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KIGALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYINSTITUT DES SCIENCES ET DE TECHNOLOGIE DE KIGALI

Avenue de l'Armée, B.P. 3900 Kigali, Rwanda

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

A PROJECT REPORT

ON

CONCRETE PRODUCTS IN ROAD CONSTRUCTIONCASE STUDY: KIGALI CITY

Submitted by

MUSONERA Manasseh (REG.NO: PT20063007)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. G. SENTHIL KUMARAN

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

SEPTEMBER 2009

PROJECT ID: CEM/04/09

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KIGALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYINSTITUT DES SCIENCES ET DE TECHNOLOGIE DE KIGALI

Avenue de l'Armée, B.P. 3900 Kigali, Rwanda

FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

C E R T I F I C A T E

This is to certify that the Project Work entitled “……CONRETE PRODUCTS IN ROAD

CONSTRUCTION………………………………………………… is a record of the

original bonafide work done by……MUSONERA

Manasseh………………………………….. (REG.No:PT20063007 .….) in partial

fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Science Degree in

Construction Engineering and Management of Kigali Institute of Science and

Technology during the Academic Year 2007.

…………………… …………………………… Supervisor Head MR. G. SENTHIL KUMARAN. Dept.of CE&ET MR.G.SENTHIL KUMARAN

Submitted for the Project Examination held at KIST on ……………………………….

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Declaration

I MUSONERA Manasseh do hereby declare that this project is original, has not been published

and/or submitted for any other degree award to any other University before.

Date: ………………………………………….

MUSONERA Manasseh

………………………………..

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Dedication

To the Almighty God, King of kings, and lord of lords. Without him I would not have gone this

far. He alone is the source of knowledge and wisdom.

To My wife, family and friends, who have greatly encouraged and supported me in my studies

morally, spiritually and materially.

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Acknowledgement

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my almighty God who is the source of my

strength and all my achievements. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my supervisor,

Mr. G. Senthil Kumaran for his professional guidance that has enabled me to accomplish this

research. I also wish to extend my thanks to all my lecturers since the beginning of the course for

all the knowledge that they have provided to me without which this project may not have been a

success.

My sincere appreciation goes to the Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology staff, for

all their technical support.

Lastly but not least, I acknowledge all other lecturers and all my course mates on the

Construction Engineering Management (CEM) program for having made my academic and

social life comfortable at KIST.

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Abstract

This dissertation examines the theoretical and conceptual basis for evaluating

pedestrian spaces. The objective is to develop a comprehensive and multi-

dimensional method that would be useful to professionals who are interested in

evaluating the existing conditions of pedestrian spaces on urban streets to propose

changes and improvements. The evaluation method was developed after extensive

study of the existing studies conducted by different the researcher on the different

requirements for making pedestrian spaces safe, comfortable, and convenient to

use. The method examines the level of safety, comfort, and convenience on

sidewalks and intersections in urban areas. The qualitative method proposed in this

dissertation, has been designed to examine walkways at macro and micro levels

using different elements.

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Table of Contents

Declaration....................................................................................................................................... i

Dedication ....................................................................................................................................... ii

Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................... iii

Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iv

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii

List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii

Abbreviations................................................................................................................................. ix

Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................... 2

Objectives ....................................................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Main Objective................................................................................................................. 2

1.4 Specific Objectives........................................................................................................... 2

1.5 Scope of the Study............................................................................................................ 3

1.6 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................................... 3

Chapter 2: Literature Review.......................................................................................................... 4

2.1 According to Reinforced Concrete Design by Dr BC Punmia, Ashok, Kr, Jain, Arun Kr.Jain, Chapter 1, cement concrete Materials. .......................................................................... 4

2.2 According to Kane County Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan, ref: www.co.kane.il.us ............... 4

2.3 NPD-COTRACO .................................................................................................................. 5

2.4 From presentation entitled “It takes a whole town to raise a pedestrian’ By Professor Spenser W.Havlick, University of Colorad ................................................................................ 6

2.5 Also with reference to www.tfhrc.gov/safety ....................................................................... 7

2.6 Reference is made to www.t2.unh.edu ................................................................................. 7

Chapter 3: Methodology ................................................................................................................. 9

3.1 Fieldwork (site visit) ............................................................................................................. 9

3.2 Laboratory work.................................................................................................................... 9

3.3 Materials assessment............................................................................................................. 9

3.4 Documentation...................................................................................................................... 9

3.5 Site visit .............................................................................................................................. 10

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3.5.1 Site installation................................................................................................. 103.5.2 Site preparation ................................................................................................ 103.5.3 Excavations ...................................................................................................... 103.5.4 Compaction ...................................................................................................... 113.5.5 Laying pavers................................................................................................... 123.5.6 Kerbs construction ........................................................................................... 133.5.7 Drainage........................................................................................................... 14

3.6 Laboratory work.................................................................................................................. 17

