1

l`xyi zpicnl oey`xd xeyra ziaxrnd milyexia zine`ld zedfd ziipa

z`nahdÎodk iaew

dncwd .`

zedf ly dziipa jildzae zeine`ld ly draha wqr zipxcend zeaxzd ly dizeceqi xwg

mewnd ly mdiciwtzl eycwed mihrn `l mixwgn .mlerd zene` axwa ztzeyn zine`l

miycwn ly mciwtz ybced ,dnbecl ,jk .zine`l zedf iavrnk itxbe`bd agxnd lye

milnqke zedf iavrnk mii`av axw zecye zexaw iza ,miixehqid micixy ,zeavn ,miizc

,dqen 'bxe'b e`xdy itk ,zipxcend zeine`ld zginva miifkxn1,oecxeb ciec2oxeaqe` o`ixa3

zexagzda ober zg` `l yniye zeiekf wiprnk qtzp 'mewn'd ly ixehqidd xard .mixg`e

,xhynd ly zenefi zelerta oc mb xwgnd .zinewnd zine`ld drcezd aevirae zil`ixehixh

.ihilet xhyn lkn cxtp izla wlg mdy ,miizklnn mipglete miqwh ,zekexrz meiw oebk

etd micrid it lr ldwd zrc z` avrl ecrep mdziipada riiqle mihilyd ly miihil

zewilaetxd ibidpn cvik d`xd qenrÎoa ,lyn jxc ,jk .migxf`d ly zine`ld zedfd

.ziztxvd zine`ld zedfd aevirl ilkk zeizklnn zeieelda yeniy eyr ztxva4ixweg

eiaikxnn cg`y ,ine`l mfiheixht ly mipkeqk milnqd ly mnewn z` mb eyibcd zeine`l

zepyxt zervn`a zine`l zernyn laiw df xyw .mewnl xywd getih `ed miifkxnd

ine`ld qez`d gexa zixehqid dpigan mipey zenewn ly mzeaiyg z` dyibcdy ,zycegn

.gztznd5

1George L. Mosse, The Nationalization of the Masses, New York 1975; ibid, FallenSoldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars, New York 1990mb xe` d`x xtqd .

zengln izy oexkf ly ycgn eaevir ± axwa miltepd ,dqen 'l 'bxe'b :e`x .zixarl mebxza

.1993 aia`Îlz ,xiny inr zilbp`n mbxz ,mlerd

2David L.A. Gordon & Brain S. Osborne, ‘Constructing National Identity in Canada’sCapital, 1900–2000: Confederation Square and the National War Memorial’, Journal of

Historical Geography, XXX (2004), pp. 618–6423Brain S. Osborne, ‘Constructing Landscapes of Power: The George Etienne Cartier

Monument, Montreal’, ibid., XXIV (1998), pp. 431–4584Avner Ben-Amos, Funerals, Politics and Memory in Modern France, 1789–1996, Oxford

20005Daniel Bar-Tal & Ervin Staub, Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations, Chicago

1997, pp. 1–19

2

gekieea ernyp dligz .dizexewn lr gekie zeine`ld xwga miiwzn mipexg`d mixeyra

mikildz oia dwif exviy ,zeihqipxcen zeyib elred cg`d cvd on :miixwir miccv ipy

,lynl ,dbvei ef dyib .zene` ly oiepia oial zxeywze dxeagz ,jepig ,xeir ,yeriz enk¨

yeriz exary zexag ly jxevd jezn dclep zeine`ld ik orh `ed .xplb hqpx` icia

mfilhitwd iptle iziiyrzd ocird iptl dniiwzd `l `id jkitle ,dcig` zipeyl zxeywza

.xEirde6zeine`la d`x `ed .me`aqaed jix` did mihqipxcend mixwegd oiay mipeviwd cg`

yeniy zervn`a zeine`ld z` ze`ivnn miqxhpi` zelra zeveawy orhe ipeirx yecig

zeine`ld ,ezrcl .jtdl `le dne` zxvei zeine`ld dax dcinae ,dixehqida iaihletipn

ezprhl rxi`y itk ,mikildzl mxebd `le ,ze`ivnd ly zepyxte miyrnl ozipy xaqd `id

jxca divnihibl onvrl wiprdl eywiay ,'kd±h"id ze`na zeitexi`d zeine`ld zerepzl

.ef7,oeqxcp` hwicpa ly mqxetnd extqa e`xy dl`k eid s`zeine`ll qgia rah eay

) 'zepiinecn zelidw' mqxetnd byend z`Imagined Communitiesdyibl wefig ,(

,laewnd oaena 'zene`' mlern eid `le oi`y dxe`kl xeaigd on dler mzprhl .zihqipxcend

zeixehqid zeaiqpl m`zda dly me`ld z` 'zpiincn' dlidwd miax mixwnay `l`

daxd mdl yiy migeha j` df z` df mixikn mpi`y ,dlidwd ixag .zenieqn zeizxage

dze`l mikiizynk mnvr z` oiincl mdl mixyt`nd mitzeyn mikxr miyabn ,szeynd on

.ztzeynd zine`ld mzedf z` jka miwfgne mikxr mze` aiaq micklzn md .dlidw8

zeine`ld xwga dgztzd ,zeihqipxcend zeyibl daebzk dax dcinae ,ipyd cvd on

mibviind cg` .mc`d rah lye dixehqidd ly irah xvez zeine`la dz`xy ,zxg` dyib

6Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, Oxford 1983.zixarl mebxza mb xe` d`x xtqd .

.1994 aia`Îlz ,xe`c oc zilbp`n mbxz ,zeine`le mine`l ,xplb hqpx` :e`x

7Eric Hobsbawn & Terence Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge 1983;Eric Hobsbawn, Nations and Nationalism since 1780, New York 1990

8Benedict R. O’G. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spreadof Nationalism, London 1983,oeqxcp` b"e` 'x hiwcpa :e`x .zixarl mebxza mb xe` d`x xtqd .

aia`Îlz ,xe`c oc zilbp`n mbxz ,dzehytzd lre zeine`ld zexewn lr mibibd :zepiinecn zelidw

`l` zene` oi`y oeirxd ia` `ed oeqxcp`y dvetpd drcd zexnly ,zpreh l`xyiÎoa deecg .1999

miyxey bivne ,me`aqedn dpeya ,`weec ziyep`d dixehqida wenr rehp oeqxcp` ixd ,oeinca

iinecn dne`dy ely mqxetnd iehial qgia ,xidan envr oeqxcp` .zeine`lde dne`d ly mikex`,zp

xnel oeekzd `l `ede ,oeincd geka wx dze` qetzl xyt`e dagxe dlecb dne`dy `id ezpeeky

qgiin dixehqidl wfge cgein xyw ,ok lr xzi .zipxcen d`vnd `l` dpi`e miyxey zxqg dne`dy

mnvr z` qetzl ligzdl mdl xyt` jkae zg` oeyla mi`xew ldw xviy ,qetcd z`vndl oeqxcp`¦

mirneyd e` mi`xewd xeaivl wtiq zeitexi`d xeaicd zetyl ycewd iazk mebxz .zg` dne`k

oeixehqidde bele`zd z` l`xyiÎoa dxikfn df xywda .zg` dlidw ly dyegz dpey`xd mrta

) fbpihqiid ihixadHastingslr cgeina cnre zene` aevira dtyd ciwtz z` `ed s` hilady ,(

i`xwnd l`xyi mr z` ektd ,ezprhl ,jka .zeitexi` zetyl ycewd iazk ly minebxzd zeaiyg

mya ,'zeine`ld ly drah lr' ,l`xyiÎoa deecg :e`x .ixvepd mlera dycgd zeine`ld ly lcenl

.476±474 'nr ,dn`d

3

dveaw ly jxeva zeine`ld zrted z` wnipy ,zinq ipezp` `ed ef dyib ly mihlead

'zipz`d zeine`ld' zervn`a dcgkd iptn dnvr z` xnyl mcew meiw zlra zizeaxz zipz`

.dcegii z` z`hand zeine`l ,epeylk ,dly9d`ex dpi`y dyibd z` bviin me`aqaed

,zinq .zeine`ld zrtez ly dceqia dievnd zedn miipz`d miyxeyae ipz`d qezina

,'mihqil`ipxt'd ly mxaecl aygpe zeine`ld xwga zixehqidd dyibd z` bivd ,eznerl

ozeyabzde zene` ly ozeedzd jildza zipz`d zyxend ly dzeaiyga mipin`nd xnelk

,mipeebn miixehqid zexewn lr eknzqda .zeipbened zeine`le zeieaxz zeiedf zelra zeyil¥

zedf ziipal miliaend zegztnd md cinzn ixehqid jildze izbxcd aeviry zinq giked

.ztzeyn zine`l

dqitza dxe`kl lbec `edy myexd dler zeine`ld lr zinq azky miaxd mixwgnd on

dz`xdy itk ,szeyn `ven zlra wxe j` epiidc ,zipz` dveaw ly jynd `id dne`y

mixwgne zeycg zeixehqid zeiecr xe`l .zeine`ld ly drah lr dixwgna l`xyiÎoa deecg

,dixehqida dne`d ,oexg`d extqa bivdl ,dzprhl ,zinq xga mitqep10dixe`zd z`

Îepz`d dyibd .dligza bivdy 'zipz`dÎzine`l'd' dyibl dagxdk ,'zileaniqÎepz`'d

mb zine`ld zedfa zlleke ditxbencd one dibeleiad on zeine`ld z` zxxgyn zileaniq

,mikxr ,milnq ,miqezin ly dybcd zervn`a miixehqidd miyxeyd z`e zeybxd z`

,miinnrd micnnd z` zepiiprzdd cwena daivn ef dyib .mitzeyn zepexkife zexeqn

ly zeinihiblde d`xydd z` mdn za`eye ,zine`ld zedfd ipa ly miixqende miiybxd

zxge`nd dixe`zd z` .zg` zihilet zetzey e` znieqn ux` zxak iabl zeipxcend zene`d

xwgl zeixwird zeyibd izy oia dxyt zgqep oirn rivdl epeiqip z` xwirae ,zinq ly

,zncwend ezyibn xzei zllek dyib ef .zixehqid dyib zehyta l`xyiÎoa dpkn ,zeine`ld

lr ybcd z` dny ,xzei mitpr mixywa ixehqidd xard mr deedd z` zxyew `id ik

dlrny zel`yd ziaxnl dprn zzl dqpn jkae ,dne`d ipa ly mikxrde zeybxd lelkn

.zeine`ld zrtez11zybcd zervn`a mb zecbepnd zeyibd izy z` cg`l dqpn zinq

xyt` i`y mikqn `ed .ine`ld jildzd z` zellegnd zeifkxnd zeytpd ly ociwtz

,xard on mikildze miqetc it lr wxe j` dne` zeedzdl miliaend miaizpd z` xiaqdl

.zeax zexeqne ixehqid xar millekd miizakyÎax mipank zene`d z` ze`xl rivn ok lre

9Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations, Oxford 1986, pp. 21–46ef dyibl .

miprehe zipz`d zeikyndd z` miyibcnd ,xepew xwee bpexhqnx` oe'b oebk ,mitqep mixweg mitzey

:e`x .zeine`ld xwga zipz` zeine`l ly dzeifkxnlJohn A. Armstrong, Nations beforeNationalism, Chapel Hill 1982; Walker Connnor, The National Question in Marxist-

Leninist Theory and Strategy, Princeton, N.J. 198410Anthony D. Smith, The Nation in History: Historiographical Debates about Ethnicity

and Nationalism, Hanover, NH 2000,zinq 'c ipezp` :e`x .zixarl mebxza xe` d`x xtqd .

.b"qyz milyexi ,x`iexa di` zilbp`n dnbxz ,dixehqida dne`d

11"dixehqida dne`" ,zinq 'c ipezp`' ,l`xyiÎoa deecg.104±93 'nr ,(b"qyz) 12 ,dixehqid ,'

4

zipxcend zeine`ld ,ef dyib it lr .mdl milirend milnqd z` mkezn mixgea zeine`ld ipea

.deedd ikxevl xard ly yexite ielib `idzrcen dxigaa mb `et` dkexk dne` zeedzd

.zipxcen zine`l dne`k dlidwd z` yabiy ote`a xard z` yxtl dhil`d ly12

`ed .zeine`ld lr zinq ly ezaiyga cgein mewn yi icedid mrl ik zpiivn l`xyiÎoa

zine`l zedfl zizeaxz zipz` zedfn ekxca zeax zexenz xary wizr mr ea d`ex

miaxd minrd oiane ,dizexecl zicedid zeaxza ifkxn mewn qtz izcd aikxnd .zipxcen

qqan iperny oercb mb .mdilr exny zewfgd mdizezcy dl` ecxy ,wizrd mlera eigy

zeaiyg dziid zicedid zipz`d zedfl ik raew iperny .zinq ly zeixe`zd lr ezyib z`

dxiknd ,zeine`ll zihxe`z dyib wx ok lre ,zipeivd dibele`ci`d zegztzda zifkxn

.zepeivd zeedzd z` xiaqdl dleki ,zipz`d zyxend ly dlecbd dzeaiyga13it lr

wnd ,ipernympn` .zeipz` zeieyi ly divnxetqpxhn mixvep mine`ly cnln ok` ipeivd dx

zeieyia mxewn j` ,divfipxcena mixeywd mikildz zervn`a zygxzn ef divnxetqpxh

zipxcend zine`ld zercend zxivia dlirtd zizxagd dakyd .oi`n yi `le zewizr zeipz`

meyn wx df ciwtz `lnl dleki `id j` ,divpbilhpi`d `id dly dibele`ci`d geqipae

.mitzeyn miyxey zlra zipz` dveawa miverp diyxeyy14

ipniqn md l`xyi zpicn ly dznwde zipeivd drepzd zrtedy dnec df oeic ceqi lr

,dpicnd ly micqiind zea`d zqitz itl .zicedid zeine`ld zegztzd ly mihlead xkidd

.ipeivd oefgd znybd ly xzeia wdaend iehiad dpicnd znwd dziid ,my`xa oeixebÎoae

zepeaixd yecigl dlrna dpey`x zeaiyg drcep l`xyi mr ly zine`ld diigzd jildza

xard l` dycgd zil`xyid zepeaixd ly xywd .zea`d ux` ,l`xyi ux`a zicedid

.ezclen l` ayd mrd ly zixehqidd zeikynda xzid oia ybced l`xyi ux`a icedid

mrd ly exare ,l`xyi ux`l qgia zixehqidd drcezd dcnr ine`ld ipeivd oeirxd fkxna

.ux`d lr zElra zeiekf wiprnk qtzp evx`a15zepexkifde milnqd ,miqezind qiqa lr

l`xyi ux`a zeikyndd dqtzp icedid mrd ly ± zinq z`f dpkny itk ± mitzeynd

lr xenyl micedid ly xabznd jxevd gkep cgeina ,zicedid dixehqidd ly irah xvezk

eqtz xexgyd zngln dzaby mincd xigne dpicnd ly dzcil ,ok`e .dcgkd iptn mnvr

,il`xyid iaihwlewd oexkifd ziipadae zicedid zine`ld zedfd aevira xzeia ifkxn mewn

12.100±88 'nr ,(10 dxrd ,lirl) dixehqida dne`d ,zinq

13.9 'nr ,`"qyz milyexi ,zipeivd dibele`ici`d ,iperny oercb

14.43 'nr ,my

15mixaecnd mi`yepd cg` `ed zipxcend zicedid zeine`la ux`d oial mrd oiay oilnebd iqgi

milyexi ,mixwgne zeqn :zicedi zeine`l ,u"k awri :dnbecl e`x .zepexg`d mipya xzeia mixwgpde

