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ECOSOC - LyonMUN
Chair introduction
My name is Anke Freuwört and I am a Social Science student from Germany. I am
currently writing my master thesis in the field of migration, where I also specialized on in my
studies. MUN became part of my life when I joined our university group MUN Siegen in 2014.
Since that I got the opportunity to attend different conferences on a national and international
level as a delegate, head delegate, chair and secretary general. Annually I attend NMUN in
New York, this year third time in a row and I am looking forward to my first Lyon MUN.
Moreover I became part of the management board of JUNON in 2016, the national youth
network for MUN groups in Germany. It is my responsibility to connect and support our MUN
members and to advise them on organizational matters. Model UN can become a life time
experience and you want to repeat it every time you met nice people. If you need advice from
someone who has been doing MUN for a longer time now: People are not recognized for their
speeches, they are recognized for their ideas, engagement and commitment - in MUN and
reality!
My name is Cora Masche and I am in my third year of studying law in Hamburg,
Germany. I just started specializing in International and European law and am excited to
thereby pursue my interest in international affairs that I found doing MUN. I started
participating in MUN conferences in my last year of High School and have loved it ever since.
I believe it is a great way not only to meet inspiring people from all over the world but to
improve your English, lose your fear of public speaking and learn about international politics.
As I spent my Erasmus semester in Lyon, I am very excited to come back in May and am
convinced that LyonMUN will be a memorable experience for everyone!
Hey! My name is Vincent Labrevois, I am in my third year of studying economics and
political science at Sciences Po Grenoble and at the local Uni. I am truly excited to be your
chair and looking forward to meeting all of you in Lyon my home city! I have been in the MUN
circuit for the past 3 years and am today an active member and the treasurer of AlpesMUN, the
MUN club from my school. I am truly excited to meet all of you, spend a great weekend in
Lyon and hear all your inspiring debates and negotiations on the fate of the world!
Committee overview
Being one of the six primary organs of the United Nations the United Nations Economic
and Security Council (ECOSOC) is mandated to address all economic, social, educational,
cultural and health-related matters while submitting an annual report to the General Assembly1.
ECOSOC is able to provide information and to assist the Security Council if their expertise is
needed. The council is founded by Chapter X of the Charta of the United Nations (1945).
ECOSOC presides over 14 specialized agencies and 13 different functional and regional
commissions.
The council comprises 54 Member States divided by geographical representation of
countries and an economical diverse membership. Seats are allocated in the following way:
14 Africa
11 Asia
6 Eastern Europe
10 Latin America and the Caribbean
13 Western Europe and Others2
Each Member States has one representative and one vote, while decisions are made by a simple
majority. The committee is governed by a Bureau consisting of one President, four Vice-
Presidents and a Rapporteur. Together they are responsible for setting the agenda, collaborate
on administrative issues with the Secretariat and to devise action plans. Among the regional
blocs the presidency rotates equally.
1 UN ECOSOC, About ECOSOC 2 UN ECOSOC, ECOSOC Members; Charter of the United Nations, 1945, Ch. X, Art. 61.1-2
ECOSOC members meet in two annual meetings, one organizational session and one
substantive session. The 14 subsidiary bodies hold separate sessions and receives
recommendations, draft resolutions and annual reports by ECOSOC.
Fulfilling its mandate under the authority of the General Assembly ECOSOC consults different
civil society actors. More than 3900 NGOs have a consultative status which allows them to
attend and participate in UN meetings, conferences and special sessions where they are able to
speak about concerns to the UN. These civil society actors are overseen by the committee on
NGOs which is reporting to ECOSOC directly. The consultative relationship between the UN
and NGOs was established by the ECOSOC resolution 1996/31 regulating and defining the
principles, rules, procedures, obligations and responsibilities3.