3.6.1 Loss Angeles Abrasion Value (LAAV)........................................................................... 17

3.6.2 Aggregate Impact Value .................................................................................. 193.6.3 Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV)................................................................... 21

3.7 Materials assessment........................................................................................................... 22

3.7.1 Properties of concrete ...................................................................................... 223.7.2 Reinforcement steel ......................................................................................... 243.7.3 Cement ............................................................................................................. 253.7.4 Aggregates ....................................................................................................... 253.7.5 Water................................................................................................................ 263.7.6 Timber.............................................................................................................. 26

3.8 Documentation.................................................................................................................... 27

Chapter 4: Conclusion recomendations and further study............................................................ 28

4.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 28

4.2 Recommendations............................................................................................................... 28

4.3 Further study ....................................................................................................................... 28

References..................................................................................................................................... 30

Appendices.................................................................................................................................... 31

Paved walkway with finished drainage......................................................................................... 37

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List of Tables

Table 1 ...........................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Table 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 18Table 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 23Table 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 24

viii

List of Figures

Figure 1 Pavers of different shapes................................................................................................. 6Figure 2 Ground Compaction ....................................................................................................... 11Figure 3 Paver Laying................................................................................................................... 12Figure 4 Kerbstone........................................................................................................................ 13Figure 5 Slab Laying..................................................................................................................... 14Figure 6 Well fixed slabs .............................................................................................................. 15Figure 7 Culverts of various dimensions ...................................................................................... 16

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Abbreviations

ACV: Aggregate Crushing Value

ADT: Average Daily Traffic

AIV: Aggregate Impact Value

CEM: Construction Engineering and Management

Dia: Diameter

Fig: Figure

IS: International Standards

LAAV: Loss Angeles Abrasion Value.

MM: Milimiters

N: Newton

NPD: Nyarutarama Property Developers

ADT: Average Daily Traffic

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background

Street paving has been found from the first human settlements around 4000 BC in cities

of the Indus Valley Civilization on the Indian subcontinent, such as Harappa and

Mohenjo-Daro.

After 1994 genocide and war in Rwanda, Kigali city has developed tremendously due to

the large masses of people both from rural areas and outside the country who come to

stay in the city hence leading to the growth of its population in pursuit of business and

employment. Construction industry has also grown steadily due to population growth.

Due to this growth therefore, there is an urgent need to solve the problem of pedestrian

traffic and drainage associated problems using Concrete products which this project is

intended to address. The road from the airport to the city centre is the best as it is lined

with palm trees and neatly trimmed grass in the middle. Potholes seem alien to this place.

The drainages are all in great order and so there are always no flooded areas from heavy

rains.

However, a lot is still to be done because there are other Kigali streets mainly in the

suburbs that are not paved and others need to be improved so as to solve the above

mentioned problems.

One of those Kigali suburbs which this project will take in consideration is the

Kibagabaga Road that Joins Kinyinya with Kimironko Road.

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1.2 Problem Statement

According to the study that was done by Rwanda National police, department of Road

safety, 5% of accidents that were recorded in the year 2008 were caused by pedestrian

traffic. These accidents are caused by lack of enough walkways along the roadsides that

would be used by pedestrians.

Drainage channels that are clearly identified and separated from each other should also be

provided to channel and direct excess running rain water to avoid flooding.

This is urgently needed in most parts of Kigali because when this running water is

not channelled, it can always find its own way leading to destruction of property

and lives as it occurred in Gasabo District in the year 2008. Pedestrian walkways

and Drainage channels can both be made of concrete elements and hence solving

the above mentioned problems.

Objectives

1.3 Main Objective

To figure out the efficiency of paving the pedestrian walkways and providing a well

networked drainage system.

1.4 Specific Objectives

To ensure the safety and free movement for the pedestrians.

To reduce time taken by both drivers and pedestrians when they are trying to avoid

each other in fear of potential accidents.

.

To facilitate well networked running water drainage system

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1.5 Scope of the Study

The study was carried out mainly in Gasabo district of Kigali City to get information on

concrete products used on pedestrian walkways and the drainage system and point out

setbacks and possible solutions.

1.6 Significance of the Study

Concrete products in road construction provide the following features and benefits;

design flexibility, solid value, excellent durability, low maintenance, improved safety and

positive environmental attributes.

Concrete products can withstand the most extreme weather conditions and will hold up

for many decades of constant usage. Products include road kerbs, paving blocks, concrete

pipes and paving flags.

In the road construction technology sector, it will open up minds of Civil Engineers to

think of or invent better and safer technologies that could encourage more concrete paved

roads, water drainage of existing roads and improved construction of pedestrian

walkways.