,`xity dhip` ;1992 milyexi ,mixwgne zeqn :zeinyihp` ,zepeiv ,zeine`l ,benl` l`eny ;h"lyz

.(13 dxrd ,lirl) iperny ;2000 milyexi ,zepeivd ocir ,(mikxer) qixd awri ,uxdpiix dcedi

5

,'dpicnd ipglet'a mitwzyn mdy itk16,miltepd zgvpda17ze`nvrd zebibga18zextqa e`

.'xekfi'19

ycewd xir ,milyexi dcnr l`xyi ux` lr zicedid zixehqidd zyxend ly dfkxna

zra mb .zexecd lk micedid ly mytp z`yne lbxd iler ly izcd fkxnd ,ycwnde

xwira zipaxe` dpigan dgztzd day ,zip`n'zerd dtewzd seq z`xwl cgeinae ,dycgd

.xird ly cgeind dcnrn xnyp ,dycgd xird20icia xird yeaik mr xak ,ok lr xzi

i`avd xhynd ztlgd mr .ycgd oehlyd ly efkxn milyexi dyniy 1917 zpya mihixad

oeilrd aivpd ly eayen mewn rawp ,1920 uiwa ,igxf` oehlya dlek l`xyi ux`ae xira

dl did `ly cnrn ,l`xyi ux` ly ihilete ildpn fkxn zeidl dxfg xirde ,milyexia¦

xeniy ,dpbd lr mihixad eny cgein ybc .a"id d`na zipalvd dklnnd ly dzlitp f`n

mixz`a ogletd ytegl eb`c s`e ,miyecwd zenewnde miwizrd mixz`d ly uetiye

.xira zeihqi`zepend zezcd yely ipal miycewnd21

16.1995 xweaÎdcy ,1956±1948 ,miltepd zgvpde ze`nvrd zebibg :dpicn ipglet ,edixfr fern

17dgvpd ,l"pd ;d"pyz aia`Îlz ,oexkfe dgvpd :l`xyi zekxrna miltepl zehxcp` ,xiny dpli`

,(mikxer) lfiin edizzne l"pd ;1997 aia`Îlz ,oexkf itep aevira zil`xyid dxagd ly dkxc :oexkfe

,dabp ± oexkfd sepa min ilcbn' ,edixfr fern ;2000 aia`Îlz ,mixn`n zteq` :dgvpd ly miqetc

wgvi zex`ae ikcxnÎci' ,l"pd ;173±160 'nr ,(e"pyz oqip) 79 ,dxczw ,'abpl jzcxa ± jldd"

zngln zgvpda xwgn :z`wilega izrab zaihg ly 54 cecb illg xkfl dhxcp`d :"epze` xekf

.363±336 'nr ,(1995) 5 ,l`xyi znewza mipeir ,'ze`nvrd

18crvnd did zixeaivd drcezae zicqend dipada mday ifkxndy ,eixcq oepkze ze`nvrd mei lr

ly onewn lr .136±118 'nr ,g"pyz obÎznx ,ze`nvrd meil xwgn iwxt ,cpx` oxd` :e`x ,i`avd

mei zefxk' ,onqexb miig :e`x oey`xd xeyra dne`d iepia jildzn wlgk ze`nvrd mei zefxk

'nr ,(2006) 151 ,xyb ,'icqnn lew ly izefg ran zeclezl :dpicnl oey`xd xeyra ze`nvrd

.87±64

19.1991 aia`Îlz ,oexkife oweic ,qezin :g"yz xec ,oeiq l`epnr

20miipeivd zecqende oeiv iaaege ,`weec milyexi z` dligza dyibcd `l zipeivd drepzd ik xrei

,h"id d`nd ly mipenyd zepya lgd ,etia mdizecqene mzlert z` efkix ux`l eribdy mipey`xd

ly zepexg`d mipya wx .ux`a ycgd icedid aeyiid ly izeaxzde ihiletd fkxnl dktd `ide

.xird ly zizeaxzde zihiletd dzeaiyga zipeivd drepzd ibivp xikdl elgd ip`n'zerd oehlyd

cgeina lrte ,xirl zipeivd drepzd ly dqgia iepiyd z` lleg dyrnly ,oiwyiqe` mgpn jka hla

dtewzd idlya milyexil zipeivd drepzd ly dqgi lr .da zixard dhiqxaipe`d znwdl

ztewza icedid aeyia dipenbdd lr etil milyexi oia wa`nd' ,l`ipw ryedi :e`x ,zip`n'zerd

mqgia dptnd' ,uk iqei ;212±185 'nr ,(`"nyz) b ,mly ,'(1914±1882) dipyde dpey`xd dilrd

mlerd zngln iptl zixard dhiqxaipe`d znwdle milyexi gezitl oeiv iaaege oiwyiqe` ly

;136±107 'nr ,h"nyz milyexi ,iwqal zibg zkixra ,zipeivd diyrae drceza milyexi ,'dpey`xd

,'diipyd diilrd ztewza milyexil zipeivd zexczqdd ly dqgi ± milyexil etin' ,dliy zilbxn

.132±115 'nr ,my

21z` dax dcina eqqiay ,xira mpehlyl zepey`xd mipya milyexia mihixad ly zelertd lr

zeixwird zexenzd' ,dix`Îoa ryedi :dagxda e`x ,hcpnd ztewz lk jynl xird ly dcnrn

6

,milyexia dxvep dycgd zicedid dpicnd zxiak milyexi ly diepia jildza mle`e

ew zervn`a dwleg milyexi :dycg zihilete zitxbe`b ze`ivn ,ze`nvrd zngln meza

,iaxrnd dwlg oiae ,miyecwd zenewnd eid eay ,xird ly igxfnd dwlg oia gznpy leab

dziid `l ,diwlg ipy oia cixtn ipicn leaby ,dievg xirk .zil`xyi zepeaixa xzepy

zi`nvrd zicedid zepeaixd .xara dziidy itk lbxl diilr cwen ynyl milyexi dleki

zwzepne izc fkxn dxqg ziaxrnd milyexi xy`k dkxc z` `et` dlgd l`xyi ux`a

itxbe`b uig xvep zipxcend milyexi zecleza dpey`xl .dly miixehqidd dkiynd inxebn

zlynn dfixkd xy`k avnd did df .dycgd xird oial zixehqidd xird oia xexa ihilete

.l`xyi zpicn ly dzxiak milyexi ly miiaxrnd miwlgd lr 1949 xanvca l`xyi22

,zetqep zeira izy ipta ziaxrnd milyexi davip miyecw zenewn xcridn cal ,ok lr xzi

dfxkdd ,zipevig dpigan (`) :dxia xirk dl miietvd mixbz`d len l` dze` eyilgdy

zinyx dxkdl dzkf `le ziccv cg dziid dpicnd zxiak ziaxrnd milyexi lr l`xyi ly

;zwelgna iepy xzep xird ly ine`lpiad dcnrne ,mlerd zepicn ly23,zinipt dpigan (a)

dylgp milyexie ux`d fkxn l` ilklkde itxbencd caekd fkxn xar hcpnd ztewz jldna

.dpicnd ly mipey`xd dinia ce`n24

mixwgn :dxar i`xa ux` ,'(1926±1917) ihixad oehlyd ziy`xa milyexi ly dzegztzda

'nr ,`"qyz milyexi ,iwqal zibge oeqpxd` ox zkixra ,l`xyiÎux` ly zixehqid ditxbe`ba

ux`a ihixad oehlyd ztewz ziy`xa milyexi ly dpepkze dxeniyl zelirt' ,l"pd ;439±377

.500±441 'nr ,my ,'1926±1917 :l`xyi

22ixe` :e`x ,l`xyi zpicn zxiak ziaxrnd milyexi lr dfxkdl dliaedy mirexi`d zelylzyd lr

,'1949 zpya l`xyi zlynn ly inyxd dayen mewnl milyexi zkitd ± dxial jxcd' ,xl`ia

,'l`xyi zxiak milyexi zriawe oeixebÎoa' ,jxel l`pzp ;191±163 'nr ,(g"nyz oqip) 35 ,dxczw

ixweg .403±377 'nr ,h"nyz milyexi ,iwqal zibg zkixra ,zipeivd diyrae drceza milyexi

xak zipeivd drceza zraewn dziid dnglnd meza milyexi zwelg m` dl`ya miwelg dtewzd

zvle`n zeipicn ef dziidy e` ,xira ipeivd qxhpi`d z` mcwnd iaeig oeirxk ,miyelyd zepyn

.zil`xyid hand zcewpn ievx oexztk dqtzp `l dligzklne xexgyd zngln ly zeaiqpd ixt

cr xird ly dzwelg zepya zil`xyid zeipicna iehia icil d`ay itk ,dpey`xd dyibd qeqial

milyexi zl`ya l`xyi zeipicn :cegl miyrn ,cegl miteqik' ,ipleb ihen :e`x ,1967 zpy

,'1967±1948.296±267 'nr ,1998 milyexi ,`xity dhip` zkixra ,zepey`xd mipyd 50 :ze`nvr

' ,uk iqei :dpexg`l e`x ,mixweg oeice df oiipra zepeyd zeyibd mekiqdwlegy xir ± milyexi''

ly dzecg` e` dzwelg zl`ya zipeivd dbdpdde m"e`d ,mihixad zecnr ± "eicgi dl dxaeg e`

,2003 milyexi ,dix`Îoa ryedi zkixra ,zyxende diiyrd ± hcpnd ztewza milyexi ,'milyexi

.166±158 'nr ,my ,jk lr zeaebzde ,157±133 'nr

23ikf ;a"pyz aia`Îlz ,1949±1937 ,milyexi zl`ya zipeivd zeipicnd :zepeiva oeiv ,ipleb ihen

,'miyingd zepya milyexi me`pia lr m"e`d zxvr zehlgd lekiql l`xyi zpicn ly dwa`n' ,mely

.97±75 'nr ,(1993) 3 ,l`xyi znewza mipeir

24milyexi ,'hcpnd ztewza aia`Îlzl milyexin ilklkde itxbencd fkxnd ly exarn' ,onex l`kin

cvik' ,opeb mxinr ;234±217 'nr ,h"nyz milyexi ,iwqal zibg zkixra ,zipeivd diyrae drceza

7

dfig`d z` qqal ick dpicnd oepik xg`l eyrpy zeizlynnd zelertd lr azkp hrn `l

ite` e`ypy zelertl xwira dpzip ald zneyz .milyexi ly miiaxrnd diwlga zicedid

dxiad xir lr zicedid zepeaixd z` eyibcdy ,miine`ld zecqend ziipa :ibeviiÎipehly

,dxiak milyexi ly dzriaw ,dycgd25,dil` dlynnd icxyn zxard26okyn ziipa

zqpkd,27ine`ld dgvpdd fkxnk eqeqiae oexkifd xda lvxd zenvr zpnhd28dl` lk ±

,oi`n yi xevil ecrep od .xird axrna oehlyd zecqen ly zepey`xd zelertd oia eid

zecqen e`vnii day ,dxia xir ly ievxd ienicd z` milyexil qqale ,zifit dpigan zegtl

.miycgd miine`ld mipande oehlyd

wlgl dwifd z` gthle zinewnd zedfd z` zepadl zepeiqipd lr azkp hrn ,z`f znerl

xwira e`ypy ,mitzeyn zepexkife zexeqn ,mikxr ,milnq zervn`a xird ly iaxrnd

ik ,orhp epxwgna .miayezd ly meineid iigl xzei erbp mixacd rahne ,iybxe innr ite`

,dpicnd znwd xg`ly oey`xd xeyra ,ziaxrnd milyexia ef zelirt29dnka dygxzd

lbxl diilr ly zexeqn erited ,ziaxrnd xird iagxa xeiq ilelqn dnk eyaeb :mipeeik

xwira) milbxd zyelya lbxl diilrd dyceg ,(lvxd xdl xwira) miiaihpxhl` mixz`l

,ycgn extgp mzvwe xird ly iaxrnd wlga miibele`kx` mixz` dnk edef ,(oeiv xdl

zxzekd zleb ,epzrcl ,mle`e .ziaxrnd xira zexiizd izexiy z`iigdl zepeiqip eyrpe

eippkzn .ziaxrnd milyexi ly ifkxnd xz`d zeidl crepy ,'dne`d ipiipa' znwd dziid

seygi zizeaxze zine`l zelirte miqpk zervn`ae ,xira mixwanle miayezl ynyiy eeiw

ipiipaa miiwl hlged dpicnl xeyrd zpy irexi` zxbqna .ine`ld lrtnl xeaivd z`

megpe il`xa ia` zkixra ,1948±1918 hcpnd inia dxage dlklk ,'l`xyiÎux`a "ux`d fkxn" mw

ly dizelert zkqna milyexi ly ileyd dnewn lr .488±439 'nr ,2003 xwea dcy ,iwqpilxw

l`xyi zpicn znwde hcpnd mez z`xwl ef dnbna lgy iepiyd lre hcpnd ztewza zipeivd drepzd

,'hcpnd ztewz idlya ipeivd cqnnd ly eizelert zkqna milyexi xird ly dnewn' ,uk iqei :e`x

milyexia zeipexird zeizyzd gezitl eyrpy zepeyd zelertd lr .90±67 'nr ,(e"pyz) `q ,oeiv

dzriaw ,xpined xzq` :e`x ,dnecke diiyrzd ,dweqrzd ,dxeagzd ,xeicd megza zepey`xd mipya

,jnqen x`ezl xnb zcear ,zepey`xd mipya dxia xirk dgezite l`xyi zpicn zxiak milyexi ly

.107±75 'nr ,1997 ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d

25.74±38 'nr ,my ,xpined

26Yossi Katz & Yair Paz, ‘The Transfer of Government Ministries to Jerusalem, 1948–49:Continuity or Change in the Zionist Attitude to Jerusalem?’, The Journal of Israeli

History, 23 (2004), pp. 232–25927;170±131 'nr ,(q"yz fenz) 96 ,dxczw ,'diipae oepkz :mx zraba zqpkd okyn' ,slex qihd dliy

.180±171 'nr ,(b"qyz ixyz) 105 ,dxczw ,'mipewize zetqez :zqpkd oepkz' ,l"pd

28,ditxbe`iba miwte` ,'milyexia ine`ld zexawd zia ly ixehqid deezn :lvxd xd' ,edixfr fern

.383±369 'nr ,(2005) 65±64

29:zepeaixd xbz` ,(jxer) oe`Îxa ikcxn :e`x ,xwgnl dtewzk dpicnl oey`xd xeyrd sewiz oiprl

