my in thoi lc

ny vo khong 2.500.000 Won) [I.49, tr.91].

n nm 1996, Hn Quc l mt trong 10 quc gia c mng li vin

thng ln nht th gii. Mt in thoi t 37 my/100 dn [II.7], tt c mng

li u c t ng ho, tc pht trin vin thng ca Hn Quc trong thp k

- 24 -

80 ca th k XX cao gp i tc tng trng ca nn kinh t. S pht trin vt

bc ca vin thng Hn Quc c Lin minh Vin thng Th gii (ITU) coi

y l trng hp in hnh cc nc khc noi theo.

Qu trnh pht trin ca vin thng Hn Quc c cc im chnh sau:

a. Chnh sch u tin u t

T nhng nm 70 tr li y, u t vin thng ca Hn Quc t mc bnh

qun 1,5% GDP, cao hn gp i so vi mc bnh qun ca cc nc pht trin

[I.49, tr.28]. Trong nhng nm 1970, ngun vn u t pht trin vin thng ch

yu ly t ngun thu ph lp t v doanh thu khai thc dch v vin thng. Thng

qua cc quy nh, Chnh ph m bo cho php ngnh vin thng c s dng

44% [I.49, tr.93] ph lp t in thoi v doanh thu khai thc dch v vin thng

vo u t pht trin mng li.

T nm 1980 n nm 1987, Chnh ph Hn Quc cho ban hnh tri phiu

bt buc i vi thu bao mi. Tng s thu t tri phiu pht hnh l 1,7 t USD,

chim 14% [I.49, tr.93] tng s vn u t vo ngnh vin thng trong giai on

ny. Ngoi ra, Chnh ph cng bo lnh cho cc c quan vin thng trong nc vay

c 1,6 t USD [I.49, tr.94] ca cc t chc ti chnh nc ngoi nhp thit b

vin thng hin i v nhn chuyn giao cng ngh t cc nc c nn cng ngh

tin tin nh B, c, M.

b. Ch trng pht trin cng nghip vin thng

Cng vi vic u tin pht trin mng li vin thng, Chnh ph Hn Quc

cng c chnh sch tng cng nghin cu khoa hc trong nc v nhn chuyn

giao cng ngh t nc ngoi, tng bc lm ch cng ngh pht trin nn cng

nghip sn xut vin thng, to s ch ng trong vic pht trin v khai thc mng

li sau ny. Nm 1976, Chnh ph thnh lp Vin Nghin cu in t Vin thng

thuc B Bu in Hn Quc v xc nh nhim v trng tm ca Vin ny l

nghin cu tng i in t. Chnh ph xy dng mt chng trnh quc gia v

nghin cu tng i in t.

- 25 -

Mt khc, Chnh ph cng khuyn khch cc tp on giu tim lc v in

t nh SamSung, GoldStar, Itelco, Daewoo nhn chuyn giao cng ngh t cc

hng hng u th gii nh NTT, AT&T, Siemens, Ericsson thng qua cc lin

doanh sn xut tng i ti Hn Quc. Trong mi tp on cng nghip ni trn u

c cc chng trnh nghin cu v tng i.

Sau tt c cc c gng v sng to ca mnh, vi kinh ph 28 triu USD (cha

k cc chi ph nghin cu thng qua cc lin doanh), nm 1985 Hn Quc tr

thnh quc gia th 10 trn th gii c th sn xut tng i in t h TDX. Bt u

l th h TDX-1A vi 10.000 s, nm 1991 Hn Quc cho sn xut hng lot th

h tng i TDX-10 vi dung lng 100.000 s p ng nhu cu trong v ngoi

nc. n nm 1996, Hn Quc trang b hn 1 triu tng di TDX-1A; 3,5 triu

tng i TDX-1B (dung lng 22.000 s) v hn 2 triu tng i TDX-10 trn

mng li vin thng ca mnh [I.49, tr.95].

bo h ngnh sn xut cng nghip vin thng, t nm 1970 Chnh ph

Hn Quc khng cho php nhp khu tng i thnh phm. Cc hng nc ngoi

mun cung cp tng i cho Hn Quc phi thit lp cc lin doanh vi nhng tp

on cng nghip Hn Quc. Ngoi ra, Chnh ph cng khuyn khch cc tp on

cng nghip xut khu tng i sang Trung Quc, cc nc Trung ng, ng u

v cc nc ng Nam .

c. Cng ty ho vin thng

T trc nm 1981, B Thng tin Hn Quc l c quan va hoch nh

chnh sch pht trin ngnh vin thng va l c quan qun l hot ng sn xut,

khai thc dch v vin thng trn mng li. n thng 01/1982, Chnh ph cho

thnh lp c quan vin thng Hn Quc (Korea Telecom Authority KTA). KTA

c hch ton c lp nh mt cng ty quc doanh c quyn v vin thng, y

chnh l bc bt u cng ty ho vin thng ca Hn Quc. ng thi, Chnh ph

cng thnh lp Cc vin thng Hn Quc trc thuc B Thng tin, thc hin tch

bu chnh ra khi vin thng. Thng 3/1982, Cng ty C phn Data

Communications Corporation of Korea (DACOM) c thnh lp vi chc nng

- 26 -

c quyn xy dng v khai thc mng li truyn s liu. Ngoi ra, Chnh ph

cng thnh lp cc t chc t vn v vin thng trc thuc Chnh ph nh y ban

t vn v pht trin vin thng KTPAC, y ban cng ngh vin thng KTTC, y

ban iu phi thng tin quc gia NCCC.

