LWP-G 7-5-2, Musorian Armed Forces – Land Operations, Tactics, … · 2017. 9. 11. · DEVELOPING DOCTRINE v LWP-G 7-5-2 MUSORIAN ARMED FORCES – LAND OPERATIONS, TACTICS, TECHNIQUES

The information given in this document is not to be communicated, either directly or indirectly, to the media or any person not authorised to receive it.

This publication is a valuable item and has been printed in a limited production run. Units are responsible for the strict control of issues and returns.

AUSTRALIAN ARMY

LAND WARFARE PROCEDURES - GENERAL

LWP-G 7-5-2

MUSORIAN ARMED FORCES – LAND OPERATIONS, TACTICS, TECHNIQUES

AND PROCEDURES

DEVELOPING DOCTRINE

This publication supersedes Australian Army Trials Doctrine, The Musorian Armed Forces, 4.3, Land Operations, Tactics, Techniques and Procedures, 1997 and Australian Army Trials Doctrine, The Musorian Armed Forces, 4.3, Supplement, Land Operations, Tactics, Techniques and Procedures, 1998.

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LWP-G 7-5-2 MUSORIAN ARMED FORCES – LAND OPERATIONS, TACTICS, TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES, 2001 AL2

AUSTRALIAN ARMY

LAND WARFARE PROCEDURES - GENERAL

LWP-G 7-5-2

MUSORIAN ARMED FORCES – LAND OPERATIONS, TACTICS, TECHNIQUES

AND PROCEDURES

DEVELOPING DOCTRINE

© Commonwealth of Australia (Australian Army) 2001

24 May 2010

Issued by command of the Chief of Army D.R. Groves Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Defence Intelligence Training Centre

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LWD 7-5-3 MUSORIAN ARMED FORCES – LAND OPERATIONS, TACTICS, TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES, 2001

CONDITIONS OF RELEASE

1. This document contains Australian Defence information. All Defence information, whether classified or not, is protected from unauthorised disclosure under the Crimes Act 1914 (Commonwealth). Defence information may only be released in accordance with the electronic Defence Security Manual and/or DI(G) OPS 13–4 as appropriate.

2. When this information is supplied to Commonwealth or foreign governments, the recipient is to ensure that it will:

a. be safeguarded under rules designed to give it the equivalent standard of security to that maintained for it by Australia;

b. not be released to a third country without Australian consent;

c. not be used for other than military purposes;

d. not be divulged to a non-Defence organisation unless that organisation is sponsored and cleared by an accepted Defence organisation (‘sponsoring’ means giving an assurance that the organisation has a need to know for Defence purposes; ‘clearing’ means guaranteeing for security); and

e. not be downgraded or declassified without Australian Government approval.

Released to: .............................................................................................................................

Released by: .............................................................................................................................

(Signature)

.............................................................................................................................

(Appointment)

Date Released: .............................................................................................................................

© This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission from Doctrine Wing, Army Knowledge Management Group, Land Warfare Development Centre, Tobruk Barracks, PUCKAPUNYAL VIC 3662.

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AMENDMENT CERTIFICATE

Doctrine Wing, Army Knowledge Management Group, Land Warfare Development Centre is responsible for the management of this publication. The sponsor of the publication is Director Training and Doctrine Group. The doctrine contained herein was approved on 9 November 2001.

1. Proposals for amendments or additions to the text of this publication should be made through normal channels to the sponsor. To facilitate this, there are amendment proposal forms at the back of this publication.

2. It is certified that the amendments promulgated in the undermentioned amendment lists have been made in this publication.

Amendment List

Number Date of Endorsement

Produced By Publication Amended By

Date Amended

1. 9 Nov 2001

2. 24 May 2010

3.

4.

5.

3. All superseded Amendment Certificates should be retained at the rear of the publication for audit purposes.

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LWD 7-5-3 MUSORIAN ARMED FORCES – LAND OPERATIONS, TACTICS,TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES, 2001

DISTRIBUTIONThis publication has been distributed to a number of Training Command and Land Commandunits. A complete distribution list is provided in the rear section following the text.

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PREFACE

This publication supersedes Australian Army Trials Doctrine, The Musorian Armed Forces, 4.3, Land Operations, Tactics, Techniques and Procedures, 1997 and Australian Army Trials Doctrine, The Musorian Armed Forces, 4.3, Supplement, Land Operations, Tactics, Techniques and Procedures, 1998.

Aim

1. The information provided in this publication is not to be construed as a strategic or tactical assessment of any perceived or potential enemy. The aim of this doctrine is to provide a notional training enemy capable of undertaking conventional and unconventional operations. Consequently, the training enemy, the Musorian Armed Forces, is capable of a range of possible threats from the lower level requirements of trials through to the highest level of conventional operations, such as consideration for America, Britain, Canada and Australia (ABCA) and other coalition-level problems. The inherent flexibility of the doctrine (the ability to develop almost any level and type of threat) will significantly reduce the impact of changing strategic guidance and provide the Australian Army with the means to develop the widest possible range of operational scenarios to meet training requirements at all levels and against which the organisation, equipment and tactics of the Australian Army may be discussed and evaluated. Note: The flexible nature of this doctrine should not be abused. Although it is possible to develop (almost) any level of threat, unit commanders should confine their level of threat to that contained within current strategic and Army guidance.

2. The Australian Defence Force Publication – Operation Series 17 (ADFP 17), Joint Exercises and Training details the procedures for planning and conducting joint and combined exercises within the Australian Defence Force. It is recommended that ADFP 17 be consulted prior to planning an exercise utilising the Musorian training enemy.

3. This publication is part of the new doctrine which replaces Australian Army Manual of Land Warfare (MLW) 3.2.2, The Musorian Armed Forces, 1980 and MLW 3.2.3, The Kamarian Armed Forces, 1983. Under this new doctrine, the Musorian Armed Forces assume the role of the Australian Army’s sole training enemy1. The new doctrine, which was initially released as Army Trials Doctrine (ATD) Series 4, provided the user with a far more detailed training enemy than has previously been available. The new training enemy is still based on the fictitious nation of Musoria, with the Musorian Series doctrine consisting of the following:

a. LWD 7-5-2, Musorian Armed Forces Aide-memoire, 2001, and

b. LWP-G 7-5-2, Musorian Armed Forces – Land Operations, Tactics, Techniques and Procedures, 2001.

Authority

4. LWP-G 7-5-2, Musorian Armed Forces – Land Operations, Tactics, Techniques and Procedures, 2001 has been released for the purpose of training, evaluation and comment by selected subject matter experts. The Director Training and Doctrine Group has the authority to issue this publication for limited distribution, as per the distribution list, and for a prescribed life span. Subject matter advisers are requested to analyse

1 The Kamarian Military Forces are still used in joint exercises at the operational level.

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and comment on Developing Doctrine LWP-G 7-5-2 by 31 March 2002. This will enable the final LWP-G 7-5-2 to be published as fully endorsed doctrine by mid 2002.

5. This publication may be used for training purposes until March 2002. Furthermore, users are authorised to use developing doctrine for training purposes except where the detail in this publication overlaps with current endorsed safety doctrine. In this case the current endorsed range safety publication has primacy.

6. The sponsor for LWP-G 7-5-2 Musorian Armed Forces – Land Operations, Tactics, Techniques and Procedures, 2001 is the Land Warfare Development Centre. Comments are to be forwarded to Doctrine Wing, Training and Doctrine Group, Land Warfare Development Centre.

Level

7. This publication is for use by officers of all corps either as commanders, staff officers or trainees in training establishments.

Scope

8. LWP-G 7-5-2 attempts to present a generic force order of battle, capable of providing the widest range of possible military capabilities in such a way that a multitude of organisations and equipment can be utilised for any exercise scenario. By using a flexible style of development, exercise planners can tailor a training enemy (from squad to division; conventional or unconventional) to suit any particular training requirement. Additionally, the exercise planner has the option of training against an enemy whose base structure is composed of special purpose forces, an infantry division, a motorised or mechanised infantry division and an armoured division. In utilising these features however, unit commanders should remain cognisant of the parameters provided by current strategic and Army guidance.

On-line Doctrine

9. This and other doctrine publications are available via the Army Doctrine Electronic Library website located at: http://adel.defence.gov.au. Paper copies may be out of date. The Army Doctrine Electronic Library is the authoritative source for current doctrine. Users are to ensure currency of all doctrine publications against the Army Doctrine Electronic Library.