Concrete products in road construction are designed for an expected service life. In some

countries the standard design life is 40 years for concrete pavement. Maintenance is

considered in the whole life cost of the road with service at 10, 20 and 30 year

milestones. Roads can be and are designed for a variety of lives (8-, 15-, 30-, and 60-

year designs). When pavements last longer than their intended life, they may have been

overbuilt, and the original costs may have been too high. When a pavement fails before

its intended design life, the owner may have excessive repair and rehabilitation costs.

Many concrete pavements built since the 1950s have significantly outlived their intended

design lives.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review

This research was carried to reveal the use of concrete elements in pedestrian walkways

and drainage system; it is from this point therefore, that references are used on the

concrete elements, pedestrian walkways and drainage.

2.1, According to Reinforced Concrete Design by Dr BC

Punmia, Ashok, Kr, Jain, Arun Kr.Jain, Chapter 1,

cement concrete Materials.

Concrete is a product obtained artificially by hardening of the mixture of cement, sand,

gravel and water in predetermined proportions. When these ingredients are mixed, they

form a plastic mass which can be poured in suitable moulds called forms, and set on

standing into hard solid mass. [1]

2.2 According to Kane County Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan,

ref: www.co.kane.il.us

Pedestrian facilities or “pedestrian lanes” provide people with space to travel within the public right-of-

Way that is separated from roadway vehicles. They improve mobility for pedestrians and provide access

and an alternative means of travel to and from home, work, parks, schools, shopping areas, and transit

Stops. They also provide places for children to walk, run, skate, bike, and play. Where no walkways are

provided, or where walkways are in poor repair or have missing sections, the following conditions often

result:

People may be forced to walk in the roadway resulting in increased pedestrian/motor vehicle

Collisions. About 8 percent of all pedestrian crashes involve people walking along the road.

Without a safe and well-maintained place to walk, people are discouraged and in extreme

Cases, prevented from walking. For example children have a difficult time walking to school

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And seniors cannot access nearby shops.

The absence of sidewalks can eliminate access to all destinations for some people with disabilities.

Even short gaps in side walk facilities make nearby destinations completely inaccessible to these

Individuals.

Failure to provide a safe place to walk does not accommodate the needs of people who rely on

Walking as a mode of transport. [2]

2.3 NPD-COTRACO

NPD-COTRACO is a local construction company that is leading in manufacturing and construction

of these concrete elements in Kigali city .paving block is produced from natural aggregates which are

Carefully selected and graded. The mixing and fabrication processes are carefully controlled to ensure

The best product. To give our customers a variety, we produce paving blocks in different shapes, sizes

And colors. [3]

Shapes:-rectangular -zigzag -hammer

Sizes: -40mm -60mm -80mm

Colors:-natural -red -green –black

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Figure 1

2.4 From presentation entitled “It takes a whole town to raise

a pedestrian’ By Professor Spenser W.Havlick,

University of Colorad

Pedestrian facilities do not happen by accident; they are the result of a well designed,

Carefully orchestrated, and sufficiently financed pedestrian plan of action. It needs to

be part of, but independent of the community’s transportation master plan.

Pedestrianism includes all members of the human settlement.apedestrian friendly town

Takes care of its walkers at the three most critical periods in human life cycle.

In the dawn of life (the young) in the darkness of life (the poor, disabled and homeless)

and in the twilight of life (the frail and elderly).A car-based society cripples all three

categiries of people.

Often auto transportation budgets need to be re-priotized.if a town wants a model spit

of 20% made up of cyclists and pedestrians, etc.then 20% of the highway, car-related

budget should be directed to alternate modes.

Examples of pedestrian-frindly designs, facilities and programs are widely available.

Each must be modified for the town that is hoping to do a better job of raising and

protecting its pedestrians. [4]

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2.5 Also with reference to www.tfhrc.gov/safety

Information was collected at each of the 2,000 sites, including pedestrian crash history (average of five

years per site), daily pedestrian volume, traffic volume, number of lanes, speed limit, area type, type

of median, type and condition of crosswalk marking, location type (midblock vs. intersection), and other

Site characteristics. All study sites were at intersection or midblock locations with no traffic signals or

Stop signs on the approaches. The comparatively large sample size permitted analysis of relevant data

Subsets.

A number of site factors were found to be related to crashes and therefore had to be used as control

Variables in the analysis. Such factors included: higher pedestrian average daily traffic (ADT),

Higher traffic ADT and number of lanes (three or more lanes vs. two lanes). In addition, multilane

roads with raised medians had significantly lower crash rates than similar roads with no median or

Painted medians only. There was also a significant regional effect: Sites in western U.S. cities had

a significantly higher crash risk than in eastern U.S. cities (after controlling for other site conditions

The commitment to embrace a pedestrian ethic must come from citizens, business Leaders,

Elected officials, school authorities and planning staff members. [5]

2.6 Reference is made to www.t2.unh.edu

Inadequate drainage greatly contributes to road failure. Proper drainage is vital as

Water affects road serviceability. To maintain a good roadway network the road manager must

Keep water out of it.