ECOSOCs mandate is very broad. Resolution 50/227 by the General Assembly clarifies the
mandate of ECOSOC to focus on a coordination of work while the General Assembly provides
policy guidance to avoid a duplication of work. Resolution 57/270 reinforced the separation of
work between both bodies in 2002. Reforms in 2013 expanded the functions and powers of the
council to give it a leading role on identifying and discussing emerging challenges as well as
to become a policy forum for global leader to work on the integration of efforts concerning a
sustainable development. ECOSOCs mandated was also expanded to provide a platform for
accountability of monitoring and reporting on universal agreements4.
The transition from the Millennium Development Goals towards the post-2015 development
agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is one of the key priorities of the
Council5.
3 UN DESA NGO Branch, Introduction to ECOSOC Consultative Status 4 UN ECOSOC, The New ECOSOC – Overview of Functions and Working Methods, 2014 5 UN ECOSOC, Millennium Development Goals and post-2015 Development Agenda
Sources
Charter of the United Nations. (1945). (10.03.2017) from:
http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/index.shtml
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, NGO Branch. (n.d.). Introduction
to ECOSOC Consultative Status. (10.03.2017) from: http://csonet.org/index.php?menu=30
United Nations, Economic and Social Council. (n.d.). About ECOSOC. (10.03.2017) from:
http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/
United Nations, Economic and Social Council. (n.d.). Millennium Development Goals and
post-2015 Development Agenda. (10.03.2017) from:
http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/mdg.shtml
United Nations, Economic and Social Council. (2014). The New ECOSOC – Overview of
Functions and Working Methods. (10.03.2017) from:
http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/newfunct/pdf14/the_new_ecosoc_31_march_2014.pdf
Topic A: Ensuring Equal Access to Scarce Resources
“Saving our planet, lifting people out of poverty, advancing economic growth... these
are one and the same fight. We must connect the dots between climate change, water scarcity,
energy shortages, global health, food security and women's empowerment. Solutions to one
problem must be solutions for all” – Ban Ki-Moon, Secretary General of the United Nations
(2007-2016).
Population growth, economic growth and climate change, intertwined as they are, place
considerable stress on the world’s resources, they be renewable or finite. Renewable resources
must understood as the resources which, after exploitation can return to their previous stock
levels by natural processes of growth or replenishment. Many renewable resources – such as
arable land and freshwater - are conditionally renewable, which means that their exploitation
can reach a level beyond which their regeneration can become impossible. Inversely,
nonrenewable resources – such as minerals and fossil fuels – are exhaustible and cannot be
regenerated after exploitation. The increased demand and potential exhaustion of natural
resources not only threatens our economies, but also has the potential of heightening unrest and
tensions between states and populations. Such a risk was first recognized by the United Nations
in the annual report published by its High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change. As
Figure 1 - Population Growth Projections
Source - UN World Population Prospects 2015
such, resource scarcity is both an environmental and economic issue but also poses a security
risk which the international community must not take lightly.
As such the United Nations Economic & Social Council (ECOSOC) will need to
discuss the issue of ensuring equal access to scarce resources. It will need to discuss how the
international committee can reduce the risk of resource exhaustion as well as the risk of conflict
that scarcity raises. This session of the UN ECOSOC will deal with the issues raised by both
renewable and non-renewable resources.
Renewable Resources
Among the natural resources under considerable stress today and risking depletion are
arable land and freshwater - both of which are vital to ensuring global food security - defined
in 1983 by the Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) as the “state of having at all times
physical and economic access to the basic food we need”. Arable land and freshwater, as
prerequisites for agricultural production and thus food security, are vital to human
development. The access and sharing of these resources is however a major source of conflict
between populations and states.
According to FAO statistics, the world today produces enough food to feed 7 billion people
living today and even the estimated 9-10 billion population in 2050. However as much as 1/3
of this food is squandered and lost. This means that between planting seeds and providing
nourishment to the world’s 7 billion people, approximately 1.3 billion tons of food are lost or
wasted.