Gender

10. This publication has been prepared with gender-neutral language.

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CONTENTS

CONDITIONS OF RELEASE iv

AMENDMENT CERTIFICATE v

DISTRIBUTION vi

PREFACE vii

CONTENTS ix

ABBREVIATIONS xxiii

PART ONE. LAND CONCEPT FOR OPERATIONS 1-1

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS 1-1

SECTION 1-1. INTRODUCTION 1-1General 1-1Tactical Principles and Factors 1-2Force Development 1-3

SECTION 1-2. COMBAT FORCES 1-4Combined Arms 1-4Infantry Forces 1-4Armoured Forces 1-4

SECTION 1-3. COMBAT SUPPORT FORCES 1-5Anti-armour 1-5Artillery 1-5Aviation 1-7Engineers 1-7Intelligence 1-7Communications 1-8

SECTION 1-4. SPECIALIST TECHNIQUES 1-8Combat Surveillance 1-8Electronic Warfare 1-9Reconnaissance 1-10

SECTION 1-5. ECHELONS AND RESERVES 1-11

SECTION 1-6. CHEMICAL OPERATIONS 1-11General 1-11Organisation for Chemical Operations 1-12Training 1-12Employment of Chemical Weapons 1-12

CHAPTER 2 OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS 2-1

SECTION 2-1. INTRODUCTION 2-1General 2-1Types of Offensive Operations 2-1Forms of Offensive Manoeuvre 2-1

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SECTION 2-2. ECHELONS, RESERVES AND OBJECTIVES 2-5Echelons 2-5Reserves 2-6Objectives 2-7

SECTION 2-3. THE ADVANCE TO CONTACT 2-7General 2-7Divisional Tactical Guidelines 2-8Conduct of Advance 2-9Combat Support 2-10Control of the Tactical March 2-11Action on Contact 2-11

SECTION 2-4. THE PURSUIT 2-12General 2-12Tactical Guidelines 2-12Conduct of the Pursuit 2-12

SECTION 2-5. THE ATTACK - BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 2-14General 2-14Types of Attack 2-15Tactical Guidelines 2-15Frontages and Depths of Objectives in the Attack 2-16Timings and Rate of Advance in the Attack 2-16Spacing 2-17

SECTION 2-6. THE ENCOUNTER BATTLE 2-17General 2-17

CHAPTER 3 DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS 3-1

SECTION 3-1. INTRODUCTION 3-1General 3-1Types of Defensive Operations 3-1Defence Zones 3-2Echelons and Reserves 3-4

SECTION 3-2. AREA DEFENCE 3-5General 3-5Tactical Guidelines 3-6Conduct of Divisional Area Defence 3-8Summary 3-25

SECTION 3-3. MOBILE DEFENCE 3-26General 3-26Conduct of Divisional Mobile Defence 3-27

SECTION 3-4. DELAYING ACTION 3-29

SECTION 3-5. THE WITHDRAWAL 3-29General 3-29Infantry in the Withdrawal 3-29Mechanised Infantry and Tank Forces in the Withdrawal 3-30

SECTION 3-6. THE RETIREMENT 3-31

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CHAPTER 4 SPECIAL OPERATIONS 4-1

SECTION 4-1. INTRODUCTION 4-1General 4-1Campaign Planning 4-1Campaign Phases 4-2Command, Control and Communications 4-3Command and Control in the Target Country 4-3Communications 4-3Reconnaissance and Surveillance 4-4Characteristics 4-5Targeting Criteria 4-6Deception 4-6Propaganda 4-7Types of Operations 4-7Administrative Support to Special Operations 4-10Self-sufficiency in the Area of Operations 4-10Conclusion 4-11

PART TWO. TACTICS, TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 5-1

CHAPTER 5 RECONNAISSANCE 5-1

SECTION 5-1. INTRODUCTION 5-1

SECTION 5-2. PRINCIPLES 5-1General 5-1Focus 5-2Continuity 5-2Aggression 5-2Timeliness 5-3Accuracy 5-3Reliability 5-3

SECTION 5-3. ZONES OF RECONNAISSANCE RESPONSIBILITY 5-3General 5-3Resources 5-4Reconnaissance Troop Control 5-5Chief of Reconnaissance 5-5Division Organisations and Assets 5-5Divisional Reconnaissance Battalion 5-5Artillery Assets 5-8Engineer Assets 5-8Chemical Assets 5-8Brigade Organisations and Assets 5-8Brigade Reconnaissance Company 5-8Artillery Assets 5-8Engineer Assets 5-8Chemical Assets 5-9Battalion Organisations and Assets 5-9Air Reconnaissance Assets 5-9Reconnaissance Groupings 5-9

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SECTION 5-4. RECONNAISSANCE ELEMENTS 5-10General 5-10Observer 5-10Observation Post 5-10Patrol Squad 5-10Reconnaissance Team 5-10Reconnaissance Ambush Team 5-10Reconnaissance Detachment 5-11

SECTION 5-5. RECONNAISSANCE PATROLS 5-12General 5-12Independent Reconnaissance Patrol 5-13Combat Reconnaissance Patrol 5-13Officer Reconnaissance Patrol 5-14Commander’s Reconnaissance 5-14Engineer Reconnaissance Patrol 5-14Chemical Reconnaissance Patrol 5-14

SECTION 5-6. RECONNAISSANCE PATROL METHODS 5-15General 5-15Observation 5-15Raids 5-15Ambush 5-16Reconnaissance by Combat 5-16Reconnaissance Group 5-16

SECTION 5-7. RECONNAISSANCE DATA COLLECTION 5-17General 5-17

SECTION 5-8. RECONNAISSANCE DURING THE PHASES OF BATTLE 5-17General 5-17In the Advance 5-17In the Penetration Battle 5-19Reconnaissance by Combat 5-19In the Enemy Depth 5-20In the Defence 5-20

SECTION 5-9. RECONNAISSANCE UNDER SPECIAL CONDITIONS 5-21General 5-21Mountains 5-21Forests/Jungle 5-21Desert 5-21Cities 5-22

CHAPTER 6 INFANTRY AND THE COMBINED ARMS TEAM- GENERAL 6-1


SECTION 6-2. MECHANISED FORCES 6-1

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SECTION 6-3. AIRBORNE AND HELIBORNE FORCES 6-2Introduction 6-2Airborne Operations 6-2Principles of Airborne Operations 6-3Preparation for an Airborne Assault 6-3Airborne Tactics 6-4Air Movement 6-5Air-drops 6-5Drop Zone Procedures 6-5Movement to the Objective 6-6The Attack 6-7The Defence 6-8Link-up 6-9Heliborne Operations 6-9Doctrine 6-9Missions 6-10Conduct of Operations 6-10

SECTION 6-4. INFANTRY WEAPONS AND SUPPORTING ARMS EQUIPMENT 6-10Battalion Weapons 6-10

ANNEX: A. Weapon Penetration and Armour Protection 6A-1

CHAPTER 7 INFANTRY AND THE COMBINED ARMS TEAM- OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS 7-1


SECTION 7-2. THE ADVANCE TO CONTACT 7-1Introduction 7-1Considerations 7-1Groupings and Organisation for Combat 7-2Planning the March 7-4

SECTION 7-3. THE ATTACK 7-6Types of Attack 7-6The Encounter (Meeting) Battle 7-6Conduct of the Encounter (Meeting) Battle 7-7The Quick and Deliberate Attack 7-9

SECTION 7-4. THE BRIGADE ATTACK 7-10Description 7-10Scenario 7-10Planning and Reconnaissance 7-12Deployment of First Echelon Battalions for the Assault 7-13Coordination for the Assault 7-14Brigade Second Echelon Commitment 7-14

SECTION 7-5. THE BATTALION ATTACK 7-15Formations 7-15Combat Support 7-15Attack Frontages and Formations 7-15Command and Control 7-17Breakthrough from the March 7-17Breakthrough from a Position in Close Contact 7-18

SECTION 7-6. THE PURSUIT 7-21

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SECTION 7-7. CONDUCT OF THE TANK BATTALION ATTACK 7-21Attack on a Prepared Position 7-23Second Echelon Tank Battalion in a Brigade Attack of a PreparedPosition 7-25Attack on an Enemy Hasty Defence 7-26Pursuit 7-26

SECTION 7-8. OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS IN URBAN TERRAIN 7-27General 7-27Doctrine 7-27Offensive Tactics 7-30

SECTION 7-9. TACTICAL RIVER CROSSINGS 7-32General 7-32The Considerations of a Tactical River Crossing 7-33Equipment and Organisation 7-33Types of Assault Crossing 7-34Assault Crossing From the March 7-34Prepared River Crossings 7-40

CHAPTER 8 INFANTRY IN DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS 8-1

SECTION 8-1. INTRODUCTION 8-1General 8-1Philosophy of Defence 8-1Principles 8-1Siting Factors 8-2Direct Fire Planning 8-2Use of Natural Obstacles 8-2Frontages 8-3

SECTION 8-2. THE BATTALION IN DEFENCE 8-3Battalion Defence 8-3Chain of Command 8-3Staff 8-3Combined Arms Operations 8-4Conduct of a Battalion Defence 8-4Conduct of the Defence 8-9

SECTION 8-3. CONDUCT OF A TANK BATTALION DEFENCE 8-10Introduction 8-10The Tank Battalion 8-10Tank Battalion in Defence 8-11

SECTION 8-4. THE MECHANISED COMPANY IN DEFENCE 8-14Company Defensive Considerations 8-14The Conduct of a Company Defence 8-18

SECTION 8-5. EMPLOYMENT OF SUPPORTING ARMS AND WEAPONS INDEFENCE 8-25Fire Plan 8-25Artillery in Support of Infantry 8-26Anti-tank 8-27Tanks 8-27AGS-17 8-28Engineers 8-28Air Defence 8-32Nuclear and Chemical Defence 8-32Night Defence 8-32

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SECTION 8-6. WITHDRAWAL OPERATIONS 8-33General 8-33Conduct of the Withdrawal 8-33

SECTION 8-7. DEFENSIVE TRENCH WORKS 8-34Company/Platoon Level Trench Works 8-34Positioning Squad and Platoon Defences 8-35Construction Sequence 8-36Platoon Positions 8-38Obstacle Plans 8-46Conduct of the Platoon Defence 8-49Tanks in the Defensive Battle 8-50

SECTION 8-8. DEFENCE IN SPECIAL TERRAIN 8-51

SECTION 8-9. DEFENDING IN URBAN TERRAIN 8-52Introduction 8-52The Battalion Defence 8-52

CHAPTER 9 ARTILLERY 9-1

SECTION 9-1. ARTILLERY COMMAND AND CONTROL 9-1Coordination and Communications 9-5Fire Control 9-5Target Acquisition 9-6

SECTION 9-2. CONVENTIONAL OPERATIONS 9-6Fire Planning - Basics 9-7Precision and Advanced Conventional Munitions Attack 9-13Remote Mining 9-15Fire Planning in the Attack 9-17Artillery in Defence 9-20Counter Bombardment 9-23

SECTION 9-3. ARTILLERY ORGANISATIONS AND DEPLOYMENTS INCONVENTIONAL OPERATIONS 9-25Reconnaissance and Target Acquisition 9-25Equipment and Ammunition 9-25Deployment 9-26Movement 9-31

