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M4 Reflection

HOI MAN KWOK(PRISCILLA)

752464Michelle James - Seminar 1

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Content

Ideation 1.1 Object 1.2 Rhino model 1.3 System Analysis 1.4 Reconfigured volume 1.5 Sketch design proposal 1.6 Evaluation

Design

2.1 Design development introduction2.2 Design proposal V.1 2.3 Design Proposal V.2 2.4 Precedent research 2.5 Design development V.1 2.6 Design proposal V.2 2.7 Prototype 2.8 Testing effect 2.9 Evaluation

Fabrication

3.1 Fabrication introduction 3.2 Design evolvement 3.3 Design development + fabrication of prototype V.2 3.3 Design development + fabrication of prototype V.33.4 Digital fabrication3.5 Prototype development - effects 3.6 Prototype development - fabrication 3.7 Prototype development - material usage 3.8 Final digital model 3.9 Fabrication sequence 3.10 Assembly drawing 3.11 Sleeping pod on body/details3.12 Evaluation

Reflection

4.1 Modification 4.2 Critical reflection

Appendix 5.1 Credit 5.2 Bibliography

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IDEATION

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The expandable folder is carefully observed to obtain the accurate measured

drawings. Instead of taking a photograph of the object and tracing it, measuring

tapes and rulers are used to directly measure the folder to avoid possible inac-

curacy of dimensions.

A photograph is taken to show how the folder appears when it is opened at an

normal angle. The perspective view of the object can then be drawn by measuring

the approximate angle of the folder when it’s opened.

Object

The folder is modelled in rhino by first drawing a rectangle with length and width

according to the real object. Multiple rectangles are then drawn in the same way to

create the sections of the model. Having marked the outer layer of the folder, the

pockets and details can be then modelled with accurate proportion

Rhino model

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System Analysis

The foldable side of the folder consists of 14 identical rectangles with

dimension of 125mm x 15mm, which are connected to one another at the long

edge.

When the folder is closed but not squeezed, each rectangle is closely

aligned, almost overlapped with one another (fig.1). When take apart and

have the folder fully expanded, the side appears to be a single flat rect-

angle with a width of 210mm and the height reminds unchanged (fig.3).

This series of rectangles attached allows for the variation of volume en-

closed; it can be seen as a movement joint that minimizes the restriction and

discomfort brought to users, or a collapsible system that provide different

forms when in used or being stored.

fig.1 fig.2 fig.3

Reconfigured volume

Inspired by the jagged cross section of the side of folder, I have two strips of

paper overlapped with one another folded. They are connected on both long and

short edges to enable twisting and distortion.

Its shape and length can be varied freely to perform differently. Volumes are

created within each intervals of overlapping rectangles, which can be enlarged or

shrinked. This reconfigured object effectively shows how series of panels joined

together can result in volume that features expendability and flexibility.

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Sketch design proposal

The jagged sections are in small scale at where the users put their heads,

which make it more adjustable and flexible, hence increases the support for

the neck and head and therefore provides comfort.

When the structure is fully closed, it appears to be a shell that separate the

user within it and the outside disturbance. Its curved profile implies the sense

of protection as well as effectively avoid interruption.

Since the major function of the structure is a sleeping pod, emphasis is put on

blocking sunlight which would affect sleeping quality rather than blocking the

sides so that the user will not feel trapped.

Shell/ Expandable/ interaction

Sketch design proposal

Floating/ penetration/ movement

This structure consists of multiple rectangular straps which are joined

on top and bottom. The metal ring in the middle gives the diamond shape

to the structure but more importantly, enables users to adjust the

position of each strap and therefore the amount of light in and where it

shines on.

The amount of personal space a person needs various depending on different

individuals. This design focuses on allowing users to determine their personal

space - the amount needed, the way presented and what to avoid. Since the

straps are movable, the structure can be fully closed or opened, users are

therefore allowed to entirely control their privacy.