.19±3 'nr ,1999 milyexi ,dpicnl oey`xd xeyra zebde dxivi

8

cr ux`a ipeivd lrtnd mekiql ,'xeyrd zkexrz' z` dne`dynyzy dkexrz ,zrd dze`

zbvd .l`xyi zpicna miigd zernynl qgia ux`d iayezl zeine`lÎzeikepig zexhnl

dpicnd znwd xg`ly oey`xd xeyra milyexi ly zine`ld dzedf qeqial zepeyd zelertd

xe`l zine`ld zedfd ziipad jildzl zinq ly zihxe`zd ezyib z` jixrdl epl xyt`z

.ziaxrnd milyexi ly df oganÎdxwn

ziaxrnd milyexia zexi iz izexiye xe iq ilelqn ,lbxl diilr .a

zizlynnd oiricend zkyl .1948 xanvca xak ybxed ziaxrnd milyexia xwal oevxd

ly df wlg lr xneg dpey`xl dvitd ,zexiizd zper z`xwl ycgn dgztpy ,mixiizl

miicedid zecqend iy`xl od (micediÎ`lk micedi) milibx mixiizl od creiy ,xird

.zevetza30ziaxrnd milyexia mixiize lbx iler ,mixwan zlawl dkyld ly zepkdd

.dnglnd meiq lya cgeina ibibg didy ,(1949 lixt`) h"yz gqtd bg z`xwl exab

zyelyl xwira dligz exywp ziaxrnd milyexil lbxl diilrl qgia egztzdy zexeqnd

l`eny x"c cnr dy`xay ,dlynna zezc ipiiprl dwlgnde ,zekeqe zereay ,gqt ,milbxd

.zevetzd icedile l`xyi iayezl milyexil lbxl diilr ilelqn drivd ,`pdk 'f31l"kpnk

l`xyi zpicna miizcd miigd oebx`l zeceqid z` gipdy ink `pdk rcep zezcd cxyn

drceza mle`e .miizklnn mizexiyl dpicnd iayezl mipzipd miizcd mizexiyd z` jtde

,dpicnd znwd xg`ly minia .ux`d iagxa miyecwd zenewnd gezita eny xywp zixeaivd

newnl dyibd dnqgpynoeiv xdl ifkxn mewn `pdk ozp ,zigxfnd milyexia miyecwd ze

.zinnr zizc zelirtl fkxnk eze` gtihe32

gqt crend lega dpey`xl dniiw ,zezc ipiiprl dwlgnd mr seziya ,zexiizd zkyl

dlynn ixy zetzzyda dkeldz .eneia mei icn mixeiq dyely ,xird iagxa mixeiq h"yz

.rxe`nd ceakl zibibg dlitz dniiwzd mye ,'oexeyi' zqpkd zial xird ixryn d`vi33

30,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`dS21/105ldpn l` ,milyexi ,mixiizl oiricend zkyl ldpn ,ozp b"t ,

.1948 xanvca 13 ,milyexi gezitl dwlgndmrhn dpnene dnwed 'mixiizl zipeivd oiricend zkyl'

dzelirt ipiit`ne dkyld lr .hcpnd ztewza cer ceqid oxwe l`xyil zniwd oxwd ,zipeivd dldpdd

,ihixad hcpnd ztewza l`xyiÎux`a zexiizd :ux`d z` xezl ,ahdÎodk iaew :e`x ,ef dtewza

.222±218 'nr ,2006 milyexi

31.3 'nr ,1949 qxna 7 ,ux`d

32dpey`xd zi`lwgd daiyid z` miwd ,dyxe cili ,(1998±1905) `pdk lieepf l`eny x"c axd

zpya ux`l dlr .ux`l diilrl eppekzde ze`lwg icenile dxez da ecnly ,'l`eny zia' ,oileta

xzei jyna okn xg`le igxfnd lretd zexczqd fkxnk dligz zixeaivd ekxc z` lgde 1940

aia`Îlz ,`i ,eipeae aeyid ivelgl dictelwivp` ,xdcz 'c :e`x .zezcd cxyn l"kpnk dpy mixyrn

.3831 'nr ,1961

33.4 'nr ,1949 lixt`a 12 ,ux`d

9

ly zexeqn gztzdl elgd (1949 ipei) dnglnd xg`ly oey`xd zereayd bg z`xwl mb

.oeiv xday cec xawa zelitz eniiwzi ik xqnp df bg z`xwle ,lbxl diilr34ekxrp ok enk

milyexia xtqd iza iclil miine`ld zecqend ipiipa xvga bgd ceakl mixekia zebibg

znc` ixekia ziy`xn l`xyi icli e`iad jka ik oiev rexi`d xe`iza .daiaqny mixtkae

ixiya dbibgd z` dzeeil 'milyexi lew' ly mixzind zxenfz .zniwd oxwl iy l`xyi ux`

.deewzd zxiyae mipei zgxtda dniizqp dbibgde zeinnr zepibpnae mr35oey`xd zekeqd bg

xira dxary lbxd iler zkeldze ,milyexil lbxl diilra `ed s` oiev (1949 xaehwe`)

.diipyd mlerd znglna dleba eaxgy zqpkd izan ecxyy dyecwd iyinyzn dnr d`yp36

diilrd ly dwizrd zicedid zxeqnd lr `et` epryp milyexil lbxl diilrd zexeqn

.dlebae ux`a aexwd icedid xard on mirexi` oda ealey j` lbxl

exil diilrdmipebx`d lk eywazp i"yz gqtd bg z`xwle ,dxabe dkld milbxa mily

dcreed zexikfn mr y`xn mxewia z` m`zl mewna mipbxe`n mixewia mikxerd zexagde

ietvd axd wgecde xda mixwand ieaix llba ,xewial wiecnd onfd z` reawle ,oeiv xdl

.mewna37dying oia crend lega zelrl miietv milyexily dkxrd draed dpy dze`a

.yi` sl` mixyrl xyr38lecbd mxtqn hla xird zeaegxay geec i"yz zereayd bg lr

.dvx` eribd xtqn mini iptl j`y dl`k mb mdae ,gxfnd zevx` i`vei lbxd iler ly39

diilr ly zexeqn mipyd oze`a exywp mday ziaxrnd milyexia mihlead mixz`d ipy

ipebx` ixag ,miycg miler mixrp lr .dpey ite` e`yp md j` ,oeiv xde lvxd xd eid lbxl

oeiv xd iliaya zexrpde mixrpd zelra' ik xqnp ,i"yz gqta xirl e`ay ,izcd xrepd

mexnl mditk e`ypy mipdk miying iciÎlr zilnqe zizxeqn mipdk zkxaa elawzp md

exare lbxd iler e`vi ,cec xaw cil zqpkd ziaa dlitzd xg`l .lbxd iler z` ekxae

.'dewzd zxiya lvxd xdl mkxca milyexi zeaegxa40xqnp (`"iyz gqt) okn xg`l dpy

milyexil lenz` eribd ,miycg miler ,lbx iler 600Îl aexw' :i"`tn znfia lbxl diilr lr

exwia milerd .l`xyi ux` ilret zbltn znfeia dniiwzd ef lbxl dilr .zcgein zakxa

.'mxk oirae lvxd xda ,dxxqena ,ixgqnd fkxna ,dyn oinia ,oeiv xda41

zenewnd l` dyibdy xg`l xira xvepy izcd llgd z` dax dcina `lin oeiv xd

,oeiv xd jtd mipyd jldna .zixyt` dziid `l xird gxfnae dwizrd xiray miyecwd

34.3 'nr ,1949 i`na 31 ,my

35.6 'nr ,1949 ipeia 2 ,my

36.5 'nr ,1949 xaehwe`a 2 ,my

37.3 'nr ,1950 qxna 21 ,my

38.3 'nr ,1950 qxna 29 ,my

39.4 'nr ,1950 i`na 23 ,my

40.6 'nr ,1950 lixt`a 5 ,my

41.7 'nr ,1951 lixt`a 26 ,my

10

rnd milyexil lbxl diilrd ly hlead lnqle ifkxnd mewnl ,cec xaw cgeinae.ziax42

miifkxnde miaeygd icedid ogletd ixz`l oeiv xde cec xaw zkitd ik oiivn xa oexec

xd .mipy ax izbxcd jildza `l` dpicnd znwd mr cin dygxzd `l l`xyi zpicna

agxnl mewnd z` jtdy ,zezcd cxyn icia ,cg` cvn ,lbxl diilrl ifkxn xz`l jtd oeiv

zvexna xdl enxfy mixwand ipend icia ,xg` cvne ;zelerte miqwh zervn`a ycewn

xa .iaihpxhl` ycewn agxnk mewna ogletd z` md mb eavire miqwh ea ekxr ,mipyd

miizcd miqwhd z` xweqe lbxl diilr ly innr xz`l mewnd zkitdl zeax ze`nbec `ian

oeiv xdy dcaerd lya xwira ygxzd df jildz .mewnl exywpy zeaxd zexeqnd z`e

xcge ,cec xaw lrny oiipad bb .zil`xyi dhilya xzepy cigid yecwd xz`d xen`k did

milyexi xar l` xzeia daexwd zitvzd zcewp eyniy ,eil` cenvd dpexg`d dcerqd

zipcxi dhilya eidy ,mizifd xde iaxrnd lzekd xwira ,miyecwd zenewnde zigxfnd

ipend rexi`l oeiv xda zereayd bg jtd mipyd zvexna .dxyt`zd `l mdil` dyibde

bga eid jlnd cec ly ezen meie ezcled meiy zicedid zxeqnd it lr ,lbxl diilr ly

.zereayd

jenqa mwedy ,d`eyd szxnl dziid oeiv xdl dxywpy lbxl diilr ly ztqep zelirt

.ea lltzdl s`e ea xwal ebdp miax micedie ,cec xawl43oeiv xd lr egztzdy zexeqnd

.ycewn agxn zxivia cqnnd iyp` lye lbxd iler ly iccdd jxevd z` `et` e`hia

mizrl ,mipey miileaniq mirvn`ae miqezina yeniy dyrp mewna xewiad ziieeg wefigl

mizrle ,zereayd bga cec xawl lbxl diilrd oebk ,deedl ozn`zde zexeqn yecig jez

d`eyd szxn oebk zicedid dixehqida ziqgi ycg okez lra xz` zxivi jez.

fern oiivny itke ,xira mixwanl dkiyn xz`l lvxd xd mb xen`k jtd mipy oze`a

dziid 1949 hqebe`a milyexia ezxeawle dvx` lvxd ly eizenvr z`lrdl ,edixfr

dziid milyexi axrna ibevii izklnn dxeaw xz` xevil dhlgdd .dax zilnq zernyn

dcnrn xeviaae ziaxrnd milyexi ly zine`ld dzedf ziipaa miaeygd mikacpd cg`

.l`xyi zxiak44minler zgepnl e`aed xdd lr lvxd ly ezxeaw xg`l miyceg dyelyk

dl` eid .'milyexi drciy xzeia dlecbd dieeld'k x`ezy dna ,millg 228 lvxd xda

welgl e`vi mlek milyexi ipa .oexhl illg zvwne xcxd zrab ,awri deep ,oeivr yeb illg

.aeyiid ibeg lkn mc` zeaax e`ln xird zeaegxe ,oexg` ceak mdl45

zil`xyid zepeaixd z` mibviind miqwhl ifkxne ibevii xz` xdd yniy eziy`xn xak

42,1967±1948 mipyd oia milyexia zipgletdÎzizcd ze`ivna oeiv xd ly enewnl ycwed hxetn xwgn

zipgletÎzizcd ze`ivna zexenz' ,xa oexec :e`x .icedidÎizcd haidd on ea eyrpy zelertl xwira

miwte` ,'dpexg`d dcerqd xcge cec xaw ,oeiv xd ly dxwnd :1948 zpy xg`l milyexia

.18±5 'nr ,(2000) 52 ,ditxbe`iba

43.my zexewnde ,9 'nr ,my ,xa

44.62±55 'nr ,(16 dxrd ,lirl) edixfr

45.1 'nr ,1949 xanaepa 18 ,ux`d

11

dpicnl ziaxrnd milyexi ly zipicnd dzekiiy zl`yy s` ,dycgd zine`ld dxiaa

qwhl oaenk drcep dxzi zeaiyg .drxked mxh ,xen`k ,da zine`lpiad dxkdde zicedid

ze`nvrd mei axra xda dpey`xl jxrpy ,ze`nvrd mei irexi` zgizt oeivl izklnnd

zinnr zelirt ly cwenl mipyd jldna jtd xdd ,mle`e .edixfr x`zny itk ,i"yz

1949 xanvca xak ,dnbecl ,jk .xira miaxd mixwande miayezd iiga drbpy ,zine`l

ly ,zine`lpia xirl milyexi z` jetdl m"e`d zpeek cbp 'mipen` zreay' mewna dkxrp

bfna e`viy ,mdipwfae mdixrpa ,inlyexid aeyiid zeaky lkn milyexi ipan 50,000Îk'

.dtewzd zepezira x`eznk ,'lvxd xdl xixw iezq xiee`46ik xqnp yceg eze` rvn`a

mia ,dyaia m"irpcb 1,755 ea etzzyde milyexil dkepgd icitl uexn lgd dpicnd iagxa

bg oeivl lvxd xda r"pcbd jxry qpka ,okn xg`l zereay dnk miizqd uexnd .xiee`ae

.milyexil aia` lzn dlynnd icxyn z` xiardl dhlgdde dkepgd47fenz 'k icn ,ok enk

.lvxd ly ezenl dpyd mei oeivl qwh xda jxrp48

ilelqna lvxd xde oeiv xd z` mb zizlynnd oiricend zkyl daliy mipyd jldna

xak xird iagxa ervedy ,xeiqd ilelqn .mixiizl drivdy ziaxrnd xird iagxa xewiad

ziaxrnd milyexi z` zepadl mipey`x zepeiqip lr micnln ,dzwelgl mipey`xd mialya

miyecwd zenewna dxe`kl zelz `ll ,mixwanl dkiyn xef`ke izeaxzÎine`l fkxnk

zg` `l ik `vnp ,zexiizde zepiilvd zrtez lr ihxe`zd xwgna .xird ly miixehqidde

df llkae ,zenieqn zeibele`ci`e zeihilet zexhn meciwl xiyknk zexiiza yeniy dyrp

elrti mdit lry millkd z` zeraew dpicne dxag lk ,dyrnl .zeine`l zexhn oaenk

.znieqn dibele`ci` it lr ,mipeyd mixwand49

xird zwelg xg`ly zepey`xd mipya zexiizd zkyl drivdy leihd ilelqn zniyx

zepekyd xef`a ,xird ly ipetvd dwlga ilbx xeiq (`) :miixwir xeiq ilelqn drax` dllk

xird ly miipetvd diwlg lr mizad cg`n zitvze ,mixkeade l`xyi zia ,mixry d`n

miiaxrnd diwlga zipekna e` qeaehe`a xeiq (a) ;mitevd xde zixard dhiqxaipe`d oeeikle

vxd ly exaw mewn ,obe zia ,mxkd zia ,dyn zixw ,dnnex zepekya ,xird lyoire l

qeaehe`a e` akxa xeiq (c) ;l`lva oe`fenae miine`ld zecqend ipiipaa xeiq (b) ;mxk

,zipnxbd dayend ,zeitlz zepekyde lgx znx mllkae ,xird ly miinexcd miwlga

46.1 'nr ,1949 xanvca 5 ,ux`d

47.4 'nr ,1949 xanvca 5 ,ux`d

48.51±50 'nr ,(28 dxrd ,lirl) edixfr

49:e`xColin M. Hall, Tourism and Politics: Policy, Power and Place, New York 1994;H.G. Matthews & L.K. Richter, ‘Political Science and Tourism’, Annals of Tourism

Research, XVIII (1991), pp. 120–135xywa miizlenrz mikxvl zexiiza dyrpy yeniyd lr .