C th ni rng, m hnh qun l vin thng ca Hn Quc bao gm cc c

im ca c M, Anh v cc nc Ty u nh Php, c. B my qun l Nh

nc thuc B Thng tin nh cc nc Ty u, ng thi cng c nhiu t chc t

vn, iu phi khng thuc B Thng tin.

Trc xu th cnh tranh v cc dch v mi trong tng lai, Chnh ph Hn

Quc cho php thnh lp mt s cng ty c phn trong KTA l c ng ln

nht: Cng ty thng tin di ng KTMC (KTA gi 23,6% c phn) v Cng ty

truyn s liu DACOM (KTA gi 20% c phn) to cnh tranh.

d. To cnh tranh trong khai thc vin thng

Cui nm 1990, Chnh ph Hn Quc cho c phn ho KTA v to cnh

tranh trn mt s lnh vc. KTA c i tn thnh Cng ty vin thng Hn Quc

(Korea Telecom - KT), b my qun l ca KT c Hi ng qun tr gi vai tr ch

s hu gm cc c quan B Bu in, U ban k hoch Nh nc, cc chuyn gia

ni ting v vin thng. B Bu in qun l mi hot ng ca KT thng qua

duyt ni dung cc vn bn bc v quyt nh ti Hi ng qun tr, duyt nh

bin, duyt cc d n ln ca KT.

Thng 10/1990, DACOM c Chnh ph Hn Quc cho php khai thc

thng tin quc t vi M, Nht, HongKong trn mng li ca KT. Khc vi cc

nc khc, Hn Quc bt u to cnh tranh lnh vc thng tin quc t v cho

rng thng tin quc t s dng v tinh nn cc nh khai thc s d dng thit lp

mt mng ring hn v khng s b chng ln vi cc mng khc. Ngoi ra, thng

tin quc t l ca ng ra th gii, cc ph quc t nh hng n lu lng thng

tin v qua nh hng n uy tn ca Hn Quc trn trng quc t. Thng

7/1992, DACOM c trm v tinh u tin v kt ni c vi 54 nc trn th

gii. Chnh ph cng khuyn khch DACOM pht trin lnh vc thng tin quc t

- 27 -

hn bng cch cho php DACOM ly cc thp hn 3% so vi KT, ng thi quy

nh DACOM phi dng doanh thu ti u t mng li. n cui nm 1992,

DACOM c hn 4.000 knh lin lc quc t, chim 20% th trng vin thng

quc t ca Hn Quc.

Lnh vc thng tin di ng vn do KT c quyn. S d Hn Quc khng to

cnh tranh trong lnh vc thng tin di ng nh cc nc khc v y cng l loi

dch v nh hng nhiu n an ninh, chnh tr. Tnh hnh Hn Quc vi s c

mt ca qun i M cng nh phong tro u tranh ca sinh vin i hi phi c

s kim sot cht ch cc h thng thng tin di ng.

Lnh vc SMS c 11 cng ty tham gia, cnh tranh 1+1 trn mi khu vc,

ring khu vc Seoul c 3 nh khai thc. KT c quyn khai thc mng ni ht v

ng di trong nc, DACOM c quyn khai thc mng truyn s liu. Hin nay

chnh ph ang xem xt cho KT v DACOM cnh tranh trong mng truyn s liu.

Dch v gi tr gia tng c cnh tranh t do (hin c hn 160 cng ty tham gia

khai thc).

e. C phn ho cng ty vin thng quc doanh

Chnh ph Hn Quc thc hin bn 49% c phn ca KT t nm 1993

n nm 1996, mi nm bn hn 10% c phn. Thc cht y l mt hnh thc huy

ng vn, Chnh ph Hn Quc tnh ton rt k, mi nm khng c mt cng ty

hay t chc ti chnh no trong v ngoi nc c kh nng mua ni 1% gi tr c

phiu ca KT, nh vy sau 4 nm khng t chc hay c nhn no c th s hu

c 5% KT, nu t trng hp cc n v mua c phn ca KT lin kt vi nhau

th cng khng th s hu trn 15% c phn ca KT. Song song , Nh nc cng

cho php KTMC v DACOM bn c phn ra th trng chng khon.

C th ni qu trnh pht trin vin thng ca Hn Quc l tp trung ngun

lc x hi vo KT y mnh pht trin mng li vin thng. Vic to cnh

tranh c tin hnh rt thn trng v c tnh cht i sch.

- 28 -

1.3.3. Php Php l mt nc Tu u nhng qu trnh pht trin vin thng i mi rt

chm. n nm 1994 vin thng Php vn cha c cng ty ho, th trng trong

nc c bo h cht ch. Nhn chung, qu trnh pht trin ca vin thng Php c

mt s ni dung chnh sau:

a. Chnh sch huy ng vn a dng

n nm 1970, mng li vin thng Php thuc loi lc hu nht trong cc

nc T bn vi mt cha n 10 my/100 dn [II.7]. y mnh pht trin

mng li, Chnh ph Php huy ng mi ngun lc pht trin v vin thng

Php cng c cch huy ng vn rt c o.

