fg

JohnHay1758-1836

‘…themosteminenthorticulturalarchitectScotland

haseverproduced.’(J.C.Loudon)

InstituteofHistoricalResearch

MAGardenandLandscapeHistory

CONTENTS(16,345words)

2

Contents

Page

Listofillustrations.............................................................................................3

Acknowledgements.........................................................................................10

Introduction.....................................................................................................11

Chapter1. TheScottishlandscape,horticultureanddevelopment..........13

ofthecityofEdinburghatthestartofthe19thcentury.

Chapter2. Thedevelopmentofglasshouseheatingandtechnology.......28

Chapter3. AnaccountofHay’searlylifeandcareer................................37

a)Prestonhall...........................................................................42

b)Archerfield(Collegehead)....................................................51

c)Camperdown(LundieHouse)............................................60

Chapter4. JohnHayandEdinburgh1810onward....................................64

a)TheformationoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.......65

b)George’sSquareGarden......................................................73

c)BalnagownCastle.................................................................75

d)BarganyandKilkerran..........................................................81

e)SaltounHall..........................................................................86

f)Newhailes.............................................................................89

g)EdinburghExperimentalGarden.........................................92

Chapter5. EvaluationandConclusion.......................................................95

Bibliography.....................................................................................................99

3

ListofIllustrations

Page

Figure1.AdvertisementinEdinburghEveningCourant1812.........................40

Byrom,C.,TheEdinburghNewTownGardens,(Edinburgh:BirlinnLtd,2005).

Figure2.AerialviewofPrestonhallHouseandwalledgarden.......................41

Sourcedfromhttp://canmore.org.uk/collection1311557[accessedon08

March2016].

Figure3.PlanofPrestonhallincludedinMcIntosh’sbook..............................43

McIntosh,C.,TheBookoftheGarden,Vol.1,(EdinburghandLondon:

WilliamBlackwoodandSons,1853),p.50.

Figure4.TheextantnorthfacingwallatPrestonhallindicating.....................44

wheretheglasshouseswouldhavebeen.Photographedbytheauthor.

Figure5.ThetwinGazebosviewedfromthebackyardat............................45

Prestonhall.Photographedbytheauthor.

Figure6.Viewacrossthewalledgardenfromthewestgazebo.....................47

atPrestonhall.Photographedbytheauthor.

4

Figure7.OneoftheremainingboilersatPrestonhall.....................................48

Photographedbytheauthor.

Figure8.PlanofArcherfieldalongsideaerialphotograph..............................51

Sourcedfrommaps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side,NT502837

[accessedon19April2016].

Figure9.OSsixinch1843-1882mapofBarnsalongsideaerial......................53

photograph.Sourcedfrommaps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side,[accessed

on19April2016].

Figure10.TheunusuallyshapedwalledgardenatDalhousie.........................55

SourcedfromOSsixinchmap1888-1913,maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/

side-by-side,NT324636[accessedon26September2016].

Figure11.Photographsoftherecentexcavationoftheoldwalled...............59

gardenatAlnwickshowingthenorthernhothousewhichmayhavebeen

modifiedbyHay.PhotographscourtesyofPre-ConstructArchaeologyLtd.

Durham,DH65PD.

5

Figure11.EngravingofCamperdownHousebyalocalengraver,.................60

G.Cummings.CourtesyofFriendsofCamperdownHouse,

http://www.eurosurf.com/camperdown/index.htm.[accessed24May2017].

Figure13.OSsixinch1843-1882planofCamperdownwalledgarden..........62

Sourcedfrommaps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side,NT362327.

[accessed19April2016].

Figure14.Possiblyaformerorangery.Viewofoneoftheback.....................63

buildingsatCamperdown.Photographedbytheauthor.

Figure15.LetterofInvitationfromaHorticulturalSociety............................66

CourtesyoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.

Figure16.MinuteBookoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety....................67

showingJohnHayasoneofthefoundermembers.Courtesyof

theCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.

Figure17.NoteinCaledonianHorticulturalSocietyMinuteBook..................69

CourtesyoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.

6

Figure18.ThehighnorthfacingwallatOxenfoordCastle.............................70

Photographedbytheauthor.

Figure19.TheproposaltosetupanExperimentalGarden............................71

CourtesyoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.

Figure20.ThefeuingplanforGeorge'sSquare..............................................73

Tait,MargaretandGray,W.,Forbes,AnnalsofanEdinburgh

locality,1766-1926,fromauthenticrecords(Edinburgh:T.andA.Constable

LtdforTheOldEdinburghClub,1948),facingp.16.

Figure21.George’sSquare,namedafterthebrotherofthebuilder,............74

notthemonarch!Photographedbytheauthor.