:e`x ,zihixad dtewza ux`a ldpzdy ine`ld wa`nlKobi Cohen-Hattab, ‘Zionism, Tourismand the Battle for Palestine: Tourism as a Political-Propaganda Tool’, Israel Studies, IX

(2004), pp. 61–85

12

cgein xeiq rved zaye iyily inia .xird fkxne dyn oini ,dialh ,oenhw ,zipeeid dayend

.milyexi lye igxfnd dwlg l` epnn zetvl did ozipy ,oeiv xda cec xawl50ixz` ztn

od zizcd dzyxenae zixehqidd xird zyecwa od dcwnzd dycgd dxiad xira xewiad

dalzyd mixeiqd zpekzn ik xnel ozip .iaxrnd dwlga zine`l dxiak ycgn dpepika

exzepy miwlgd l` dbxrd zwnrd zervn`a ,zeinE`ld gexa mixwand ly maevir jildza

zewizeed zepekyd aiaq miqezine zepexkif zxivi ,xg` cvne ,cg` cvn ,xird gxfna

miine`ld mixz`d mb mdae ,dwizrd xird znegl uegn egztzdy miycgd mixef`de

zenewne zexaw iza ,xexgyd znglnn zeaxw ixz` ,dl` mixef`a enwy miizeaxzde

.miyecw

zexiizd izexiy gezitl zelert mb eyrp ,ziaxrnd xird iagxa mixeiql liawna

.ihixad oehlyd inia xak da elrty mzvw ,xird ly dl` mixef`a51zexiizd izexiyn miax

mda oqk`l did ozip `le ,mipeiqptde oelnd iza xwira ,xexgyd znglna ewefip xira

zeptzdl xdin `l `ede dnglnd jldna `avd icia eqtzp mixg` mixebn zenewn .mixwan

dl` lk lr sqep .ycgn xeciqde oewizd zk`ln z` akir jkae ,zeaxwd meza mb mdn

.mina xeng xeqgn xira did52mewiy lr geec 1950 zpy ly zexiizd zpera xak mle`e

e`a dpy dze` ly uiway xqnp .mlelqnl miigd zxfgd lre xird axrna dnglnd iwfp

mixiizmb .mewn qt` cr mi`ln dtwd izae zecrqnd ,gexi`d izexiye milyexil miax

mighye ,mditipq z` ycgn egzt ± miine`lpiade mil`xyid ± mipeyd zeriqpd icxyn

egztp ,ezaiaqe miqexd yxbn oebk ,hcpnd ztewza oeghia inrhn exbqpy ,ziaxrnd xira

.migxf` ixewial53

drityd miyingd zepy ziy`xa ux`a dxxyy dywd zilklkd ze`ivnd ,z`f mr cgi

50,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`dS21/105'g l` ,milyexi ,mixiizl zipeivd oiricend zkyl ,ozp b"t ,

.1949 ileia 29 ,milyexi ,zicedid zepkeqd ,milyexi gezitl dwlgnd ,edixab

51:dagxda e`x xira ihixad oehlyd ztewza milyexia zexiizd izexiy ly zegztzdd ipiit`n lr

jxrna 'miipynd zeceqi'l epzpeek 'zexiiz izexiy' gpena .214±171 'nr ,(30 dxrd ,lirl) ahdÎodk

izexiy xwirae ,exewiaa xiizd z` miynynd mizexiyd millkp mday ,miipexird dkiynd inxeb

:e`x .miweeye zeipw ifkxn ,(mia`t ,zecrqn) dpfd ,(mipeiqpt ,oeln iza oebk) dpilMyriamJansen-Verbeke, ‘Inner City Tourism: Resources, Tourism and Promoters’, Annals of

Tourism Research, XIII (1986), pp. 79–88,uk iqeie ahdÎodk iaew :e`x ,df oiipra dagxdl .

,dxczw ,'l`xyiÎux` xwga enewne zexiizd ly ixehqidÎitxbe`bd xwgnd ± mfixezl dhpqÎdxhn'

.17 dxrde ,136±113 'nr ,(h"pyz oqip) 91

52,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`dS21/105zexiizd zkyl l` ,milyexi ,zecrqne dtw ,oeln iza ilra oebx` ,

,zexiize mipeln ipiipra zevriizd ,milyexi gezitl dwlgnd ,my ;1949 x`epia 21 ,zizlynnd

.1949 x`epia 30 ,milyexi

53,dpey`xd zqpkd inia milyexi ly dpipae dgezt ,xphy 'n ,9 ,1084 ,71 ,l`xyi zpicn oeikx`

ryedi ;1951 ileia 24 ,diyrze xgqn cxyne xve`d cxyn ,milyexi ,1951 ilei ± 1949 x`exat

,'1967±1948 mipyd oia zil`xyid milyexi ly dzegztzdae dziipaa mialy' ,xbe edil`e dix`Îoa

13

ly davn lr milyexi ipiiprl dxiwgd zcre ly dkxrda .milyexia zexiizd spr lr mb

mixiizd on miax ik xqnp ,dpicnd znwd xg`l mipy yngk ,1953 zpya xira zexiizd

zexiizd mbe ,xira mipl mpi`e cala zexetq zeryl mi`a dxial miribnd ux`l uegn

.ux`a xxeyd ilklkd xaynd awr dyw zrbtp ziniptd54ziaxrnd milyexi zriaw ,mle`e

d`iad ,xard on zicedi zegkep ly miwdaen mipniq ,xen`k ,dpnn excrpy s` ,dxia xirk

,dycgd xird ly agxna xard ly mibviin z`f lka `evnl diy`xe xird ibidpn z`

.ycgd agxna zicedid dfig`d z` qqale winrdl ick

ziaxrnd xira miixehqid mihpnep en ly uetiye d`i igd .b

sepd l` zexagzda ,evx`l l`xyi mr zaiy ly oeirxd qeqiaa dziy`xn dwqr zepeivd

ux`l elry dlebd icedi elkei eay ghy ,dycg zicedi zeine`l dpaiz eay ghyd l`e

qqal `ay ircnd megzd .ux`a zicedi zegkep ly zencew zetewz mr xyw xevil l`xyi

`xwnd ztewzl diipta .zi`xwnd dibele`kx`d did dgikedle ux`d l` zicedid dwifd z`

dtewzd lr belic jez ,mecwd xard l` miycgd milerd z` ycgn xeywl xexa oeiqip did

.ux`a zxkip zicedi zegkep da dxcrpy dkex`d55zexabzd gkep xwira ,dpicnd znwd xg`l

ynyl ,z`y xziae ,dibele`kx`d dkiynd ,ux`d lr miaxrl micedi oia ine`ld zenird

.l`xyi ux`l icedid xywd wefigle miyxeyd zghadl miifkxnd milkd cg`56epxwgna

znwd xg`ly zepey`xd mipya ziaxrnd milyexia mb eyrp ef gexa zelert ik `vnp

axrna xeiq ilelqn yeaibl sqepae oeiv xdle lvxd xdl lbxl diilrl liawna ike ,dpicnd

,lirl) edixfr ;96 'nr ,1994 milyexi ,il`xa ia` zkixra ,(18 ,ocir) 1967±1948 dievgd milyexi

.51±50 'nr ,(28 dxrd

54hqebe`a 2 ,a ,milyexi ipiiprl dxiwgd zcre oeayge oic ,17 ,5430 ,43.06 ,l`xyi zpicn oeikx`

.1953

55Neil A. Silberman & David Small (eds.), The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing thePast, Interpreting the Present, Sheffield 1997,mipen` yeb :dcbl zetn izy ,dbiit l`kin ;

;my zexewnde 35±22 'nr ,2003 milyexi ,il`xyid agxnd aevire eiykr melyThomas W.Davis, Shifting Sands: The Rise and Fall of Biblical Archaeology, Oxford 2004dhip` ;

daiya oeixebÎoa cec ly enewn lr .36±1 'nr ,2005 milyexi ,zil`xyid zedfde j"pzd ,`xity

drcezd ly dileblb :oexkfe qezin ,'j"pzde oeixebÎoa' ,xegv a`f :e`x miik"pzd zexewnd l`

dhip` ;149±140 'nr ,f"pyz aia`Îlze milyexi ,jixhqie 'q hxaexe dpge` cec zkixra ,zil`xyid

.146±121 'nr ,a"qyz milyexi ,lhxa l`xyi zkixra ,d`lnd dlbrd ,'j"pzde oeixebÎoa' ,`xity

56zeine`lle zepeivl mipey`xd dinia zil`xyid dibele`kx`d oia dwifd zecleza `iyd zecewp oia

dcvna zexitgd ,`akekÎxa zelibn ± oici l`bi ly minqxetnd ei`vnn wtq `ll eid zicedid

.292±283 'nr ,a"lyz aia`Îlze milyexi ,mipeae micqiin :mil`xyid ,oeli` qenr :e`x .cere xevga

14

z`iigdle miixehqid mixz` z`ivnl ,miilklke miine`l mikxvl xwira ,zepeiqip eyrp ,xird

.xird ly miiaxrnd miwlga xard icixy57

gezitl dwlgnd' did ziaxrnd milyexia df oeeika lertl lgdy mihlead mitebd cg`

.zicedid zepkeqd ly dceqin 'milyexi58ilra zenewn ieaixly jkl dxr dziid dwlgnd

milyexia dxkdd qqazz :daexn zlrez didz xird ly miiaxrnd miwlga xwanl dkiyn

mixiizd xtqn lcbie ,mvrei izeaxz fkxnk dcegii ,irvn` izla gxe`a dxiak ziaxrnd

ldpn mr seziya .zilklk zernyn mb oaenk didz dl` lkl .xira mzedy ini xtqne¦

dwlgnd' db`c ,diixirde zewizrd zwlgn ,zezcd cxyn ,dlynnd y`x cxynay oepkzd

.ziaxrnd xira miixehqid mihpnepen ly mdi`xn z` xtyl 'milyexi gezitl59

mda lthl i`cky ziaxrnd milyexia miixehqid zenewn xtqn dxzi` zewizrd zwlgn

.mipeyd mixwand zaehl60miwizr mixaw ,oixcdpqd ixaw did mday oey`xd,mipiiprne

.iqgi ote`a dphw drwyda mixewial mpikdl xyt`y did dncpy61dxeaw ixz` ik oievi

mixaw ektd ipxcend ocira .zeizc zeaiqn xwira ,lbxl diilr ly zenewn mlerne f`n eid

z` ,xzid oia ,mibviin mzeida ,mipey mixwan lr mitcrend mixz`l zexaw izae miccea

yeniy mda dyrp zg` `l ,jke .zinewnd zyxend ly miihpze`de miaeygd miiehiad cg`

.miine`l mikxvl62ini idlyn rlqa zeaevg zexrn zveawl ozipy my `ed oixcdpqd ixaw

57zizexiiz dibhxhq` `id mipey mikxvle mixwanl mzgizte miixehqid mipane mixz` ly mnewiy

zizexiizdÎzixehqidd xird ly zegztzdd lcena aeyg mewn zqtez `ide ,zixehqidd xira dreci

:e`x .xwgnd zextqa gzetyGregory J. Ashworth, & John E. Tunbridge, The Tourist-Historic City: Retrospect and Prospect of Managing the Heritage City, Amsterdam–New

York 2000, pp. 85–87:e`x ,hcpnd ztewza milyexi lr .Kobi Cohen-Hattab, ‘HistoricalResearch and Tourism Analysis: The Case of the Tourist-Historic City of Jerusalem’,

Tourism Geographies, VI (2004), pp. 279–30258dhlgd 'milyexi ipiiprl dcreed' dlaiw ,1948 hqebe`a miiwzdy ,ipeivd lretd creed ly eqepika

,'igxfnd' ibidpnn ,cleb a`f axd z` dzpin zepkeqd zldpd .'milyexi gezitl dwlgnd' znwdl

hexitl .1952 cr dniiwzde 1948 xanhtqa lertl dlgd `id .dycgd dwlgnd y`xa cenrl

,milyexi gezitl dwlgnd oeikx` ly miwizd zniyxl `eand :e`x dwlgnd ly dizelert

±1948.3 'nr ,2000 milyexi ,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d ,1952

59dtewza milyexi gezt lr ipnf oeayge oic ,milyexi geztl dwlgnd ,l`xyiÎux`l zicedid zepkeqd

.(1950 xanhtq ± 1948 xanhtq) `"iyz ixyz±h"yz ixyz

60,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`dS21/312ixawa dceard yecig epecp day daiyid ly mixac oexkif ,

lixt`a 28 ,zewizrd zwlgn ,zicedid milyexia mixg` miwizr mihpnepen ly mxeniye dixcdpq

.1949

61dtewzd idlya oixcdpqd ixaw lr .1949 xaehwe`a 23 ,milyexi ,l`vpap `"i l` xbxapy 'i ,my

,1979 milyexi ,dziy`xa dycgd milyexi :dtewz i`xa xir ,dix`Îoa ryedi :e`x ,zip`n'zerd

.5 'nr ,1949 xanvca 2 ,ux`d :e`x oixcdpqd ixawa zexitgd zlgzd lr drici .39±37 'nr

62:e`x ,zipxcend zexiizde zeine`ld oial zexaw izae zeen oiay xywa milthnd mixwgn xganl

A.V. Seaton, ‘War and Thanatourism: Waterloo 1815–1914’, Annals of Tourism Research,

15

edvwa `vnp xzeia mqxetnd xawd .milyexi ly iaxrn oetvd dwlga elbzpy ,ipyd ziad

ipehwhikx` dpana ,dniyxn dqipk zagxa oiihvdy ,'oixcdpqd xaw' ,mewnd ly ipetvd

mewnay zxge`n zxeqn xvi df xtqn .aexiwa mirayk ,dxeaw i`z ly ax xtqnae miyxn

dpekyd dzpek jk zeawrae ,yi` cg`e miray dzpny ,dlecbd oixcdpqd iyp` exawp

dyrnl df didy jkn drap oixcdpqd ixawl dpzipy zcgeind zeaiygd .dixcdpq dkenqd

zicedi zelirt ly miaeygd micixyd cg`e xzeia miwizrd miicedid dxeawd ixz`n cg`

.xird ly iaxrnd wlga e`vnpy63gezitl dwlgnd ,zezcd cxyn ,zewizrd zwlgn

gezitl dwlgndy mkeq .mixwan ixewial ozxykdle zexrnd iewipl eb`c diixirde milyexi

gewitd ,diixird icia didi reviad ,jkl creind aivwzd z` licbze zeceard z` fkxz

.milyexi gezitl dwlgnd icia iaihxhqipinc`d fekixde zewizrd zwlgn icia ircnd64

.milret xtqnl dweqrz ozn ly ilklk wenip mb sqep mixawd zxykdl65mixawd ztn

rvn`a zewizrd sb`e zeaxzde jepigd cxyn xe`l e`ivedy mixwanl jixcna s` dnqxet

.miyingd zepy66

ziaxrnd milyexia mitqep miibele`kx`e miixehqid mixz` exkfp zepey`xd mipya

:xewial mxiykdl ozipy67,qecxed zia xaw68wizrd inlqend zexawd ziae `linn zkxa¥

XXVI (1999), pp. 130–158; John Lennon & Malcom Foley, Dark Tourism: The Attractionof Death and Disaster, London–New York 2000; David W. Lloyd, Battlefield Tourism:Pilgrimage and Commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia, and Canada –1919–1939, Oxford 1998; John Towner, An Historical Geography of Recreation and

Tourism in Western World 1540–1940, Chichester 1996, pp. 51–52mipiiprnd miiehiad cg` .

gztzdl dlgdy ef `id zipxcend zexiizd on wlgk zexaw izaa mixewia ly zxeqn zeyabzdl

,lirl) ahdÎodk :e`x .milyexia mitevd xda i`avd zexawd zial qgia ihixad oehlyd ztewza

edixfr :e`x mixwanl dkiyne lbxl diilr xz`k lvxd ly exaw lr .165±164 'nr ,(30 dxrd

.51±50 'nr ,(28 dxrd ,lirl)

63ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`dS21/3121;(xreyn ,1951 uiw) xagn xqg ,dixcdpq zpekya mixaw zexrn ,

miibele`kx`d mi`vnnd xe`iz .(xreyn ,1951 uiw) xagn xqg ,dixcdpqa micedid zexaw ,my

zeibele`ikx` zexitgl dycgd dictelwivp`d ,(jxer) oxhy mixt` :e`x ,jkl zexewnde df xz`a