+ Vn do khch hng ng trc

Khch hng khi mun lp t in thoi phi ng trc mt s tin, s tin

ny khng tnh li v s c tr dn vo cc ph in thoi s dng ca khch

hng. Vn huy ng t ngun ny chim khong 10% vn u t ca vin thng

Php. Thc t cch lm ny rt hiu qu, khch hng s c tm l mun s dng

nhiu hn mau ht s tin ng trc, nh th s to hiu sut s dng mng

cao.

+ Vn do cng ty ti chnh vin thng huy ng

Chnh ph Php thnh lp cng ty ti chnh vin thng Php SFT vi chc

nng huy ng vn t cc thnh phn kinh t t nhn. Ngi tham gia s c

hng mt mc li sut c nh cng vi mt t l theo cng thc c sn ph thuc

vo s pht trin ca ngnh vin thng (v d: nu ngnh vin thng pht trin cng

nhanh th ngi tham gia cng c hng li cao). Hnh thc huy ng ny thu

ht c vn ca cc t chc t nhn v c cc cng ty ti chnh. Mt khc, vi

phng thc tr li sut nh trn, ngnh vin thng buc phi lm vic tht hiu qu

v h ang chu s gim st ca c x hi.

b. c im ca t chc vin thng Php

Theo lut 2/7/1990, France Telecom c hch ton c lp nhng cha

c giao vn, nhn vin ca France Telecom l nhng vin chc Nh nc, v th

- 29 -

France Telecom mang dng dp l mt c quan vin thng hn l mt doanh nghip

vin thng. B my qun l v khai thc mng li c nh ca France Telecom

cn mang nng tnh hnh chnh t trung ng n a phng. France Telecom hot

ng theo c ch hch ton tp trung, hng nm np ngn sch cho quc hi. n

nm 1994, France Telecom mi bt u hot ng theo lut doanh nghip. Bn cnh

, France Telecom cng c mt b my hot ng nh mt cng ty c phn t

nhn trong nhng lnh vc m France Telecom khng cn c quyn. l cng ty

COGECOM vi 100% c phn ca France Telecom, c thnh lp nh mt cng

ty c phn v hot ng nh mt tp on. Cc thnh vin ca COGECOM gm rt

nhiu cng ty hot ng trong cc lnh vc: xy lp mng li, di ng, u cui,

phn mm, nghe nhn, u t ti chnh, lin doanh v gi c phn trong nhiu cng

ty khc. Tt c c hng trm cng ty trong COGECOM. Vi cc cng ty thuc

COGECOM, mi thnh vin hi ng qun tr mua c phiu tr gi ti thiu 20USD

cho ph hp vi lut cng ty c phn l phi c nhiu c ng. Nh vy c th thy

France Telecom phn chia phng thc hot ng rt r rng: lnh vc c

quyn th France Telecom hot ng nh mt c quan Nh nc. Ngc li, lnh

vc cnh tranh th France Telecom t chc lm nh t nhn.

Vi v th ca mnh, France Telecom c Chnh ph quy nh c cc trch

nhim nh sau:

(1). Cung cp cc dch v vin thng c bn cho ton x hi.

(2). Xy dng mng li vin thng quc gia.

(3). Cho php cnh tranh cng bng vi nhng dch v: di ng, truyn s

liu v gi tr gia tng.

(4). T chc nghin cu khoa hc.

(5). Tham gia th trng vin thng quc t.

(6). Phc v an ninh quc phng v cng tc iu hnh ca Chnh ph.

Chnh ph Php cng quy nh 03 loi dch v phn bit i vi France

Telecom gm:

+ Dch v c quyn: in thoi c nh, Telex, in thoi cng cng.

- 30 -

+ Dch v bt buc c cnh tranh: danh b in thoi, thng tin kinh t x hi

qua in thoi, mng thu knh ring, thng tin di ng.

+ Tt c cc dch v cn li u l bt buc v cho php cnh tranh.

i vi dch v c quyn, France Telecom c ngha v: cung cp cho mi

ngi bt c u, cung cp kt ni ng truyn bnh ng, phc v cng tc m

bo an ninh, quc phng, cng tc ch o iu hnh ca Nh nc, u t nghin

cu khoa hc v thc hin o to v lnh vc vin thng.

Trong tng khong thi gian 3-4 nm, France Telecom phi c mt hp ng

k sch vi Nh nc quy nh cc chnh sch ln, phng hng pht trin, mc

tiu chnh. C th bao gm:

+ Chin lc pht trin.

+ Cht lng dch v, mc tiu v hiu qu kinh doanh.

+ nh hng, mc tiu chnh sch cc ph.

+ nh hng cc chnh sch x hi, lao ng, tin lng.

+ Mc np ngn sch.

+ Phng php nh gi hiu qu kinh doanh.

Nh vy, France Telecom c qun l mang nng tnh k hoch ho, ging

nh cc nc x hi ch ngha trc y.

1.3.4. Trung Quc Vo nm 1980, mng in thoi Trung Quc vn cn ht sc lc hu. Tng

dung lng mng in thoi cng cng ch t 4,355 triu s. S ng dy chnh

in thoi l 2,14 triu, chim t l 0,67% tng s ton th gii, nu so snh ch tiu

ny vi cc nc pht trin th Trung Quc cn km rt xa (M: 94,28 triu; CHLB

c: 20,53 triu; Anh: 17,89 triu; Nht Bn: 38,61 triu). S mch ng di ca

Trung Quc vo nm 1980 ch c 22.000, s mch in bo cng cng ch l 8.800,

trong khi ch tiu tng ng ca M lc l 1,8 triu, n l 100.000 mch.