SECTION 9-4. SPECIAL OPERATIONS 9-32General 9-32Command and Control 9-32Command and Communications 9-32Fire Planning 9-33Precision and Advanced Conventional Munitions Attack 9-33Attack and Defensive Operations 9-33Counter Bombardment 9-34

CHAPTER 10 ENGINEERS 10-1

SECTION 10-1. GENERAL 10-1Technical Tasks 10-1Organisations 10-1Missions 10-3

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SECTION 10-2. RECONNAISSANCE 10-6General 10-6Methods 10-7Engineer Reconnaissance Organisations 10-8Engineer Reconnaissance on the March 10-8Engineer Reconnaissance During the Offence 10-9Engineer Reconnaissance in the Defence 10-10

SECTION 10-3. FORTIFICATIONS 10-11General 10-11Types 10-11Fortification on the March 10-13Fortification During the Offence 10-13Fortification During the Defence 10-13

SECTION 10-4. ROUTES 10-20Lines of Movement 10-20Route Preparation and Maintenance 10-20

SECTION 10-5. PASSAGE THOUGH OBSTACLES 10-22Types of Obstacles 10-22Breaching Responsibilities 10-22Breaching Explosive Obstacles 10-24Non-Explosive Obstacles Breaching Techniques 10-26Combined Obstacles 10-27Lane Marking 10-28

SECTION 10-6. GAP CROSSING 10-28Assault River Crossing 10-28Engineer Support to Assault River Crossing 10-29Ferry Crossings 10-32Engineer Support to Ferry Crossings 10-33Bridge Crossings 10-34Engineer Support to Bridge Crossing 10-35Fording and Underwater Crossing 10-36Engineer Support to Fording and Underwater Crossing 10-37

SECTION 10-7. ENGINEER OBSTACLES 10-38Mobile Obstacle Detachment 10-38Explosive Obstacles 10-40Speed and Methods of Laying 10-42Non-explosive Obstacles 10-43Combined Obstacles 10-45Employment of Obstacles 10-47

SECTION 10-8. CAMOUFLAGE 10-47On the March 10-47During the Offence 10-48During the Defence 10-48

SECTION 10-9. WATER SUPPLY 10-48

SECTION 10-10. COMMITTAL OF SECOND ECHELONS AND OPERATIONALMANOEUVRE GROUPS 10-49

CHAPTER 11 MUSORIAN ARMY AVIATION 11-1

SECTION 11-1. BACKGROUND 11-1

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SECTION 11-2. ORGANISATIONS 11-1General 11-1

SECTION 11-3. DIVISIONAL AVIATION BATTALION 11-1Role 11-1Tasks 11-1Characteristics 11-2

SECTION 11-4. THE AVIATION BRIGADE 11-3Role 11-3Tasks 11-3Characteristics 11-3

SECTION 11-5. GENERIC AVIATION TACTICS AND OPERATIONS 11-4General 11-4Anti-armour Tactics 11-4Rolling Attack 11-4Pre-planned Ambushes 11-5Anti-helicopter Tactics 11-6Pre-planned Attack 11-6Anti-helicopter Search and Destroy Mission 11-6Close Air Support and Aerial Fire Support 11-6Close Air Support 11-7Aerial Fire Support 11-7Air Mobile/Air Assault Operations 11-7

SECTION 11-6. AVIATION SPECIALIST OPERATIONS 11-8The Search and Attack Mission 11-9Destruction of Enemy Command, Control and CommunicationsSystems 11-9Seizing River Crossings 11-9Seizure of Vital Ground 11-9Disruption of Enemy Reserves 11-9Exploitation after Chemical Strikes 11-10Seizure of Beachheads 11-10Operations in Mountainous Country 11-10Operations with Special Forces 11-10

SECTION 11-7. OPERATIONS IN THE PHASES OF WAR 11-10General 11-10The Advance to Contact 11-11The Pursuit 11-11The Encounter Battle 11-11The Deliberate Attack 11-11The Defence 11-12

SECTION 11-8. LOGISTIC SUPPORT 11-13

SECTION 11-9. DEVELOPMENTS 11-13

SECTION 11-10. CONCLUSION 11-13

CHAPTER 12 MUSORIAN SPECIAL OPERATIONS 12-1

SECTION 12-1. THE NATURE OF SPECIAL OPERATIONS 12-1Introduction 12-1

SECTION 12-2. THE ROLE OF SPECIAL FORCES 12-2Tasks 12-2

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SECTION 12-3. COMMAND STRUCTURES AND ORGANISATIONS 12-3Command Component 12-3Combat Components of the Raider Brigade 12-5Special Forces Battalion 12-5Strike Battalion 12-7Special Operations Command Support Battalion 12-10Service Support Battalion 12-11

SECTION 12-4. THE CONDUCT OF SPECIAL OPERATIONS 12-11Phases 12-11Insertion and Extraction 12-12Methods of Insertion and Extraction 12-12Resupply Techniques 12-16Reconnaissance Operations 12-17Offensive Operations 12-18Support Operations 12-19Combat Search and Rescue Operations 12-19Training Assistance Operations 12-19

CHAPTER 13 LOGISTICS IN SUPPORT OF OPERATIONS 13-1Scope 13-1

SECTION 13-1. INTRODUCTION TO LOGISTICS 13-1War and Logistics 13-1Logistic Principles 13-2

SECTION 13-2. LOGISTIC OPERATIONS 13-6Organisation of the Rear 13-6Strategic Logistics 13-6Operational Logistics 13-7Tactical Logistics 13-8

SECTION 13-3. DISTRIBUTION 13-10Supply Operations 13-11Transport Operations 13-19Salvage and Destruction 13-20

SECTION 13-4. MATERIEL SUPPORT 13-20Equipment Maintenance, Recovery and Repair 13-20Recovery and Repair During Combat 13-22Technical Services 13-22Organisational Maintenance Services 13-23Maintenance Responsibilities 13-23

SECTION 13-5. PERSONNEL SUPPORT 13-24Health Services Support 13-24Anticipated Loss Rates 13-26Traffic Control 13-26

SECTION 13-6. SUPPORT ENGINEERING 13-26Route Repair and Maintenance 13-26Military Roads 13-27

SECTION 13-7. SUSTAINMENT 13-27Rear Area Security 13-27

SECTION 13-8. LOGISTIC PLANNING 13-28Centralised Planning 13-28Tailoring of Logistic Units 13-28

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CHAPTER 14 COMMUNICATIONS 14-1

SECTION 14-1. INTRODUCTION 14-1General 14-1Tasks 14-1

SECTION 14-2. COMMUNICATIONS 14-2General 14-2Principles 14-2Organisations 14-4

SECTION 14-3. INFORMATION SYSTEMS 14-10General 14-10Principles 14-11

SECTION 14-4. ELECTRONIC WARFARE 14-12General 14-12Electronic Combat 14-12Integration and Planning 14-13Target Priorities 14-13Information Requirements 14-14Electronic Support 14-14Electronic Protection 14-14Electronic Attack 14-15Physical Destruction 14-15Deception 14-15Signals Reconnaissance 14-15Electronic Jamming 14-18Organisation 14-19Implications 14-21

SECTION 14-5. EQUIPMENT 14-21

DISTRIBUTION 412

ILLUSTRATIONSFigure 2–1: Single Envelopment 2-2Figure 2–2: Double Envelopment 2-2Figure 2–3: Single Penetration 2-3Figure 2–4: Multiple Penetration 2-4Figure 2–5: Pincer 2-5Figure 2–6: Musorian Forces in Pursuit Operations 2-13Figure 3–1: Musorian Defence Zones 3-4Figure 3–2: Infantry/Motorised Infantry Division Area Defence 3-10Figure 3–3: Infantry/Motorised Infantry Battalion Area Defence 3-13Figure 3–4: Mechanised Infantry Division Area Defence 3-15Figure 3–5: Mechanised Infantry Brigade in Defence 3-17Figure 3–6: Mechanised Infantry Battalion in Defence 3-19Figure 3–7: Tank Battalion in Defence 3-21Figure 5–1: Employment of Tactical Reconnaissance Assets (Against

Partially Prepared Defence) 5-4Figure 5–2: Figure Eight Flight Path for Remotely Piloted Vehicle 5-6Figure 5–3: Racetrack Flight Path for Remotely Piloted Vehicle 5-6Figure 5–4: Zigzag Flight Path for Remotely Piloted Vehicle 5-7Figure 5–5: Loop Flight Path for Remotely Piloted Vehicle 5-7Figure 5–6: March Formation of a Reinforced Mechanised Company (BMP)

as a Reconnaissance Detachment 5-11

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Figure 5–7: March Formation of a Patrol 5-12Figure 5–8: Independent Reconnaissance Patrol Conducting

Reconnaissance by Observation 5-13Figure 5–9: Key to Symbols Used in this Chapter 5-18Figure 5–10: Reconnaissance in the Advance 5-18Figure 5–11: Reconnaissance in the Penetration Battle 5-19Figure 5–12: Reconnaissance During Operations in the Enemy Depth 5-20Figure 7–1: Brigade Tactical March Order 7-3Figure 7–2: The Squad in Formation Assault 7-9Figure 7–3: Brigade Attack from Line of March 7-11Figure 7–4: Battalion Commander’s Work Map 7-12Figure 7–5: Deployment of First Echelon Battalions for the Assault 7-13Figure 7–6: Plan for the Commitment of the Brigade Second Echelon 7-15Figure 7–7: Deployment of the Combined Arms Mechanised Battalion in

the Attack 7-16Figure 7–8: Mechanised Battalion Deploying from the Line of March to

Participate in a Division Breakthrough Operation 7-20Figure 7–9: Deployment of a Tank Battalion Company Into the Attack