:dpexg`l e`x mewna eyrpy dxitgd ilrtn mekiq .678 ,673 'nr ,1992 milyexi ,a ,l`xyiÎux`a

266±264 'nr ,2003 milyexi ,ipyd ziad inia milyexi ly mixawd xir ,eqif freae xpelw qenr

.my zexewnde

64,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`dS21/312,zewizrd zwlgn ,dixcdpql dpynd zcre zaiyi ly mixac oexkif ,

.1949 xanaepa 21 ,milyexi

65.1949 xanaepa 8 ,milyexi ,zexafbd l` ,milyexi ,milyexi geztl dwlgnd ,l`vpap `"i ,my

66.f"hyz milyexi ,zewizrd sb` ,zeaxzde jepigd cxyn z`ved ,dixcdpq ixawl xvw jixcn

67ly mxe`ite mxeniy epecp day daiyid ly mixac oexkif ,29±42 ,1878 ,milyexi ziixir oeikx`

.1949 xanaepa 13 ,milyexi ,zewizrd zwlgn ,zicedid milyexia miwizrd mihpnepend

68.1892 zpya wiy cxpew dliby dyn oini zpekyl cec jlnd oeln oia rlqa aevg dxeaw dpan

exaq mipey mixweg j` ,edizznÎoa sqeil micedid znglna xkfpy qecxed xaw z` ea e`x dligz

16

,dl jenqd69,miqexd yxbna oa` cenr70dvrd zrab) xezÎea` zpekya xfpne diiqpk icixy

,(drxd71.xca 'giy zpekya aeyii icixye72zelirtxqnpy itk ,minieqn zexit d`yp ef

:1950 idlyn miixehqidd mixz`d xetiyl zicxynpiad dcreed ly oeayge oica

zixard milyexi inegza wizr cixy mey hrnk `vn `l ,dpy iptl milyexia xwiay xiiz

`vnp df dpany mixaeqd yi s` .ohleqd zkxal jenqa ,myn dpetv qecxed xaw z` ytgl yiy¥

zavn myd o`kne xawl lrn davn dziid edizznÎoa sqei ly epnfa ik okzii .mky xryl oetvn

.cnrne mirvn` ilra miyp` ly mzxeaw mewn did df ik dcird zllkeynd daivgd zcear .qecxed

,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`dS21/312mi`vnnd xe`iz .(xreyn ,1951 uiw) xagn xqg ,'qecxed zia' xaw ,

dpexg`le ;678 ,673 'nr ,(63 dxrd ,lirl) oxhy :e`x ,jkl zexewnde df xz`a miibele`kx`d

.222±219 'nr ,(63 dxrd ,lirl) eqife xpelw :e`x

69zwelg xg`l ziaxrnd xird inegza xzepy cigid zexawd zia did `linna inlqend zexawd zia

'nr ,(61 dxrd ,lirl) dix`Îoa :e`x ,h"id d`na milyexia miinlqend zexawd iza lr .xird

.67±66

70ly ekxe` .ezaivga lged day davgna ,e`elna avgp mxhy wpr oa` cenr `vnp miqexd yxbna

iptl cer mipiipad icenr z` aevgl mibdep eid ik dgiked ez`ivn .xhn xyr mipyk `ed cenrd

ile` ,ipyd ziad inil jiiy `edy dligza xrey ezxeve elceb itl .mzavgn rlqn mze` ewzipy

zxitg zra 1934 zpya dcedi dpgna davgna `vnp dnec cenr .qecxed ly eizepenx`n cg`l

,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d :e`x .zial zeceqiS21/312xqg ,mdizeavgna xz`a miwizr micenr ,

ziiqpkl crep `ede xzei xge`n df cenry okzii ik orhy in did dpexg`l .(xreyn ,1951 uiw) xagn

,xawd ziiqpk lr qeitewext' ,xixtv mxei :e`x .zihpfiad dtewzd idlya milyexia dzpapy d`ipd

,(d"qyz oqip) 115 ,dxczw ,'milyexia "ber ly erav`"e ecx`wd.30±27 'nr

71z`xwpd drab lr ipeei xfpn `vnp ,zakxd zpgzl jenqae xird ly dgxfn mexca ,xezÎea` zpekya

odekd ly ezia eyi ly epnfa da cnr miipiad inin zxeqn itl .'drxd dvrd zrab' mixvepd ita

...mrd ilecbe mipdekd iy`x' etq`zd df ziaa ik xteqn (g±b ,ek izn) dycgd zixaa .`tik lecbd

ipeeid xfpnd xvg jeza .'drxd dvrd zrab' myd o`kne ,'ezindle dnxra eyi z` yetzl evreeie

.'fd d`nd ziy`xl qgeind irwxw zz dlitz zia dae ,diiqpk icixy e`vnp drabd zbqt lry

,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`dS21/312.(xreyn ,1951 uiw) xagn xqg ,xezÎea` xic ,

721949 uiwa .xc`a 'giy mya drcepy drab z`vnp ,mxkd zial dnnex oia ,milyexi ly daxrna

icixye ,dl` micixy .ixiyrd inexd oeibild mzeg z` e`ypy mitrxe mipal ixay mewna elbzp

zepkeqd dybipy iptl ,jkitl .aeyii icixy mewna mipenh ik egiked ,zecg` zecewpa evavay zeneg

dxagd mrhn ervea zexitgd .zeibele`kx` zexitg mewna ekxrp ,dne`d ipiipa ziipal zicedid

,milyexi gezitl dwlgnd ly oenina ,zewizrd zwlgne dizewizre l`xyi ux` zxiwgl zixard

minecwd micixyd .zillkd zexczqdd ly dceard xqeg oxwe milyexi ziixir ,zewizrd zwlgn

wtql ick d`xpk eavgpy ,ipyd ziad ini seqn rlqa miaevg zexea eid mewna elbzpy xzeia

`ede ixiyrd oeibild ghya ddy ziad oaxeg xg`l .qecxed ly epnfa cegiia ,xirl diipa ixneg

ile` ,zxg` dxhnl mewnd z` mi`nexd exiykd dn onf xeark .mipal ziiyrzl mewnd z` lvip

,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d :e`x .miihpfia xfpne diiqpk icixy mb elbzp mewna .diiyrzl e` mixebnl

S21/312,df xef`a miibele`kx`d mi`vnnd lr cer .(xreyn ,1951 uiw) xagn xqg ,xca 'giy ,

,dizewizre l`xyiÎux` zxiwgl dxagd zerici ,'(h"yz) xca 'giya zexitgd' ,dpeiÎia` l`kin :e`x

;24±19 'nr ,(???) ehH. Senés, Biblica, XXXI (1950), pp. 112–115

17

ly (zeiaivwz zel`y lbxl gxkda) zenvnevn zelert xg`l dzr .oeiv xda xewial hxt

zlert dlgd wx eay oixcdpqd zexaw ± c`n oiprn mixewia mewn sqep zewizrd zwlgn

,drxd dvrd xd ,xewial oiprn xz` cer siqed `linna zexawd zia ...xeciqde iewipd

mini dnk yicwdl xiizd z` gixkdl miieyr ...qecxed zia xaw ,mx zraba micixy

`le hrnk [xird ly] dizewizr ly izee`xd okxr ...daexwd dzaiaqe milyexia exewial

.dk cr lvep73

icixy z`iigdmiilklk miripn cva ,miycg miine`l milnql mktedl zepeiqipe xar

milyexi ly dqeqial dbdpdd dhwpy zeibhxhq`d zg` `et` eid ,ef diiyrl eelpy

dpicnd ini ziy`xa ilklkd avnd mle`e .dil` qgia zine`ld zedfd ziipadle ziaxrnd

,dnbecl ,jk .dk`lnd meiq z` eakir zelirtd oenina zeirae ,o`k mb eizeze` z` ozp

dwqted xtqn miyceg iptl dlgdy dcearde migpfen oixcdpqd ixaw ik geec 1950 ziy`xa

.mipeyd zecqend ly zwtqn dkinz xqeg llba74yekxl mpn` dt`y zewizrd zwlgn

ritydl jiynd ie`x aivwz xcrid j` ,zewizrd icixy mda mipenh eidy miyxbnd on dnk

eay dn onf xg`l j` ,mipeyd zewizrd ighy ewep mrt `l .mipyd lk jyna dk`lnd lr

mb j` ,dreaw dxiny dyexc dziid mipeyd zenewna oeiwipde xcqd zghad myl .endefe

.mled oenin cinz `vnp `l jkl75

zep e fge miripn ± 'dne`d ip i i pa ' .c

dpicnd znwd xg`ly zepey`xd mipya ziaxrnd milyexia mwedy ifkxnd ine`ld lrtnd

eznwd ,oldl bveiy itk .'dne`d ipiipa' did agxd ldwl ecreie zeinnr eid ea zeielirtdy

cvne ,xird ly zixehqidde zicedid zyxende dwileaniqd lr zepryid cg` cvn zlnqn

zelirtle miqpkl fkxn znwd zervn`a .ekezl ewvepy miycgd miine`ld mipkzd z` xg`

ektedl dpand infei eeiw ,ine`ld lrtnd l` xeaivd sygii ekxcy ,zizeaxze zine`l

.xira mipeyd mixwanle miayezl ziaxrnd milyexia ifkxnd dkiynd xz`l

73zicxynpiad dcreed ly dizepwqne dzcear lr oeayge oic ,6 ,5451 ,43.06 ,l`xyi zpicn oeikx`

.1950 xaehwe`a 1 ,miixehqid mixz` xetiyl

74,xhqe` 'c l` ,milyexi ,zewizrd zwlgn ldpn ,oiaii 'y ,29±42 ,1878 ,milyexi ziixir oeikx`

.1950 qxna 15 ,milyexi ,milyexi ziixir y`x

75xcrda ldwl xebq mewnd j` xez ea`a diiqpkd dzwep zezcd cxyn zxfra ik xqnp ,dnbecl ,jk

dxiwgd zcre oeayge oic ,17 ,5430 ,43.06 ,l`xyi zpicn oeikx` :e`x .mewna xneyl aivwz

zaiyin g"ec ,oiaii 'y ,27±21 ,1857 ,milyexi ziixir oeikx` ;1953 hqebe`a 2 ,a ,milyexi ipiiprl

rvn`n ,zxg` drici .milyexi ,milyexi ziixir ,1953 xanaepa 11 ,zexizd cecirl zvriind dvrend

hly oi` ,dxaqd hly xqg ,mixawa dndef yi' ik zxqen ,oixcdpqd ixaw avnl rbepa ,1957 zpy

dwlgnd ,milyexi ziixir ,slee dix` ,'mixg`e miixehqid mixz`a xeiq' ,my :e`x .'mewnl dpeekd

.1957 hqebe`a 1 ,gezitl

18

dwlgnd ldpn ,lvpap wgvi x"c bivd ,xird ly dzwelg mr ,xexgyd zngln meza

miirahd dkiynd inxeb ly mxcrida .ziaxrnd xirl qgia epefg z` ,milyexi gezitl

:lvpap xn` ,xird ly

dfa .mini dnk xiizd z` wiqrdl eppevxa m` zeycg dkiyn zecewp xevil yi meid

epiid ,milyexi geztl dwlgnd dligzd ea xy` lecb lrtn eze` ly zrxknd ezeaiyg

dcin dpwa zebibgl oexh`zitn` mr ,zekexrze ,miqepik ,miqxbpewl lecb oipa znwd

icedid mrd ly zizeaxzd zelirtd fkxn zeidl milyexil xyt`i df lrtn .ine`lÎoia

.xira mikyenn mixewial migxe` itl` zexyr dpya dpy icn jeynl dfae ,elek76

z` dne`d ipiipa znwda `ed s` d`x ,mini mze`a milyexi ziixir y`x ,xhqe` l`ipc

:eznwda ilklkd otd z` yibcd `ed .l`xyia mweiy xzeia aeygd izeaxzd lrtnd

ifkxnn cg`le ,l`xyi mrl zexiizde zeaxzd fkxnl didi ,dne`d ipiipa ly ,df lrtn

on :mixiize migxe` zeaax eil` jeyni lrtnd .elek mleray miaeygd zexiizde zeaxzd

mle` ,lrtnd znwd dlrz zexil oeilink .ux`d xeck ieevwne l`xyi zevetzn ,ux`d

dne`d ipiipa .llka l`xyile milyexil dpy icn enxfi ,xf rahna owlga ,zexil ipeilin

dwfg dtigc ozi dfd lrtnd meiw .dceqin zinlyexid dlklkd zkxrn z` zepyl miieyr

mdipinl mizexiyde dxeagzd ,dk`lnd ,diiyrzd ,dgx`d itpra ihxt oed zerwydl mb

.daexwd milyexi zaiaqa ze`lwga s`e77

zpya dpnzpy ,(aexfai) xfr xcpqkl` did dne`d ipiipa znwd ixeg`n digd gexde mfeid

.zicedid zepkeqd ly ilklkd xecnd ldpnl 194978d epeiqip rwx lre ,eciwtz swezaax

rivd ,miyelyde mixyrd zepya aia` lza gxfnd icixie ux`d zxvezn zekexrz oebx`a

,dlklka xird iigl fkxn didiy oiipa ziaxrnd milyexia zepal miine`ld zecqenl xfr

76,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`dS21/402zepkeqa milyexi gezitl dwlgnd ldpn ,l`vpap `"i x"c ,

.'dlklkd iyp` zrc' dxcqa zicedid zepkeqa d`vxd ,1949 ileia 7 ,zicedid

77lr xhqe` l`ipc xird y`x mr ipeteicx oei`x aezky ,29±42 ,2095 ,milyexi ziixir oeikx`

.1950 ileia 6 ,dpaxegn dnw milyexi :`yepd

78;aexfai) xfr xcpqkl`zpya .xiaiqa zipeivd drepzd ipey`xn did ,dpi`xwe` cili ,(1973±1895

myn dlr 1921 zpyae ,zinlerd zipeivd zexczqdd ly zebivp dpey`xl my cqiie oiql `vi 1920

mqxt 1926 zpyn .(1934±1923) 'diyrze xgqn' ilklkd zrd azk ly jxerde cqiind did .ux`l

:mya zilbp`d dtya ilklk oezir mbPalestine and Near EastÎl eny aqed okn xg`l .Palestineand Middle East,'dne`d ipiipa zxag' ly dceqii mr ,1949 zpya .1944 zpy cr rited `ede ,

zpya 'xeyrd zkexrz'e 1953 zpya 'dnnyd yeaik' zekexrz ildpnn did .illkd dldpnl xgap

lgde ,dlynnd mrhn zexiizd ipiipr lr dpenn yniy 1954 zpya .(xn`nd jynda e`x) 1958

xdcz :e`x .dxagd ureil dpnzd ,(z"ngd) zexiizl zizlynnd dxagd znwd mr ,1956 zpya

x`a miige oiihycleb awri ,hiay awri ;1349±1348 'nr ,1949 aia`Îlz ,b ,(32 dxrd ,lirl)

.377 'nr ,1983 aia`Îlz ,1948±1799 l`xyiÎux` ly miyi`d oewiqwl ,(mikxer)