Nh vy, mng li vin thng ca Trung Quc thi im khng nhng km xa

cc nc pht trin m cn km c cc nc ang pht trin khc [I.45, tr.47].

- 31 -

V mt k thut, vin thng Trung Quc lc hu so vi cc nc pht trin

khong 20 n 30 nm. ng cp v viba Trung Quc nhng nm 1980 ch

tng ng vi nc ngoi vo nhng nm 1960. Trang b mng li thng tin ch

tng ng M vo u nhng nm 1950. T l cp trn trn mng li vin

thng Trung Quc chim n 82%, cp i xng v cp ng trc ch chim 13%

trong khi cc nc pht trin thi im cp trn c loi ra khi mng

li, mc t ng ho ca mng li ni th mi t khong 60%. Tng i

analog chim khong 29% trn mng li, tng i in t ch chim 6,7%. Nm

1980, Trung Quc c tng cng 1,342 triu thu bao in thoi ni th, 799.000 thu

bao in thoi nng thn, trong a s l in thoi ca cc c quan, in thoi

nh ring cn rt xa vi i vi ngi dn, vic lp my in thoi thng phi ch

t 1 n 2 nm [I.45, tr.48].

V u t, t ngy thnh lp nc n nm 1980, u t ca Nh nc cho

vin thng ch t 6 t nhn dn t. Trung bnh mi nm Trung Quc u t cho

vin thng khong 200 triu nhn dn t, nm t nht ch c 20 triu nhn dn t. T

trng u t cho vin thng trong GDP Trung Quc ch t khong 0,1%, thp

hn xa vi mc trung bnh th gii l 0,6% GDP [I.45, tr.51].

Trc thc t km pht trin ca ngnh thng tin bu in cng vi p lc

ca ci cch m ca, Chnh ph Trung Quc c nhng la chn chin lc hp

l, a ngnh bu in thc hin nhng bc pht trin nhy vt. Chin lc c

nhng im chnh sau:

a. Thc thi cc chnh sch u tin pht trin thng tin

tng nhanh pht trin thng tin bu in, Nh nc v cc cp chnh

quyn a phng ra mt lot cc chnh sch tr gip trng im, u tin pht

trin gm:

+ Hai ch th 6 iu

Thng 10/1984, hi ngh thng v Quc v vin v hi ngh Ban B th

Trung ng ng a ra cc ch th quan trng i vi cng tc bu in, mi

- 32 -

ch th c 6 iu. y chnh l nn tng hnh thnh mt lot cc phng chm,

bin php pht trin ngnh bu in sau ny.

Ch th 6 iu ca Quc v vin gm cc chnh sau:

(1). Thng tin bu in Trung Quc ang lc hu, lm cho mu thun gia

cung v cu rt r nt, cn khuyn khch v ng h pht trin thng tin bu

in cc a phng.

(2). Phn u n nm 2000 nng lc thng tin bu in tng gp 3 ln, Nh

nc c th tng mt phn thch ng vn u t cho thng tin bu in v

ko di thi gian hon tr vn.

(3). Tip tc thc hnh chnh sch u i i vi lnh vc bu in trn lnh

vc ti chnh quc gia trong thi gian k hoch 5 nm ln th 7.

(4). Trong tnh hnh thc t phi tin hnh iu chnh gi cc bu in.

(5). Nghip v thng tin bu in vn do B Bu in trc tip qun l.

(6). Thc y mnh m bi dng nhn ti.

Nhng im chnh ca Ban B th Trung ng ra trong ch th 6 iu sau

khi nghe t chc ng b bu in bo co gm:

(1). Thng tin bu in pht trin nhanh nhng vn cha p ng c

nhu cu thc t, gy ra km hm s pht trin nn kinh t, nh hng n qu

trnh hi nhp m ca. V vy, cn tng nhanh pht trin thng tin bu in

p ng yu cu xy dng kinh t, yu cu cch mng k thut v pht

trin tin hc.

(2). Thng tin bu in l h tng c s ca nn kinh t nn cn phi u tin

pht trin, phi tn dng cc chnh sch v sc mnh ca ton dn pht

trin, huy ng vn trong v ngoi nc u t cho bu in.

(3). S dng nhiu phng php, phng tin pht trin thng tin bu

in, ly hiu qu thc t lm tiu ch pht trin.

(4). Pht trin thng tin bu in phi c trng im, phn cp tng bc

tin hnh, khng nn quan nim pht trin ng u trong c nc.

(5). Nng cao cht lng phc v v phm cht cn b cng nhn vin.

- 33 -

(6). Xy dng nhanh lc lng lnh o cc cp.

Nh vy, c hai ch th ny u c chung mt im l khuyn khch, u tin,

vn dng tt c mi ngun lc pht trin thng tin bu in, xem thng tin bu

in l mt ngnh then cht c kh nng thc y s pht trin ca cc ngnh khc.

