M ATTER Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 8 th Grade Science

MATTERPhysical and Chemical Properties of Matter

8th Grade Science

WARM-UP: WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 3RD

Q). In the following picture, name something that is matter and something

that is not matter. EXPLAIN WHY

REVIEW: WHAT IS MATTER?Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume).

Examples of matter:

MATTERVolume – The amount of space something occupies

Mass - The amount of matter in something

MATTERMatter can be described by using physical and chemical properties.

These are characteristics that matter has that make it unique.

PROPERTY = CHARACTERISTIC

*We use properties to describe characteristics/qualities about matter•What properties would you use to describe a football?

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Physical Properties: Are properties that can be observed or measured. (color, mass, length, volume, density, state, etc).

Physical properties DO NOT change the identity of the substance Meaning when you observe or measure a

substance, you do not change the substance into something else.

OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Observable Physical Properties: Properties you can use your senses to get information about an object.

If you can describe the matter based on what it looks, feels, smells or tastes like, you are describing the physical properties.

EXAMPLES OF: OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

1).Malleability: the ability of a substance to be pounded into thin sheets.


2). Color: The color of object can be seen and is a physical property of matter.

Color can help identify a substance. For example, sulfur is usually yellow in color, iodine is usually red in color.

Sulfur Iodine


3). Luster: Describes how a substance reflects light.

EXAMPLES OF: OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES4). Texture: The feel of a surface.


5). Magnetism: an attractive force between ions.


6). Smell: The smell or odor an object gives off can also help identify a substance. For example, sulfur has a rotten egg smell, vinegar has a very acidic smell, and chlorine has a very strong bleach smell.


7). Conduction of heat or electricity: The ability for heat and electricity to pass through an object easily.Metals are usually the best conductors of heat and electricity.


8).Insulator of electricity or heat: when an object passes heat and electricity poorly.Nonmetals are usually good insulators.


9). Ductility: the ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire.Metals usually are ductile.


10). Solubility: The ability to dissolve in another substance.Examples: sugar dissolves in water.


11). State of Matter: Matter can either be a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. We observe this by using our senses.

STATES OF MATTER

MATTER CAN BE FOUND IN 4 MATTER CAN BE FOUND IN 4 STATES (PHASES)

SOLIDSOLIDLIQUIDLIQUIDGASGASPLASMAPLASMA

State of matter is a physical property!!!!

http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/

PARTICLES of a SOLID (Physical Property)

Pattern: ATOMS (PARTICLES) ARE ARRANGED CLOSELY PACKED TOGETHERMovement: VIBRATEShape/Volume: HAS FIXED SHAPE & FIXED VOLUME

–THE OBJECT IS HARDERTHE OBJECT IS HARDER– THE MORE DIFFICULT IT IS TO THE MORE DIFFICULT IT IS TO

BREAK THEM APARTBREAK THEM APART– THE MORE ENERGY NEEDED TO THE MORE ENERGY NEEDED TO

CHANGE FROM A SOLID TO A CHANGE FROM A SOLID TO A

LIQUIDLIQUID

In Solids, the particles are very tightly packed SO:

The particles in a LIQUID:Pattern: noneMovement: atoms roll or slide over each other and move faster than a solid.Shape: No fixed shape, takes shape of containerVolume: Fixed

The particles in a GAS:

Pattern: noneMovement: PARTICLES

MOVE VERY FAST & AS FAR APART AS THEY CAN GET

Shape: NO FIXED SHAPE, takes shape of container

Volume: No fixed volume

The particles in PLASMA:

Pattern: noneMovement: Particles move very fast and are therefore very HOTShape/Volume: NO FIXED SHAPE OR VOLUMEFacts: Most common state of matter in

the universe. Most Uncommon state of matter

on Earth. Found in lightning, fluorescent

lights and stars (Sun)

What causes matter to move through changes?

Temperature changes!

20 QUESTIONS

WARM-UP: THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 4TH Q). What did I have for dinner?

On the lines to the left of your question box.

Write down the 10 observable physical

properties that describe one of the foods you

ate for dinner and the answer in ALL CAPS.

MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Measurable Properties: Properties that

must be measured with a tool (ruler, beaker, graduated cylinder, scale, etc.).

Ruler

Graduated Cylinder

Beaker

Triple Beam Balance

Scale

MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER

1). Mass: is the amount of matter that something is made of.Calculate: Using a triple beam balance or a scale.Unit: in science ALWAYS use grams (g) or kilograms (kg).


2). Weight: is the amount gravity is pulling on an object. Different on the MOON!!! Other wise it is measured the same as MASS!!

On earth, we just weigh you to calculate!


3). Volume: the amount of space an object takes up.Measured by: different for regular solid, irregular solid and liquids.Examples of Regular Solids: any solid you can measure the length, width and height of.

