SOMA 2012 Identity and Connectivity

Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, Florence, Italy, 13 March 2012

VOLUME II

Edited by

Luca Bombardieri, Anacleto DAgostino, Guido Guarducci, Valentina Orsi

and Stefano Valentini

BAR International Series 2581 (II)2013

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ArchaeopressPublishers of British Archaeological ReportsGordon House276 Banbury RoadOxford OX2 7EDEnglandbar@archaeopress.comwww.archaeopress.com

BAR S2581 (II)

SOMA 2012. Identity and Connectivity: Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, Florence, Italy, 13 March 2012. Volume 2

Archaeopress and the individual authors 2013

ISBN 978 1 4073 1205 7 (this volume)ISBN 978 1 4073 1204 0 (volume I)ISBN 978 1 4073 1206 4 (set of both volumes)

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Connections between Eastern Adriatic Coast and African Provinces in the Period from 2nd 5th Century AD Based on the Underwater Finds of Amphorae in Croatia Mladen Pe!i" (International Centre for Underwater Archaeology in Zadar, Zadar, Croatia) Abstract In this paper the author will give a short review of the sites and basic characteristics of the African amphora types found on the underwater sites in Croatia. The great amount of amphorae imported from the North African provinces found in the underwater sites of the eastern Adriatic coast gives us a picture of the connections between these two areas. In the 2nd century this material is present only sporadically AD and during the 3rd and 4th century AD there is an increase in exchange represented by a great majority of pottery finds. From the underwater sites in Croatia, until today, there have been more than ten types of African amphorae identified. Most of them belong to the Africana III type that can be dated from the end of the 3rd to the beginning of the 5th century AD. It is assumed that trade routes had their final destination in the major cities in the Adriatic, but part of the cargo had to be related to the military supplies for the Claustra Alpia Iuliarum. Keywords African amphorae, Croatia, underwater sites, maritime routes, Africana I, Africana II, Africana III, shipwreck. Introduction During the period of Roman dominance in the Mediterranean, maritime routes have been an important form of exchange between different parts of the Empire. They have changed over the centuries, depending on political, economical and geographical reasons among others. This paper aims to present the differences in fluctuation concerning the import activities between the eastern Adriatic coast and the African provinces based on the underwater archaeological finds of amphorae in Croatia during 2nd and beginning of 5th century AD. In the 2nd century AD this material is present only sporadically and during the 3rd and 4th century AD there is an increase in exchange represented by a great majority of pottery finds. After the end of the Punic wars and the conquest of Carthage in 146 BC, Roman dominance was established in the northern part of the African continent. The Roman rule in Africa was organized by the existence of several provinces whose boundaries, due to certain reforms, changed in the following years: Africa proconsularis (from the Diocletian period divided into two provinces, Zeugitana and Byzacena), Mauretania Tingitana, Mauretania Caesariensis (from the Diocletian period