19

.zeaxzae dxaga79dxwiry ,xzei dagx dqitza xfr lv` dalzyd dne`d ipiipa znwd

zigxfnd milyexil mi`znd ,'zezc yelyl ycewd xir ± milyexi' zlaewnd dxcbdd ztlgd

zpicnle zecdil zcgeind ,ziaxrnd milyexi z` xzei znledd dxcbda ,miyecwd zenewnle

icka did xfr ly ef drvda .'zinlerd zecdid ly ipgexd fkxnd ± milyexi' :l`xyi

zicedi zeikynd xevil ,cala zecdid zaehl zipgex dpigan ziaxrnd milyexi z` cgiil

`le zinlerd zecdid zrceza dnewn z` aigxdl s`e ,xird ly iaxrnd wlga

dnvrl yeakl zixard milyexi ezrcl lkez dne`d ipiipa zervn`a .`weec zil`xyivx`d

,'zinlerd zecdid ly ipgexd fkxnd ± milyexi' byende ,ine`le ipgex fkxnk mewn

zecdid ly dizexivi z` reaw ote`a xira bivdl egilvi m` iynn okez lawi ,ezxcbdk

,miifkxnd miicedid zecqend lk lr jk myl .dxagde zepn`d ,zeaxzd ighya zinlerd

fkxnl ziaxrnd milyexi zkitda wlg lehil ,didi xy` mayen didi ,mipebx`de zebltnd

.lirt ote`a okez eze` `lnle zecdid ly ipgex80

dziid zixwird dxhnd .odl ynyi dpandy zexhn yely `et` eaved dfd oeirxd gexa

`l` dleba `l ,eiqepik z` d`lde dzrn miiwl ipeivd qxbpewd lkei eay mewn xevil

.mixg` miine`lpia miqxbpew s`e miinlerd miicedid miqxbpewd ea eniiwzi .milyexia

zipeivd drepzde l`xyi mr ly igvpd xywd z` xzeia iynnd ote`a `haz oiipad znwd

miybz eznwd .milyexi mr zinlerdmiwdl zipeivd drepzd ly melgd z` lreta `et`

ziaxrnd milyexia miiwl xyt`l dziid diipyd dxhnd .izepn`e izeaxz fkxn xira

m`zene ipxcen dpana agxd xeaivl zexg` zeizeaxz zeielirte mihxvpew ,oexh`z zebvd

zekexrz xira miiwl xyt`iy lecb miqepik oiipa zepal dziid ziyilyd dxhnd .dtewzl

.miine`lpiae miicedi mi`yepa81milkd cg` zeidl crei dne`d ipiipay dler dl` zexhnn

riiql did cizr `ed .inlerd icedid zeaxzd fkxnl ziaxrnd milyexi zkitdl miifkxnd

d`liny ciwtzd z` `lnle ,elek mlerde dne`d ipira ibevii mewn qetzle xefgl xirl jka

.zexecd jldna mlerd lka micedid iiga milyexi

micixide zekexrzd i`ceel aexw ecnr ,xfr xcpqkl` my`xae ,lrtnd infei ipir cbpl

mixwan itl` ze`n mipyd jldna mdil` ekyn md .mixyrd zepya lgd ux`a ekxrpy

.ihixad oehlyd inia ux`a mixiiz ly zxaebd zepiiprzdl miaeygd miiehiad cg` eide

zexag mb mda etzzyde ux`d zxvez mda dbvedy ,gxfnd icixi znbec ,dl` mirexi`

,ely icegiid ienicd ziipaae ux`a icedid xfbnd ly weeiya ifkxn mewn eqtz ,l"egn

79,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`dA458/27xfr xcpqkl` my lr mle`d zgizt qwha mixac ,oiwyiqe` xn ,

.1974 ileia 15 ,dne`d ipiipaa

80,myS21/99.jx`ezn `l ,milyexi ornl zilklkd dxagd l` iwqapexeh 'ee aexfai '` ,

81,myS21/403ipipa zxag i"r) milyexia zekexrzde miqxbpewd oiipa znwdl mixtqne zecaer ,

,ezencwzda lrtnd lr zeknqen zerici ± mpipaa dne`d ipipa ;mezg `l ,1949 xanvc ,(n"ra dne`d

.` dpy ,1 'qn oeilb ,1950 xanaepa 1

20

.mlerd zepicn mr xgq fkxn ickl ux`d ly zilklkd dzegztzd lr ecirde82zekexrzd

rvn`a lgd axrnd z` dtgqy ,milecbd miinlerd micixid zpt`a ealzyd micixide

ecwty lecbd mixwand xtqna ercepe ,zipxcend zeine`ld zexxerzd on wlgk ,h"id d`nd

.mze`83

oiipad ite`a `hal oevxd dler dne`d ipiipa oepkzl dfxkedy zianetd zexgzd i`pzn

zine`ld zedfd ziipada enewn z`e ibeviid eciwtz z` ipexird agxna zhlead ezegkepae

:ziaxrnd xird ly dycgd zizeaxzde

,xird z` ynyiy milyexia ixeaive igxf` fkxn ly oirxbd z` eedi dl` oiipa iyeb

oexztd ixd ,ezaiaqe eciwtz ,oiipad ite`a zeaygzd jezn .zinlerd zecdide dpicnd

didi oipady mipeyd mihpnl`d lk ly ilpeivwpete ipeibd xeciqa wx `l `hazi mlyd

izklnnd ybxde oipad ly d`pe zizin` zipehwhikx` zenc aevira mb `l` ,mdn akxen

fkxnk daiaqd lk lr helyie ...zagxznd xird ly irahd fkxnd df didi ...ea oenhd

.miccvd lkn hand dpten eil` xy` ,hlea ipehwhikx`84

,xhkx a`f lkixc`d da dkfe milkixc` cg`e mirax` etzzyd dpand oepkzl zexgza

zekfa ax oihipen xav xhkx .ux`a dxehwhikx`a zipxcend drepzd iy`xn cg`l aygpy

.miveaiwa mipey mipane mixebn ipan oepkza xwira ,mirax`de miyelyd zepya eizecear85

82ztewza aia` lza xwira eniiwzdy ,milecbd miixeaivd mirexi`de miine`lpiad micixid zrtez lr

zepya aia`Îlza zipexir zeaxze zigxf` dxag ly ozeyabzd ,onld zpr :dagxda e`x ,hcpnd

,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ez zlaw myl xeaig ,miyelyde mixyrd

zertezk micixie milaihqt ,miqepik ifkxn lr dazkp dtpr zixwgn zextq .157±120 'nr ,2000

zinewnde zine`ld dee`bd getiha mnewn lr ,mzegztzd ly zipxcend dixehqidd lr ,zeinler

oia :e`x .mlera mipey mixz`a zexiizd meciwl sepn meik miynyne xara eyniy eay ote`d lre

:xzidDavid C. Petersen, Convention Centers, Stadiums and Arenas, Washington 1989;Colin M. Hall, Hallmark Tourist Events: Impacts, Management and Planning, London1992; Christopher M. Law, Urban Tourism: Attracting Visitors to Large Cities, London

1993, pp. 39–6883iayezn yilyk ,mixwan oeilin dyiyk ea exwiae 1851 zpya oecpela miiwzd oey`xd inlerd cixid

myxp diipyd mlerd zngln cr eniiwzdy micixia mixwand xtqna `iyd .dtewz dze`a dilbp`

:e`x .aexiwa mixwan oeilin dryze mirax` exwia eay ,(1933) eb`wiya cixiaRobert W. Rydell,World of Fairs: The Century of Progress Expositions, Chicago 1993; Maxine Feifer,Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to Present, New York 1986; Donald Getz,

Festivals, Special Events and Tourism, New York 199184milyexi ,1990±1948 zenegl uegn zipxcend diipad :milyexia zelkixc` ,xwp`iexw cec lv` hhevn

.92 'nr ,1991

85diip`d ly dpetiq lr 1919 zpya dvx` dlr ,diqexay dwalaew cili ,(1960±1899) xhkx a`f

zpyn .(1933) aia` lza micenr ipiipa ly mippkznd oey`xl aygpe zelkixc` cnl .'o`lqex'

xg`e ,(1936) glnd mi seg lry dilwa oelnd zia did oey`xd .xeaiv ipan znwdl xqnzd 1934

21

zeikynd mr zeipxcen zalynd ,dne`d ipiipa oepkza xhkx ly milewiyd zkxrn lr

:cird `ed ,zicedid zyxend ly

,miipxcen mipipal miwewf ep`y ,dxkd llkl izrbd ,l`xyi ux`a zepal izlgzdy mein

dycgd dxagd lre epxeca micedid ly zxveid mgex lr mi`ad zexecl extqiy mipipa

didi ewd j` .miagxpe miti 'dne`d ipipa' eidi okle .mlerd ly df wlga miniwn mdy

hrn ycwn df didi ik ,dvex iziid .dcxcxe zinlyexi oa` ± xnegde xyt`d lkk heyt

.zecdil86

oirn didi s`e zicedid dxivid ly zeikyndd z` `hai dne`d ipiipay dvx xhkx ,mpn`

,yteg ly dxiee` oiipad xcyi eicnn zexnly yibcdl d`x mb j` ,zecdil hrn ycwn

yibxdl mc`d lr .dpicnd ly mipey`xd dinia dycgd zine`ld dxivid zxiee` rwx lr

.`ln iehia icil `eal epexyik lkei efky dxiee`a wxy oeeik ,oiipaa gepe iyteg envr

oiay aeliyd z` xzeia znlyend dxeva `hand oiipa egex ipira d`x xhkx ,dyrnl

milyexia z`f lke ± zicedid zyxend oial zipicn ze`nvr oia aeliy ,yecigl zxeqn

.zgztznd zicedid dpicnd zxia ,dycgd87

cenrl oeixebÎoa s` aihid (i"yz hay 'f) dne`d ipiipa ly ceqid zlibn znizg meia

xird ly zilnq zeikyndd ea d`xe ,milyexia oiipad znwd ly zine`ld zeaiygd lr

:ziaxrnd

dzepeaxa milyexi .zixard dne`d zxia didze dziid `l` ,dpicnd zxia wx dpi` milyexi

.mlera l`xyi lk ly wcvde aehd ixgey ,dxezd ,rcnd ,gexd fkxn ynyz l`xyi ly

zinlerde zicedid dixehqida zqtez `idy mewnd sweza dkeza oqk`z l`xyi zpicn zxia

.mlera melyde wcvd ly inler fkxnl didze ,miinlere miicedi miqepik mb88

z`e dne`d ipiipa z` opkz jynda .lnxkd lr 'ryil`' enk mileg izaae miveaiwa lke` ixcg jk

.469 'nr ,(78 dxrd ,lirl) mixg`e hiay :e`x .(inxk ac mr ,1957) aia` lza zeaxzd lkid

86dgznp dpand ly iaevird oepbqd lr .1950 i`na 5 ,aixrn ,xhkx 'f lkixc`d mr dgiy ,xec 'y

y`xa meh` avipd oiipad ly dnirp izlade dcakd zegkepd on mlrzdl dywy dprha ,zxewia

d`xpk rtyed xhkx .iyep`d dcind dpwl agxn xizen epi` lecbd izifgd oelgd mb .dnx drab

zexev lr miprypd mledwehya miniyxn mipan dnk opkzy ,cpeltq` x`peb mya iceey hwhikx`n

dziid ziteqd oiipad zxev .mikxe`ne migehy zexiwe micnna dnfbd ,zieef zexyie zeiwp zeixhne`b

xwira ,miyingd zepya eppkezy miixeaiv zenle` daxd ly znyebnde dcakd zelkixc`l zipiite`

.48±46 'nr ,1987 milyexi ,xhkx a`f ,ixegy ox :e`x .dgxfnae dtexi` axrna

87.1950 xanaepa 19 ,xecd ,'xhkx .f lkixc`d mr dgiy :milyexia dne`d ipipa' ,ix`Îoa 'i

88,zicedid zepkeqd z`iln ly zibibg daiyia dniiwzd dne`d ipiipa ly ceqid zlibn znizg

zecqend iy`x ,zepkeqd zldpd ixag ,zqpk ixag ,mixy ,dlynnd y`x ,dpicnd `iyp da etzzyde

,n"v` :e`x .mi`pezire miax mipnfen ,miilklkdKH4/6236miqepikd oipa ,n"ra dne`d ipipa ,

25) i"yz hay 'f ,dne`d ipiipa ly ceqid zlibn znizg lbxl xe`l d`viy zxaeg ,milyexi

22

crenÎlkid' eidi dne`d ipiipa :oiipad ly ceqid zlibnl `eana mb eazkp ef gexa mixac

zexve`l zikyne dfipb ziae gexae xnega epibydl qepk mewn ,dzxivi ikxc lka dne`l

.'zine`ld digzd

:ziaxrnd xird ippkzn eezdy zinlyexid dixwd zipkza uazydl did cizr oiipad

fkxnd mewi oitex yiakl xarn zpkeyd dhiqxaipe`d zrab lre mx zrab zgely lr

.gexle zeaxzl fkxnd mwei drabd ly ipyd dcvn eli`e ,ipehlyd89onfae lxebd dvx ¦

.ixiyrd inexd oeibld dpgn ly minecw micixy mewna e`vnp ziad zeceqi zxitg90xcpqkl`

oipad mewi ,ziad iaixgn e`vi epnn mewna' :dax zeilnq oaenk jka e`x mixg`e xfr

.'mrd ly eznewza ifkxn didiy91

zepy ziy`x ly dywd zilklkd dwevna .cegl ze`ivne cegl ze`nqqe zepefg mle`e

z` egihaiy miwitqn mirvn` exqge ,miilklk miiywl diipad dxdn cr drlwp miyingd

dhilgd ,diipad zlgzd xg`l cala dpy ivgk ,1951 ziy`xa z`f mr cgi .dznlyd

.1951 uiwa ux`a dpey`xl miiwzi `ad ipeivd qxbpewdy zepkeqd z`iln ly dldpdd

ewlga wx mlyen didi oiipady s` ,dne`d ipiipa mle`a qpkzdl jixv `ed,zexhnd gexa

.oiipad z` miwdl dhlgdl eelpy92ipeivd qxbpewd mewna miiwzd ok` 1951 hqebe`a ,ok`

,xenb `l dpana did qepikd j` ,l`xyi zpicna qpkzdy oey`xd ipeivd qxbpewd ,b"kd

.irx` ote`a jkl xykedy wlga93mb oiipad znwd z` zeell ekiynd miiaivwzd miiywd

;1950 x`epia 25 ,aixrn :dnbecl e`x ,dtewzd zepezira mb dxqnp jk lr drced .(1950 x`epia

.1950 x`epia 25 ,ux`d

89,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`dS21/403milyexia zekexrzde miqxbpewd oipa znwdl mixtqne zecaer ,

,my ;mezg `l ,1949 xanvc ,(n"ra dne`d ipipa zxag i"r)A458/1gezitl dwlgnd ,cleb 'f ,

izeaxzdÎipehlyd cwend oepkz .1949 hqebe`a 18 ,dlynnd y`xl xikfz ,milyexi ,milyexi

) zeixwd zelkixc` lr ,d`xpd lkk ,exwira qqazdcampus architecturedze`a zlaewn dziidy (

z` lriil mippkznd eywia ef jxca .cg` mgzna miaeyg miipexir micewtz fekix dxwire dtewz

,izefg ipexir ybce zeaiyg mdl zepwdle zg` zicewtz zkxrna mipand oia miipeigd mixywd

itde oepkzd lr .90 'nr ,(84 dxrd ,lirl) xwp`iexw :e`x .cg` xz`a mfekix mvrn raepdly gez

ipaxe`d oepkzd lr .81±76 'nr ,(24 dxrd ,lirl) xpined :e`x ,milyexia miine`ld zecqend ziixw

milyexi a` zipkz ,ipeynyd oeive ciiay sqei ,ipeynyd dia` :e`x ,ziaxrnd milyexi ly llekd