This waste of food is however unequal between regions, which explains why food insecurity
is still a reality. Thus paradoxically, despite world food production exceeding demand, 795
Figure 2 - Food waste by region per capita Source - FAO
million people (or 13% of world population) are still undernourished globally, 95% of which
in the developing world. Much progress has been since the early 1990s – mainly in the
developing world – when more than one billion people were undernourished (23% of the world
population at the time), despite significant population growth Still, among developing nations,
progress has varied unequally as Asia, Latin American and the Caribbean have made important
progress while Africa and Oceania have made little. Within the developing world lack of access
to affordable food – which translates into undernourishment – varies greatly as suggests the
following figure suggests.
This number is 167 million less than in the 2000s and 216 million less than in the 1990s
when the percentage was of 23.3%. Developing nations, where undernourishment is most
prevalent are also the nations where the decline in undernourishment has been the most
pronounced despite significant population growth. Still, among developing nations, progress
has varied unequally as Asia, Latin American and the Caribbean have made important progress
while Africa and Oceania have made little.
Figure 3 – The changing distribution of hunger in the world
Source - FAO
These improvements coincide with more stable political situations and economic
growth. Food security is indeed a prerequisite and consequence of political stability. In
politically unstable countries, farmers tend to produce at subsistence levels and in the case of
conflict abandon their fields. This makes unstable countries rely more on food imports and as
such more vulnerable to food price volatility – which itself contributes to conflict.
Economic growth has also improved food security in a set of ways. Economic growth
has indeed enabled the improvement of infrastructure networks which reduce the costs of
transportation cheaper and as such, not only make food more accessible but also expand market
opportunities for farmers, inciting them to produce more. Political stability and economic
growth have also, together contributed to an expansion of social safety nets which protect
populations from undernourishment and price volatility.
Water scarcity and soil degradation
The widespread degradation and deepening scarcity of land and water resources have
placed global food production systems around the world at risk as world population is expected
to reach 9 billion by 2050 according to the FAO. The past 50 years have witnessed a vast
increase in food production which has enabled fewer land to feed more people. Indeed between
1961 and 2009 world cropland grew by 12% while agricultural production expanded by 150%.
However these achievements enabled by more intense farming practices have degraded land
and water systems. This is increasingly problematic as the World Bank estimates that world
food production will need to increase by 50% in the next 30 years (and the FAO 70%) while
climate change threatens to cut crop yields by more than 25% while arable land and fresh water
become scarcer.
Figure 4 – Relationship between food prices and unrest Source – United Nations University
Indeed today, 25% of the world’s 1.6 billion hectares of cropland are highly degraded,
8% moderately degraded, 36% slightly degraded or stable and 10% are ranked as improving.
The remaining shares of earth’s land surface are either bare (18%) or covered by inland water
bodies (2%). About half of the cultivated land base in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia,
Southern America and Northern Europe is already affected by diminishing soil quality – which
could only increase as population growth and climate change put increased pressure on arable
land.
In the case of fresh water resources, water scarcity is increasing while its quality linked
to higher salinization and pollution are reducing its quality. Agriculture, which represents 70%
of the water withdrawn from aquifers, streams and lakes is under the threat of such a
degradation of water resources as irrigation typically doubles farm yields. The risk being that
today 40% of the world population lives in water scarce regions while already 11 countries use
40% of their water resources each year and another 8 countries 20% thus increasing the risk of
depletion.
Recommendations
Improving the efficiency of water use by agriculture and reducing soil degradation rates
or even reversing them are thus imperatives. This could be achieved in a set of ways by:
Investing in knowledge and training of all farmers, including smallholder
farmers in order to improve irrigation scheme management.
Expanding the use of innovative farming practices such as conservation
agriculture, agroforestry, integrated crop-livestock systems and integrated
irrigation aquaculture systems which hold the promise of increase
production efficiency with limited a limited impact on ecosystems as
recommended by the FAO report Save and Grow: A New Paradigm for
Agriculture.
Increasing investment in agricultural development – the FAO estimates that
between 2007 and 2050 1 trillion USD will need to be invested in irrigation
and 160 billion in flood control, soil conservation and land protection and
development.
Finally, national policies should be modernized while national
governments should cooperate to preserve their water resources.