A drainage system reduces water damage and saves money. The major elements to a drainage

system are:

Roadway

Shoulders

Ditches

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Culverts

These elements work together to prevent water from passing through the road surface.

The roadway and shoulder move water to the side and carry it away. Even properly

Design roads could flood, washout, and develop potholes if drainage is neglected.

Fix problems immediately.Damaged shoulders, ditches, and culverts result in poor drainage.

They allow water to stand on the road or seep back into the base, which saturates and weakens

The base/road. To avoid overflow and washouts, keep ditches and culverts free of debris and

Sediment. Water penetrates the roadway through surface cracks and weakens the base and sub grade. This results in potholes, cracks, a

ment failure. Crack sealing is a primary way to keep the water out of

The base and sub grade. A seal may be applied after. Maintain vegetation in ditches to prevent

Erosion. Mow vegetation and cut brush to keep water flowing smoothly. Keep culverts free of

Sediment to avoid road deterioration and flooding. Smooth and reshape gravel roads to allow the

road and shoulder to shed water to the ditches and away from the roadway.[6]

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Chapter 3: Methodology

This part describes the methods and the materials used in the study, field work, documentation and

Laboratory work.

3.1 Fieldwork (site visit)

This research is a fieldwork research that identified all inputs and outputs in the production of concrete

elements to use in road construction and evaluating the site conditions .So the site visit is the main key to

Identify the problems faced and to analyse different solutions that can be proposed to solve these problems.

3.2 Laboratory work

Samples were taken in favourable conditions from quarry sites and taken to the laboratory for

Testing strength. The laboratory tests help to know how the strength and durability of the concrete

Products will be.

3.3 Materials assessment

This part describes in detail the materials that were used in this project in the manufacturing of the concrete

Based products.

3.4 Documentation

Documentation is the key of this work as different books, websites; research reports related to this

Research project were consulted to get more information and understandings.

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3.5 Site visit

During my research on this project, I visited the site that was in progress and this is Nyarutarama road

which starts from Gishushu to Kinyinya Road. This pedestrian walkway is being constructed by

a local construction company; NPD-COTRACO.

When visiting this site, I asked the questions concerning the execution of this project, and the

following were the respondent’s answers regarding construction activities.

3.5.1 Site installation

This part is very important because it involves carrying all materials and equipment to be used

at the site during construction process, and also put in place shelter for workers, and building store house

For tools and other materials like cement.

3.5.2 Site preparation

This site preparation is done in order to remove all obstacles that would hinder construction activities

such as removal of trees with their trunks, stones and any other obstacle that would hinder walkway

Construction.

3.5.3 Excavations

This phase of carrying out excavations, the area which is usually 2 meters wide is usually measured

offsetting from the roadside and then excavations are done between the two plumb lines marking 2 meters,

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and then 25cm soil is excavated. The tools used in these measurements are tape measure, setsquare and

plumb lines. These measurements are taken from the designed drawings.

3.5.4 Compaction

Fig 2

Figure 2 Ground Compaction

After excavation is done, that excavated platform is also compacted using roller compacter machine

To make the ground strong enough to receive other literate/marum. Before marum is compacted,

water is first poured on the compacted ground and then marum is laid on surface and further

Compacted at least to retain 16 cm thickness after compaction.

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3.5.5 Laying pavers

Fig 3

Figure 3 Paver Laying

Before paving blocks of any shape and color are laid, good quality river sand is laid on top of

compacted layer of marum/laterite to facilitate the laying of paving blocks and to allow water percolation

and penetration through this sand. The size of this paving block is 6cm thick and the blocks are

Interlocked. After laying pavers on 3mm sand thickness and after interlocking them, then fine sand is

Swept over the top surface of the pavers in order to fill the spaces between the interlocking paving blocks.

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3.5.6 Kerbs construction

Fig.4

Figure 4 Kerbstone

Construction of kerbs always precedes compaction of laterite material; construction of kerbs on both

ends of the walkway is done at an early stage to give the boundary for the entire walkway width.

Concrete blinding is first casted to be able to hold the 5 cm part of kerb

These kerbs are in varying sizes which range between from crossing over because it is smaller

Than the 25x83cm kerb which is used in the rest of the pedestrian walkways 25x83 cm,20x83cm etc.

The sizes may vary due to their function they are to perform. for example the 20x83cm is used where

There is entrance into gates of homes or working places from the main road. This is usually shorter

And id facilitates vehicles.

After kerbs are built and aligned in their proper lines, jointing and pointing is necessary to

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Avoid water entering the walkway from the main road.

3.5.7 Drainage

When running water is not well catered for, it can damage anything good that has been put in

place while paving the road. Below are some of techniques used in drainage.

Fig 5

Figure 5 Slab Laying

In this research, I have to point out that there are many roads in kigali city that are not provided with

drainage channels and this facilitates water stagnation which is a hinderance to pedestrians and

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Kigali city residents.there should also be adquate rain water slopes on new roads that are being

constructed to facilitate easy and safe drainage.