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Sketch design proposal

Rigidity/ foldable/ connection

The design puts emphasis on rigidity and movable joints. Unlike the

previous design, it is portable and easy to store since the it is to be

used in the university. It encourages users to take a short break at

where they are, either inside room or outdoor, with no interruption. The movable joints which connect the wooden strips allow it to be folded and

stored easily.

Specifying the length of different

parts of the structure, it can be

folded and stacked properly, which

allows easier storage and access.

Evaluation

From simple observation to detail sketches, the expandable folder is criti-

cally analyzed to present the system behind it. All these started from mere

observation of the object, followed by precise and careful measurements in

order to produce a digital model which helps in analysing its system. Taking

into account that personal space 'varies with the relationships between the

individuals' (Sommer, 1969), 3 ideas were come up; each of them addresses

various degrees of defending personal space, with incorporation of the prin-

ciples presented in the system analysis - panel and fold.

Object cannot be sketched by just observation, most of the time an accu-

rate sketch and analysis have to be produced with the aid of photography

or even more advanced, laser scanning. However, there are times when there

are parts that cannot be measured even with these techniques. Thickness is

one of the examples that 'varies from one part to the other' (Heath, Heath &

Jensen, 2002). More steps and patience are therefore required in getting the

measurement. Similar situation was encountered when the air gap between

the bottom of the inner pockets and the cover was measured. The height of

the inner pockets is measured and subtracted from the overall height of the

cover in order to obtain the result and produce an accurate sketch with detail

measurements.

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DESIGN

Hoi Man (Priscilla) Kwok & Michael Berrill

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2.0 DESIGN

From the Module 1 designs, we decided to take idea of the foldable shell and turn it into the shape of egg so the user can be fully covered instead of just the top. Minimising the bones of the shell also contribute to making the structure more user-friendly and easy to adjust.

We also pull apart the geometric shapes of the spiral and re-arrange them to form the base of the proposed design in order to enhance performance in terms of flexibility and ergonomics.

Plan

Elevation Isometric View

Design proposal V.1

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Design proposal V.1

Ammi Park n.d.

Inspired by the outer shell of Ammi Park in Melbourne, we intend to construct the curved surface of proposed design with series of triangles in exact same shapes and sizes, which are interlocked with one another to provide strength as well as allowing little movement in between each element to enable the finished structure to be flexible and practical as a sleeping pod.

Characteristics of the expandable folder is taken as an inspiration which drove the idea of having a foldable cover that enables flexibil-ity. The folding section is simplified and the hemispheres are used as the main structure to support the shell. They are joined at two end points of the diameter which allow movement as well as fixing them to position.

A piece of cloth is sewed onto the structures as cover of the pro-posed design which allows user to sleep without the disturbance of outside factors.

Design proposal V.2

Plan

Elevation

Isometric View

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Neck rings n.d.

By observing the pose of people when they sleep, we decided to design a structure that can replace one’s arm to support the head when one sleeps.

Unlike the first proposed design, the second design is in a rather small scale with is portable and wearable. It does not restrict movement of users and will allow them to use is whenever in anywhere. The image of neck rings show how a wearable ornament can also serve the purpose of providing support for the head.

Design proposal V.2

Michael Vehrenwald n.d.

Precedent research

Huyghe + Le Corbusier Puppet Theatre by MOS

Organic/ interlock/ rigidity/ assemblage/ panels

Polycarbonate panels are cut in triangular shapes and bolted together, some inverted and in various scales, to create struc-tural stability. Foam inserts are placed in the panels to stiffen the plastic shell.

The panels together create an interior of reflective and glossy plastic wall. They come to a flexible opening that focuses on the tree which creates the sense of organic rather than a contemporary structure.

Inspired by the precedent, I see how simply a single element can be re-peated multiple times and joined together to form a complex structure that serves the purpose of practicality as well as aesthetics. I therefore take join two triangles together as the base element, repeat and connect them to form curves that allow human to rest on, and lines as support.