Figure22.JohnHay’splanofBalnagown,1814..............................................76

PhotographedbytheauthoratDanielCrouchRareBooksLLP,

4BuryStreet,StJames's,LondonSW1Y6AB.

Figure23.EstatemapofBalnagownsurveyedbyGeorgeBrown,................77

1808('NewGarden'annotatedinupperrightcorner).’

NationalRecordsofScotland,RHP13299.Mapcollection,shelfmark,

EMS.b.2.124.

7

Figure24.OSsixinch1843-1882mapofBalnagownshowing.......................78

semi-circularwallgardenasonHayplan.Sourcedfrom

maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side,NT758754.[accessed09March2016].

Figure25.PostcardofBalnagownwalledgarden...........................................79

Unknownsource,showntoauthorbyBalnagowngardenstaff.

Figure26.PlanofBarganyestatealongsideaerialphotograph......................82

Sourcedfrommaps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side,NT247004.[accessed

09March2016].

Figure27.Thebrickedupalcoveofthewalledgarden,formerly...................84

aretreatfortheladies.Photographedbytheauthor.

Figure28.‘Designforakitchen-garden,orchard,andflower.........................86

&wintergarden,atSaltounHall,theseatofAndrewFletcher’

JohnHay1818.ScannedfromoriginalNationalLibrariesofScotland,

SaltounMap2,http://reproscans.nls.uk/scans/105342857.jpg

[accessed23May2017].

8

Figure29.OneoftheentrancesintoSaltounwalledgarden..........................87

showingthesamenichefoundatCamperdown.

Photographedbytheauthor.

Figure30.ThefluedwallatSaltoun................................................................88

Photographedbytheauthor.

Figure31.BauchopplanofNewhailes1798...................................................90

NationalLibraryofScotland,Acc,7228/522

Figure32.PhotographofNewhailestakenc.1880,showing.........................91

ChristinaDalrymple’sflowergardenonsouthsideofhouse.

CourtesyofNationalTrustforScotland,fromcollectionsheldatRoyal

CommissionontheAncientandHistoricalMonumentsofScotland.

Figure33.Theplanislabelled‘PlanofEdinburghExperimental....................93

Garden,1825'.FromMemoirsoftheTransactionsofthe

CaledonianHorticulturalSocietyheldintheRoyalBotanic

GardensEdinburghLibrary.

9

Figure34.ReportoffundingfortheExperimentalGarden.............................94

CourtesyoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.

Figure35.SamplesofHay'swalledgardenfeatures.......................................97

Photographedbytheauthor.

Figure36.BurialcertificateforJohnHay17December1836.........................98

Courtesyofhttp://scotlandspeople.gov.uk/viewers/Download/image,

[accessedon01March2016].

10

Acknowledgments

TheresearchforthisdissertationhastakenmeacrossmanypartsofScotland

andintoEngland,visitingestatesthatpreviouslyIwouldhavehadnoreason

tovisit.Iwanttothankthoseestateownersandtheirstaffforallowingmy

intrusion,fortakingphotographsandansweringmyendlessquestions.The

staffatthemajorarchiveshavebeenmosthelpful;especiallytheNational

RecordsofScotland,theMapLibraryofScotlandandtheLindleyLibrary.As

always,thelibraryattheRoyalBotanicGardenEdinburghwereonestep

aheadofmewithatactfulpileofmanuscriptsbeforeIhadevenrequested

them.MybiggestthankstoChristopherDingwallwhostartedmeonthis

subject,withanemailsuggestingIhavealookattheJohnHaygardenplan

thatwasforsaleinanEdinburghauctionhouse.Iwashooked!Thankyou!

11

Introduction

ThisdissertationexaminestheevidenceforthegardensattributedtoJohn

Hay(1758-1836)theScottishhorticulturalistandgardenarchitect;it

considershiscontributiontothedesignofglasshousesandtheirheating

systems,determineshiscontributiontothedesignandplantingofgardens,

especiallythekitchengarden,andevaluateshiscontributiontoScottish

horticultureduringtheearlypartofthe19thcentury.

AlthoughacursorystudyofJohnHaywouldsuggestthathewasan

Edinburghgardeneritsoonbecomesevidentheworkedfarbeyondthe

‘capital’ofScotland.Thisdissertationwillpresentseveralcasestudiesof

estatesasfarapartasInvernessinthenorth,Ayrshireinthesouthwestand

asfarsouthasAlnwickinthenorthofEngland.Thecasestudieshavebeen

chosentoillustratehowHaydevelopedandmaturedinconfidencewithhis

increasingcontactswithotherprofessionalsinEdinburghandwiderafield.

SitevisitshavebeenmadetomostoftheestatescurrentlyattributedtoHay;

discussionhastakenplacewithownersandlocalhistorians;thelocaland

nationalarchiveshavebeenresearchedandsomefurtherunlikelyleadshave

beenfollowed.