+ Phng chm 16 ch Thng tr quy hoch, iu phi kt hp, phn cp

ph trch, lin hp xy dng

16 ch ny c ngha l: Thng nht quy hoch, kt hp trung ng vi a

phng, phn cng phn cp ph trch, cng nhau xy dng. Ngay ngha ca 16

ch ny cng ni ln quan im ng n ca ng v Nh nc Trung Quc

i vi s nghip pht trin thng tin bu in. Thng tin bu in c c im l

lin hp tc nghip ton trnh ton mng nn cn c s thng nht v quy hoch,

nhng gc vn dng pht trin thc t, mi a phng u c khuyn khch

linh ng, sng to theo c th ca mnh a ngnh thng tin bu in ca a

phng mnh pht trin nhanh nht.

+ Chnh sch tng thu ph lp t my in thoi

Vic pht trin ngnh thng tin bu in i hi phi c mt lng vn u

t ln, nu ch da vo u t ca Nh nc th kh lng p ng . Nm 1979,

B Bu in tham kho cch lm ca nc ngoi v trnh ln Quc v vin gii

php tng cc lp t in thoi v c ng . Ngy 30/8/1990, c s ph

chun ca Quc v vin v tng cc vt gi quc gia, B Bu in ban hnh

thng t xc nh nguyn tc tnh ph lp t thng nht. Theo , gi thnh xy

dng bao gm: Chi ph xy dng phng my, chi ph xy dng ng ng, chi ph

xy dng ng dy, chi ph u t cho thit b, Mc ph lp t lc khong

3.000 5.000 NDT, tng ng 4-7 triu ng [I.45, tr.125]. Chnh sch ny cng

a li mt ngun ln vn u t cho bu in Trung Quc.

+ Chnh sch 3 o ngc 1 v 9, min gim thu v tng nhanh chit khu

Ba o ngc 1 v 9 gm: Np ln trn 10% thu ngnh bu in thu

c; Np ln trn 10% ngoi hi phi mu dch thu c; Hon li 10% li tc tin

vn ci i t cp pht sang vay trong d ton.

- 34 -

+ Chnh sch h tr ca chnh quyn cc cp a phng

Trong qu trnh pht trin thng tin bu in, chnh quyn cc cp a

phng rt coi trng thc hin chnh sch h tr. Hu ht cc tnh v khu t tr

trong c nc u thnh lp t lnh o xy dng thng tin, tt c u qun trit

phng chm 16 ch. Bn cnh , tu vo thc t mi a phng, ngnh Bu

in cng c chnh quyn a phng cho php thu thm cc khon ph ph phc

v cho nhng mc tiu nht nh.

b. Ly nhu cu th trng lm phng hng pht trin

Gm cc chnh sau:

- C gng chuyn bin v quan nim t tng, xc nh cch ngh pht trin

ly th trng lm phng hng.

- Xut pht t nhu cu th trng, iu chnh, xy dng mc tiu chin lc

pht trin thng tin.

- Xut pht t vic p ng nhu cu th trng, kin tr lm ni bt trng

im, bo m pht trin hi ho.

- Ly nhu cu th trng lm phng hng chuyn bin c ch, m rng

kinh doanh.

c. Da vo tin b khoa hc k thut, pht trin thng tin mc khi im cao

Vo u nhng nm 80 ca th k trc, trong lc thc trng mng li

thng tin bu in Trung Quc ang cn ht sc lc hu, tc pht trin khoa hc

k thut ca ngnh vin thng th gii pht trin rt nhanh v bt u bc vo

thi k s ho. Trc tnh hnh , B Bu in ra quyt sch quan trng l

b qua giai on pht trin k thut thng thng nh cc nc pht trin lm,

v phi da vo tin b khoa hc cng ngh th gii, a mng thng tin pht trin

bng cch u t thng vo cng ngh tin tin. Thc tin chng minh l quyt

sch ny hon ton ng n, i vi cc nc u t h tng mng li hon

chnh bng cc cng ngh c (viba, cp ng trc, tng i c in,) th ng

trc xu hng cp nht cng ngh mi, h s phn vn. Ring vi Trung Quc,

- 35 -

khi im l mc cng ngh rt thp nn h sn sng t b v u t cng ngh

mi m khng phi tic r cc thit b hin ti trn mng li.

Chin lc pht trin k thut thng tin ca Trung Quc c thc hin theo

ba bc sau: u tin l tn dng ht k thut v ngun vn nc ngoi, tin hnh

nhp khu mt lot cc thit b c cng ngh tin tin u t cho mng li, gii

to p lc nhu cu thng tin trong nc. Hai l, nhp k thut sn xut v dy

chuyn cng ngh thng qua vic hp tc vi i tc nc ngoi, sau c gng

hp th, nhanh chng chuyn ha thnh nng lc sn xut t ch. in hnh l vic

hp tc ca ngnh bu in Trung Quc vi cng ty Bell ca B nm 1983, chnh t

vic hp tc ny m sau ny Trung Quc c kh nng sn xut c mt s loi

tng i in thoi phc v mng li trong nc v xut khu cho hn 10 nc,

trong c Nga, Vit Nam, Triu Tin, Ba l, t vic nm bt v p dng cc

cng ngh tin tin, Trung Quc u t mnh vo cng tc nghin cu khoa hc

trong nc, sng to ra cc thit b cng ngh t trnh quc t nhng li ph

hp vi tnh hnh Trung Quc.

