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Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
SIMULATION OF CRITICAL EVACUATION CONDITIONS
FOR FIRE SCENARIOS INVOLVING CABLES AND
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT CABLESPatrick van Hees & Daniel Nilsson
Lund University – Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
Outline• Background and Scope• Choice of building• Fire modelling• Evacuation modelling• Tenability assessment• Conclusions• Future research
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•Is a cable fire dangerous in a realistic
building environment?
•Is cable A better then cable B?
•Suitable methods for assessment?
Background
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
Background• Prescriptive rules
• Example:
Exit must be 1 m wide
• Performance based rules
• Example:
Everyone must be able to evacuate before conditions become critical
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
• Prescriptive rules
• Example:
Only cables of class X are allowed in evacuation routes
• Performance based rules
• Example:
A specific cable is allowed in evacuation paths if safety can be demonstrated
Background
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•Fire Safety Engineering
(FSE) methods
Background
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•Develop feasible technique using FSE
•Compare 2 cables with the technique
Scope
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
Layout of the procedure
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•Requirements
•a public building
•a realistic building - FSE possible
•existence of fire risk related to cables
•data available – evacuation or fire
•possible exposure to gases
Choice of the building
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
Choice of the building
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
Choice of the building
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•Possible locations
•Cable cabinet – under balcony
•Cables in appliances - kitchen
•Vertical cable tray – in atrium
Fire scenario
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
Fire scenario•Possible locations:
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•Choice fire position:
Vertical cable tray – in atrium
from pre-simulations
Fire scenario
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
Fire scenario•Design fire
•Data from cable tests – prEN 50399
•2 cables - Euroclass D
•Cable I
•Cable M
•FIGRA value => growth rate up to 0.5 MW
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•Design fire
•Product yields from fire tests
•Cable I – carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, soot
•Cable M – carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, soot, acrolein, formic aldehyde,
hydrogen chloride
Fire scenario
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•Design fire
Fire scenario
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
Fire modelling
•Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•FDS 5 software –
parallel version on cluster
Fire modelling
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
Fire modelling
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•Evacuation experiment – input data
•Time to start (pre-movement)
•Exit choice
•Flow on stairs
Evacuation scenario
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•Evacuation experiment – input data
Evacuation scenario
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•Evacuation scenarios – 6 scenarios
•Number and location of occupants
•Exit choice
•One scenario selected for tenability
assessment (based on 450 occupants)
Evacuation scenario
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•Simulex software
Evacuation modelling
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•FED and FEC – ISO TS 13571
•FED – accumulated dose
•FEC – momentary concentration
•Combination of results
•FDS – Fire simulations
•Simulex – Evacuation simulations
•Matlab – FED and FEC calculations
Tenability assessment
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
Property Cable I Cable M
FED > 0.3
0 0
FEC > 0.3
0 41
Tenability assessment
Based on 450 occupants
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•Feasibility of the method was demonstrated in
this case study
•Cable M worse than Cable I
for this case study
Conclusions
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
•Develop method further
•Compare cables with other characteristics
•Test method for other buildings and cases
•Sensitivity of input data from fire tests
•Extend to other materials/products
Future Research
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety
Acknowledgments
• Report available at www.brand.lth.se/publikationer
• Video available at http://safety-during-fire.com/library.html