12

Thisdissertationiscomposedoffivechapterswithanumberofsubsections

ineach:

1.TheScottishlandscape,horticultureanddevelopmentofthecityof

Edinburghatthestartofthe19thcentury.ToreviewandevaluateHay’s

contributiontohorticulture,thepositionofhorticultureinBritainin

general,andinScotlandinparticularisconsidered.

2.Thedevelopmentofglasshouseheatingandtechnologyatthistime.

Aconsiderationoftheimportanceofwalledgardensandthequestfor

growingthenewseedsandplantscomingintoBritainatthistime.

3.AnaccountofHay’slifeandearlycareerupuntilc.1810.What

researchhasuncoveredoftheinfluencesinhisearlylifeandwork.

4.JohnHayinEdinburgh,c.1810onward.Hislifeinthecityleadingto

casestudiesofhiscommissions.

5.EvaluationandconclusionastowhetherJ.C.Loudon’sstatement

that‘Mr.Hay,themosteminenthorticulturalarchitectthatScotland

haseverproduced’wasjustified.1

1J.C.Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine(London:A.&R.Spottiswoode,1829-1842),Vol.5,p.451.

13

Chapter1:TheScottishlandscape,horticultureanddevelopment

ofthecityofEdinburghatthestartofthe19thcentury.

OneoftheearliestmodernbooksonScottishgardenhistoryisE.H.M.Cox’sA

HistoryofGardeninginScotland,publishedin1935.2Hisintroduction

bemoansthefactthatinScotlandthereissolittleinformationavailableon

ScottishgardenhistorycomparedwithsouthoftheBorderwhichhe

attributestothedearthofdomesticrecordsinScotland;tothelackof

travellerstoScotlandunlessonbusiness;andtheslowevolutionofthe

pleasuregardeninScotland.3CoxmakesnomentionofHay,orindeedoffew

professionalgardeners,butinterestinglyincludesaphotographofthewalled

gardenatCamperdown,Dundee.4

Probablytherewasnotthereadyaccesstohistoricalgardeningjournalsat

thebeginningofthe20thcenturyasthereisnowadays,otherwiseCoxwould

havelearntthatJ.C.LoudonmentionsHayinrespectofCamperdown,

commentingontheingenioussupplyofwaterforthewalledgarden‘whichJ.

HayplannedandexecutedforLordV.DuncanatLundieHouse

(Camperdown)nearDundee’.5

2E.H.M.Cox,AHistoryofGardeninginScotland(London:Chatto&Windus,1935).3Ibid.,p.xiii.4Ibid.,facingp.92.5J.C.Loudon,EncyclopaediaofGardening,1835,SectionVI-Water(London:Longman,Rees,Orme,Brown,Green,andLongman,1822-1835),p.463.

14

Themorerecenteaseofaccesstoarchivesingeneral,hasresultedinseveral

modernpublicationsonScottishgardeninghistory.In2012MarilynBrown

publishedadetailedaccountofearlyScottishgardensuptothemid18th

century,drawingonhistoricalmapsandmodernaerialphotography.6Her

bookshowsthatfarfrombeingableak,barrenlandscapeScotlandhadmany

designedlandscapeswithformalparterres,watergardensandarchitectural

features.Manyofthesegardensmayhavehadearlierroyalormonastic

beginningsbuttheyshowanevolutionoftheScottishdesignedlandscape,

albeitataslowerpacethanfurthersouthinBritain,andinauniquely

Scottishstyle.

ThefirstsubstantivereferencetotheworksofHaydoesnotappearin

modernprintuntil1980whenA.A.TaitmakesseveralcommentsinThe

LandscapeGardeninScotland1735-1835,andprovidesalistofthegardens

withwhichHayisassociated.7TheyincludeBarns,Peebleshire1805,Castle

Semple,Renfrewshire1818andDalmeny,WestLothiansometimebefore

1822.8InterestinglyTaitstatesthatHay‘establishedhisreputationby

buildingaremarkablepineapplehouseatAlnwickin1804’althoughhedoes

notelaborateonwhatwas‘remarkable’aboutit.9

6M.Brown,Scotland’sLostGardens,FromtheGardenofEdentotheStewartPalaces

(Edinburgh:RoyalCommissionontheAncientandHistoricalMonumentsofScotland,2012).7A.ATait,TheLandscapeGardeninScotland1735-1835(Edinburgh:EdinburghUniversityPress,1980),p.255.8Ibid.,p.255.9Ibid.,p.144.