These recommendations face, however a set of obstacles:
Artificially low food prices because of agricultural subsidies in developed
countries curb investment in agriculture in developing countries.
Recommended reading:
- The guardian “EU agriculture hurts developing countries”
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-
matters/2011/oct/11/eu-agriculture-hurts-developing-countries
- The guardian “Are agricultural subsidies causing more harm than good?”
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/agricultural-subsidies-
reform-government-support
- Debating Europe “Are European subsidies hurting the world’s poorest
farmers?” http://www.debatingeurope.eu/2016/01/07/are-european-subsidies-
hurting-the-worlds-poorest-farmers/#.WNVbR3o8ZQ8
Differed perceptions of the massive agricultural investments made in
some countries which some have qualified as land grabs. Are these
agricultural investments stealing scarce resources from local populations
or sharing unused land?
Recommended reading:
- BBC ”Land grab or development opportunity”
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17099348
- Foreign policy "The myth of the African Land grab"
http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/10/20/the-myth-of-the-african-land-grab/
Differed perceptions of who should be making the financial as well as
more largely material sacrifices to preserve these resources.
Differed perceptions of agricultural sector modernization and smallholder
farming.
Recommended reading:
- The Guardian “Restating the case for modernizing smallholder farming”
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-
network/2013/apr/15/agriculture-technology-smallholder-farmers
- Cambridge University Public Debate: “Smallholder farming and the future of
food” http://www.globalfood.cam.ac.uk/talksandevents/public-
debates/smallholder-farming-and-future-of-food
- Mail & Guardian Africa “is there really a future for Africa’s smallholder
farmers?” http://mgafrica.com/article/2015-01-23-is-there-really-a-future-for-
africas-smallholder-farmers
More generally, vested interests.
As such, countries will be divided on this issue, along the possible following lines:
- Developing and developed countries,
- Countries with and without agricultural subsidies,
- Massive land purchases,
- Government relationship with smallholder farming and intensive agriculture,
Sources
"Food Security in Developing Countries: Is There a Role for the WTO?" Center For Global
Development. May 05, 2015. Accessed March 24, 2017.
https://www.cgdev.org/publication/food-security-developing-countries-there-role-wto.
"1. Introduction." 1. Introduction. Accessed March 24, 2017.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4525e/y4525e04.htm.
"6 reasons why people go hungry." Global Citizen. Accessed March 24, 2017.
https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/6-reasons-why-people-go-hungry/.
Elver, Hilal. "Why are there still so many hungry people in the world? | Hilal Elver." The
Guardian. February 19, 2015. Accessed March 24, 2017.
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/feb/19/why-hungry-people-food-
poverty-hunger-economics-mdgs.
Gimenez, Eric Holt. "We Already Grow Enough Food For 10 Billion People -- and Still Can't
End Hunger." The Huffington Post. May 02, 2012. Accessed March 24, 2017.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-holt-gimenez/world-hunger_b_1463429.html.
"Hunger-facts ." Hunger-facts | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations. Accessed March 24, 2017. http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/icn2/toolkit/hunger-
facts/en/.
"Key facts on food loss and waste you should know!" Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations. Accessed March 24, 2017. http://www.fao.org/save-
food/resources/keyfindings/en/.
"Save and Grow." FAO emblem. Accessed March 24, 2017. http://www.fao.org/ag/save-and-
grow/en/index.html.
"Seeking end to loss and waste of food along production chain." Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations. Accessed March 24, 2017. http://www.fao.org/in-
action/seeking-end-to-loss-and-waste-of-food-along-production-chain/en/.
"Stop Africa Land Grab - The Global Movement to Rollback Africa Land Grab." Stop Africa
Land Grab - The Global Movement to Rollback Africa Land Grab. Accessed March 24,
2017. http://www.stopafricalandgrab.com/.
Topic B: Eradicating poverty and promoting prosperity in a changing
world (High level political forum on sustainable development)
737 million people on earth have to live off less than US$ 1,90 per day and are struggling to
fulfil basic human needs like health, access to clean water and elemental education. One in nine
peope in the world are undernourished, 3.1 million children die every year as a result of
malnutrition.