Reinforced by a Mechanised Company 7-24Figure 7–10: Reinforced Mechanised Company Attack Through a City 7-31Figure 7–11: Mechanised Battalion Conducting an Assault River Crossing 7-36Figure 7–12: Engineer Support for a Mechanised Battalion 7-37Figure 7–13: Tank Underwater Crossing Site 7-38Figure 7–14: Tracked Amphibian Crossing Site 7-39Figure 7–15: Pontoon Bridge Crossing Site 7-39Figure 8–1: Mechanised Battalion in Defence 8-6Figure 8–2: Reinforced Tank Battalion in Defensive Deployment 8-12Figure 8–3: Company Defence Deployment by Echelon 8-15Figure 8–4: Dispositions of a Company in the Defence 8-16Figure 8–5: Company Deployment, Main Defensive Area 8-18Figure 8–6: Company Deployment with Alternate Positions 8-19Figure 8–7: Conduct of the Company Defence 8-20Figure 8–8: Company Layout in the Security Zone 8-22Figure 8–9: Squad Size Patrol at the Halt 8-23Figure 8–10: Squad Patrol Formations 8-24Figure 8–11: Anti-tank Ditch Measurements 8-30Figure 8–12: Log Barrier and Wire Obstacles 8-31Figure 8–13: Section Trenches 8-34Figure 8–14: Platoon Trench System 8-35Figure 8–15: Second Order of Trench Work 8-37Figure 8–16: Third Order of Trench Work 8-37Figure 8–17: Completed Trench Work 8-38Figure 8–18: Fortified, Reinforced Platoon Strong Points 8-39Figure 8–19: Personnel Shelters/Dugouts 8-40Figure 8–20: Individual Rifleman Trench 8-41Figure 8–21: Position for Two Riflemen 8-42Figure 8–22: Machine Gun Position 8-43Figure 8–23: Grenade Launcher Position 8-44Figure 8–24: Platoon Commander’s Observation Post 8-45Figure 8–25: Infantry Fighting Vehicle Trench 8-46Figure 8–26: Sketch of Anti-tank Minefield 8-47Figure 8–27: A Reinforced Mechanised Company Defending in Urban Terrain 8-53Figure 9–1: Standard Artillery Battalion Combat Formation 9-28Figure 9–2: Howitzer Battery in Standard Formation 9-29Figure 9–3: Battery Formation Variants 9-30Figure 9–4: Multiple Rocket Launcher Battery Deployment 9-31Figure 10–1: Combat Engineer Tactical Missions and Technical Tasks on the

March 10-4Figure 10–2: Combat Engineer Tactical Missions and Technical Tasks for the

Offence 10-5

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Figure 10–3: Combat Engineer Tactical Missions and Technical Tasks for theDefence 10-6

Figure 10–4: Engineer Reconnaissance in the March: Division and Brigade 10-9Figure 10–5: Open Slit Trench 10-12Figure 10–6: Communications Trench 10-12Figure 10–7: One and Two-Man Fighting Position 10-12Figure 10–8: Motorised Battalion in the Defence 10-14Figure 10–9: Squad Strong Point 10-15Figure 10–10: Platoon Strong Point 10-16Figure 10–11: Company Strong Point 10-17Figure 10–12: Machine Gun/Anti-tank Launching Position 10-18Figure 10–13: Anti-tank Gun Emplacement 10-18Figure 10–14: Emplacement for Tank or Armoured Personnel Carrier with

Anti-tank Launcher 10-19Figure 10–15: Position of the Movement Support Detachment in the March 10-21Figure 10–16: Location of Obstacles Clearing Detachment/Obstacles Clearing

Group in the Battalion Attack 10-23Figure 10–17: Location of Movement Support Detachment in the Brigade

Attack 10-23Figure 10–18: Typical Attack Formation, Mechanised Division 10-24Figure 10–19: Breaching a Remotely Laid Minefield 10-25Figure 10–20: Minefield Breaching 10-27Figure 10–21: Assault Crossing Schematic 10-29Figure 10–22: Key to be used with figures 10–23 to 10–26 10-30Figure 10–23: Engineer Support of a Motorised Infantry Battalion Crossing 10-31Figure 10–24: Engineer Support of a Ferry Crossing Site 10-34Figure 10–25: Engineer Support of a Bridge Crossing 10-35Figure 10–26: Engineer Support at a Tank Underwater Crossing Site 10-37Figure 10–27: Mobile Obstacle Detachment Support to the Attack 10-39Figure 10–28: Protective Minefields in Front of Defensive Positions 10-41Figure 10–29: Side Hill Cut 10-44Figure 10–30: Escarpment/Counterscrape Techniques 10-45Figure 10–31: Combined Tactical Obstacles 10-46Figure 11–1: The Rolling Attack 11-5Figure 11–2: Pre-planned Ambush Attack 11-5Figure 11–3: An Example of an Air Assault 11-8Figure 11–4: Ranges of Aviation Operations 11-8Figure 11–5: A Deliberate Attack 11-12Figure 12–1: Special Operations Command 12-4Figure 12–2: Raider Brigade 12-4Figure 12–3: Special Forces Battalion 12-6Figure 12–4: Strike Battalion 12-8Figure 12–5: Special Operations Command Support Battalion 12-10Figure 13–1: Motorised Rifle Battalion Rear Service Support Elements

During the March 13-10Figure 13–2: The Supply Chain 13-12Figure 13–3: Artillery Ammunition Resupply 13-16Figure 13–4: Refuelling of a Tank Company 13-17Figure 13–5: Refuelling a Ground Attack Aviation Flight on a Highway Strip 13-18Figure 14–1: Strike Battalion High Command Link 14-6Figure 14–2: Strike Battalion Command Net 14-7Figure 14–3: Strike Battalion Company Command Net 14-7Figure 14–4: Strike Battalion Platoon Command Net 14-8Figure 14–5: Strike Battalion Strike Support Command Net 14-8Figure 14–6: Strike Battalion Fire Support Net 14-9Figure 14–7: Strike Battalion Tactical Air Support Net 14-9Figure 14–8: Strike Battalion Administrative Net 14-9Figure 14–9: Special Forces Net 14-10Figure 14–10: Organisation of an Electronic Warfare Company 14-12

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TABLESTable 2–1: Distances Between Echelons 2-6Table 2–2: Road Movement Speeds 2-8Table 2–3: Length of Tactical March Column 2-9Table 2–4: Frontages and Depth of Objectives 2-15Table 2–5: Attack Timings 2-16Table 2–6: Rates of Advance in Attack 2-17Table 3–1: Area Defence Frontages and Depths 3-8Table 3–2: Summary of Deployment Grouping for Divisional Area Defence 3-25Table 3–3: Mobile Defence Frontages and Depths 3-26Table 6–1: Armoured Protection of Musorian Fighting Vehicles 6A-1Table 6–2: Armoured Protection of Australian Fighting Vehicles 6A-1Table 6–3: Penetration Capabilities Own Force Weapons 6A-2Table 6–4: Armoured Penetration of Musorian Fighting Vehicles 6A-2Table 7–1: Chart for Deployment in Columns 7-14Table 7–2: Tank Attack Frontages 7-22Table 9–1: High Explosive Ammunition Expenditure Norms Against

Unobserved, Stationary Targets at 10 Kilometres or Less 9-9Table 9–2: Maximum Effective Dimensions of Artillery Fire Concentrations

in Hectares 9-10Table 9–3: Maximum Permitted Rates of Fire 9-12Table 9–4: Planning Dimensions of Remote Anti-tank Minefields Laid by

BM-21 and 9P140 Multiple Rocket Launchers 9-16Table 9–5: Deployment of Artillery 9-27Table 10–1: Composition and Grouping of Typical Movement Support

Detachments 10-21Table 10–2: Estimated Stopping Power of Typical Panels 10-40Table 13–1: Locations of Tactical Logistic Elements 13-8Table 13–2: Standard Units of Fire (Rounds Per Weapon) 13-13Table 13–3: Ammunition Holdings Within a Division/Brigade 13-15Table 14–1: Musorian Armed Forces Radio Equipment Capabilities 14-3Table 14–2: Signals Intelligence and Direction Finding Systems 14-16Table 14–3: Special Forces Electronic Warfare Capabilities 14-21Table 14–4: Musorian Communications Equipment 14-22Table 14–5: Musorian Electronic Warfare Equipment 14-24

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ABBREVIATIONS1. The following abbreviations are used in this publication. Their sources are as shown.