15

AmorerecentreferencetoHayismadebyChristopherDingwall,Scottish

gardenhistorian,inhis2015discussionofthedesignofEdinburgh’sNew

Town.Dingwallstatesthatthelayingoutofoneofthesquares,George’s

Square,asapleasureground‘isattributedtothegardendesignerand

seedsmanJohnHay’.10HealsodescribesHayasbeingbetterknownforhis

gardendesignsandlistsseveralestateswhereheiscreditedwiththedesign

oftheflowerandkitchengarden.11

In2005CathyByrompublishedadetailedhistoryoftheEdinburghNewTown

gardensandherresearchcreditsHayascontributingtothedesignofseveral

gardens,includingEastQueenStreetGardens.12Shedescribeshimasa

‘versatileandcompetentman’onthebasisofhisadvertisementinthe

EdinburghEveningCourantinAugust1812wherehelistssomeoftheroles

heundertakes:plansforgardens,hothousesandconservatories,layingout

plantationsandshrubberies,andsupplyingexperiencedoverseersand

gardenerstothegentry!13

OtherreferencestoHayareinvariousoldergardeningjournals,describing

someofthegardenshedesigned.Forexample,hisdesignforDalhousie

10ChristopherDingwall,‘InSearchofFreeAirandanAgreeableProspect:theFlightfromEdinburgh’sOldTown’,GardenHistory,No.43:Supplement1(Spring2015).11Ibid.,p.9.12ConnieByrom,TheEdinburghNewTownGardens(Edinburgh:BirlinnLtd,2005),p.166-7.13Ibid.,p.18.

16

Castle,Midlothian,isdescribedbytheHeadGardener,MrJosephArchibald,

intheGardener’sMagazine,1826.14

HaywasevidentlyaclosefriendofPatrickNeill(1776-1851),aScottish

printerandhorticulturalist.BothwerefoundermembersoftheCaledonian

HorticulturalSociety,establishedin1809,withNeillbeingtheSecretaryof

theorganisationforfortyyears.15

Theapparentfriendshipbetweenthesetwomenisfortuitousforthis

researchbecausePatrickNeillwasaprodigiousauthorandmakesreference

toHayinseveralofhiswritings.InNeill’spublishedaccountoftheirtravelsin

NorthernEuropeduring1817Hayaddsanappendixdetailingaseparate

journeyhemadehimselfontheirreturntoLondon,visitingsomegardensin

thesouthofEngland.16TheseincludedBroadlands,seatofLordViscount

Palmerston,wherehecomments‘thatthegroundswerelaidoutbyBrown’.17

FurthervisitsweremadetoEmblyPark,seatofSirWilliamHeathcoteMP,

Paultons,seatofHansSloaneandCuffnells,seatofRightHonourableGeorge

Rose,whereitwas‘toodarktoseemanyoftheplantsbutsawthe

conservatorybycandlelight’.18Thisappendixisoneofthetwoonlyknown

writingsofHay.

14Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine,Vol.1(1826),p.451.15ForbesW.Robertson,PatrickNeill,DoyenofScottishHorticulture(Dunbeath:WhittlesPublishing,2011),p.48.16PatrickNeill,JournalofaHorticulturalTourin1817ThroughSomePartsofFlanders,

HollandandtheNorthofFranceintheAutumnof1817byaDeputationofthe

CaledonianHorticulturalSociety,AppendixXI(Edinburgh:Bell&Bradfoote,1823),p.557.17PresumablythisisLancelot‘Capability’Brown(1716-1783).18Neill,JournalofaHorticulturalTour,p.559.

17

IntheaccountofthetripNeillmakesseveralcommentsregardingHaywhich

itwashopedwouldprovideextrasourcesofinformationforthisdissertation.

AtthebeginningofthetripNeillstatesthattheyvisitedMileEndNurseries

‘whereMr.Haylearnedsomepartsofgardeningthirtyfiveyearsago’.19This

isthefirstindicationthatHayworkedinEngland.AnotherpointerthatHay

hadworkedinEnglandcomesfromtheaccountoftheirmeeting,atSt

Germain,withThomasBlaikie(1750-1838),whohadleftEdinburghfiftyyears

previouslytoworkinthegardensofParis.RecountinghisexperiencesBlaikie

mentionsDrFothergillofUptoninEssex,‘where,bycoincidence,Hayhad

spentayear’,ashadBlaikie.20Despiteresearchonthearchivesofboththese

sitesthereisnomentionofHay.Oneofthemostdetailedaccountsofthe

MileEndNurseryiswrittenbyDerekMorrisbutemailcorrespondencewith

theauthorfoundnorecordofHay,althoughMorrisstatedthattheratebooks

oftheEastEndofLondonshowedalargenumberofScotsandtheir

relatives.21

Hay’sonlyotherknownwritingisanaccountofhisdesignforhothousesthat

appearsaspartofanarticleintheMemoirsoftheCaledonianHorticultural

Societyin1829.Inithedescribeshismethodofprovidingsteamheatingin

pinepitsandglasshouses.22Thislengthyarticleconcludeswithreferencesto

themethodbeingemployedinnurseriesinLondonandtheauthorobserving

19Robertson,PatrickNeill,p.83.20Ibid.,p.96.21DerekMorris,MileEndOldTown1740–1780:ASocialHistoryofanEarlyModern

LondonSuburb(London:EastLondonHistorySociety,2007).22MemoirsoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety,1829,Vol.VIII,p.330.