And this percentage is expected to grow: The United Nations estimate that by 2050 around 2
billion 780 million people are ought to be undernourished. But not only are that – even in the
world’s richest countries 30 million children currently growing up poor. These statistics alone
show why the fight against poverty and hunger still is an issue of utmost importance.
In addition to that, new challenges like Climate Change have the potential of further
complicating the process of eradicating poverty as it is already poor people who are affected
the most by the effects of Climate Change. According to the World Bank, it will become harder
to eliminate extreme poverty once the impacts of Climate Change and especially Global
Warming deteriorate which means that there is only a small time frame left to achieve this goal.
But not only Climate Change is a new threat to the prosperity of the world – war and political
or economic crises increase the risk of falling under the poverty line for many people in the
affected areas. Syria is a vivid example of how war affects the economic status of the
population. According to the Syrian Center for Policy Research, 83 percent of Syrian citizen
were poor by national standards in 2014 compared to 12.4 percent in 2007.
The High Level Political Forum and the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable
Development
To find common ground on how to tackle these issues on an international level, the High-Level
Political Forum (HLPF) was established in 2013 as a result of the United Nations Conference
on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro.
In one of its first sessions the High Level Political Forum adopted the Agenda 2030 for
Sustainable Development , recognizing extreme poverty as „the greatest global challenge and
an indispensable requirement for sustainable development“ and pledging to „free the human
race from the tyranny of poverty“.
The HLPF was initiated as a replacement of the Commission on Sustainable Development that
was established in 1992 as an outcome of the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development where first steps regarding international cooperation to ensure sustainable
development were made.
Hence, the HLPF is the principle UN body to examine and the proper implementation of the
obligations of partaking states resulting from the Agenda 2030. Additionally, it is a forum
where member states have the opportunity to exchange their experiences regarding measures
to promote sustainable development and to reduce possible barriers for the realization of the
Agenda 2030.
Along with the declaration of shared principles, a call for action and the clarification of
responsibilities of member states on one hand and the HLPF on the other hand, the Agenda
includes 17 Global Goals for Sustainable Development to be reached by 2030.
Each of the annual sessions of the HLPF has a different focus. In resolution 70/299 in 2016 the
General Assembly decided that the 2017 session of the High Level Political Forum will take
place under the overall theme of „Eradicating poverty and promoting prosperity in a changing
world“ while discussing a certain set of goals representing the Three Dimensions of Sustainable
development:
1) “Leave no one behind and provide a life of dignity for all“
2) “Live within our means and achieve greater prosperity in an inclusive manner with
the capacity of the Earth’s life support system“
3) “Leave something behind by increasing natural, social and economic capital to
achieve greater resilience and secure future generations’ livelihoods
In order to recognize these three dimensions, the following goals have been chosen to be in the
spotlight during the HLPF‘s 2017 edition:
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
This includes not only eradicating extreme poverty (people living off less than US$ 1.25 per
day) but also reducing the number of people living in poverty defined national standards. While
the number of humans living in extreme poverty has been reduced by 35 % percent, over 700
million are still living in inhumane circumstances. Seeing that this improvement rate is mostly
a result of the positive economic development in Asian countries and especially China, the
fight against extreme poverty is yet to be won.
Recommended Reading:
“Why it matters“ http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-
content/uploads/2016/08/1_Why-it-Matters_Poverty_2p.pdf
“Taking on Inequality“ – the Poverty and Shared Prosperity report of the
Word Bank
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/25078/978
1464809583.pdf
“Shifting Wealth – Perspectives on Global Development“ – a summary
published by the OECD http://www.oecd.org/dev/pgd/45586701.pdf
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture
This target recognizes sustainable agriculture that ensures biodiversity and the support of local
small-scale food producers as solutions for ending hunger.