divided on a additional small province called Mauretania Sitifensis), Numidia, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Egypt. The favorable geographical conditions for intensive agriculture, especially olive culture, meant that the African provinces, primarily Africa proconsularis and Tripolitania, very quickly became large exporters of various food products and also a wide range of ceramic products throughout the Mediterranean. Amphorae are certainly the most common find in underwater archaeology researches. Although they served simply as a packaging for the transport of the food supplies, today they help us determine important information about the ships cargo, the point of origin, the type of ship, the ports that ships visited and much more. From the underwater sites in Croatia, until today, there have been more than ten types of African amphorae identified. Some of them were found at shipwreck location as a part of the cargo and they give us a valuable insight into the intensity of imports from African provinces. Some of the amphorae have been found in harbours and these help us determine local routes and changes in the amount of imports from various areas over different periods of time. Olive oil, wine and fish products that were transported in them supplied Roman towns in the coastal area, but also the cities in the hinterlands. The following text will give us a short description of the most common amphorae types from the underwater sites in Croatia, together with the locations where they were found. Africana I (Africana Piccolo, Dressel 27, Beltrn 57, Keay III, Ostia 4, Peacock & Williams 33). This is a long cylindrical body amphorae with a twisted thickened rim, concave on the inner side and convex on the outside. From the short neck to the shoulders of the amphorae small sharp curved handles are formed. In some cases stamps can be found on the neck. The bottom of the amphorae ends with a short and hollow leg. The average size of these amphorae is 90-99cm (Peacock and Williams 1986, 153-154; Caravale and Toffoletti 1997, 143; Bonifay 2004, 107). These amphorae can be dated from the middle of 2nd century AD to the early 5th century AD, and according to some typologies can be divided into two types - 1a and 1b (Panella 1973, 573-574; Keay 1984, 100-110). The place of origin and production of the amphorae, according to the stamps that were found on them, can be placed on the territory of the Roman province Byzacena, particularly in the town of Leptis Minor, Hadrumentum, and probably Sullecthum and Thaenae. They were used to transport fish products (Keay 1984, 108).

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!Africana I amphorae are not commonly found on underwater sites in the Adriatic, until today there has been no evidence of shipwrecks carrying this type of amphorae as cargo (Figure 1). Isolated finds of this type of amphorae were found in Rogoznica, cape Gradina and cape Plo#e and also in underwater close to the small island Borovac, near island of Hvar. There is also one of these amphorae located in the museum collection of the Franciscan monastery in Ko!ljun on the island Krk (Vrsalovi" 1979, 383). Two amphorae were found in a Duboka bay shipwreck in the island of Hvar, however it is assumed that they were part of the ship's equipment, since the majority of the cargo from the shipwreck was of a different type of African amphorae (Juri!i" 2006a, 120-121). Africana II (Africana Grande, Keay IV-VII, Beltran 56, Ostia 3, Peacock and Williams 34). This group of amphorae is characterized by a thickened vertical or slightly rounded rim, short vertical neck and a small sharp curved handle (Peacock and Williams 1986, 155). The body is long and cylindrical and ends with a pointed foot, which can sometimes be thickened. Their height is 95-120cm, although most of the dimensions are between 100-110cm (Bonifay 2004, 107). On the basis of some of their characteristical differences Africana II can be divided into types A, B, B "pseudo-tripolitaina", C and D according to the Panella (1973, 580-583) and Bonifay (2004, 107-119), or IV, V, Vbis, VI and VII according to Keay (1984, 110-126). African IIA (Keay IV, V) is characterized by a cylindrical neck, wide body, the ring shaped rim, and rounded handles (Peacock and Williams 1986, 155; Keay 1984, 110). The centre of production was in the province of Africa Byzacena and it was used for transporting olive oil during the late 2nd and the early 3rd century AD (Panella 1973, 581-582; Peacock and Williams 1986, 155; Bonifay 2004, 111; Keay 1984, 111-114). Africana II B is very similar to the previous type, and is considered to be its later version (Bonifay 2004, 111, 113). Africana II B "pseudo-tripolitaina" (Keay Vbis) is tentatively dated to the 3rd century AD, characterized by a convex rim, slightly tapered cylindrical neck and belly body that extends to the bottom and ends with a short thickened foot (Bonifay 2004, 114, 110 Fig. 59). African II C is characterized by a thinner, narrowing body and an elliptical cross section of the rim, with a slightly concave outer and convex inner part. Their place of production has been identified with Neapolis and Leptis Minor, and they were used for the transporting of olive oil (Keay 1984, 118-119; Panella 1973, 588). Africana II D is characterized by its high, flat rim, the high cylindrical body and narrowing leg. It was produced in the province of Africa Byzacena, in the cities of Leptis Minor, Hadrumentum, Selluctum and Thaenae from the late 3rd century AD until beginning of the 4th century AD. African II amphorae are a relatively common finding in the Adriatic (Figure 2). They have been found in Lopar (kept in a museum in Novi Vinodolski), near Jurjevo (Senj City Museum), Omi!alj bay, Duboka bay in Selce near Crikvenica, Plovile near Novi Vinodolski, $uljana bay on the Pelje!ac, near Supetri" in bay of Mali