18

‘MrHay’smodeinoperationforearlycucumbersatMr.Roskell’satGatacre,

nearLiverpool’.23ForhisworkonsteamheatingtheCaledonianHorticultural

SocietynominatedHayforTheLondonSociety’smedalin1828.24The

expertiseofhisheatingsystemsisreferredtobyPatrickNeillinhispractical

guidetogardening,TheFruit,FlowerandVegetableGardenpublishedin

1845.25Inthesectionon‘ForcingGardens’hediscussesthevariationsof

steamheatingandstatesthat‘...similarexpedientswerelongagoemployed

byJohnHayofEdinburgh...agardenarchitectofgreatjudgementand

experience’.26

FromthesevariousreferencesonecanpossiblysurmisethatHaystartedlife

asanapprenticegardenerandthroughhisvariousconnectionswassentto

Londonforfurtherexperience.Thiswouldhavebeenacommonrouteforan

apprenticegardenertobetterhisposition.27Possiblytheconsiderable

experiencegainedwithhorticulturalistssuchasDrFothergillenabledhimto

returntotheburgeoningestatesaroundEdinburghandEastLothianandtake

upapositionasassistantorevenheadgardener.Hay’sinterestintheinflux

ofnewplantsandtheirculturalrequirementsledhimtoexperimentwith

heatingofglasshousesandthis,combinedwithhispracticalexpertise,ledto

somelucrativecommissions.RecordsshowthatHaywasabletoaffordto

23Ibid.p.338.24Ibid.p.337.25PatrickNeill,TheFruit,FlowerandVegetableGarden(Edinburgh:A.andC.Black,1845).26Ibid.,p.134.27ForbesW.Robertson,EarlyScottishGardenersandtheirPlants(EastLinton:TuckwellPress,2000)p.165.

19

moveintoEdinburghcityandopenbusinesspremises,becomeacityburgess

andjoinintheprofessionalandsociallifeofthecitywhilstundertaking

commissionsacrossScotland.28

SurprisinglythereisnomentionofHayorthedevelopmentofsteamheating

inScotlandinSusanCampbell’sbookAHistoryofKitchenGardening.29

Researchforthisdissertationhasshownthatmostofthepublishedworkis

fromanEnglishperspective,frustratingwhenoneknowsthereisarichseam

ofgardenhistorytobefoundinScotland.

ForanaccountoftheScottishresponsetotheLandscapeMovementin

EnglandtheworkofA.A.Taitiswidelyquoted.30However,whenone

considersthatthegreatestproponentoftheLandscapestyle,Launcelot

Brown(1716-1783),judgedasitenotsomuchinitsowntermsbutratherin

its‘capabilities’tobeingmouldedtohisideal,onecanunderstandwhythere

aresofewlandscapegardensinScotland–thetopographyisunsuitable.The

onlygardeninScotlandattributedtoBrownisArdgowan,Renfrewshire,but

evenitsclaimtoBrownismisdoubtful.31AcatalogueofBrownianlandscapes

showsthevastmajoritytobecreatedinthesouthernhalfofBritainwhere

therearegentlyrollinghillsandextensiveacresofpasture,alandscapefound

inlimitedquantityinScotland.However,itwouldbewrongtothinkthat

28ScottishRecordSociety,Edinburgh,Vol53,p.74(accessed03September2016).

29SusanCampbell,AHistoryofKitchenGardening(London:UnicornPublishingGroup,2016).30Tait,TheLandscapeGarden,Introduction,pp.1-7.31Tait,TheLandscapeGarden,p.88.

20

ScottishgardenersignoredwhatwashappeninginEnglandastherewere

gardendesignersworkinginScotlandwhoclaimedassociationwith

‘Capability’Brownanddesignedsimilar,iflessexciting,landscapes.32Two

suchmenwereRobertRobinson(1734-after1780)andJamesRobertson(fl.

1750-1780),theirdesignsnowreworked,neglectedordisappeared.33

Bytheendofthe18thcenturythecreationoftheLandscapestylewasbeing

seenasnotonlydestructiveofformalgardensandavenuesoftrees,but

destructiveofhistoryitself,andjustataperiodofrevivalinScotland’spast34.