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Plan

Elevation

Isometric View

Design development V.1

From the precedent image, we see the interior of the theatre consisting of long triangles which gradually increase/ decrease in scale in order to form a curved surface or edge. We replaced the original idea of using equal triangles to constructing the base of a sleeping pod with long and thin triangles for better flexibility and dynamic.

We also incorporate the geometric element onto the roof structure for consistency as well as being more dynamic.

Design development V.1

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Plan

Elevation

Isometric View

Design development V.2

We incorporated the idea of neck ring, which gives support to human head when sleep-ing, and triangles together to form a structure that is more aesthetically appealing as well as allowing users to place their arms inside the sleeping pod which provides better comfort and private space.

A sketch model is constructed in order to experiment with the materials and the over-all composition. Balsa sticks are joined together to form a single triangle, which is then repeated and put together with tissue paper representing felt that enhances comfort as well as covering the arms.

Design development V.2

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We started off with resting two arms comfortably on the base so we can work out the foundation of the structure. Sticks are then inserted at an angle surrounding the arms, leaving appropriate amount of room for little movement in order to create a base structure that is realistic for users to rest their arms in.

Having marked the location of the first layer of sticks, four sticks are selected and extended as the main support of the structure. Two are joined together on each side to provide structural stability. The rest of the sticks are joined to create geometric shapes and triangles, as welling as forming two openings for inserting arms.

Prototype

We experimented with putting arms inside the structure. It has been tested by differ-ent people with various sizes of arms and they are all satisfied with the space created and find it in proper size to allow some movement.

Discomfort is caused since the sticks used here are rigid and the joints are rather sharp. However, this issue can be solved with replacing the sticks entirely with felt which give soft texture comfort.

Testing effect

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Evaluation

Abstraction and reduction are two key concepts used in transferring the

physical object and the system behind it into digital sketch and reconfigured

object. Modelling the object in rhino is an optimal way of 'rewriting the de-

scription without altering the content' (Scheurer & Stehling, 2011); the detail

dimensions of the folder are transferred onto the digital program where a

model is produced to represent the physical object. Unlike reduction, abstrac-

tion is taken into account when the system of the object analysed to work

out a rule, a 'general solution suiting all individual components' (Scheurer &

Stehling, 2011). This is applied in producing three sketch ideas that respond to

identifying and defending personal space.

Extending on the proposed designs, triangulation is used in constructing

undevelopable surface - surface that cannot be unrolled into flat surface

(Asperal et al, 2007). This allows more joints and hence movement for better

foldability and portability of the design. Segments of triangles are intended

to use in constructing a neck ring that gives support to users' heads as well

as providing privacy with insertion of arms, which are covered with felt for

comfort.

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FABRICATION

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3.0 FABRICATION

Throughout the entire module 2, focus was put on creating a structure that gives support to users’ neck/ head while they sleep.

Skewer sticks are used as the structural material with felt as the outer panels that provide comfort and coverage. The crossing sticks create a room for user’s arms to go into, giving privacy and the sense of protection security.

Yet, the room created for insertion of arms are believed to have created restriction to movement of arms; the fact that the proposed structure has to be laid flat on a level surface when being used also limited the sleeping pose of individuals, which would bring discomfort to certain end-users.

In response to the feedback, the initial purpose and idea of the neck ring is revisited and redeveloped. Inspired by the sketch model did in Module 1, the basic shape of a clown ruffle is used and reshaped for both aesthetic and ergonomic.

The new design gives two main improvements, portability and flexibility. The overall shape of the structure is shaped to fit human shoulders and be wearable. It allows users to wear it back to front since it is designed to suit for various sleeping poses.

Since the proposed design is a non-developable sur-face, it is almost impossible to construct a completely smooth curved shape with panels and tessellation. In order to get the perfect curve and overall flowing profile of the design, I plan to use the method of pro-file and section so that it can be achieved by aligning the edges of each section to get the desired profile.

Design evolvement

Hybrid fashion n.d.

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Multiple pyramids are created to keep the idea of allowing us-ers' arms to be covered yet avoiding too much restriction on the movement of arms. They are constructed with triangles of felt with stuffing which act as little cushions that provide comfort as well as creating gaps for the arms to place.