Molunat. Several of them are kept in the Archaeological Museum in Zadar and archaeological collections in Osor, Pula, Hvar and Dubrovnik (Vrsalovi" 1979, 383). They were also found in %pinut in Split (Cambi 1989, 327-328; Juri!i" 2000, 76), Piruzi near Rovinj (Starac 2006, 101) and near Senjska vrata (Dugonji" 2010, 221-223). In the Adriatic Sea several shipwrecks that carried cargo of amphorae of this type have been located. One of the richest is located in the Duboka bay on the island of Hvar, which carried various cargos from the African provinces. During the excavations were found over 89 amphorae type Africana II A-C , 12 Africana II D, the already mentioned Africana I type, amphorae Keay XXV, three Mauretanian Dressel 30 amphorae, two amphorae of form MR 1, of which one carried stamp ABDEUNOR, and two Punic amphorae (Juri!i" 2006a, 120-121). It is assumed that the ship could have carried about 600 amphorae of the Africana II type, and according to the finds it is dated to the 4th century. Another important shipwreck dated at the same century is the one near Cavtat. This site is protected with a steel cage and has not been fully excavated, but according to the documentation of the surface layer it has been established that there are 620 amphorae, mostly Africana II C and D, and it is presumed that the ship could have carried over 1000 amphorae (Orli" 1999). Africana III (Keay 25, Beltran, 64, 65A, 0stia 4). This type of amphorae is characterized by an extremely elongated body, a tapered neck that ends with a twisted or funnel shaped rim and handles oval in cross section. They are 100-110cm high and can be dated from the end of the 3rd to the beginning of the 5th century AD (Bonifay 2004, 119, 122). According to Keay (1984, 184-212) they are divided into seven basic types with the number of variants (A-Z4), while Bonifay categorized them into the three main groups - A, B and C (2004, 119-122). Based on the composition of clay, the origin of these types of amphorae is located in Tunisia, province Africa Byzacena, and as main production centers we can mention Ariana near Carthage and Thaenae. It was probably used to transport olive oil, but seafood products have not been excluded (Keay 1984, 193). Of all the amphorae of African provenance, this type is definitely the most common find on the underwater sites in Croatia (Figure 3). It has been found on a number of sites: Mala sestrica and Rivera near Rovinj (Starac 2006, 100), Cliff Baba and Djed at the entrance to the Bakar Bay, Cape Marlera east of Medulin, Cape Erak near Jadranovo, bay Jablanovo near Jurjevo, Povile in Novi Vinodolski, Voz on the island of Krk, Sepen Bay near Omi!alj, Supetarska and Kamporska Draga on the island of Rab, Golub Cove near Cape Osor, cape Lokunji and Vrulje Bay on the island of Unije, Cape Santi! on the island of Pag, Grebeni on the island of Silba, Cape Sridon on the island of $ut , Cape Fauc near Rogoznica , Channel St. Ante at %ibenik Bay, $uljana and Dinga#ki !koj on the peninsula of Pelje!ac (Vrsalovi" 1979, 384). They were also found on Cape Plo#e on the island of Olib (Brusi" 1980, 162), Cove Gradina on Kor#ula, west coast of the island of Proizd (Borzi" 2009, 90-91), the island of Saskinja close to Maslinica on the island of %olta (Zmai"