;62±49 'nr ,e"lyz aia`Îlz ,l`xyia xeire mixr ,zxt` ryil` ;78 'nr ,a ,1972 milyexi ,1968

cec ;92±85 'nr ,b"lyz milyexi ,zcge`nde dievgd milyexi :dxebqd dnegd len ,izypapa oexin

dzegztzda ceqi ieew :diepad milyexi ,'1985±1860 milyexi ly dzegztzda ceqi ieew' ,oxinr

.70±9 'nr ,1986 milyexi ,(43 ,l`ix`) milyexi ly

90.72 dxrd ,lirl e`x jk lr

91,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`dA458/27,milyexi ,mxkd zia ,`a` ly exkfl mixac ,1974 xanvca 22 ,

.mezg `l

92sb` ldpn l` ,n"ra dne`d ipiipa zxag ldpn ,xfr '` ,8 ,4493 ,23±48 ,l`xyi zpicn oeikx`

.1951 x`epia 31 ,milyexi ,diyrzde xgqnd cxyn ,dipae oipa ixngl dpynd

93.100 'nr ,(53 dxrd ,lirl) xbEe dix`Îoa

23

zpya 'dnnyd yeaik' zkexrz ,dpand zecleza mi`ad mihlead mirexi`d .ze`ad mipya

zpy z`xwl .xenb `l oiipaa md mb eniiwzd ,1956 zpya c"kd ipeivd qxbpewde 1953

ziy`xa wx mlyed dpand j` ,dpicnl 'xeyrd zkexrz' zaehl eziipa hrn dfxef 1958

mle`k dne`d ipiipa yniy 1971 zpya milyexi oexh`z zkepgl cre f`n .miyiyd zepy

kxrpe ,dxiad ly ixwird mirexi`de mirtendxeciad irten ,mihxvpewd aex ea e

.xira eidy zelecbd zeizxagde zeihiletd zeieqpkzdde

xeyrd zkexrze ze ine`lpiad zekexrzd mewnk 'dne`d ip i i pa' .d

did miine`lpia miqepik dne`d ipiipaa miiwl dpeekd yeninl oey`xd hlead ogand

.1953 xaehwe`±xanhtq miycega ,zeigc dnk xg`l ,dniiwzdy ,'dnnyd yeaik' zkexrza

.l`xyi zpicn ly dceqii onl ux`a dniiwzdy dpey`xd zine`lpiad dkexrzd dziid ef

,zeaxz ilrtn da xevile miqepik ly xirk milyexi z` gztl oevxd xen`k cnr rwxa

.dycgd zine`ld gexl xwirae l`xyi zpicnl mini`znd ,miinnr xelwlete hxetq ,zepn`

miixehqid mixz` mze` excrp iaxrnd dwlgae ,ziziiyrz xir dziid `l xirdy oeeikn

cecira dlrna dpey`x zilklke zine`l zeaiyg dne`d ipiipa zldpd dz`x ,minqxetn

.xira miqepikde zekexrzd megz gezitae94zexhn dnk biydl eywia dkexrzd ipbx`n

zepeyd zevx`d ibyid z` ze`xdl :dnnyd yeaik `yepae xira `weec dkexrz meiwa

xird z` jetdl ;mipeyd ze`lwgd inegza zeipycg zehiy bivdl ;dnnyd cbp owa`na

l`xyi oia xgqnd iqgi zegztzd z` ccerl ;zeixgqn zeglynl ine`lpia ybtn mewnl

zegztzdd z` ccerl oke ,oekizd gxfna diiyrzde ze`lwgd gezita riiql ;zexg` zevx`l

.dnnyd aeyii ici lr zexg` zevx` lye l`xyi ly zilklkd95

z` ebivd od .zeax zeil`xyi zexag oke dwixn`ne dtexi`n zexag etzzyd dkexrza

zecg`zdl enwed micgein mipzia .dxeagze oiipa ,ze`lwg :miixwir mipzia dyelya odixven

.'ly' htpd zxag enk zecxtp zexag dnkl oke ,zexczqdle igxfnd lretl ,diiyrzd ilra

,abpd gezit qepik :mixg` mirexi`e mihxvpew ,zerted eniiwzd lecbd mihxvpewd mle`a

,diiaknd meizpicn mei ,xtkd mei ,xrepd mei ,rcnd meciwl dcire ,mixend zexczqd mei

e`xdy mihxq ze`n yelyk epxwed ok enk .cebi`d ixagl dne`d ipiipa mei oke l`xyi

llky ,il`xyid oziad did dkexrza cgein ozia .zexg` zevx`a zennyd eyakp cvik

.(`"wite l"wwd ,zicedid zepkeqd) miayiind zecqenle dlynnd icxynl ztzeyn dbevz

,min ,rwxw :miixwir mi`yep drax`a zeviad yeaiie xeriid megza zepexzt ea ebved

94lr xikfz ,milyexi ,diiyrzde xgqnd xy ,sqei ac ,29 ,4512 ,48±23 ,l`xyi zpicn oeikx`

.1952 xanaepa 18 ,'dnnyd yeaik' zkexrz

95,1988 ,milyexi ziixir oeikx` ;1952 x`exat ,1 'qn zencwzd gec ,dnnyd yeaik zkexrz ,my

.zeillk zepwz ,minr cixie zine`lpia dkexrz ,'dnnyd yeak' ,19±1±29

24

,crq ,i`etx letih :mipeyd eikxva zecwnzd jez ,dnnyd yaek mc`de zi`lwg zeayiizd

.jepige zeaxz96

dkexrzd ini xyr dryza ik dly mildpnd zvren y`x ayei xqn dkexrzd mekiqa

dziid ef .dnvr milyexine ux`d iwlg lkn ,l"egn :yi` sl` ze`n zyyk da exwia

z` exikd `le erci `le epkeza miayeid zeaaxd mze` lkl dpina dcigi zepncfd' ezrcl

,ezkxrdl .'ux`a dyrpd z` cenlle oiadl ,ze`xl ± dpicnd ly oipade zeayizdd ilrtn

drtyd ,zexil oeilin zegtl ly mekqa xird ly mitqkd xefgn z` dlicbd dkexrzd

.zipexird dxeagzae zeiepga ,ieliad zenewna ,zepelna ,dtwd izaa dxkipy97itn xe`iz

:dlecb zeybxzd dxxer `id ik cnln dkexrza mixwand cg`

miqeaehe`a ettehvd md .dne`d ipipa xarl miixyt` dxeagz ilk lka eizeaaxa xdp mrd

dhextd dziidy in .dniypl xie` ila zakxd zepexwa eqgcp md .ytp wpgn ick cr mi`ln

mixignd lr ohx `l `ed .mdipinl 'milyitq' liaya zexil zexyr lr qg `l ,eqika dievn

minia gexd z` aidlnd edyn yi dkexrzay rny `ed .oelnd izae zecrqna miltletnd

.dl` mitexh98

dcina zencl ozip ,'gexd z` aidld'y da xewiad z`e ,dkexrzd l` rqnd xe`iz z`

,`weec milyexia dkexrzd ly dnewin .yecw mewna xewiae lbxl diilr rqn oirnl dax

exwia dkexrza .df ienic oaenk minivrn ,dpecpd dtewza dxiak dcnrn z` qqal oevxde

wpgn ick cr mi`ln miqeaehe`'a stehvde 'eizeaaxa xdp'y ,'mrd' oend ,zecnrnd lk ipa

,'milyitq'a ynzydy ,'eqika dievn dhextd dziidy in' mbe ,'dniypl xie` ila'e 'ytp

mr ybtnd z` enivrd jxcd ly diiywy dnec ,lbxl diilra enk .jk myl ,zeipena

.ea eygxzdy zeieegd z`e yecwd mewnd99

,'xeyrd zkexrz' xen`k dziid dne`d ipiipaa dniiwzdy diipyd dlecbd dkexrzd

96dkexrzd' ,dkexrzd ly itexi`d cxynd ldpn ,l`enq '` ,29 ,4512 ,48±23 ,l`xyi zpicn oeikx`

.1953 hqebe`a 27 ,b"iyz lel` f"h ,3 'qn dkexrzd oelr ,'dpipaa

97y`x n"n ,zxy 'n l` milyexi ,'dnnyd yeak' zkexrz ly mildpnd zvren x"ei ,ozi` 'e ,my

.1953 xanvca 6 ,milyexi ,dlynnd

98.1953 xaehwe`a 16 ,zepexg` zerici ,'icy lewk oend lew' ,onlniw 'i

99lbxl diilr lr xacnd ,xpxh xehwie beletexzp`d `ed lbxl diilrd zrtez ly xwgnd uelg

zixewnd ziceaixd zxbqnd on oihelgl mitzzynd miwzpzn lbxl diilrd jldna :izxag jildzk

zil`pineld dieegd ef .zeiphpetqe zeipeieey lr miqqeand miqgi mdipia miniiwne `vend zxag ly

:e`x .g`l jted xg`de miiphpetq mikted mixyw ,cnrn ilcad miwgnp day ,mieeyd zlidw ly

Victor Turner, Dramas, Fields and Mataphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society,Ithaca–London 1974, pp. 166–230zrtez xwga zeiexyt` gzt mirayd zepyn xpxh ly mbcd .

:e`x .okn xg`ly mipya lbxl diilrdJohn Eade & Michael Sallnow (eds.), Contesting theSacred: The Anthropology of Christian Pilgrimage, London–New york 1991, pp. 1–29;Erik Cohen, ‘Pilgrimage Centers: Concentric and Excentric’, Annals of Tourism Research,

25

dkxrp dkexrzd .dpy dze` hqebe`a 21Îa dxbqpe 1958 ipeia dyinga milyexia dgztpy

.dlek xeyrd zpy zebibg zxyxya zg` dileg dziide dlynnd zhlgd it lr100dizexhn

miayezl zzle oey`xd xeyrd irexi` z` mkql eid dkexrzd ly zeixwird zexdvend

`l eze` xeywle dtevd ly zedcfd xxerl ,mipy oze`a dpicna ygxzdy dn lr rcin

dpicnd znwdl dwcvd ynyl ,dpicnd ly dcizrle dxarl mb `l` zineineid ze`ivnl wx

zernynl qgia ine`lÎikepig ciwtz `lnl jkae ,zepaxwae laqay mrhd zybcd zervn`a

.l`xyi zpicna miigd101

od ernyp ?dtiga e` aia`Îlza `le milyexia dkexrzd zkixrl miwenipd eid dn

dne`d yeaib jildzn wlgk dkexrzl dlynnd dqgiiy mewnd lr micnlnd miperih

zkixr ik eprhy in eid ,dnbecl ,jk .miilklk miwenip od ,dqeqiae zine`ld dzedf ziipade

siqez milyexia dlecb dkexrze` ,dpicnd zxia `id milyexiy dprhl xzi sweze lwyn

.xira aeyg ilklk mxeb diidze znieqn dtewzl dnecxd milyexi z` diigz dkexrzdy

znerl ,dne`d ipiipaa ,efky dkexrz meiwl mini`znd mi`pzd miniiw milyexia ,cere z`f

.ax sqk dlrz `id mday mixg` zenewn102

lkl e` eziipa z` fxfl mb dcrep dne`d ipiipa ghya dkexrzd z` miiwl dhlgdd

dwlgpe oiipad zifgay dagxa dniiwzd dkexrzd .zxkip dcina dceard z` mcwl zegtd

miwlg dnk enlyed dkexrzd lbxl .'iwynd sb`d'e 'ine`ld sb`d' :miixwir miwlg ipyl

sqepa ,mipey mizexiya micaer miiz`nk zexnyna da ecar dkldnae ,ezaiaqae dpana

.dwfg`e dldpd izeeve y` iakne mec` cec obn ,dxhyn izeevl103dkexrzd zlirp mr

154.000Îk mkezn) yi` sl` 600,000Îl ribd da mixwand xtqn ik zepezira mqxet

mixwand xtqn ik orhp xeyrd xtqa .dligza mdl etivy sl` 850,000 znerl ,(micli

.oeilin ivg did dkexrza104micedid dpicnd iayez llkn yilyk zegtl ,jk oiae jk oia

.dkexrza exwia zr dze`a105

XIX (1992), pp. 33–50,micedi :lbxl diilr ,(mikxer) xpiix opgl`e xenil dxe` :dpexg`le ;

.2005 dpprx ,mixn`n zteq` ± minlqen ,mixvep

100irexi` ± ine`l bga dagxne dpicn zeietwzyd ,xvlf sq` :dagxda e`x xeyrd zpy zebibg lr

dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ez zlaw myl xeaig ,(1959±1958) l`xyi zpicnl xeyrd

.2006 ,milyexia zixard

101zkexrz ,xenil dilb :lv` `aen .illkd deeznd ± xeyrd zkexrz ,319 ,62 ,l`xyi zpicn oeikx`

,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly jnqen x`ez zlaw myl dcear ,dnlrpy dkexrz :xeyrd

.ef xwgn zcearl ial zneyz z` dptdy lr xvlf sq` xnl dpezp izcez .34 'nr ,1992

102zebibg zxbqna milyexia dne`d ipiipaa mibyid zkexrz lr xikfz ,318 ,62 ,l`xyi zpicn oeikx`

.1957 x`epia 20 ,1958 zpya l`xyi ze`nvrl xeyrd

103.6 'nr ,(101 dxrd ,lirl) xenil

104.10 'nr ,my

105,dwihqihhql zifkxnd dkyld :e`x .ytp 1,810,148 ux`a zicedid diiqelke`d dzpn 1958 zpya

.6 gel ,12 'nr ,`"kyz milyexi ,j"yz l`xyil ihqihhq oezpy

26

mixiizle dpicnd iayezl dze` ecrii dkexrzd ly mildpnd zvrene dlynnd ,ok`

mixwanl oiipr wtqze izxaqde ikepig lrtn ly ite` `yiz `idy un`n eyre ,cg`k

.da106e`yp dkexrza ehlaedy mipkzdy xenil dilb dz`xd xeyrd zkexrz lr dxwgna

,xenil dnirhne dtiqen ,z`f mr cgi .dxirvd l`xyi zpicna ecwnzde ipeligÎipeiv ite`

ly izcde ixehqidd xarde ,cgein cnrn dkexrzl wiprd milyexia dkexrzd ly dnewin

zepya xzeia lecbd rexi`d dziid xeyrd zkexrz .deedl xarny mipkz dl siqed xird

`weece ,dpicnd ly miine`ld dilrtn z` hiladl oeiqip ztwyn `id .milyexi ly dzwelg

Îzipeivd zyxend z` xeywl mb j` ,zizcd dzyxenn zwzepnd ,ziaxrnd milyexia

.xird ly zixehqidde zizcd zyxenl zipxcend107

xn`na .mdn mlrzdl ozip `le ,dne`d ipiipa lr zxewia ixac mb ernyp mipyd jldna

oky ,dpand znwd mvrl il`ecd qgid z` ixeb miig xteqd `hia miyingd zepy rvn`n

:miiqiqa mikxvl zepexzt ozna xzei dlecb zetigc zniiw j` zeaxz zecqena jxev yi

deeln ,jci`n .epvx`l dnvre ceak eiteie eicnna siqend oiipa lkl ep` migny cg` cvn

igxf`n xkip wlgy dry ,mewl miaiigd ,x`t ipiipa miniwn ep` ,dwren zybxd epze`

,milecb mipiipal dwewf ux` .iyep` oealr miwrefd zelcd zepkyna yltzn zclend

minwd zx`tzd ipiipal liawna `ny j` .dnverle iteil yegd z` `id zca`n mdicrla

lk mcew `id zn` zeaxz .okeqnde ae`kd xrtd z` oihwdl ,'qn`lq'd z` lqgl yi

5,000,000Îk dlriy ,dne`d ipiipa lrtn lr jxal `ly dyw .zillk dnx ly zeaxz

.bb zxewl oiicr miwewf miax mil`xyiy dry ,el miwewf ep` j` .el miwewf ep` .i"l108

n lr zr dze`a zxewia gzn mb ixebdlgdy xg`l wix cnry wprde mexrd clyd d`x

:1950 ziy`xa dceard ea

zvltnk oiipad cnr ,1954 xanhtq cre f`ne ,dvgne dpy xg`l dceard dwqtp recik

milyexi iayez .zebep zeaygne cgt zxxern ,oehae lfxa itexb` ztwef ,dxet` ziwpr

mitlevn zexiwe micenr ly dxenbÎizlaÎdipetniq ,xen`k ,deeidy oiipad cil exary

.'dne`Îl` zaxg' mya mewnl e`xw ± (uiw) ynya mikxgpe (sxeg) myba109

itc lrn bevxd iy`xd axd l`y ± dxez mewn di` :zeprh ernyp izcd oeeikd on mb

106ly 1 'qn daiyi ,318 ,62 ,l`xyi zpicn oeikx` ;1957 x`exata 17 ,dlynnd ly fiy/n zaiyi

.1957 ileia 8 ,dkexrzd ly mildpnd zvren

107ilf :e`x ,miixehqidde miizcd diyxey oial zicedid zeine`lde zepeivd oia dwifd oiiprl cer

;44±9 'nr ,(1991) 4 ,miitl` ,'(zil`xyi dibeletexzp`) mewnd lr' ,ox` oercbe uiaxebYaelZerubavel, Recovered Roots – Collective Memory and the Israeli Nation Tradition,

Chicago 1995.56±55 zexrd ,lirl e`aedy mixwgna mb e`xe .