Tourguidesandtraveldiariesofthattimefocussedonthecastlesandabbeys

ofthemedievalpast,theromanticismofglensandwaterfalls,and,in

Scotlanditself,therewasarenewedinterestinthelanguageandmannersof

theGaelandthe‘curiositiesofnature’.35

ItwastheideasofthelaterexponentsoftheLandscapegarden,suchas

HumphryRepton(1751-1818),‘whoconsultedthegeniusoftheplace’,that

foundrootsinScottishgardendesign,althoughitissignificantthatReptonis

onlycreditedwithonedesignedlandscapeinScotland,thatofValleyfieldin

Fife.InEnglandin1794bothRichardPayneKnight(1750-1824)andUvedale

Price(1747-1829)publishedessaysattackingthe‘smoothnessand

uniformity’oftheLandscapefashion.36Theyadvocatedtheruggednessand

32Ibid.p.88.33Ibid.,p.2.34G.AllenLittle,ed.,Scotland’sGardens(Edinburgh:Spurbooks,1981)p.19.35LordBuchan’sdiary,GlasgowUniversityLibrary,MurrayMS.502/61.36PenelopeHobhouse,TheStoryofGardening(Dorking:KindersleyLtd,2002),p.229.

21

wildnessofthenaturalscene;onethatwouldbe‘painterly’ratherthana

static‘picture’.37Scotlandhadanabundanceoflochs,forestsandcragsto

embracethePicturesquebutitwasaScottishpicturesque.AsLoudon

summarised,

NaturehasdonemoreforthelandscapesceneryofScotlandthan

shehasfortherestofEnglandbysupplyingthemostinterestingor

strikingfeatures;butmanhasnotbeenendowedwithsufficient

taste,orperhaps,wealth.38

WiththeriseofthePicturesqueandtheSublimethosewithadramatic

naturallandscapefoundthemselvesattheheightoffashionwithlittleeffort!

ButitwouldbeonlypartofthestorytothinkthatScottishgardendesignwas

followingwhatwashappeninginEngland.ManyoftheScottishlandowners

hadagenuinelovefortheircountryandtheirland,andembarkedonhuge

redevelopmentprojects.Treeplantingwasapassionwithmany,although

oftenoutofnecessityforshelterandfuel.AttheBlairAdamestatein

Perthshireinthemid18thcenturyJohnAdamgrewhistreesfromseedinhis

ownnursery.Whenthefamilyfortunesdeclinedtowardstheendofthe

centuryitwasthewoodlandsthatproppeduptheirfinances.39

37JohnDixonHunt,ThePicturesqueGardeninEurope(London:Thames&HudsonLtd,2004),p.72-77.38Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine,Vol.8(1832),p.3-4.39Tait,TheLandscapeGarden,pp.98-100.

22

Anotheroftheearliestlandownerstopromoteagriculturalimprovementwas

theOrmistonestateinEastLothianundertheownershipofJohnCochrane

(1687-1746).Heintroducedlongleasesforhistenantsandformedthe

OrmistonSocietyin1736topromotebetteragriculturalpractices.He

introducedturnipgrowingasover-winteringfeedforcattletoensurethat

healthyherdswerereadytocommencebreedinginthespring.40

Perhapsthisnationaloptimismandsurgeinhorticulturalimprovementswas

theimpetusforHaytoreturntoScotlandfromhisemploymentinEngland

althoughtherearenorecordstoverifythis.Thefirstdefiniterecordofhim

beinginScotlandishismarriagein1791;maybeitwassimplytheneedfora

wifewhichbroughthimbackhome,butnonethelessitwasintoadeveloping

cityandvibrantenvironmentthatJohnHaylaunchedhiscareer.

DespitetheinfluencesemanatingfromEnglandtherewasalargernational

influencewhichaffectedallareasofScottishlifeandindeed,somewould

claim,wouldchangetheworld.41Themid18thcenturyinScotlandis

sometimesdescribedasthecountry’s‘GoldenAge’.Theturbulenceofthe

Jacobiterisingsof1715and1745hadsubsidedandtherewasanexplosionof

intellectualdebate.AtthetimeoftheActofUnionin1707Edinburghhad

lostitsParliamenttoLondonalongwithmanyofitsprosperouscitizens.

HoweverScottishlawwasentirelyseparatefromEnglishlawsothecity

40LectureattheEastLothianSocietyforLocalHistoryandAntiquarians,Haddington,Scotland,02September2016.41ArthurHerman,HowtheScotsinventedtheModernWorld(NewYork:ThreeRiversPress,2001)p.11.