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!2010, 236), Vi&ula (Juri!i" 2006b, 305-306), Petrov bok on the island of Hvar and Uljeva near Li&njan. One of the richest shipwrecks in the Adriatic, which carried a cargo of this type of amphorae, was sunk in the Sobra Bay, on the island of Mljet. The site was excavated in several campaigns during the 1970s and the 1980s. It carried several types of amphorae but the main cargo of around 1000 of them were Africana III type (Kisi" 1987, 8-11, 29). Recent excavations identified a new shipwreck in the bay of Vela Dolina on the island of Mljet, which also carried amphorae Keay XXV (Miholjek 2007, 5-8; Miholjek 2008, 5-15; Mihajlovic 2009). Although on this shipwreck, thus far, was only found a dozen amphorae of this type, and they did not represent a major cargo, this site is interesting because it stands as an evidence of the importance of trading routes toward the northern Adriatic in the period from the 3rd to 5th century AD. Another site containing this type of amphorae, which unfortunately has been given little attention is the Santi! on the island of Pag. The shipwreck has been systematically looted, and during the 1960s the Archaeological Museum in Zadar purchased from the Krapanj sponge divers a large number of amphorae of this type that possibly originate from this site. Today a group of 30 of them are kept in the depot of the same museum (Vrsalovi" 1979, 172). Egyptian biconical amphorae. These amphorae have broad, long body and elongated neck covered with pronounced horizontal ribs on the rim with two small handles on it. They were used for the export of wines from the area of Egypt (Somalia) and can be dated to the period between the 1st and the 4th century (Caravale and Toffoletti 1997, 156; Juri!i" 2000, 25). This type of amphorae is quite rare in the Adriatic, and they have been recorded just on several sites - 'apljena in the channel of St. Ante (Gunja#a 1978), at the Plavac near Zlarin, two fragments in the port of Vis, several of them were found on devastated shipwreck in Komi&a (Juri!i" 2000, 25), and they have been recently found in the Gradina Cove on the island of Kor#ula (Borzi" 2009, 90) (Figure 4). Spatheion (Benghazi Late Roman Amphora 8, Keay 26, Peacock and Williams 51). The shape of this type of amphorae is similar to the amphorae Keay XXV, but the biggest difference is in their size, they are considerably smaller (Keay 1984, 212). They are characterized by long and narrow body, twisted and elongated neck with two small handles (Peacock and Williams 1986, 202). There are three basic types, which are divided into several subtypes on the basis of some characteristic differences, and according to that differences they are dated from the 5th to the 7th century -Spatheion 1 from the beginning to the mid 5th century, Spatheion 2 from the half of the 5th to the end of the 6th century AD, Spatheion 3 from the end of the 6th to the end of the 7th century AD (Bonifay 2004, 125-129). Because of its size, this type of amphorae was a frequent target of looters, and to date we know that they were found in sites of the Duboka Bay on Hvar, the island