Examples of Irregular Solids: any solid you cannot measure the length, width and height of.

Examples of Liquids: any object that has no definite shape but does have a definite volume.


Measuring Volume of Regular Solids: measure the length, width and height with ruler and multiply them together.

Length X Width X Height = Volume of Regular Solid

cm X cm X cm = cm3

*ALWAYS USE CENTIMETERS IN SCIENCE!!!!

UNIT: cm3

MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Measuring Volume of Irregular Solids: Water

displacement. Put water into a graduated cylinder and record volume. Place irregular solid into cylinder with water and record second volume. Subtract the two amounts.

Initial volume (water only) – volume with irregular solid = volume of solid

UNIT: measured in mL but, since it is a solid use cm3. 1 mL = 1 cm3


Water Displacement

Measuring the Volume of Liquids: How to calculate: Use a graduate cylinder to find the

volume at the meniscus.

Material: graduated cylinder, beaker, flask

How to read a graduated cylinderHow to read a graduated cylinder Must be at eye level to read.Must be at eye level to read.

Must read to bottom of the curveMust read to bottom of the curve. MENISCUS - bottom of the curve.

Unit: mL or L

4). Temperature – A measure of how hot or cold a substance is.

o Calculate – Use a thermometer o Unit – degrees Fahrenheit/ Celsius (in USA we use

F)


5). Boiling point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas at a given pressure water (H2O) = 100o C (212o F)

Calculate – Use a thermometer

6). Melting point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid at a given pressure

water (H2O) = 0o C (32 o F) Calculate – Use a thermometer

7). Freezing Point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a Solid at a given pressure

water (H2O) = 0o C (32 o F)Calculate – Use a thermometer

8) Specific heat - How much energy it takes to increase the temperature 1 degrees.

o Calculate – special thermometer o Units: joules per kilogram kelvin

o A high specific hear means it takes a LOT of energy/heat to change the temperature of the substance.


9). Density: the amount of matter in a given space or volume. Density is used to describe matter because everything has a different density.

MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Measure by: dividing and objects mass by it’s

volume. Calculate: Density = Mass/Volume

mD = -------

V

Mass divided by Volume

UNIT: since mass is measured in grams and volume is measured in cm3 or mL the unit for density has to have those two units.

So, the unit for density is g/mL or g/cm3.

D

m

V

DENSITY OF WATER!!!!!

The density of water is ALWAYS 1.0 g/mL.

Anything less than 1.0 g/mL will FLOAT.

Anything greater than 1.0 g/mL will sink.

Practice

Calculate the density for the following objects:a.Mass= 10 Volume= 5b.Mass= 16 Volume= 8c.Mass= 5 Volume= 10d.Mass= 12 Volume= 12

Which object is water? Which object willfloat in water? Which objects will sink in water?

2g/ml sinker

2g/cm3 sinker

0.5g/ml floater

1g/cm3 water

WARM-UP: FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 5TH Q). When the ice melts in a glass of ice water, will the volume increase, decrease, or stay the same? EXPLAIN

Why are some objects less dense than other objects?

As the molecules of a substance spread apart, the density of the

substance is lowered.

WHAT CAUSES MOLECULES TO SPREAD?

Adding energy (usually in the form of heat) so the movement of the

molecules increases.

Objects float in other substances because they are less dense than the

substance they are floating in.

Why does ice float in water? They are both the same substance, right?

Notice how tightly packed the atoms are in the liquid water vs the solid water?

The spaces between the atoms make solid water less dense. Is this true for all solids?

NO WAY!!! This is a unique quality of water. Most solids are always more dense than their liquid forms.

Water molecules in ice (water’s solid form) are further apart then they are in water (liquid form), giving ice a density less than 1.

ANSWER: DECREASE

DENSITYo When does an objects density

change?o If heat is added or taken away!!!!o HEAT – spreads out molecules

and makes them LESS denseo Take AWAY heat – molecules

come together and makes them MORE dense.

o Hot objects are less dense than cool objects!!!!

DEMO: COKE VS. DIET COKE What are observable similarities and

differences?

These are two, unopened full cans of soda. Explain why one is floating and one has sunk.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Chemical property: a property that can only be observed by changing the identity (chemical composition) of the substance

Examples:

•Flammability, combustibility

•ability to rust

•reactivity

(with, vinegar, oxygen, acids..)

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER :EXAMPLES

Flammability: the ability to burn.

Reactivity: The ability for a substance to react with another. Simply, when two substances get together, something can happen.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER :EXAMPLES

Ability to rust – undergoes and oxidation reaction between moisture and air

Tarnish – To become dull or discolored

Radioactivity – decay of elements into high energy particles

Corrosion – Deterioration of metal by means of a chemical reaction

Documents

M ATTER Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 8 th Grade Science