Trong qu trnh u t pht trin mng li thng tin, Trung Quc cng rt

ch trng x l cc mu thun trong cc mi quan h: gia tng nhanh tin b k

thut vi m bo tnh hon chnh ca mng li; gia ng dng k thut tin tin

vi m bo tnh thng nht ca mng li; gia ng dng k thut tin tin vi

nng cao trnh k thut chung ca mng li; gia ng dng k thut tin tin

vi m bo s n nh tng i ca thit b trn mng li; gia nhp khu v t

lc cnh sinh.

d. Huy ng ton x hi cng nhau pht trin thng tin

Th hin r nt nht quan im ny ca Chnh ph Trung Quc vi pht trin

vin thng chnh l phng chm 16 ch c Quc v vin lm r trong vn

bn ngy 03/9/1990: Thng tr quy hoch, iu phi kt hp, phn cp ph trch,

lin hp xy dng. T vic nghim tc qun trit phng chm 16 ch, cc cp

cc ngnh bu in kt hp cht ch vi thc t, sng to ra cc hnh thc lin

hp xy dng thng tin gm:

- 36 -

- Lin hp vi chnh quyn a phng pht trin s nghip thng tin.

- Cng b i lin hp xy dng ng trc thng tin.

- Cng vi cc ngnh hu quan, lin hp xy dng cc h thng ng dng tin

hc.

- Cng vi cc ngnh c mng thng tin chuyn dng lin hp xy dng mng

thng tin.

- Cng vi ngnh pht thanh truyn hnh lin hp xy dng mng truyn hnh

hu tuyn.

- Bt u cho cnh tranh c mc trong lnh vc thng tin huy ng c

nhiu tng lp nhn dn tham gia hot ng trong lnh vc thng tin.

Trong qu trnh lin hp, ngnh thng tin bu in Trung Quc phi thng

xuyn tng cng ch o v m m bo nguyn tc ba tnh (tnh hon chnh,

tnh thng nht, v tnh tin tin cao ) ca mng thng tin, ng thi pht huy

c y tc dng ch o ca mng thng tin quc gia. Mt khc, vic lin

hp c hiu qu v bn cht, ngnh bu in Trung Quc gi vng nguyn tc

x l ng n mi quan h v li ch ca cc bn, bn cnh bo m ton vn

v pht trin vn ca Nh nc.

e. Vay n pht trin thng tin

Vic pht trin nhanh thng tin bu in i hi phi c mt lng vn ln,

nu ch da vo s u t ca Nh nc th va thiu li va chm, gy nh hng

n nh hng u t pht trin. Nm 1984, ln u tin ngnh bu in Trung

Quc s dng vn vay nc ngoi (vay n 35 t yn Nht) ci to mng in

thoi thnh ph Thin Tn, Thng Hi, Qung Chu, nhp khu 520.000 tng i

iu khin theo chng trnh, xy dng 600 km cp quang, pht trin 2 triu km i

cp thu bao [8, tr.210], lm bt s cng thng v nhu cu thng tin lc . T

thnh cng ny, hnh thc vay n nc ngoi dn dn chuyn t ch mt hnh thc

duy nht l vay n ca Chnh ph sang mua hng tn dng ca cc hng, vay vn

ca cc qu h tr vn ca Nht Bn, vay ca cc qu tin t quc t. Tnh n nm

1998, tng cng vn vay nc ngoi ca ngnh bu in Trung Quc ln n 6,56

- 37 -

t USD, chim khong 20% tng gi tr ti sn c nh u t cho bu in c nc

[I.45, tr.211].

f. Thc hin ci cch su rng ngnh bu in

Nhm thch ng vi thc t ci cch m ca ca t nc, tng cng sc

pht trin, theo kp tin b khoa hc k thut, nghim tc x l mi quan h gia

ci cch v pht trin, ci cch v n nh. Thng 2/1994, Quc v vin ph

chun phng n b tr chc nng, c cu ni b v bin ch nhn vin B Bu

in, tch phn qun l hoch nh chnh sch vi qun l iu hnh sn xut kinh

doanh. Cng trong nm ny, B Bu in c mt bc iu chnh ln v quan h

kinh t trong iu tit v m bng cch a ra Phng php h s kt ton, h s

ny ch yu gn vo doanh thu dch v nn khuyn khch cc n v trong ngnh

tch cc khai thc mng li, tng doanh thu cho ngnh. V th ch qun l vn

hnh sn xut, ngnh bu in Trung Quc c gng chuyn nhanh bc qu t

mng 4 cp sang mng 2 cp ng di ton quc v mng in thoi a phng.

Song song , ngnh thng tin bu in Trung Quc cng ch trng ci cch thu

ht vn u t, ch nhn s, phn phi thu nhp v h thng cc thng tin ph

tr.

g. Kin tr tn ch phc v, nng cao nng lc tng th ca thng tin

c trng ca ngnh thng tin bu in l qu trnh sn xut v qu trnh

tiu th din ra ng thi, sn phm ca n l phc v, cht lng sn phm chnh

l cht lng phc v. thc y tng cao hn na cht lng phc v, ngnh

thng tin bu in ch trng nhng im sau:

- Lnh o thu o, nhn thc thng sut, ly gio dc t tng m bo

phc v.

- Pht trin l mc tiu khng i, ly pht trin thc y phc v.

- Hng v ngi dng, nm im nng, lm vic hiu qu, ci thin ton din

phc v.