ADFP 103AD air defenceAFS aerial fire supportAFV armoured fighting vehicleAM amplitude modulationAO area of operationsAOP air observation postAPC armoured personnel carrierATGW anti-tank guided weaponC2 command and controlC3 command, control and communicationsC3I command, control, communications and intelligenceCAIRS close air supportCNR combat net radioCOOP craft of opportunityCP command postDF direction finder/findingDZ drop zoneEMP electromagnetic pulseESM electronic warfare support measuresEW electronic warfareFDC fire direction centreFEBA forward edge of the battle areaFFR free flight rocketFGA fighter ground attackFM frequency modulationFO forward observerFOB forward operating baseFPF final protective fireFS fire supportFUP forming up placeGPMG general purpose machine gunHE high explosiveHEAT high explosive anti-tankHF high frequencyHQ headquartershr hourhumint human intelligenceIFV infantry fighting vehicleIR infraredLMG light machine gun

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LofC lines of communciationLOS line of sightLZ landing zonemedevac medical evacuationmin minuteMLRS multiple launch rocket systemMRL multiple rocket launcherNBC nuclear, biological and chemicalOMG operational manoeuvre groupOP observation postPL phase linePOE point of entryPOL petrol, oils and lubricantsRAP rocket-assisted projectileREC radio electronic combatRPG rocket propelled grenadeRPV remotely piloted vehicleRW rotary wingSAM surface-to-air missileSF Special ForcesSFMG sustained fire machine gunsigint signals intelligenceSSM surface-to-surface missileTGSM terminally guided submunitionUAV unmanned aerial vehicleUHF ultra high frequencyVHF very high frequencyVSTOL vertical short take-off and landingCommon Military UsageAA assembly areaACRV artillery command and reconnaissance vehicleATGM anti-tank guided missileEC electronic combatICM improved conventional munitionLTD laser target designatorThis PublicationAAG army artillery groupACM advanced conventional munitionAGL automatic grenade launcherAGRA army group of rocket artilleryALE automatic link establishmentASE aircraft survivability equipmentATGL anti-tank grenade launcherBaAG battalion artillery groupBAT tracked bulldozer

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BBDA Back Blast Danger AreaBMD amphibious tracked A vehicle 4 paxBMP amphibious tracked A vehicle 8 paxBrAG Brigade artillery groupBTR amphibious wheeled A vehicleBTU tank dozerCB counter bombardmentCDF Capital Defence ForcesCF concentration of fireCMTA commander of missile troops and artilleryCOP command observation postCOR chief of reconnaissanceCRP combat reconnaissance patrolDAG division artillery groupDAvnB divisional aviation battalionDHB divisional helicopter battalionDIM mechanical mounted mine detectorDMI Directorate of Military IntelligenceEA electronic attackEMS electromagnetic spectrumEP electronic protectionES electronic supportFE force elementFOP forward observation postFRP forward reconnaissance patrolGF ground forcesGMZ tracked mechanical mine layerGSP floating tracked ferryI&W indications and warningICAT image capture and transmissionIMR engineer reconnaissance A vehicleIP identification pointIRP independent reconnaissance patrolIS information system/skm kilometrekph kilometres per hourLC line of contactLOP lateral observation postLP listening postm metreMAAvn Musorian Army AviationMAF Musorian Armed ForcesMBRL multi-barrelled rocket launcherMOD mobile obstacle detachmentMRP mobile reconnaissance post

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MSD movement support detachmentMTK armoured mechanical mine clearerNAP national asset poolOCD obstacles clearing detachmentOCG obstacles clearing groupPAS precision air strikePFM artillery delivered anti-personnel minePMP truck mounted pontoonPMR truck mounted ribbon bridgePTS tracked amphibianPSTN public switched telephone networkRB raider brigadeRBF rolling barrages of fireRD reconnaissance detachmentRDM remotely delivered mineREG repair and evacuation groupRFC reconnaissance fire complexRP reconnaissance patrolRRT radio reconnaissance teamRSC reconnaissance strike complexRTAV reconnaissance and target acquisition/vectoringRTF Raider Task ForceSACLOS semi-automatic command line of sightSB standing barrageSCF successive concentration of fireSG Strategic GroupSMT special mission teamSOC Special Operations CommandSOCCE special operations command and control elementTMM truck mounted scissorTOP technical observation pointUF units of fire

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PART ONE. LAND CONCEPT FOR OPERATIONS

CHAPTER 1

CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS

SECTION 1-1. INTRODUCTION

General1.1 The Musorian Armed Forces (MAF) Ground Forces (GF) comprise the largest branch of

the MAF. The MAF GF are attempting to increase their capacity, at the general stafflevel, to conduct campaign planning whilst embracing the concepts inherent in theoperational art. The MAF GF embrace the concepts of manoeuvre theory, directivecontrol and command and control (C2) warfare. However, these emerging concepts arelittle more than rhetoric at the lower levels. The MAF GF are attempting to develop theapplication of information warfare at the operational and tactical level. Musoria believesthat the successful outcome of any military conflict will be dependent on the MAF takingadvantage of technological advancements and modern weapons acquired over recentyears. The impossibility of waging warfare successfully without a high level ofcoordination between naval, ground and air/aviation forces is stressed. To achieve thiscoordination of effort, the MAF have sought to have flexible organisations and doctrineat the higher level.

1.2 Roles. The roles of the MAF GF are as follows:

a. to defend the territory of Musoria and her colony;

b. to deter attack by any nation and, should the deterrence fail, to bring any war to aconclusion favourable to Musoria;

c. to assist in the maintenance of internal security;

d. to engage in production and construction work and aid in the national developmentof Musoria; and

e. to support the foreign policy objectives of Musoria.

1.3 Nuclear and Chemical Capability. Musoria has no nuclear weapon capability and isunlikely to develop one before 2015. Musoria does however, possess the ability todevelop and deploy chemical weapons, but at the tactical level only. The decisionwhether to wage chemical warfare will be determined by Musoria’s ability to develop anenhanced and superior chemical arsenal, as well as other political and militaryvariables. It is unlikely, in the present political climate, that Musoria would resort to theoffensive use of chemical weapons. However, should the Musorian mainland bethreatened, it is conceivable that chemical weapons would be used to stave off defeat.

1.4 Differences in Musorian conventional vis-à-vis chemical operations are reflected in armyand formation tactics rather than manoeuvre within formations. The major differencesbetween conventional and chemical operations at formation level is that conventionaltactics have narrower frontages, closer objectives and reduced rates of advance.

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1.5 Offensive Action. Musorian tactical doctrine stresses offensive action. The Musorians,however, recognise defensive operations as a necessary form of combat adopted togain time while allowing them to commence or resume offensive action, or to economisein one area in order to concentrate their effort in another. When forced to defend, aMusorian commander is expected to seize the initiative and resume offensive action asquickly as possible. In offensive operations, emphasis is placed on the use of mobilityand fire-power. In defensive operations, anti-armour and air defence techniquespredominate.

1.6 Night Operations. Musorian doctrine stresses the importance of night operations. TheMAF GF are expert in both combat and administrative operations under the cover ofdarkness. During night training, emphasis is placed on stealth, flanking movements,encirclement, close combat and the coordination of supporting forces. Attacks maysometimes be launched without a preparatory bombardment in order to gain theelement of surprise. Armour is used extensively at night and most vehicles are equippedwith night driving and firing aids. Increased use of night vision aids and weapon sightsby all ground forces can be expected in the future.

1.7 Command and Control. Musorian commanders carry full responsibility for all aspectsof their subordinates’ activities. Some commanders thus tend to take on minor dutieswhich in other armies would be delegated to subordinates. Many commanders do notuse their staff to full effect. Staff procedures in some instances tend to be cumbersomeand time wasting, leaving little to the imagination and initiative of lower commanders.When Musorian operations are dislocated, they are likely to revert to a system of tightcontrol and constant supervision. This is more prevalent at the lower levels of commandand leads to a lack of flexibility. They are attempting to improve the efficiency of theircommand chain to allow greater flexibility in the planning and implementation ofoperations at all levels.

Tactical Principles and Factors1.8 Musoria’s tactics are based on the following principles and factors:

a. Surprise and Security. The Musorians achieve surprise and maintain security byconcealing the timing, weight and direction of attack, by making full use of theirnight fighting capabilities and by camouflage deception and strict communicationdiscipline. They utilise rapid movement and employ careful protection against air,nuclear and chemical attack.

b. Cooperation. Musorian doctrine stresses that success in war is achieved throughthe close cooperation of all arms and services of the armed forces.

c. Morale. The MAF GF prides itself on the maintenance of morale within all levels ofcommand. Consequently, the MAF GF is regarded as a highly motivatedorganisation with good morale.

d. Control. The system of command posts (CP) and communications is designed toensure the continuity of control over Musorian forces regardless of enemy action.Control is achieved by:

(1) thorough and detailed planning,

(2) use of standard formations and procedures,

(3) main and alternate CPs, and

(4) duplication of communications systems.

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e. Dispersion. When not concentrated for a specific tactical mission, units aredispersed to an extent consistent with terrain and final employment.

f. Reconnaissance. Detailed reconnaissance at all levels is a facet of Musoriantactics. The main means of MAF GF reconnaissance are:

(1) Air/Aviation Reconnaissance. Air or aviation reconnaissance is currently oneof the main sources of combat intelligence.

(2) Electronic Intercept and Direction Finding. Facilities exist for electronicintercept and direction finding at army and divisional level.

(3) Reconnaissance Teams. Reconnaissance teams are organic to army anddivisional levels.

(4) Artillery Observation. Artillery observation includes the use of radars andspotting techniques.

g. Fire-power. The massive use of concentrated fire-power is emphasised in doctrineas an important tool for influencing the course of the battle. As Musorian forces donot have access to tactical nuclear munitions at present, the term ‘fire-power’ refersto the following types of conventional fire support:

(1) artillery, rockets and mortars;

(2) tank and anti-armour weapons;

(3) offensive air support; and

(4) air defence.

h. Manoeuvre. Musorian tactics emphasise mobility in offensive and defensiveoperations. The predominantly infantry history of the Musorian Army has led to anemphasis on tactical mobility, especially in difficult terrain where troops on foot cancover up to 25 or 30 kilometres per day. The modernisation andmotorisation/mechanisation of Musorian forces has provided even greater tacticalmobility. Tactical manoeuvre in the MAF GF is based on fire and movement.

Force Development1.9 In the course of Musoria’s modernisation and military reorganisation, emphasis has

been placed on the need for mobility and balanced forces. The introduction of motorisedand mechanised infantry troops, armour and sophisticated combat support equipmentover the last decade has resulted in the transformation of the MAF GF from a basicallyinfantry-oriented force lacking fire-power to a mobile balanced force with considerableconventional combat power.

1.10 The MAF GF are organised into infantry and armoured combat forces, combat supportforces consisting of anti-armour, artillery, engineers, intelligence, communications andservice support elements. The highest fixed tactical organisation in the MAF GF is adivision. However, an expeditionary army may be raised from the units of a region.Additional units may be allocated to the expeditionary army from either the NationalAsset Pool (NAP) or the Capital Defence Forces (CDF). The MAF GF do not form theWestern equivalent of a corps, but utilise the flexibility of the expeditionary army toachieve their aims.