23

retaineditscourtsandlawyers.ItalsoretaineditsleadershipoftheChurch,

itsuniversitiesanditsmedicalschools.Theseintellectualsformedanew

middleclassandarecreditedwithfacilitatingwhatisclassedastheScottish

Enlightenment,resultingintheCity’sfuturebeingdefinedthroughlearning

andknowledgeratherthantradition,historyoraristocraticpatronageand

leadership.

AninterestingreasonfortheimpressivespreadoftheScottishEnlightenment

wasputforwardinadocumentaryproducedforandfirstshownonScottish

televisionon20September2016.42Intheprogrammetheproducerand

director,AndrewAbbott,bringstogetherhistorians,architectsandsocial

historianstodiscusswhyEdinburghwasacitybuzzingwithclubs,societies

andscholarlyassociations.Theyemphasisethefactthatinthemid18th

centuryEdinburghwasaverysmallcitywithitspopulationcrammedontoa

singlestreetalongthenarrowstretchoflandbetweenthecastleand

HolyroodPalace.Theresidentialbuildingsweretheforerunneroftoday’s

high-riseflats:oftenhavingacommercialbusinessatgroundlevel,alarge

desirableapartmentatfirstfloorlevelandtheothersocialclassespacked

intothefloorsabove.Besidestheusualpublicandsocialeventstherewere

thetaverns,sportingactivitiesandavarietyofotherfieldsforthedifferent

strandsofsocietytomeet.Thismixingofthesocialclasseswasverydifferent

fromtheEnglishcitiesofthetime,whoseresidentsrarelyhadthe

opportunitytomeetothersonaday-to-daybasis,livingastheydidin

42BBC2Scotland,20September2016,producedbyAndrewAbbott.

24

separateareasofthecityandfrequentingseparatesocialevents.

Commentatorsputforwardthismixingofprofessionalsandacademicsasone

ofthereasonsfortheexchangeofideasandopinionsandwhyEdinburghwas

so‘crowdedwithgenius’.43

Edinburghasacitywaschangingphysicallyaswell,expandingto

accommodateanincreasingpopulationofprofessionals,merchants,

tradesmenandstudents.Bytheendofthedecadethepopulationhad

doubledtoover81,000andtherewasasurgeinwellpaidworking-class

employment.44Inordertoaddresstheovercrowding,butalsoinanattempt

toattractbackthewealthyabsenteenobility,anarchitecturalcompetition

washeldtodesignanewtownforEdinburgh.Workcommencedmid1760

andforthenextthirtyyearsNewTownwascreatednorthofthecastle.Laid

outwithsymmetricalstreetsandterracedtownhouseswithlargegardensit

provedanoutstandingsuccessinbringingcommercialandculturaldynamism

tothecity.Itwasthelargestlate18thcenturyurbandevelopmentanywhere

inGreatBritainandledtoEdinburgh‘beinglaudedathomeandabroadfor

itsbeautyandelegance’.45JohnHaywastoplayapartinthisNewTown,

beinginvolvedinthedesignofoneormoreofitsgardensquares.

43JohnBuchan,CrowdedwithGenius:TheScottishEnlightenment:Edinburgh’sMoment

oftheMind(NewYork:HarperCollins,2003).44StanaNenadic,History-BritishHistoryindepth:TheRiseofEdinburgh(2011)http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/scotland_edinburgh[accessed15September2016].45A.Lewis,TheBuildersofEdinburghNewTown1767-1795(London:SpireBooksLtd,2014)p.15.

25

In1762Voltairewrote‘todayitisfromScotlandthatwegetrulesoftastein

allthearts,fromepicpoetrytogardening’.46Therehadalwaysbeenan

exchangeofpeopleandideasbetweenFranceandScotland,moresothan

withEngland.ManyoftheScottisharistocracyemployedFrenchtutorsrather

thanEnglishonesandsimilarlytheFrenchhiredScottishgardeners!Palladio

hadobserved,somethreecenturiesearlierinhisintroductionondomestic

architecturethat,

Thecityhousesarecertainlyofgreatsplendourandconvenienceto

agentlemanwhoistoresideinthemallthetime…directingofhis

affairs,butperhapshewillreapmuchconsolationfromthecountry

house,wheretheremainingpartofthetimewillbepassedinseeing

andadorninghisownpossessionsandbyindustryandtheartof

agricultureimprovinghisestate.47

AndadorningandimprovingtheirestateswaswhatmanyoftheScottish

landownersdidinthemid18thcentury.Itfollowedaself-imposedremoval

fromLondonsocietywheremanyoftheScottisharistocracyhadbeen

caricaturisedorevenabusedfortheirScottishness.48AthomeinScotland

theycouldhavealargetownhouseinEdinburghtoaccommodatetheirsocial

andentertainingcommitments,especiallyiftheywereoneofthelegalor

politicalmenoftheday,buttheymayalsohavehadanestateinthe

Edinburghenvirons.TheLothians,tothesouthofthecity,wasapopular

46www.britannica.com/topic/Scottish-Enlightenment[accessed13April2017].47A.Palladio,TheFourBooksofArchitecture,Vol2,Ch.12,p.46.48AnandC.Chitnis,TheScottishEnlightenmentandEarlyVictorianEnglishSociety(GuilfordandKingsLynn:BiddlesLtd,1986),p.183.