However, since panel and fold are assigned and have to be considered in the design, I take into account both comfort and panels to design for pyramids spikes which are attached to the sleeping pod. Each spike was form by folding a flat piece into a 3-dimensional solid with identical panels.

Design development + fabrication of Prototype V.2

This prototype shows one section of the overall sleeping pod. Not only does it pres-ent the concept physically but also how the three components, the pyramid spike, the grid, and the inner felt cover, can layer and assemble together to work as a sleeping pod.

With sufficient stuff-ing, the inner felt cover (facing up in the photo) will appear to pop out of the grid which creates a tiny square cushion.

Having multiple of them laid on the grid can ef-ficiently avoid direct contact between user's face and the grid.

Plan

Elevation

Isometric view

Design development + fabrication of Prototype V.2

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(fig.1) Experiments are also taken on joining cardboard and felt together. Sewing the felt onto the cardboard by laying both of them flat will only join the two by the edge and therefore gives movement to the joint. It provides better flexibility than overlapping the two material and attaching them tightly.

(fig.2) Yet, due to the softness of felt, felt pieces cannot be joined in the same way. Instead, thread is sewed through the edge of a piece of felt, with another piece attaching by sewing through the thread of the edge in-stead of the felt itself. This avoid the two pieces overlapping and will also allow for movement.

(fig.3) Instead of trying to fill the whole volume at once which would stop the stuffing from reaching the tip, fill the pyramid by first inserting a small amount of stuffing into the tip and gradually add more to fill the whole space.

Design development + fabrication of Prototype V.3

fig.1 fig.2 fig.3

Digital Fabrication

2-D fabrication - waffle pod

CNC cutting is a common 2-dimensional fabrication techniques with various cutting technologies such as plasma-arc, laser-beam and water-jet, which involve two-axis motion of the sheet material relative to the cutting head.

The reason I prefer 2D fabrication is that it allows the structure to be assembled and dissembled freely. The variation of outcomes and effects that are given by different ways of assemblage and composition also create possibilities for new ideas. Unlike 3D fabrication which either subtract or add onto the existing material to create a solid form, the result of 2D fabrication is always relatively light and allows high level of complexity. Taking into account the portability of a sleeping pod and the comfort it has to provide to users, I chose not to use 3D fabrication in the production.

Sectioning is used to take numerous cross sections through a 3-dimentional form. It can turn complex geometries into series of profiles, with the edges of which follow lines of the surface geometry. My proposed design is first produced digitally using Rhino CAD modelling software. To have it fabricated into a 3D model in 1 to 1 scale, the digital model has to be unrolled into a number of flat segments so that each piece can be 2-dimensionally cut and assembled together. The entire digital fabrication process turn 3D model into 2D, then assembling them to construct a physical 3D model.

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For better practicality and comfort, human shoulders are carefully measured for precise dimensions of the proposed structure. 20-40 extra millimeters are added on each sides to make the end product suitable for wider range of people, as well as allowing errors in measurements.

Since the original rhino model was sketched freely without precise measure-ment, lines are drawn with approximate profile and the overall composition has no balance, the result appears to be of weird composition and profile. Although this irregularity can be used to help emphasis the free flowing shape of the structure and its fluidity, it is not aesthetically ap-pealing and will be harder to fabricate.

Prototype development

Effects

In order to model it on rhino with accurate measurements, a box was drawn with dimension of 40cm x 30cm x 35cm as guidelines. Sub-guidelines are drawn to identify the peak of curves as well as the middle point to ensure that the result is in right proportion and balance.

Curved lines are drawn with control point curve to construct a smooth flowing line. Control points are then turned on to adjust the shape to ensure that the result sketch is in the right dimensions. Adding/ deleting control points are also helpful in creating curves with higher/ lower complexity.