3.5.7.1 Use of slabs

Slabs of varying sizes are used in running water drainage. 4x30x30cm slab is usually used to

Drain water from the main road to the boundary of kerbs which borders the road with pedestrian walkway.

These kerbs are inclined at a gentle slope that facilitates water drainage to the culverts. These slabs are

Lay onto cement concrete blinding.

Fig 6

Figure 6 Well fixed slabs

Slabs Other slabs that may be used are 5x50x50 cm slabs that are used on the walls of drainage channel

which channel also supplies the main sewage. Slabs are also used to cover the manholes that are used

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as inspection chambers. These slabs are also interlocking some times and these slabs have to be

reinforced to support the traffic loads. Some are 10x50x100cm, 20x100x200cm e.t.c.The

size may vary according to the design and the size of manhole to be covered.

3.5.7.2 Use of culverts

As mentioned above the same case applies to the use of water pipes/culverts that are used in drainage

Systems. These culverts vary in sizes, some are reinforced and others are not according to their intended

Function. These culverts vary in diameter from the range of 40 cm diameter, 50, 60, 80,100cm according to

Their intended use.

Fig 7

Figure 7 Culverts of various dimensions

Usually in drainage these culverts serve the purpose of collecting water from the main road and channel

This water to the drainage channel across which is separate from the pedestrian walkways. Most drainage

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channels in Kigali are separate from the walk ways except for the few places like in Kiyovu.The drainage

Channels are usually few meters away from the walkways. In distance about 3 meters.

3.6 Laboratory work

During my research on laboratory tests, I was able to visit Rwanda national Laboratory and Kist

laboratory respectively.In this study, was able to do three basic tests namely;

3.6.1 Loss Angeles Abrasion Value (LAAV)

The objective of this test was to determine the resistance to abrasion or crashing of smaller sizes of coarse

aggregates by use of loss angeles machine.

This method covers a procedure for testing sizes of aggregates smaller than 37.5mm diameter sieve, and

resistance to abrasion.

Resistance to abrasion is a measure of hardness of aggregate under action of traffic, resistance to

relative movement and rubbing of aggregate with each other.

Apparatus

Loss angels machine

Spheres sieves of 37.5mm ,25mm,19mm,12.5mm,9.5mm,6.3mm,4.75mm and 2.36

Balance

Oven

Abrasion charge (spheres)

These consist of steel spheres averaging approximately 46.3mm diameter and each sphere weighs

390g-450g.

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The abrasion charge, depending upon the grading of the test sample as described below

Table 1

Grading Number of spheres Mass of charge(g)

A 12 5000-5025

B 11 4585-4610

C 8 3330-3350

D 6 2500-2515

Test sample preparation

The test sample consists of cleaned and washed sample; dried in oven for 24 hour time.

The sample must be separated into four grades; A, B, C and D.

Grading of test sample by sieving

Table 1

Passing

(mm)

Retained

(mm)

Grade A;

Mass(g)

Grade B;

Mass(g)

Grade D;

Mass(g)

Grade D;

Mass(g)

37.5 25 1250-1275

25 19 1250-1275

19 12.5 1250-1260 2500-2510

12.5 9.5 1250-1260 2500-2510

9.5 6.3 2500-2510

6.3 4.75 2500-2510

4.75 2.36 5000-5010

Total 5000-5010 5000-5010 5000-5010 5000-5010

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Procedure

Select the grade of sample (A;B;C or D)

Clean wash and dry the sample for four hours time in oven; at 105°C-110°C temperature

Put the spheres according to the grade of sample in the Los Angeles machine and close it.

Run the machine at the speed of 30 -33 revolution per minute; for 500 revolution (about 18 minutes time).

After remove the sample from the machine and sieve it with 4.75mm diameter sieves size.

Again, sieve the fraction passing 4.55mm diameter sieve size with 1.7mm dia sieve size

The fraction retained on 1.77mm dia sieve size must be washed and dried in the oven for 24hours time;

at 105°C -110°C temperature

Then after remove the sample and weigh it, and take the mass B

Results

The difference between the original mass (5000g) and the final mass B

Of the test sample; shall be expressed as percentage of the original mass of the test sample.

The percentage (%) of wear =(5000-B)/5000 (expressed in

Where 5000 is the original mass of test sample,

B is the washed and dried sample retained on 1.7mm dia sieve size.

3.6.2 Aggregate Impact Value

The objective of Aggregate impact value (AIV) is to determine the measure of resistance of the

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aggregate to sudden shock or impact which differs from the resistance to slowly compressive load.

Apparatus

1,Aggregate impact value testing machine-complete

2,Sieve :14mm;10mm;and 2.36mm

3,Tamping rod of dia 10mm and 230mm long

4,Cylindrical measure metal cup

5, Balance and oven.