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SECTION 1-2. COMBAT FORCES

Combined Arms1.11 Successful Musorian military operations depend upon the integrated employment of all

arms. The basic tactical formation for sustained operations is the division, which isincreasingly becoming an integrated combined arms formation of motorised/mechanisedinfantry, armour, aviation and supporting artillery elements. The mounted infantryelements greatly enhance mobility, artillery augments fire-power and armoured forcesprovide manoeuvre, momentum and direct fire capabilities. Formation and unitattachments and reinforcements are allocated in response to specific types ofoperations, likely hostile forces, terrain and operational objectives.

Infantry Forces1.12 The Musorian Army continues to be infantry-oriented. The battalion, which has a

standard organisation, is the basic infantry unit. It can be rifle, motorised or mechanised.At present some infantry divisions are motorised in trucks and others in armouredpersonnel carriers (APCs) or infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs). Where unit mobilitydepends on trucks, the tactics utilised are essentially the same as for infantry unitsmoving on foot. The army is continuing with a policy of re-equipping all motorised unitswith APCs or IFVs. Special Operations Command (SOC) contains a raider brigade, anairborne brigade and a support brigade.

1.13 The Role of Infantry. The role of the infantry is to close with the enemy and destroyhim.

1.14 The Role of Special Forces. The role of the Special Forces (SF) is to conduct specialoperations. These operations may be conducted at the strategic or operational levelsand may, rarely, be conducted at the tactical level.

1.15 The mechanised divisions of MAF GF are developing as the most versatile arm of theMAF. These formations are considered capable of employment in most terrain andclimates, except jungle.

1.16 Infantry on foot, though diminishing in numbers, is still a sizeable element of the MAFGF. Infantry formations are skilled in jungle warfare techniques and insurgencyoperations, and are also familiar with motor and mechanised tactics and the techniquesof limited war.

1.17 The SF elements of the MAF are capable of conducting operations across the spectrumof conflict. These operations include conventional operations, elite conventionaloperations and unconventional operations.

Armoured Forces1.18 Tanks are employed at all levels in direct support of infantry, motorised and mechanised

operations. Armoured formations are also deployed independently and allocatedspecific objectives. With the exception of those from independent armoured formations,tanks are generally employed as part of a combined arms group. However, whenfavourable circumstances exist they may be employed en masse for limited periods.Exploitation is the principal role of armoured units. Reports on recent Musorian tacticsindicate that tanks, even on independent operations, have some supporting motorisedor mechanised infantry integral to the force to help in the protection of armour againstshort-range anti-tank weapons. The principal task of armour in operations is:

a. Offensive Operations. Armoured units seize deep objectives before hostile forcesare able to group for defence or counter-operations.

b. Defensive Operations. Armoured units destroy hostile penetrations and, as part ofthe reserve, are used in counter-attacks.

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1.19 Tanks are also employed in direct and indirect fire support roles to supplement artilleryand for long-range engagement of armour and other targets.

SECTION 1-3. COMBAT SUPPORT FORCES

Anti-armour1.20 The Musorians emphasise the following factors in anti-armour warfare:

a. vigorous rather than passive activity;

b. massed fire by all weapons;

c. manoeuvre by anti-armour weapons;

d. effective long-range fire;

e. surprise; and

f. decisive action.

1.21 The Musorians believe that there are two main methods of destroying armouredvehicles:

a. group destruction by massed fire, and

b. single destruction by direct fire after group destruction (enhanced by the use ofintegrated obstacles).

1.22 The Musorians stress the human element in the anti-armour battle. Individuals arespecially selected, highly trained and motivated. The Musorian anti-armour policy isaggressive. All units including services have anti-armour weapons and artillery has asecondary anti-tank role. The anti-armour plan is included in all phases of war andembraces air/aviation, artillery, infantry and engineers.

1.23 The anti-armour fire plan is detailed and coordinated at the highest level practicable.Anti-armour groups are dispersed throughout columns of troops during tactical moves.

Artillery1.24 Artillery is a major component of any combined arms force and is normally employed in

large numbers in both offensive and defensive operations.

1.25 Musorian artillery support is characterised by massive concentrations intended toensure that all likely targets are destroyed. The concept of ‘fire strike’ is used. Thisconcept involves intense bombardment by all artillery weapons in an attempt to defeatopponents with the minimal use of ground troops. Artillery fire is also used extensivelyon targets of opportunity and fortifications and to support attacks by infantry andarmoured units.

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1.26 Artillery is normally centralised, but flexible artillery groups are formed to supportspecific operations:

a. Divisional Artillery Group. The divisional artillery group (DAG) may be allocated upto three battalions of NAP or regional force artillery units in addition to divisionalartillery.

b. Brigade Artillery Group. One or two battalions of the divisional artillery may beallocated to a first echelon of the brigade and controlled by the brigade artillerygroup (BrAG). A leading infantry, motorised, mechanised infantry or tank battalionmay have up to a battalion of artillery in direct support.

c. Surface-to-surface Artillery. Musorian surface-to-surface artillery includes guns,howitzers, gun-howitzers, self-propelled guns, free flight rockets (FFRs) and multi-barrelled rocket launchers (MBRLs). Their roles are:

(1) Towed Guns. Towed guns provide all types of direct and indirect fire support(FS).

(2) Self-propelled Guns. Self-propelled guns provide all types of direct andindirect FS and, because of their mobility, are well suited to supportingmotorised, mechanised and armoured unit operations.

(3) Free Flight Rockets. FFRs are employed to deliver conventional warheads atmedium and long range. They may also be used for nuclear and chemicaldelivery.

(4) Multi-barrelled Rocket Launchers. MBRLs are employed to deliver crushingartillery strikes at a decisive moment in the battle and are normallysuperimposed on important targets.

d. Anti-armour Artillery. Anti-armour artillery is incorporated into the detailed andcoordinated anti-armour fire plan in which flanks and likely armour approaches arecovered by mutually supporting anti-armour weapons sited in depth. Surface-to-surface artillery units normally have a secondary anti-armour role.

e. Surface-to-air Artillery. Air defence artillery is primarily responsible for low altitudeair defence. Air defence artillery in conjunction with fighter aircraft also has aresponsibility for medium air defence. Priority for air defence is normally given to:

(1) formation headquarters and rear areas;

(2) march routes;

(3) logistics and support arms;

(4) vulnerable points on routes, water obstacle crossings and defiles;

(5) bridging sites; and

(6) advancing troop formations.

1.27 Likely targets are protected in accordance with their usefulness. Weapons are normallysited to ensure mutual support between weapon systems and flanking formations toensure air cover at all height bands and on all likely approaches. Air defence weaponsare sited to engage attacking aircraft for the longest possible time. Though the denial ofair targets to hostile forces is the primary role of Musorian air defences, a crucialsecondary role is the achievement of a high hostile aircraft attrition rate. Air defenceweapons are deployed with all Musorian units. At formation and unit level, passivemeasures to protect Musorian forces from air attack are considered vital. Theimportance of dispersion, concealment and mobility of forces, and the use of deceptionmeasures is particularly emphasised.

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Aviation1.28 Army aviation has enjoyed increased rates of utilisation and improved equipment in

recent years. The divisions include an aviation battalion which has airmobile,reconnaissance and attack capabilities. Anti-tank, deep operations and the attack ofenemy C2 elements are stressed.

1.29 In addition to the divisional aviation battalions, the assault helicopter brigade is an Army-level formation that trains in the seizure of vital ground, such as bridges andbeachheads, and also has a significant anti-armour capability.

1.30 C2 of aviation forces has changed in recent years to ensure that tactical levelcommanders have access to appropriate forces. Aviation commanders exercise a highdegree of initiative in the employment of their forces. Aviation forces will generally notbe in the thick of battle, but will use their superior range and speed to conduct searchand destroy missions, and the seizure of critical points on the battlefield, thus disruptingthe enemy’s activities behind their lines. Aviation is also used in the close air support(CAIRS) role, to strengthen other fires at critical times.

Engineers1.31 Combat engineer units are found at brigade and divisional level. Above divisional level,

specialised engineer organisations exist with responsibilities for construction, bridgingand assault crossing.

1.32 The primary role of combat engineers is to assist the maintenance of momentum byovercoming natural and man-made obstacles such as rivers and minefields while at thesame time, hindering the movement of enemy forces. Secondary roles includecamouflage, fire protection, damage clearance and water supply.

Intelligence1.33 Musorian forces regard intelligence gathering as essential to operational planning.

Musorian intelligence objectives and activities are those implicit in any military forceengaged in war. Within the Directorate of Military Intelligence (DMI), the militaryoperations battalion is utilised to supplement unit intelligence capabilities, particularly inthe raising of an expeditionary army. The reconnaissance and electronic combat (EC)battalions and signals battalions are organic to military districts and divisions. However,the battalions belonging to the DMI are more likely to have a remotely piloted vehicle(RPV) squadron. SOC is allocated assets on an as-required basis.

1.34 Intelligence cells are present at all MAF GF headquarters down to company level.Additionally, intelligence staff are found at regional and military district headquarters. Atexpeditionary army level, DMI provides personnel and equipment to operate theintelligence portion of the operations centre of the CP. This includes data processing(manned and operated by signals personnel), analysis and evaluation, cryptographicand dissemination functions. At divisional level, the intelligence staff officer is the focalpoint for information from all sources under the control of the division, and forinformation received from outside the division. An expeditionary army’s area of interestmay extend 800 kilometres past the forward edge of the battle area (FEBA) while adivision’s area of interest may extend 450 kilometre forward of the FEBA. Althoughthese distances appear great, it should be remembered that Musorian tactical doctrinefor offensive operations emphasises rapid advances during the first few days of anoffensive. Maximum use of aviation assets assists in the achievement of informationgathering at these ranges. For these reasons, expeditionary army-level staff must beconstantly concerned with long-range planning, and divisional staff, while remainingconcerned with the immediate tactical situation, must concurrently plan for futureoperations.