- Va nu gng va x l, ly ci cch thc y phc v.

- 38 -

- Kt hp vic xy dng phong cch mi vi phc v cht lng tt, da vo

qun chng cng nhn vin i su vo cng tc phc v.

T k hoch 5 nm ln th 8 n nay, cng tc phc v ca thng tin bu

in t c nhng thnh tch r rt v cng tch lu c nhng kinh nghim

qu bu cho vic nng cao hn na cht lng phc v sau ny ca ngnh thng tin

bu in, gp phn thc y s pht trin ca cc ngnh v lnh vc khc.

h. Tng cng qun l ngnh ngh

Vic tng cng qun l ngnh ngh th hin nhng nt c bn sau:

- Nghin cu nh ra quy hoch pht trin v chin lc pht trin ngnh

ngh thng tin c nc, pht huy tc dng ch o quy hoch ngnh ngh

(bt u tin hnh thc hin t nm 1990).

- Xy dng v ban hnh cc quy ch hnh chnh ngnh ngh thng tin v

thc thi vic gim st.

- Ch o v m s pht trin ca mng chuyn dng, phi hp quan h gia

mng cng cng v mng chuyn dng, pht huy hiu nng tng th ca

mng thng tin.

- Tng cng qun l th trng dch v thng tin, duy tr trt t thng tin

bnh thng.

- Thc hin ch cho php cc thit b u cui vin thng vo mng, gi

cht cnh ca cht lng thit b nhp mng.

- Xy dng ban hnh chnh sch k thut v chnh sch nghip v thng tin,

m bo s pht trin lnh mnh ca ngnh ngh thng tin.

i. Tng cng xy dng vn minh, xy dng i ng

T sau ci cch m ca, ngnh bu in Trung Quc nghim chnh thc

hin phng chm bn ho i ng cn b. Trong cng tc la chn cn b lnh

o, ch trng s dng v bi dng nhng cn b tr, c nng lc theo cc nguyn

tc: Mt l, chn xp c tt mt ban lnh o; Hai l, sng to iu kin y

nhanh i mi tri thc cho cn b, ti u ho c cu tri thc ca ban lnh o; Ba

l, tng cng thuyn chuyn cn b, va thuyn chuyn trong ni b h thng, va

- 39 -

tm chn cn b ngoi h thng, bi dng li cn b kim nhim, ti u ho c cu

chuyn mn ca ban lnh o; Bn l, dng bin php t chc, tin hnh iu chnh

tng i ln i vi ban lnh o. Trong xem xt, la chn v bt cn b, kin

tr 4 nguyn tc: Xem bn cht, xem mt ch yu, xem thnh tch thc t, xem pht

trin. ph t tng sng lu ln lo lng, chn dng khng hn ch s cn b

tr u t.

Cng tc o to, bi dng ngun nhn lc cho ngnh bu in Trung

Quc ch yu c thc hin thng qua h thng cc vin, trng ca ngnh.

nng cao cht lng o to, ngnh bu in Trung Quc chn gii php tp trung

nng cao cht lng i ng ging vin. n nm 1995 ngnh bu in c 7.297

gio vin chuyn trch, trong c 207 gio s, 578 ph gio s, 518 ging s cao

cp v gio vin cao cp hng dn thc tp. ti o to i ng cn b, ngnh

bu in Trung Quc s dng cc hnh thc o to ti chc, ly gio dc ti

chc lm trng tm ch o.

Tm li, trc yu cu thc t ca qu trnh ci cch pht trin kinh t, m

ca hi nhp vi th gii, Chnh ph Trung Quc nhn thc c tm quan trng

ca ngnh thng tin bu in i vi s nghip pht trin kinh t. Xut pht im

vi mt mng li thng tin bu in ngho nn lc hu, bng cc chnh sch u

tin u t, chin lc pht trin cng nghip sn xut thit b thng tin, u t

thng vo cng ngh cao, nh hng th trng, n nay, ngnh thng tin bu

in Trung Quc pht trin vt bc v tr thnh mt trong nhng th trng

vin thng ln v nng ng nht th gii.

1.3.5. nh gi kinh nghim pht trin vin thng ca cc nc Nht Bn,

Php, Hn Quc, Trung Quc

Qua nghin cu kinh nghim pht trin vin thng ca mt s nc trn th

gii nh Nht Bn, Php, Hn Quc, Trung Quc v mt phn no l cc nc M,

Anh, c, New Zealand, c, Ty Ban Nha v cc nc Ty u khng ni ting

Anh khc, c 04 im chnh cn ch khi hoch nh pht trin vin thng nh sau:

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1.3.5.1. S c quyn trong iu kin mng li vin thng cha pht trin

Ban u khi mng li vin thng cn lc hu, mt s dng in thoi

cha cao, nhim v pht trin mng li vin thng c giao cho mt cng ty

quc doanh c quyn thc hin. M trc nm 1984 l cng ty AT&T, Php

l France Telecom, Nht l NTT, Hn Quc l Korea Telecom, Vic cho

php mt cng ty quc doanh c quyn v pht trin mng vin thng quc gia

thi k ny s m bo c mc tiu pht trin mng li ng u ph khp trn

c nc, trnh vic pht trin khng cn i gia cc vng, cc lnh vc. Mt khc,

thng qua cng ty quc doanh ny, Nh nc d dng hn trong vic iu tit, kim

sot v u t i vi lnh vc quan trng ny. S c quyn chm dt khi mng

li pht trin t mc ph cp kh cao (t t l khong 30 my in thoi/100

dn), nhu cu s dng in thoi ca ngi dn c bn c p ng.