Procedure

Sieving the sample with 14mm and retained to 10mm dia sieve.

Drying the sample for 4 hours at 110°C

Measuring the metal measure cup and take its mass M1

Filling the cup with sample in 3 equal layers.

Each layer must be tamped with 25 blows.

Determine the weight of the cup filled with the sample and take a note of mass M2.

Determine the weight of aggregates filled in the cup:take note A=M2-M1

Fixing the filled cu on the base of the machine.

Subject the test sample to 15 blows of hammer for 15 second’s time.

Remove the crashed aggregates from the cup

Sieve the crashed aggregates with 2.36mm dia sieve.

Weighing the passed fraction of aggregate and take anote B.

Weighing the retained fraction of aggregate and take a note C

NB:if B+C is less than A by 1g,discard the results and repeat the test

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Results

AIV=BX100

A

A=Initial mass of aggregate filled in the cup before crushing

B=The mass of the fraction passing with 2.36mm dia sieve after crushing.

Remark

If the AIV is more than 30%, then the result is anomalous.it is not recommended for use on road construction.

3.6.3 Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV)

This test helps to determine the aggregate crushing value of coarse aggregates as per IS:

2386(Part iv ) -1963.The apparatus used is cylindrical measure and plunger,compression testing machine,

IS Sieve of sizes-12.5mm,10mm and 2.36mm

Procedure to determine aggregate crushing value

i) The aggregates passing through 12.5mm and retained on 10mm IS Sieve are oven- dried at a

Temperature of 100 to 110°C for 3 to 4hrs.

ii) The cylinder of the apparatus is filled in 3 layers; each layer tamped wiyh 25 strokes of a tamping rod.

iii) The weight of aggregates is measured (Weight ‘A’)

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iv) The surface of the aggregates is then leveled and the plunger is inserted.the apparatus is then placed

In the compression testing machine and loaded at a uniform rate so as to achieve 40t load in 10minutes.

After this, the load is released.

v) The sample is then sieved through a 2.36mm IS Sieve and the fraction passing through the sieve

is weighed(Weight ‘B’)

vi) Two tests shuld be conducted.

3.7 Materials assessment

This part explains in a detailed manner the materials that are used to make up the above mentioned concrete

Products.

3.7.1 Properties of concrete

Concrete is obtained by mixing fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, Cement and water.

Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel together to form this strongest and durable

material that can be formed into many varied shapes and sizes ranging from a single rectangular column,

to slender curved dome or shale.its utility and versitility are achieved by combining the best features of

Concrete and steel.

Consider some of the widely differing properties of these two materials that are listed below;

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Table 2

Behaviour Concrete Steel

Strength in Tension.

Strength in Compression

Strength in shear

Durability

Fire resistance

Poor

Good

Fair

Good

Good

Good

Good

Good

Good

Good

The above table clearly shows that the materials are more or less complementally.thus when they are

combined fer example steel is able to provide the tensile strength and probably some of the shear strength

While the concrete is strong in compression, protects steel to give durability and fire resistance.

The selection of the concrete type to use is friquently governed by the strength required which in

Turn depends on intensity of loading.

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The concrete strength is assessed by measuring the strength of the cubes or cylinders of concrete made

From the mix.these are usually cubed and tested after twenty eight days according to standard procedure.

Concrete for a given strength is identified by its grade.a grade C30 concrete has a characteristic cube

Crushing strength of 30N/MM2.

Table 3

Grade Material

C7.5

C15

C20

C30

C35

C40

C60

Plain concrete

Reinforced concrete With light weight aggregates

Reinforced concrete with dense aggregates.

Concrete with post-tensioned tendons.

Concrete with pre-tensioned tendons

3.7.2 Reinforcement steel

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The minimum size of a steel bar is the diameter of an equivalent circular area.

Hot rolled mild steel bars usually have a smooth surface so that the bond with concrete is by adhension only.

Mild steel bars can readily be bent so they are necessary, such as; in making circular water pipes /culverts

of say 100cm diameter,But their availability and usage are becoming less common instead high yield

steel bars are manufactured either with i ribbed surface or with the form of twisted square.

3.7.3 Cement

Cement is produced by burning a mixture of material elements such as;silicious(containing cilica)

argellaceous (containing alumina) and calcareous (containing lime).these materials are burnt in

partial fusion at a temperature of 1400°C to 1450°C.The main raw materials of manufacturing cement are

lime cilica,alumina and iron oxide.

From the different types of cement such as ordinally portland cement, Rapid hardening portiland cement,

and high alumina cement, a wide variety of cement is available which are suitable for use under certain

Conditions due to its special properties. In our case,we use ordinally portiland cement which is enough

to make these concrete elements mentioned above.it has a medium rate of strength development and

heat generation.it has adquete resistance for drying,shrinkage and cracking,but it has less resistance to

Chemical attack.