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1.35 Expeditionary armies and divisions employ all their organic information-collectingsources within their areas of interest, while also relying on higher headquarters forinformation. Apart from utilising intelligence units (allocated from DMI), intelligence staffmake extensive use of the collection capabilities of various observation andreconnaissance elements of the air force, the surveillance equipment of artillery targetacquisition elements, the divisional reconnaissance unit, long-range patrols and otherorganic elements found at all levels of command. Clandestine agents are also used tocollect information and conduct subversive activities and sabotage. In retrogradeactions, extensive use is made of ‘stay-behind’ elements consisting of small bodies ofregular troops which are given specific intelligence missions. Counterintelligenceoperations are conducted at all levels of command either by assets allocated from theDMI or unit intelligence operators.

Communications1.36 The Musorians recognise that effective C2 of tactical units in combat depends upon

reliable, efficient and uninterrupted communications. The principal means ofcommunication is radio. Line, foot, vehicular and aircraft messenger act ascontingencies for this system. Organisation of communications is dependent on therequirements of the commander to meet his objectives. It is the commander’sresponsibility to organise his communications accordingly. The allocation ofcommunication equipment must be sufficient to allow the effective control of combatoperations.

1.37 Some of the principles which govern communications are:

a. Radio is the principal means of communication. Messenger and other liaisonservices are used to augment this, and for high security tasks.

b. Line is used extensively, particularly in defence, in the preparation phase ofoffensive operations and when time and the situation permits.

c. Operator discipline is strict, operation procedures are of a high order and securityprecautions are observed to the letter.

SECTION 1-4. SPECIALIST TECHNIQUES

Combat Surveillance1.38 General. Musoria has a highly capable array of surveillance, target acquisition and night

observation devices. The principles of employment are:

a. passive sensors are preferred to active sensors because of their greater security,and

b. different suites of sensors are used to complement each other to ensure verificationof collected information.

1.39 Most combat surveillance equipment is designed to complement Musoria’s philosophyof continuous and rapid action. To this end, the equipment is designed to locate theopposition, manoeuvre rapidly under all conditions of visibility and accurately engagehostile forces.

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1.40 Night Driving Aids and Night Sighting Devices. Night driving aids and night sightingdevices for direct fire weapons at unit level and below allow night operations to becarried out on the same scale and with the same intensity as daylight operations.Formerly, these devices were exclusively active infrared (IR) emitting devices but theseare now being replaced with various passive image intensification and IR detectingsensors. Ground surveillance radars are found at divisional, regimental and battalionlevel and in various artillery units. Sensing devices designed for static employment insupport of defensive operations are given secondary emphasis.

1.41 Ground Sensors. Unattended ground sensor deployment is centralised at divisionallevel. When activated, unattended ground sensors emit radio frequencies which aremonitored by simple, lightweight, portable ancillary equipment. All unattended sensorscan be emplaced by hand, aircraft and by artillery. Most sensors are capable of beingequipped with explosive anti-tamper devices. Basic doctrine requires the employment ofa chain of three to five sensors mixing detection techniques to confirm not only theapproach of a target, but also in an attempt to determine the nature of the target. Sensoractivations are monitored from the ground and from aerial platforms. Betterconfigurations have the capability to record activations at a central location. However,the process of data linking these into a fire control system to bring down immediate andaccurate defensive fire is still under development.

1.42 Aerial Surveillance. Musoria’s aerial surveillance and reconnaissance equipmentincludes conventional cameras, sideways-looking airborne radars and IR detectors.Photographic, radar and IR imagery can be processed mid-flight. A data link to enableprocessed imagery to be transmitted directly to the ground from the surveillance aircraftis also being developed. The MAF GF have an RPV capability within thereconnaissance and EC battalions of the DMI.

Electronic Warfare1.43 General. MAF GF conduct offensive and defensive electronic warfare (EW) operations

to disrupt or degrade hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) whileprotecting their own equipment from hostile jamming. Musorian EW units are capable oflocating, identifying and jamming all types of communication and non-communicationreceivers over a wide range of frequencies. At army and divisional level, specialpurpose radio electronic combat (REC) units exist. Below divisional level, commandersmay be authorised to use their organic assets to conduct unsophisticated EWoperations when special purpose units have not been attached from a higher level.

1.44 Electronic Attack. Electronic attack (EA) is used to complement Musorian fire-powerand manoeuvre capabilities by degrading the enemy’s C2 and offensive FS systems.EAs are usually directed at communication nets where signals are weak, where there isa natural background of atmospheric disturbance and where nets are large and operatein a confused environment. REC elements have the ability to conduct electronicdeception operations. Deception operations are aimed at taking the opposition bysurprise during critical phases. To achieve this, Musorian operators will occasionallyenter hostile communication nets to deceive opposing operators.

1.45 Electronic Support. Musorian intelligence is adept at collecting information for useoperationally or to support EA. During search and monitor operations, signalsintelligence (sigint) personnel are tasked with recording and locating the source of thesignals they intercept, as well as analysing their technical characteristics and operatingprocedures. Musorian electronic warfare support measures (ESM) collection agenciesgive priority to tactical, logistic and communication nets in support of combat operations.

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1.46 Electronic Intercept and Direction Finding. Facilities exist for electronic intercept anddirection finding at army and divisional level. The MAF GF intercept capability is quiteextensive. In operations, intercept units are moved forward immediately behind theleading brigades. Direction-finding (DF) capabilities are equivalent to those of intercept,although the reaction time for intercept and DF varies. Information derived fromintercepting ‘in clear’ traffic is evaluated and rapidly analysed. Decryption, however isslow. While information from DF is evaluated quickly, it is unlikely to provide asufficiently accurate fix or identification of the target to allow it to be engaged withoutconfirmation by other means.

1.47 Electronic Protection. Electronic protection doctrine relies on the exacting traininggiven to communication and other electronic operators for the prevention of hostilejamming and deception. The basic means used to prevent hostile disruption includesthe proper siting of antennae and radars behind radiation barriers, controlled radaremissions and scan sectors, the use of dummy loads for testing and good operatingtechniques.

Reconnaissance1.48 Air/Aviation Reconnaissance. Reconnaissance missions are flown by fixed and rotary

wing (RW) aircraft. The altitude at which air/aviation reconnaissance is normally carriedout varies from 5 to 1 500 metres depending on the type of aircraft conducting thereconnaissance, the likelihood of fighter interception and the air defence threat.Strategic and long-range photographic reconnaissance can be carried out at altitudes ofup to 20 000 metres. Reconnaissance speeds vary from 100 to 150 kilometres per hourfor RW aircraft, and 500 to 900 kilometres per hour for fixed wing aircraft. The distancesover which aerial reconnaissance takes place vary, depending on the type of aircraftbeing flown and the altitude at which the aircraft flies. It can be in excess of2 000 kilometres for photographic missions carried out by light bomber aircraft or150 kilometres for RW divisional aircraft.

1.49 MAF aircraft are capable of both photographic and visual reconnaissance. Someelectronic reconnaissance has been introduced, but the state of its development and itseffectiveness are currently unknown. All reconnaissance aircraft carry weapons and arecapable of carrying out ground attacks on opportunity targets. In addition, a significantproportion of reconnaissance missions are carried out by teams of aircraft on a searchand attack basis.

1.50 Reaction Time. Reaction times vary, but as a general guide:

a. Targets found by visual reconnaissance. These targets are:

(1) engaged approximately 60 minutes from first report (however, attacks mayoccur on initial contact if contact is made by aviation assets and significantdisruption is assured), and

(2) engaged by conventional artillery after approximately 30 minutes from firstreport.

b. Targets found by photo reconnaissance. Photo processing and interpretation isprobably up to Western standards, however targets found by photographicreconnaissance are unlikely to be attacked within two hours.

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1.51 Ground Reconnaissance Teams. Reconnaissance elements at expeditionary armylevel are capable of operating up to 300 kilometres inside enemy-held territory andthose at divisional level up to 150 kilometres inside. Reconnaissance by SOC personnelis mission specific and is planned and controlled at the highest level of command withinthe area of operations (AO). Previously positioned agents and stay-behind teams mayassist these reconnaissance groups. Reconnaissance is directed across the full extentof the AO in both offensive and defensive phases to discover avenues of approach,enemy positions, particularly headquarters, and weak points in the enemy defence.

1.52 Artillery Weapon Locating. Army and divisional artillery units are important elementsin the total Musorian reconnaissance effort. They contain:

a. surveillance and weapon locating radars;

b. sound ranging devices; and

c. flash spotting OPs.

SECTION 1-5. ECHELONS AND RESERVES

1.53 Musorian offensive and defensive operations are normally carried out using first andsecond echelon forces and a specific reserve force. In offensive operations eachechelon is allocated an immediate and subsequent objective. In defensive operationseach echelon occupies a main defence and second defence position. In defence abovebattalion level a separate counter-attack force is nominated. Detailed comments onMusorian echelons and reserves are included in the following chapters of thispublication.

SECTION 1-6. CHEMICAL OPERATIONSGeneral1.54 The Musorians refer to chemical weapons as ‘weapons of mass destruction’. Although

the decision to use chemical weapons must be made at government level, once it hasbeen made these are considered to be tactical weapons. When used, chemicalweapons will be integrated with other weapons available to the MAF GF on thebattlefield.