Prototype development

Fabrication

The initial rhino model was sectioned in both x and y directions to get the contour panels. They have the same interval of 40cm. How-ever, since the front curve has a steeper surface while the rest of the structure is relatively flat, the contour panels appear to have much larger intervals in the front compare to the rest of the area which leads to two major problems during the fabrication process.

Firstly, the overall structure will be relatively fragile since there's not enough ribs to hold it in shape and therefore less joints to make it stable. This is a structural issue that has to be solved or else it would just collapse. Secondly, not only does the huge difference in size between each spike affect the appearance of the overall struc-ture but more importantly, the entire fabrication process becomes harder as every single grid has different dimensions which require precise measurements and cutting of felt in order to have the spike attached. The interval between each contour planes in x direction is therefore adjusted from 50mm to 20mm so that every grid are similar in size and shape.

Before - contours in both x and y direc-tions have interval of 50mm

After - the intervals between contours in x direction are smaller than that of in y direction

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To design for fabrication, the structure was divided in a number of planes by applying contours line in both x and y directions (fig.1). The contours have an interval of 20mm and 50mm in x and y direction respectively. These contour are then turned into planar surfaces; the intersections of two planes are marked to indicate the positions of cuts (fig.2). These planar surfaces are then unrolled and expanded. Cut marks are created by first drawing up a rectangle with the width being the thickness of the intended material to ensure the two planes can intersect perfectly, followed by trimming the area within the rectangle to create the cut marks (fig.3). This step is repeated until cut marks are created for all the inter-sections.

Since felt spikes are to be attached to the grid, holes with a diameter of 0.6mm are created along the edge by first offsetting the shape of individual planes and arraying the circle along the curve (f). The circles are closely aligned; they are 3mm apart to allow felt to be attached to the grid tighter and neater. As a final step, each planes are etched with a number according to their positions to enable easier assemblage once they are cut (fig.5).

Prototype development

Fabrication

fig.1 fig.2 fig.3 fig.4 fig.5

Prototype development

Material usage

Cardboard - 3mm Cardboard - 1.8mm Balsa wood - 3mm Balsa wood - 1.8mm Polypropylene - 0.8mm

Cons: it takes more time to cut through due to its thickness, the edge may become loose as the layers of cardboards will separate over time. Pros: has greater stiffness, the outcome is more stable and does not bend easily.

Cons: can be bent and may not be able to maintain the desired shape of the grid. Pros: has enough stiffness to support the structure; rather light weight to be worn

Cons: Since it cannot be bent, the structure will break completely when force is applied onto it. Pros: does not break as easy as would the 1.8mm balsa wood, it is light in weight and has greater sta-bility due to its thickness

Cons: the material is very brittle and may spilt along the grain. The structure is unstable as the two pieces do not join tightly. Pros: has the light-est weight among all and therefore can be worn and carried easily.

Cons: the edge is rather sharp which may bring dis-comfort to user; the overall structure has very little rigidity due to the bendabil-ity of the material. Pros: transparent in colour for better aesthetic, light weight and can be cut simply by scissors.

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Prototype development

Material usage

The waffle grid design is fabricated with 2D laser cutting at a scale of 1:2 to test out on the material and junctions. Cardboard with a thickness of 1mm is used in producing the prototype. It is obvious that the mate-rial is too thin that it does not support the composition of the structure which becomes unstable and fragile. Some cuts are too close to the edge, making the planes to break easily.

Through assembling parts of the prototype, it shows that cardboard is not an ideal material in fabricating the proposed design. Increasing the thickness of the material can potentially enhance the stiffness and therefore the over stability of the composition, it will however, marked-ly increase the weight of the structure and making it too heavy to wear.

Realizing that the choice of materials are limited due to the limited types of materials supplied in the fab-lab, I decided to focus on the properties of the material and how well it can perform rather than be restricted by its supplement.

I decided to use screen board with a thick-ness of 2mm to construct the structural grid due to its greater stiffness and relatively light weight. Screen board consists of layers of overlapping sheets with semi-gloss finish on both sides. The semi-gloss finish helps in keeping the layers together and reducing the chance of it breaking apart. It allows sharp edges and lines to be laser cut cleanly.