3.7.4 Aggregates

A mixture of only cement and water is costly and possesses low strength on drying.in order to reduce the

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cost and also increase strength there is ned to introduce insoluble non-cementation particles described as

Aggregates.Such aggregates constitute between 50% and 80% of the volume of conventional concrete.

However there are two types of aggregates;

Fine aggregates

The fine aggregates such as sand composedof particles mainly passing a 5mm sieve.

This should be crystaline and free from deleterious substances such as organic and inorganic impurities.

This should preferably be from a pit or a river source and not from a sea shore to avoid salt contamination.

Coarse aggregates

Coarse aggregates such as crushed stone gravel composed of particles mainly retained on a 5mm sieve.

this should be washed thoroughly well to remove surface impurities.it should also be free from chemical

Impurities.

Aggregates should be well destributed in size to produce a dense concrete.the destribution of various

Sizes of particles is called grading og concrete.

3.7.5 Water

If water is suitable for drinking, it is also generally suitable for making concrete.

Water used for making and curing concrete should be free from injurous concrete substances such as soil,

Salt,sugar organic materials or other elements that are harmfull to concrete or steel.

3.7.6 Timber

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Timber is used in making formworks and other temporary structures in construction known as scuffolds.

timber is cheap compared to other materials such us steel but also not durable.in the long run steel is better

Than timber due to its durability.

3.8 Documentation

Documentation is the key of this work as different books, websites; research reports related to this

Research project were consulted to get more information and understandings. Most of this work is found in

Charpter 2 on literature review.

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Chapter 4: Conclusion recomendations and further study

4.1 Conclusion

Numerical standards have been deliberately avoided because rigid measurements are very difficult to

Apply in pedestrian walkways. Pedestrians, unlike vehicles are not always in motion when on their assigned

Right-of-way. They stop suddenly, sit down, chat with others, window shop, and browse. None of these

Activities can be numerically configured for the design of a perfect walkway. Pedestrians' activities are

Influenced by culture, prevailing conditions, land uses influence, trip type and so on.

4.2 Recommendations

In line with this present research,I would like to recommend to the planning authorities such as kigali city

council and Rwanda National Police to do the following:

To take pedestrian traffic and drainage related problems seriously and allocate funds and resources

To this cause and come up with solutions as suggested in this research.

To make a detailed traffic analysis to Kigali city roads and avail pedestrian walkways to places that

urgently need them.

With these recommmendations suggested above, if they’re implimmented, a lot would be achieved in

the development of this country.

4.3 Further study

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In this research due to limited time, there are some areas that were not researched on which could be further

researched about especially on drainage.

There should be techniques where by drainage channel is combined with pedestrian paths passing

Underneath as to minimise construction costs when the two are seperated.

There are also some deffects in drainage construction especially on fixing slabs over the drainage

Channel which can also be reseached about.

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References

1. Dr BC Punmia,Ashok,Kr,Jain,Arun (2006) reinforced concrete design

2. Kane county (2007) www.co.kane.il.us

3. NPD-cotraco (2008) local construction company.

4. Proffessor spenser W.Havlick (2007) University of Colorado.

5. www.tfh rc.gov/safety(2009)

6. www.t2.unh.edu(2008)

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Appendices

Pedestrian walkway along Amahoro Stadium

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Nyarutarama road under construction of Pedestrian walkway

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Reinforced concrete slabs covering drainage channel

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Nyarutarama paved walkway

35

Kacyiru paved island with palm trees

36

Kerbs under construction

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Paved walkway with finished drainage

38

i

CONCRETE CONCRETE PRODUCTS IN ROAD PRODUCTS IN ROAD CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

CASE STUDY: KIGALI CITYCASE STUDY: KIGALI CITY

By: By: MUSONERA Manasseh MUSONERA Manasseh

© © 2009 Concrete Products in Road Construction. 2009 Concrete Products in Road Construction.

By: By: MUSONERA Manasseh MUSONERA Manasseh ((REG.NO: PT20063007)REG.NO: PT20063007)

Supervisor: Supervisor: Mr. G. SENTHIL KUMARAN Mr. G. SENTHIL KUMARAN

BackgroundBackground After 1994 genocide and war in Rwanda, Kigali After 1994 genocide and war in Rwanda, Kigali

city has developed tremendously due to the city has developed tremendously due to the large masses of people both from rural areas large masses of people both from rural areas and outside the country who come to stay in and outside the country who come to stay in the city hence leading to the growth of its the city hence leading to the growth of its population in pursuit of business and population in pursuit of business and employment. employment. employment. employment.

Construction industry has also grown steadily due Construction industry has also grown steadily due to population growth.to population growth.

Due to this growth therefore, there is an urgent Due to this growth therefore, there is an urgent need to solve the problem of pedestrian traffic need to solve the problem of pedestrian traffic and drainage associated problems using Concrete and drainage associated problems using Concrete products which this project is intended to products which this project is intended to address. address.