1.55 In keeping with MAF GF tactical doctrine, chemical operations are planned using thefollowing principles:

a. Surprise. Surprise denies an enemy time to react and, as with conventional fire-power, increases shock effect. Surprise is achieved by secrecy in planning,camouflage, deception, decisive and unexpected action, and rapid, massive fire-power strikes.

b. Security. Security against chemical retaliation is achieved through dispersion,careful selection of assault areas, depth in defence, and fire support.

c. Reconnaissance. Reconnaissance for chemical strikes is employed well forward ofthe FEBA. Reconnaissance elements are responsible for reporting on enemychemical weapons sites, airfields, logistics installations, and troop assembly areas.Musorian troops are well practised in the reconnaissance of, and movementthrough, contaminated areas. During the advance, contaminated areas are eitherbypassed or crossed in sealed vehicles to maintain momentum.

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d. Fire-power. Musorian commitment to the principle of superior fire-power is reflectedin the range and scale of issued weapons capable of delivering chemical munitions.Musorian doctrine directs that an initial massive chemical strike will be used toachieve surprise and penetration and will neutralise effective resistance.

Organisation for Chemical Operations1.56 Musorian forces are well organised and equipped for both offensive and defensive

chemical operations. Commanders at all levels are taught to conduct operations in ahostile chemical environment. Chemical defence elements are organic to units andformations at all levels, and chemical defence battalions are found in army and regionaltroops. The specialist chemical troops are trained and equipped for chemicalreconnaissance, identification and decontamination. Specifically, their tasks are asfollows:

a. reconnaissance of known or likely areas of contamination;

b. issuing warnings of contamination;

c. monitoring changes in degree of contamination;

d. monitoring contamination of personnel, weapons and equipment; and

e. decontaminating personnel, weapons, clothing, equipment, vehicles, defensivepositions, and sections of road.

1.57 Chemical defence battalions are rarely employed as whole units. Reconnaissance andchemical decontamination battalions are allocated and grouped as required. Chemicaldefence battalions found at regional and army level have the same role and structure.

1.58 Early Warning. Early warning and detection is provided by manual and batteryoperated devices that detect all standard lethal Western chemical agents. Automaticwarning alarms are activated by nerve agents.

Training1.59 Musorian training aims not only at defence against chemical weapons, but also to

achieve the ability to attack through contaminated areas to immediately exploit theresults of their offensive chemical operations.

1.60 Musorian use of diluted toxic chemicals to provide realism in field training has beenconfirmed. The Musorian soldier is well trained in the use of his protective clothing andis often required to don his protective suit without notice. This is intended to increasepsychological preparedness, improve combat efficiency under stress, and raiseconfidence in the soldier’s protective equipment.

Employment of Chemical Weapons1.61 The MAF GF hold adequate stores of chemical munitions for offensive use at the

tactical level. The agents held fall into the following two categories:

a. non-persistent, such as hydrogen cyanide (blood agent) and the nerve agents sarinand soman; and

b. persistent or semi-persistent:

(1) nerve agents (VR-55 and other V-agents); and

(2) vesicants (blister agents) (Mustard agents, Lewisite).

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1.62 Non-persistent agents are used:a. in advance of the main penetration, i.e. on:

(1) defiles, river crossings, and communication centres on the main axis of attack;

(2) airfields and dropping or landing zones prior to airborne assault;

(3) enemy positions to be attacked;

(4) anti-armour defences; and

(5) C2 systems; and

b. on facilities that are to be captured for use after they have been overrun, i.e:

(1) air bases;

(2) major logistics areas;

(3) petrol, oils and lubricants (POL) storage depots; and

(4) transport centres (harbours and airports).

1.63 Persistent and semi-persistent agents are used:

a. near the FEBA to:

(1) secure flanks;

(2) neutralise bypassed urban areas;

(3) restrict enemy mobility;

(4) prevent enemy access to favourable terrain;

(5) prevent easy access to vital facilities which will be needed in the near future,such as rail and road networks and airfields;

(6) block routes of reinforcement or counter-attack; and

(7) hinder enemy withdrawal; and

b. in rear areas against enemy:

(1) nuclear-related sites, i.e., air bases, nuclear depots, field artillery, and C2means (radars, ground control stations, navigation transmitters);

(2) reserves; and

(3) tactical air bases.

1.64 Either non-persistent or persistent agents are employed against:a. well dug-in enemy positions;

b. headquarters, reserves and assembly areas; and

c. along the flight path of an airborne assault.

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CHAPTER 2

OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

SECTION 2-1. INTRODUCTIONGeneral2.1 Musorian doctrine stresses the offensive operation as the decisive form of combat. The

main purpose of offensive operations is to destroy opposing forces, rather than thecapture or retention of ground. Mobility, rapid movement, fire-power and shock actionare the characteristics of Musorian offensive action. This doctrine applies at all levels.

2.2 Musorian commanders believe that victory will be more easily achieved by striking inselected areas with overwhelming fire-power and numerical superiority. A troop andweapon ratio of 3:1 is considered the minimum, but ratios as high as 10:1 are preferred.This concentration of force occurs in the area of assault, with the intention of breakingthrough the front line defences and into the rear of the enemy force to destroy reserves,command centres and support echelons.

Types of Offensive Operations2.3 The Musorians recognise four major types of offensive operations:

a. tactical lodgement;

b. advance to contact;

c. pursuit; and

d. attack, of which the main types are:

(1) the encounter battle,

(2) the quick attack, and

(3) the deliberate attack.Forms of Offensive Manoeuvre2.4 The MAF GF employ two distinct offensive tactical manoeuvres:

a. envelopment, with variations such as single and double envelopment; and

b. penetration, which is characterised by a strong single thrust by a breakthrough force.Variations are the multiple penetration and the pincer, which are normally usedabove divisional level.

2.5 Single Envelopment. Single envelopment manoeuvres as shown in figure 2–1, areused where there is an opportunity to pin hostile forces against an obstacle. Thismanoeuvre permits concentration of effort in one direction, thus seeking to ensuremaximum combat superiority over the enemy in the decisive area. The attacking unitsattempt to push through weakly defended or unoccupied areas to create gaps whichpermit the exploitation forces to strike deep into the enemy rear. A supporting attack isdeveloped by succeeding echelons to exploit the break in the enemy’s defences,encircling and destroying him.

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Figure 2–1: Single Envelopment2.6 Double Envelopment. Musorian doctrine stresses that this is the most decisive

manoeuvre, contributing effectively to the encirclement and destruction of the enemy. Itis used when the Musorian forces enjoy troop and weapon superiority and there is littlerisk of defeat. Following the double envelopment, supporting attacks by succeedingechelons exploit the initial success and are instrumental in the final destruction of theenemy. Figure 2–2 illustrates the double envelopment manoeuvre.

Figure 2–2: Double Envelopment

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2.7 Single Penetration. Single penetration manoeuvres, as shown in figure 2–3, areconducted against overextended enemy positions in order to destroy enemy reserves.This manoeuvre divides the enemy’s defences and allows his defeat. The singlepenetration is conducted by attacking in great strength along a narrow front. One ormore supporting attacks are conducted for deception purposes and to limit the enemy’smanoeuvre capability.

Figure 2–3: Single Penetration

2.8 Multiple Penetration. When a double envelopment is not possible, multiple penetration,as shown in figure 2–4, is used if sufficient forces are available to give the requirednumerical superiority. This manoeuvre consists of a series of penetrations to the depthof the enemy’s reserves with subsequent encirclement and destruction of the separatedenemy forces. Large forces are required for this manoeuvre and it is normally onlycarried out by formations above divisional level (i.e., an expeditionary army).

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Figure 2–4: Multiple Penetration

2.9 Pincer. When faced with an enemy whose flanks appear to be unassailable, theMusorian commander will often resort to the pincer manoeuvre, as shown in figure 2–5.This consists of two penetrations made to create assailable interior flanks. Mobile forcesattack through the gaps created by initial penetrations, making deep penetrations up toand including enemy reserve areas. Musorian forces meet at the rear of the enemy toengage possible enemy reinforcements. Other forces, forming the inner pincers, divideand destroy the encircled enemy forces. Supporting attacks for deception purposes andthe final destruction of enemy forces are also used. The pincer manoeuvre is normallyonly used above divisional level.

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Figure 2–5: Pincer

SECTION 2-2. ECHELONS, RESERVES AND OBJECTIVES

Echelons2.10 General. In offensive operations, formations and units are normally divided into first and

second echelons, supported by artillery, anti-armour and engineer units. A separatereserve of armoured and infantry troops is normally formed. At the infantry and armourcompany level, only one echelon is formed.

2.11 First Echelon. The first echelon at any level consists of the leading assault elementsrequired for the first phase of an operation. The proportion of troops allocated to the firstechelon varies according to the strength and depth of the defences and the frontage ofthe attack. It is normal, except in encounter battles, for Musorian formations and units toattack with the greater part of their strength deployed in the initial assault.

2.12 At divisional level in a quick or deliberate attack, the first echelon normally contains tworegiments of infantry or motorised/mechanised infantry and a tank brigade less abattalion. The armoured division normally attacks with two brigades in the first echelonand each brigade with two battalions forward. Where frontages are abnormally wide, thismay increase to three. Tank battalions and companies in support of brigade andbattalion attacks are normally allotted on a decentralised basis, for example, a tankcompany in support of an infantry battalion.

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2.13 Second Echelon. The main role of the second echelon is to pass through the firstechelon and develop the offensive by capturing subsequent objectives, usually on theaxis of the main thrust. When the first echelon is halted or repulsed on a main axis, anattempt may be made to commit the second echelon on a more weakly defended axis,or on a flank. Pressure on the original axis is maintained by the first echelon until thesecond echelon attack has been launched.

2.14 At divisional level the second echelon contains the third brigade. In an armoureddivision, most of the mechanised battalion is normally located in the second echelon.However, when heavy opposition is expected or poor t

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LWP-G 7-5-2, Musorian Armed Forces – Land Operations, Tactics, … · 2017. 9. 11. · DEVELOPING DOCTRINE v LWP-G 7-5-2 MUSORIAN ARMED FORCES – LAND OPERATIONS, TACTICS, TECHNIQUES