Having thicker material and wider cuts increases the chance of the mate-rial breaking, as well as making the entire structure border and more solid, which contradicts with the idea of using 2D laser cut instead of 3D fabrica-tion to increase the fluidity and lightness of the pod. Therefore I decided to expose the waffle grid structure where felt spikes are not necessary. Not only does it effectively reduce the overall weight of the design and increase its portability, but more importantly emphasis the free flowing profile of the design by presenting the sections and reducing the solidity of the structure.

Final digital model

Plan

Elevation

Isometric view

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The sleeping pod is consisted of three main elements, the waffle grid frame, the felt spike and the cushion back. The waffle grid is the structural element that holds all the components together. Holes are cut in the grid so that the spikes and the cushion back can be directly attached to the structure by needle and thread.

Final digital model Fabrication sequence

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Fabrication sequence

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Assembly drawing

The cut marks in both contour planes in x and y direction allow them to inter-sect with each other and form a waffle grid; they interlock with one another to provide stability and rigidity

Felt is cut into triangular segments and sewed to form an individual pyramid spike, which are then joined together to form the cushion front of the sleeping pod

The cushion backs are directly sewed onto the grid structure through the holes that are cut on the surface of each plane.

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Sleeping pod on body Sleeping pod in use

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Sleeping pod on body

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Sleeping pod details

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Sleeping pod details

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Evaluation

Throughout module 3, multiple prototypes are constantly made with improve-

ments of the original to test out the effects. It goes from physical proto-

types to digital rhino model, finished by physical sleeping pod in 1:1 scale.

Tests and changes are made with regards to effects, fabrication and material

usage. None of the decision is made without testing and failures.

Although panel and folding is allocated as a system to be incorporated in the

proposed design, more emphasis is put on sectioning and profile in order to

achieve the free-flowing profile as an undevelopable surface of the proposed

design. Sectioning has allowed fluid and digitally driven design to be fabri-

cated with series of contour panels aligning with one and other to create a

continuous volume (Iwamoto, 2009).

In some cases, physical prototypes are produced to get a general idea of the

design, which are then scanned to produce 'point cloud', a pattern of points

created from the physical model through scanning to generate profile curves

and therefore lofted NURBS surfaces (Kolarevic, 2003). This 'reverse engi-

neering' would effectively help in producing a result with better quality and

efficiency because firstly, the production process would be more linear, time

is saved by making changes digitally instead of multiple testing on physical

prototype. Secondly, digital modelling produces result that is more accurate in

measurements and details compare to physical models made by hands.

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REFLECTION

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Modification

It is suggested in the feedback that the side curves are rather fragile as a structural element that holds the rest together. The pointy ends of the grid are also believed to be too sharp and do not help in sup-porting user's heads. Moreover, the use of black thread affects the overall appearance and ruins the clean look of the finished structure.

Replacement of ribs

The side ribs are replaced with new pairs of 2mm acrylic that provides better strength and stiffness. The white colour make it consistent with the rest of the grid; there is slight burnt mark that is removed with sand paper. Considering the width of the cut marks on the exist-ing grids, the thickness of the newly cut ribs have to be kept no larger than 2mm in order to fit in.

Use of clear thread

In order to attach the replaced ribs onto the existing grid, clear thread with thickness of 0.5mm is used to fit into the 0.6mm wide holes. This makes the joints less visible and at the same time, provides better strength than the normal thread. Black thread that was tied to prevent the ribs from breaking is removed to improve the overall aesthetic.

Removal of excess components

Some of the sharp ends grid are removed for better comfort. The ends are then smoothened slightly with sand paper and painted in white to make it less obvious.

Modified sharp ends Original ends

Critical reflection

Started with observation of an object, it is transformed into digital model that unfolds the system behind it. The entire production process of the sleeping pod can be identified in 3 stages - replacement of geometry, organizational complexity, and development of digital fabrication.