Problem StatementProblem Statement According According to the study that was done by Rwanda to the study that was done by Rwanda

National police, department of Road safety, 5% of National police, department of Road safety, 5% of accidents that were recorded in the year 2008 were accidents that were recorded in the year 2008 were caused by pedestrian traffic. These accidents are caused by pedestrian traffic. These accidents are caused by lack of enough walkways along the caused by lack of enough walkways along the roadsides that would be used by pedestrians. roadsides that would be used by pedestrians.

Drainage channels that are clearly identified and Drainage channels that are clearly identified and Drainage channels that are clearly identified and Drainage channels that are clearly identified and separated from each other should also be provided to separated from each other should also be provided to channel and direct excess running rain water to avoid channel and direct excess running rain water to avoid floodingflooding..

This is urgently needed in most parts of Kigali because This is urgently needed in most parts of Kigali because when this running water is not channelled, it can always when this running water is not channelled, it can always find its own way leading to destruction of property and find its own way leading to destruction of property and lives as it occurred in Gasabo District in the year 2008. lives as it occurred in Gasabo District in the year 2008.

ObjectivesObjectivesMain Objective Main Objective To figure out the efficiency of paving the To figure out the efficiency of paving the

pedestrian walkways and providing a pedestrian walkways and providing a well networked drainage system.well networked drainage system.

Specific Specific ObjectivesObjectivesTo ensure the safety and free movement To ensure the safety and free movement To ensure the safety and free movement To ensure the safety and free movement for the pedestrians.for the pedestrians.

To reduce time taken by both drivers and To reduce time taken by both drivers and pedestrians when they are trying to avoid pedestrians when they are trying to avoid each other in fear of potential accidents.each other in fear of potential accidents.

To facilitate well networked running To facilitate well networked running water drainage water drainage systemsystem..

MethodologyMethodologyFieldwork (site visit)Fieldwork (site visit) Identify the problems faced and to analyse different solutions that can be Identify the problems faced and to analyse different solutions that can be

proposed to solve these problems. proposed to solve these problems. Laboratory workLaboratory work The laboratory tests help to know how the strength and durability of the concrete The laboratory tests help to know how the strength and durability of the concrete

Products will be. Products will be.

Materials assessmentMaterials assessmentDescribes Describes in detail the materials that were used in this project in the manufacturing in detail the materials that were used in this project in the manufacturing

of the concreteof the concrete based based products.products.DocumentationDocumentationDocumentationDocumentationdifferent books, websites; research reports related to this different books, websites; research reports related to this research research project project were were

consulted consulted to get more information and understandings. to get more information and understandings.

ImplementationImplementationUse Use of of slabsslabs Slabs of varying sizes are used in running water drainage. 4x30x30cm slab is Slabs of varying sizes are used in running water drainage. 4x30x30cm slab is

usually used to drain water from the main road to the boundary of usually used to drain water from the main road to the boundary of kerbskerbs which which borders the road with pedestrian walkway.borders the road with pedestrian walkway.

Conclusion & recommendationsConclusion & recommendations

Numerical standards have been deliberately avoided Numerical standards have been deliberately avoided because rigid measurements are very difficult to because rigid measurements are very difficult to apply in pedestrian walkways. Pedestrians, unlike apply in pedestrian walkways. Pedestrians, unlike vehicles are not always in motion when on their vehicles are not always in motion when on their assigned Rightassigned Right--ofof--way. They stop suddenly, sit down, way. They stop suddenly, sit down, assigned Rightassigned Right--ofof--way. They stop suddenly, sit down, way. They stop suddenly, sit down, chat with others, window shop, and browse. None of chat with others, window shop, and browse. None of these activities can be numerically configured for the these activities can be numerically configured for the design of a perfect walkway.design of a perfect walkway.

Pedestrians' activities are influenced by culture, Pedestrians' activities are influenced by culture, prevailing conditions, land uses influence, trip type prevailing conditions, land uses influence, trip type and so on. and so on.

RecommendationsRecommendations

To take pedestrian traffic and drainage related To take pedestrian traffic and drainage related problems seriously and allocate funds and resources problems seriously and allocate funds and resources to this cause and come up with solutions as to this cause and come up with solutions as suggested in this research.suggested in this research.

To make a detailed traffic analysis to Kigali city roads To make a detailed traffic analysis to Kigali city roads To make a detailed traffic analysis to Kigali city roads To make a detailed traffic analysis to Kigali city roads and avail pedestrian walkways to places that urgently and avail pedestrian walkways to places that urgently need them.need them.

With these recommendations suggested above, if With these recommendations suggested above, if they are implemented, a lot would be achieved in the they are implemented, a lot would be achieved in the development of this country. development of this country.

THANKS FOR YOURTHANKS FOR YOURATTENTIONATTENTION