Pre&ba (Pri&ba) Mali brod (Radi" 1990; 'ule 2010, 246-247), Piruzi near Rovinj, cape Lokunji on island Unije, Tradan in the Prukljansko lake, island of Gali!nik near Hvar (Figure 4). They can be seen in the depots of most of the museum institution in the Croatian coastal area, but usually without correct information about their exact place of origin (Vrsalovi" 1979, 389-390). Dressel 30 Mauretanian amphorae (OstiaV, Keay I, Pearshaped Mauretanian, Peacock & Williams 38). These amphorae are characterized by an upright rim, short neck, sharply curved handles and a pear shaped body that ends with a hollow and extended foot. The centre of their production was in the Mauretania Caesariensis during the period from the 2nd to the 4th century AD and they were probably used for the transportation of olive oil (Peacock and Williams 1986, 171). To this date, in the Adriatic area, they have been found in a small number of sites, three were found on the Duboka Bay shipwreck, the island of Hvar (Juri!i" 2000, 21; Juri!i" 2006a, 120), and for the other two of them we do not know the exact place of finding (Vrsalovi" 1979, 392) (Figure 4). Tripolitanian 2 (Ostia 2, Keay IX, Peacock & Williams 37). Amphorae that have elongated and cylindrical body, their main distinction from other African amphorae types are small handles that are located below the shoulder, the rim is rounded and moulded hollow. They were probably used for transporting of olive oil, and the production centres are identified in Gargaresh near Oea, Sidi as Sid and Ain Scersiara in Tripolitania (Keay 1984, 130; Peacock and Williams 1986, 169-170). They were produced from 2nd to the 4th century AD, most intensive during the 3rd century AD (Keay 1984, 130-131; Bonifay 2004, 92). In the Adriatic sites they were found on the island of the Toronda channel in Brioni, Plavac near Zlarin (Juri!i" 2000, 24) and one of them is kept in the Archaeological Museum in Split (Vrsalovi" 1979, 391-392). Recently they have been discovered on a shipwreck near the island of Oruda. Although they were found only in fragments, the data suggest that at depths below 70 meters can be found even complete amphorae (Zmai" 2009). In this site was found and partially preserved an amphorae Tripolitana III (Keay XI, Dressel 41), which is characterized by an elongated cylindrical body rim with two superimposed steps and short neck. It is dated to the period from the 2nd to the end of 3rd century AD (Peacock and Williams 1986, 169-170) (Figure 4). Conclusion This short review of the types of African amphorae found in the underwater sites of the Adriatic gives us insight on the large amount of imports that were transported along the Croatian coast. The Adriatic Sea is part of the wider Mediterranean circle, and we can see that the trend that have been present in the Mediterranean during the Roman

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!dominance can be in most cases applied in the Adriatic as well. According to the intensity of underwater finds, most of the cargos came from the areas of the provinces of Africae proconsularis, then Mauretaniae Caesariensis, Tripolitaniae and Egypt. The intensity of the imports from the African provinces surely changed during the centuries. Although there are many evidences that the African Red Slip Ware was imported to the Adriatic coast during the 1st century AD, we can place the importation of amphorae from Africa not earlier than the 2nd century AD. During the second half of the 2nd century AD the imports from the African provinces are intensified, but they still do not represent the majority of the finds in the underwater sites. Massive export begun during Severan period in the 3rd century AD (Juri!i" 2000, 56), and it continued through the 4th century AD when it reached its peak. This is the period to wich we can date most of the biggest shipwrecks that carried North African amphorae. This high intensity of imports can be connected not only to the dominance of African products through the Mediterranean, but also to some other reasons that were dominant during this period. Up to this date we still cannot certainly determine which of the Adriatic ports were the final destination of all the ships that were sailing through the Adriatic. Surely, Aquileia and Ravenna dominated as main centres in the Adriatic and we can assume that the great amount of cargos had their final destination in one of these centres. The cities in the East Adriatic coast like Salona, Narona, Iader and Pola, must have also been important destinations at least for some ships, likewise in the ports of some smaller cities and villae rusticate we find many evidences of trade with African imports. One of the main reasons for the intensification of imports has to be accredited to the formation of Claustra Alpia Iuliarum during 4th century (Vi!nji" 2009, 30). Supplying the military posts with grain and other food products, called annona, must have been an important reason that contributed to the intensive inflow of products from North Africa to the northern part of the Adriatic Sea (Vidrih Perko 2006, 217). Future interpretations of underwater sites and their connections to the sites in the hinterlands will surely give us some new insights on the intensity of imports from the African provinces, for which we can already claim a dominance among the imported goods in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea. Bibliography Beltran Lloris, M. 1970. Las anforas romanas en Espa(a. Zaragoza, Institucin Fernando el Catlico. Bonifay, M. 2004. tudes sur la cramique romaine tardive dAfrique. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1301. Oxford, Archaeopress. Borzi", I. 2009. Uvala Gradina na otoku Kor#uli u svjetlu podmorskih arheolo!kih nalaza. Juri!i"ev Zbornik, Zbornik radova u znak sje"anja na Marija Juri!i"a, 82 - 97. Zagreb.

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