108' ,ixeb miig.1956 lixt`a 27 ,agxnl ,'dipt z` dpyn "dne`Îl` zaxig"

109.my

27

oiipa .l`xyi ux`l ziy`xd zepaxl ze`p okyn zepal jxevd lr xaice ,'dtevd' oezir

dzyxen oial dycgd milyexi oia xywd lr wdaen ote`a riaviy ,inler izc fkxn didi df

dxez `vz oeivn ik' weqtd ea miiwzdl lkeie ,miigxfnd diwlga dxzepy xird ly zizcd

.(b ,a ediryi) 'mlyexin 'd xace110

dxial zexiizd cecira mihrn `l miiyw mb syg dne`d ipiipaa zekexrzd meiw

dglvd dziid `l ,'dnnyd yeaik' zkexrz ,dpey`xd dkexrzl .mixwanl fkxn dzkitdae

jezn) dkexrza exwiay mixiizd ly mwlgy xxazd .mlerd on mixiiz zkiyna ynn ly

mixiizd xtqna myxp hren lecibe ,ohw did (da exwia xen`ky mixwan 600,000Îk

cg`y d`xp .1952 zpya dliawnd dtewzd znerl 1953 xanhtq ycega l`xyia exwiay

kl miixwird minxebd.dzgizt iptl icn xvw onf ux`l uega dkexrzd ly meqxtd did j111

zepicn ziaxn lye zelecbd zenvrnd ly oaexiq did dkexrzd lr airdy sqep iyew

exikd `l xen`ky ,milyexia dneiw llba zil`xyi dkexrza inyx ote`a szzydl mlerd

.l`xyi zpicn ly dzxiak da112

.dtewzd zepezira xwira ,mihrn `l zxewia ixac egznp xeyrd zkexrz lr mb113z`xwl

mixg`d miipyd j` ,eqek eilzkn miipye dne`d ipiipa ly dpand mpn` utey dkexrzd

ly dzivgn wx dzqek zrk' :dgiztd xg`l mei zepezira azkp jk lr .mdinexrna exzep

.'dnilkd114lr mqxty ,'dfd mlerd' oereayd did dkexrzd ly mitixgd mixwand cg`

.'oeq`d zkexrz' zxzekd zgz dyw zxewia xn`n dkexrzd115z`xwly ,xzid oia ,orh `ed

110.g"iyz xnera b"la milyexia jpgp ,ziy`xd zepaxd ayen ,dnly lkid .1950 ileia 16 ,dtevd

,dceqiil dpy miray l`xyil ziy`xd zepaxd ,'dnly lkide ziy`xd zepaxd' ,bihtdxe gxf :e`x

.1088±1066 'nr ,a"qyz milyexi ,b ,u"k l`enye bihtdxe xnzi` zkixra

111,oiyix 'i l` ,milyexi ,zexiiz fkxn ldpn n"n ,l`ixev 'i ,29 ,4512 ,48±23 ,l`xyi zpicn oeikx`

.1953 xaehwe`a 21 ,milyexi dne`d ipiipa ,'dnnyd yeak' zkexrz ly meqxtd zwlgn ldpn

zkexrz z` miiwl dpeek dziidy dler ,1951 ipeia 29 ,dne`d iipipa ilrtnl oepkzd zcre ipeicn

kok lre ,dzetzzyd lr ziteq dhilgd `le ddndnzd dlynndy `l` ,1952 eizqa dnnyd yeai

mixg` mipebx` lye zexf zelynn ly zecqen mr mifeg lr mezgiy sebd z` miwdl xyt`zd `l

,7302 ,48±36 ,my :e`x .1953 zpyl dkexrzd z` `et` zegcl rved .dkexrza szzydl mipkend

.1951 ipeia 29 ,dne`d ipiipa ilrtnl oepkzd zcre zaiyin mixac oexkif ,aehxal 'y ,17

112zipicn dpigan drpnp ozetzzydy ,zenieqn zepicn ik oiivn ozi` ;(97 dxrd ,lirl) zxyl ozi`

.dkexrza etzzydy mdizevx`n zexagl siwr ote`a eriiq ,milyexi ly dcnrn llba

113,(101 dxrd ,lirl) xenil :e`x ,xeyrd zkexrz revia lr dgznpy zxewiad lr zhxetn dxiwq

.81±60 'nr

114.65 'nr ,my ,xenil lv` `aen ;8 'nr ,1958 ipeia 6 ,xac

115ihiletd ewd rwx lr dtewzd zepezira mitwzynd zxewiad ixac z` oegal ie`xy dyibcn xenil

.xzeia sixgd xwand dide dhea oepbq hwp ,dnbecl ,dfd mlerd .mipezird on cg`e cg` lk bviiy

iiewill minehtniq da elbzpy miiewila d`xe oehlyd z` sewzl ick dkexrzd z` lvip `ed

lr ,cqnnd lr eizetwzdl dtxhvd zine`ld dkexrzd lr oezird ly zxewiad .dlek dpicnd

.eixack ,'i"`tn ly mixqinewd' oehly lre oeixebÎoa

28

dkexrzd ,llk dgiztl mipken eid `l micg` mitb` ,mixecnd lk enlyed `l dkexrzd

.dtiirl mixtqne okezn zewix ze`nqq da yi oke ,efl ef zenecd zepenz zqenre znnryn116

zkexrz ly dzkixr mewnk dne`d ipiipa zriawl zerixknd zeaiqd zg` m` ,ok lr xzi

xxazd ixd ,dpand znlyd z` mcwl didi xyt` dkexrzd itqkay dprhd dziid xeyrd

`l hlged zekexrzd izy ly zedeabd zeielrd lbxl .mixacd ipt elblbzd jk `ly

oiipade oiipal aiaqn mighyd eidiy cr dne`d ipiipaa zetqep zekexrz oebx`a jiyndl

miine`lpia miqepik ly fkxnk dne`d ipiipa oefg ,dyrnl .jxevd ic jkl mixyken envr

eayeny miqxbpew iza ly ine`lpiad cebi`l dpand sxev `l cer lk e`elna ynen `l

`fel xira did,dpitd oa` zgpd xg`l dpy dxyr yngk ,1964 zpya wx .uieeyay o

dne`d ipiipa lawzp dizepwqn zeawrae ,dne`d ipiipaa df cebi` mrhn zglyn dxwia

.dfd ine`lpiad cebi`a dxagd l`xyia dcigid dipqk`k117

mekiq . e

,dxiad xirk ziaxrnd milyexi z` avrl oeiqip dyrp l`xyi zpicnl oey`xd xeyra

eyrp ef dtewza ik dler epxwgnn .miine`ld beviid ipane oehlyd zecqen da e`vniy

milrtn dnk zervn`a zine`ld dwifd getihle dycgd dxiad ly zedfd ziipadl zepeiqip

meineid iigl xzei erbp mixacd rahne miirvn` izla eid ,iybxe innr ite` e`ypy miilnq

xird iagxa enwy zeycgde zewizeed zepekya xeiq ilelqn dnk yeaib .miayezd ly

zeipelige zeizc zexeqn zrtede lbxl diilrl miiaihpxhl` mixz` zxivi ,ziaxrnd

ipiipa znwde xird ly df wlga miibele`kx` mixz` z`iigdl zepeiqip ,mda zexeywd

elld zelertd lkl ± ziaxrnd milyexia ycgd izeaxzd fkxnd ynyl creiy ,dne`d

ziaxrnd milyexi ly zicedidÎzine`ld dzedf qeqiaa ciwtz mb j` zeine`l zexhn mb eid

lk `l ,mihrn `l miiywa mipeyd milrtnd elwzp zg` `l ,mpn` .dycgd dpicnd zxiak

ixac ernyp mb zg` `le `ln yenin llkl eribde m`elna eglv zelertde zepeiqipd

xn`na mixkfpd mipeyd minfind aeliyn zlawznd milyexi zpenz ,mle`e .miawep zxewia

zekexrzae mileiha ,miine`le miycewn zenewnl lbxl diilra xeaivd zetzzyd ik zcnln

zine`ld zedfd ziipae mewnl zexywzdd ,zeinihibld getihl un`na aeyg jacp eid

.ziaxrnd milyexil qgia ztzeynd zicedid

,miiyw xcrp epi` lirl epecpy zepeyd zelertd ly dglvdd zcin z` jixrdl oeiqipd

xtqn lr exqnpy mipezpd ,z`f mr cgi .oelyikl e` dglvdl mixexa mixhnxt xcrida

'dnnyd yeaik' zkexrz) dne`d ipiipaa eniiwzdy zekexrzd izyn zg` lka mixwand

116.72±64 'nr ,my ,xenil lv` gzepne `aen .14 ,7±6 'nr ,1087 oeilib ,dfd mlerd ,'oeq`d zkexrz'

117,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d ;(97 dxrd ,lirl) zxyl ozi`A458/7zvren ixagl xikfz ,xfr '` ,

.1965 hqebe`a 1 ,mipbtnl dxag znwd xaca dne`d ipipa zxag ly mildpnd

29

mipya ziaxrnd milyexia il`xyid xeaivd ly ezepiiprzd lr micnln ,('xeyrd zkexrz'e

dkiynd gek lr micnlne zercd lkl miniyxn dl` mipezp dxirvd l`xyi zpicna .elld

xefgnle dweqrzd zxabdl dnexzd mvrn cal .mini mze`a elld zekexrzd ly lecbd

oze`a dyrpy ine`ld un`nd lr zecnln dl` zekexrz ,minieqn onf iwxta xira miwqrd

dpicnd ly dxiad xirk milyexi ly iaxrnd dwlg z` xeaivd zrceza avrl mipy

mvr .xird ly df wlga zqpkd okyne dlynnd icxyn znwdl sqepa ,dxirvd zicedid

,ef zine`l dxhn zxyl ick ea did ziaxrnd milyexil jk lk miax mixwan ly m`ea

.iwlg ote`a ele

cgeinae l`xyi zpicn znwd xg`ly oey`xd xeyra ziaxrnd milyexi ly dcnrn

.zeine`ld xwga ztqep zieef bivdl mixyt`n df xn`na ebvedy mipeyd mihaidd

zinq ipezp` ly dixe`za cgeina ,zwtqn al zneyz dk cr jkl dpzip `l ,epzkxrdl

dnec .zeine`ld lr ezaiyga icedid mrd ly cgeind mewnd lr ,epixac zligza epbvdy

ifkxn mewn rcep ,zi`nvr dpicn znwda cgeinae ,ine`l qez` ly dipad jildz lka ik

zxia drawp ,l`xyi zpicn ly dxwna .dxiad xir ly dzedfle dnewnlzicedid dpicnd

ze`ivnd .hlea ixehqide izc fkxn recik xcrpy ,milyexi ly iaxrnd wlga dycgd

wlgl wiprdl zehlgdd ilawn z` daiig xexgyd zngln meza xira dxvepy zihiletd

zil`xyid zine`ld zedfd ziipaa mb ifkxn ceqi ynyiy mewn xird ly iaxrnd

.ziaihwlewd

dcina dyrp xird ly iaxrnd wlgd ly zine`ld dipadd jildz ik ep`vn epxwgna

.igxfnd dwlga exzepy miixehqidd miwlgd mr 'ipgex bel`ic' oirn ly meiw jez dax

dgewld dibelepinxha yeniya iehia icil `a df ipgex bel`icl mihlead miiehiad cg`

'ixehqid mewn' ,'lbxl diilr' ,'yecw mewn' ± xird ly zixehqidde zizcd zyxend on

jiynnd aihxpd z` ,zizrcezd zetivxd z` qqal e`a dl` migpen .'icedi ipgex fkxn' e`

xywd z` yibcn zinq .igxfnd dwlgn wezipd zexnl xird ly iaxrnd wlga miiwzdl

zedfd ipa oial xard oia ,milnqde miqezind zervn`a ,zixehqidd zeikyndd z`e xiyid

dyignn ziaxrnd milyexia dxiad zriaw .znieqn ux` zxakl qgia ztzeynd zine`ld

ux` zxak itlk zeybx epap cvikzxcrpdmiynynd miiagxn milnq mze` z` dligzkln

.dnc` zwlg dze`l qgia ztzeynd zine`ld zedfd wefigle mewnl zexywzdd getihl

zeipicn zeaiqny mewn mr zedfd qeqial xzi lwyn zzl jxevd lr cner epi` zinq

'xcrid'd ik epze` cnil milyexi ly dxwnd .miixehqide miizc mipber mze` xcrp zeihilete

.xqegd zexnl mewnd z` xagzdl zeixewn mikxc xvie yetigd z` mivrd

zwdaen dnbna mewnd l` zexywidd ikildz eyrp 'xcrid'd zexnly ,dler eppeicn

xzi .oi`n yi zxivi ly avnl rlwidl `l ick ,zxg` e` ef dxeva zeikynd yetig ly

`weec dxzi zernyn elaiw xird ly iaxrnd wlga eniiwzdy zepeyd zelertd ,ok lr

dxzepy zixehqidde zizcd zxeqnd z` ebvii ody dcaerd xe`l xwirae ,'xcrid'd gkepl

deedd gkepl ef zxeqn eyxite ekiynd `qib jci`ne ,`qib cgn ,xird ly igxfnd dwlga

,ef s` ef `le .yecigd z` xevil gekd z` ziaxrnd xird dwpi zxeqnd on .ycgznd

30

jildzl yexc didy aeliyd z` xvi ± yecige zxeqn ± elld zegekd ipy ly mxeaig

,miine`ld beviide oehlyd ipan l` ,jke .xird ly iaxrnd wlga zine`ld zedfd ziipad

on miwgexne milcap dax dcina exzep j` miiaihwlew miine`l milnq ynyl ecrepy

z` qqiay ,df aeliy .epx`izy itk ,irvn` izlae innr cnn sqep ,mixwande miayezd

milyexi ly dqeqial ynn ly dnexz mxz ,xird ly miigvpde miipgexd micnnd l` dwifd

.l`xyi zpicn ly dzxiak ziaxrnd