In module 1. Through observe and measuring the expandable folding and modelling it digitally, its geometry is replaced with a 'formal logic based on mathematics' (Bernstein & Deamer, 2008). The rules and system - panel and folding is carefully analysed in order to produce proposed designs that incorporate the same principles. Proposed ideas are extended to work out the possibilities in Module 2, where 'vast amounts of information ... [is] input, linked, and managed' (Bernstein & Deamer, 2008). The ideas are carefully revisited and developed; with the aid of prototypes, the effect of the proposed design can be tested in order to critically analyse the practically improvements. Module 3 is where the design digitally and physically produced. Though the testing carried out in the previous stage, the proposed design can be modelled digitally. Modelling in CAD programs allows the application of digital fabrication, both 2- and 3-dimensionally to ensure accuracy and quality of the outcome. This has however led to certain degree of 'certainty', with predetermined consistent waffle grid that can be produced repeatedly with the exact dimensions and details. Yet, since the final design cannot be produced wholly with the use of digital fabrication, a degree of design risk is included by through the making of felt spikes and attaching them onto the grid. The end-result incorporated both certainty and risk, which ensures accuracy and quality of certain components yet providing authenticity and individuality of each piece.

I first found it challenging to create a sleeping pod, an existing product that seems to have no room for improvement. I was restrict with the traditional idea of a sleeping pod a bed-like structure that could fit in the whole person and therefore took a literal approach and came up with large scale designs. I was frustrated at first knowing how hard it would be to have a large scale sleeping pod fabricated but then became relieved and excited realising how innovative and abstract the design can be. Rhino is a rather intuitive interface to use; the tools and instructions are quite straight forward with the understanding gained from the rhino workshops. Yet, I struggled to sketch complex geometry and curves in creating fancy designs; I therefore focused on the practically of the pod rather than aesthetics, which I eventually succeeded in producing a piece that is both visually appealing and comfortable to wear.

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APPENDIX

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Bibliography Credit

Module 1 Heath, A., Heath, D., & Jensen, A. (2000). 300 years of industrial design : function, form, technique, 1700‐2000 / Adrian Heath, Ditte Heath, Aage Lund Jensen. New York : Watson‐Guptill.

Sommer, R. 1969. Personal space : the behavioral basis of design / Robert Sommer. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice‐Hall, c1969.A

Module 2

Ammi Park, n.d. photograph, viewed 30 March 2016, < http://barrieturpinimages.com/landscapes/zdno3y2hjqamv0d6w4tqcym0s9ltlj>

Neck rings, n.d. photograph, viewed 2 April 2016, < https://au.pinterest.com/pin/478648266621466347/>

Michael Vehrenwald, Interior View, n.d. photograph, viewed 10April 2016, < https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-5113795-dt-content-rid-18743806_2/courses/ENVS20001_2016_SM1/ENVS20001_2016_SM1_ImportedContent_20160128045120/Puppet%20Theatre_MOS.pdf >

Scheurer, F. and Stehling, H. _2011_: Lost in Parameter Space? IAD: Architectural Design, Wiley, 81 _4_, July, pp. 70‐79

Asperl et al, 2007,Surfaces that can be built from paper / In H.Pottmann, A.Asperl,M.Hofer, A.Kilian (eds)

Module 3 Hybrid fashion, n.d. photograph, viewed 30 April 2016, <https://au.pinterest.com/pin/362962051195220094/>Architectural Geometry, p534‐561, Bentley Institute Press

Kolarevic, B 2003, Architecture in the Digital Age ‐ Design and Manufacturing /Branko Kolarevic. Spon Press, London

Module 4

Marble, S, 2008. Building the Future: Recasting Labor in Architecture/ Philip Bernstein, Peggy Deamer. Princeton Architectural Press. pp 38‐42

Page Drawings Computation Model Fabrication Model Assembly Photography Writing Graphic Design Page Drawings Computation Model Fabrication Model Assembly Photography Writing Graphic Design

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Student name Michael Berrill

Student name Hoi Man Kwok

CREDITS