Recommended Reading:
The 2016 World Hunger and Poverty Facts and Statistics – published
by the World Hunger Education Service
http://www.worldhunger.org/2015-world-hunger-and-poverty-facts-
and-statistics/#hunger-number
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
This objective is aimed at ensuring access to medical care and reproductive health-care services
for everyone and emphasizes the need to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality as well as
ending diseases like AIDS or malaria. It includes 13 different targets including some on the
Millennium Development Goal agenda, on noncommunicable diseases and mentioning
environmental issues.
Recommended Reading:
● “World Health Statistics 2016: Monitoring Health for the
Sustainable Development Goals, Chapter 1”
http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2016/EN
_WHS2016_Chapter1.pdf
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Goal 5 focuses on ending the still existing discrimination of girls and women along with
violence against women and girls and ensuring access to reproductive health and promoting
women’s participation in leadership. While dealing with these issues the different issues need
to be regarded considering each country’s individual situation and the measures that might have
already been implemented. This is an opportunity for member states to cooperate and learn
from each other.
Recommended Reading:
● https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg5
● Website of UN Women http://www.unwomen.org/en
● Gender Inequality index published by the United Nations Development
Program http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/gender-inequality-index-gii
Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation
This goal highlights the importance of the improvement of developing countries‘ economical
situation by emphasizing the need to increase the gross domestic product in those states and
recognising the support of technological advancement and new infrastructure as a way to
achieve it.
Recommended Reading:
● “Why it matters“ http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-
content/uploads/2016/08/9_Why-it-Matters_Goal-9_Industry_1p.pdf
Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development
Goal 14 provides a timeline to reach objectives in relation to the protection of the maritime
ecosystem and sustainable use of marine resources by setting targets concerning overfishing,
the conservation of coastal and marine areas and the increase of economic benefits to small
island developing states that are ought to be reached even before 2030.
Recommended Reading:
● “Oceans – why they matter“
http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-
content/uploads/2016/08/14_Why-it-Matters_Goal-14_Life-Below-
Water_3p.pdf
Ideas for Debate and Resolution
Seeing these goals set by the HLPF which draw a broad outline for debating the topic of
„Eradicating Poverty and Ensuring Prosperity in a Changing World“, the discussion during the
conference should not only be limited to each member states making broad declarations
emphasizing the relevance of the issue. Instead, the the specification of the vast frame
provided by the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development is of utmost importance.
Considering how many member states have adopted the Agenda 2030, a consensus on the
importance of the issue is evident. Where opinions might differ is what kind of different
measures should be implemented to reach these goals and how to do that in an efficient and
effective way that respects state sovereignty. That is why the debate on a particular plan of
action during the conference is highly encouraged.
With regards to the goals that the member states are striving to achieve, this plan of action
might include:
● Analysis of the status quo concerning the implementation of the Agenda 2030
and its goals
● Findings regarding the effectiveness of certain measures that result from
research conducted by individual member states and might serve the Agenda if
also applied in other countries
● Specific measures to be taken by the member states in order to achieve the goals
set by the Agenda 2030 such as educational programs for girls and women,
implementation of new environmental protection laws, financial funding for
medical research, initiatives supporting local small-scale agriculture,
● Outlook on the development with and without the efforts of the member states
● Time frame for the different measures to be carried out
Sources
● The 2016 World Hunger and Poverty Facts and Statistics – published by the World
Hunger Education Service http://www.worldhunger.org/2015-world-hunger-and-
poverty-facts-and-statistics/#hunger-number
● http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/ARES67290_en.pdf (The
organizational aspects of the HLPF)
● http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E (Agenda
2030 for Sustainable Development)
● http://web.unep.org/ourplanet/march-2015/unep-work/three-dimensions-sustainable-
development (The Three Dimensions of Sustainable Development)
● · http://gfmd.info/en/site/news/958/Measuring-progress-on-peace-and-justice--New-
global-data-site-for-SDG16.htm (Graphic of the goals)
● http://web.unep.org/ourplanet/march-2015/unep-work/three-dimensions-sustainable-
development (Resolution 70/299 of the General Assembly: „Follow-up and review of
the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the global level“)