Tuy nhin, ngy nay trc nhu cu vn v cng ngh hin i, sc p ca cc

nh u t nc ngoi vi tim lc ti chnh mnh m, cc nc ang pht trin

kh c th i theo con ng ca cc nc pht trin lm vo nhng thp nin

70 v 80 ca th k trc. Cc nc s phi xo b c quyn t t, nhng cn thn

trng v ch nn lm trc lnh vc khng c mng li.

1.3.5.2. Phng php huy ng vn u t cho vin thng

Khi mt in thoi cn thp (di 10 my/100 dn), nhu cu in thoi v

cc dch v vin thng c bn ca x hi cha c p ng th phng php huy

ng vn hu hiu nht l t khch hng. Chnh ph cn c chnh sch cng quyt

trc phn ng v ph lp t v tn phiu bt buc, mang tnh rt t nhin ca

khch hng. Mt khc, s quan tm u t ca Chnh ph i vi ngnh vin thng

hoc Chnh ph bo lnh ngnh vin thng vay vn ca Chnh ph cc nc v

cc t chc ti chnh nc ngoi cng s l mt ngun thu ht vn u t rt ln m

ngnh vin thng Trung Quc p dng. Ngoi ra, cng phi k n phng php

huy ng vn sng to ca vin thng Php khi vay vn rng ri trong x hi v p

dng phng thc tr li gm hai phn: Mt phn c nh (thng thp hn nhiu

- 41 -

so vi mc li sut bnh thng) v mt phn ph thuc vo s pht trin ca ngnh

vin thng.

Ngy nay, khi x hi thng tin pht trin, cc bin php cng rn d gp s

phn khng ca khch hng, Nh nc cn ra cc bin php tng tc, huy ng

vn t khch hng vi tinh thn gp phn xy dng mng in thoi l xy dng

mt ti sn chung ca quc gia, nu cao tinh thn dn tc ca ngi dn.

1.3.5.3. Cch u t cho cng ngh ca cc nc c trnh ban u thp

nhng nc c xut pht im thp nh Hn Quc, Trung Quc, pht

trin nhanh mng li vin thng c v quy m v cng ngh th phi u t thng

vo cng ngh hin i, tin hnh mua thit b i i vi vic tip nhn chuyn giao

cng ngh. Bin php tt nht tip nhn chuyn giao cng ngh l cho php cc

cng ty ln trong nc lp nhng lin doanh vi cc cng ty cng ngh cao ca

nc ngoi sn xut cc thit b vin thng nh tng i, thit b truyn dn, thit

b u cui. Song song , Chnh ph cng phi c chnh sch u t nghin cu

khoa hc cng ngh to ra sc mnh tng hp, tin ti mc tiu lm ch k thut

trn mng li v ni a ho cc tng i vin thng. Mt kinh nghim ca Hn

Quc chng ta nn hc hi l s h tr ca Chnh ph i vi lnh vc sn xut

tng i bng cch khng cho nhp khu thit b thnh phm, ch cho php i tc

nc ngoi a linh kin v dy chuyn sn xut vo sn xut trong nc thng

qua cc lin doanh nm bt cng ngh v dy chuyn sn xut. Cn lu l vic

u t thit b trn mng li phi c tin hnh ng b, trnh tnh trng cc thit

b khng tng thch v khng c kh nng nng cp m rng.

1.3.5.4. Qu trnh to cnh tranh trong lnh vc vin thng cc nc

Kinh nghim cc nc trn cho thy, qu trnh to cnh tranh phi c

chun b bng vic xy dng y cc chnh sch, quy nh php lut v vin

thng cho ph hp vi quy nh quc t. ng thi, phi h tr cc cng ty trong

nc c mt tim lc v th trng, cng ngh, ti chnh mnh c sc cnh

tranh vi cc tp on vin thng hng mnh ca nc ngoi. Qu trnh ny phi

lm tht bi bn, cht ch tng bc mt, khng nn t chy giai on. Vic m

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ca th trng vin thng phi c tin hnh ht sc thn trng, bt u t cc lnh

vc nh thit b u cui, cc dch v gi tr gia tng, sau n lnh vc thng tin

di ng v in thoi ng di quc t. Thi im m ca trong lnh vc in

thoi c nh cn phi c cn nhc k lng tu thuc vo hon cnh thc t ca

mi nc. Ngoi ra, Nh nc cn c chnh sch c bit h tr cho lnh vc sn

xut thit b vin thng thc y sn xut trong nc pht trin, nng cao kh

nng lm ch cng ngh trn mng li ca cc cng ty trong nc.

Khi thc y t do ho, to cnh tranh, Nh nc cn quan tm qun l cht

n cc cng ty vin thng ln, ni lng qun l i vi cc cng ty nh, khng c

kh nng nh hng n mng li quc gia. Chnh sch ny s khuyn khch cc

cng ty vin thng nh pht trin, nng cao tnh x hi ho ca lnh vc vin thng.

1.4. Mt s bi hc i vi pht trin vin thng Vit Nam c rt ra t kinh nghim ca cc nc