26

location,wheretherewaspleasantundulatingcountryside,ascenicprospect

oftheFirthofForthandonthecoachroadtoLondon.Glasgowappearsto

havebeenfavouredbythemorecommerciallyorientated,theshipbuilders,

thetradersandthosewithoverseasestates.

Haywouldhavebenefittedfrommanyoftheconsequencesofthe

Enlightenmentyears,notleastinhiseducation.Asfarbackas1696the

Scottishparliamentpassedits‘ActforSettingSchools’establishingaschoolin

everyparish.49Thereasonwasprimarilyreligiouswiththeintentionthat

everychildshouldbeabletoreadTheBible.Thebasicsofeducationwereno

doubtrudimentaryandvariedinstandardfromparishtoparishbutby1750

maleliteracywasashighas75%,comparedto53%inEngland.50This

excellenceineducationisoftencitedasreasonforsomanyofthehead

gardenersinEnglandbeingScottish.Undoubtedlyitisamajorcontributorto

theSouthernemigrationbutanotherreasonwasthenetworkingamongst

theScottishgardeners,oftenemployingrelativesandfriendsandadvertising

vacanciesinScotland.Researchhasprovedandthisdissertationwill

illustrate,thatHaywasliterate,wascompetentatgeometryandhadan

understandingofscience.Severalofhisglasshouseandgardenplansare

includeddemonstratinghisdrawingskillsandtechnologicalknowledge.The

regretforthisresearchisthatsolittleofhiswritingisextant.

49Herman,HowtheScotsinventedtheModernWorld,p.22.50Ibid.,pp.23-24.

27

Chapter2:Thedevelopmentofglasshouseheatingand

technology.

OnemaywellaskwhywouldHaybecomesoengrossedinthedesignof

kitchengardens,theglasshousesandtheirheatingsystems?Butthatwould

betooverlooktheimportanceofthekitchengardenforproducingfruitand

vegetablestoaddvarietytothestaplefieldfoodsofpotatoes,root

vegetablesandbeans.Mostestatesproducedalltheirownfood,orthemajor

partofit,tofeednotonlytheirfamilybuttheirstaffandvisitors.Oneacreof

akitchengardenwasexpectedtosupplyenoughproducefortwelvepeople

andwasestimatedtorequiretwoorthreefull-timegardeners.51Most

kitchengardenswerelargerthanthis,varyingfromaboutfouracresupto

twelveacresormore.Bythebeginningofthe19thcenturythekitchengarden

wasbecomingashowcasefortheownertodemonstratehiswealth,histaste

andtheskillofhisgardenersbypresentingawidevarietyoffruit–melons,

figs,peachesapricots–aswellasavarietyofvegetables,outofseason.The

pressureontheheadgardenerwasimmense,ensuringhisstaffrecognised

thedifferentplantrequirementsandtheabilitytomanipulatethegrowing

conditions.

Theproblemofmaintainingawarmenvironmentforplantsinagreenhouse

becamemoreacuteasglassbecameincorporatedintothebuilding.The

earliestextantgreenhouseinScotlandisatArniston,Midlothian,builtby51SusanCampbell,WalledKitchenGardens(PrincesRisborough:ShirePublications,2006),p.5.

28

WilliamAdam,thefatherofRobertAdam,in1750.52Ithasasolidroofand

backwallwithwindowstothesideandfrontbutitbearslittleresemblance

towhatonewouldvisualiseasagreenhouse.Asmoreglassbecame

incorporatedtherewasanadvantagetotheplantsintheamountoflight,but

adisadvantageinthetemperaturefluctuation.Heatlossfromsingleglazing

wastentimesasgreatasthatfromabrickwallandtheheatstoragecapacity

ofthematerialwasdrasticallyreduced.

Thebeginningofthe19thcenturysawthedevelopmentofvaryingheating

systemsandincreasinguseofcoalandcokeasfuel.Everyheadgardenerhad

hisowntheoryonthebestmethodofheatingandexperimentedwithheat

production,initiallyfromfiresinadjoiningroomsorvaultsunderneaththe

structure.Insteadofthechimneyfluegoingstraightup,bendswerecreated

intheflueinthehopeofheatingagreatersurfacearea.Buttheheatfroma

firewasneversufficienttoheatalltheairinthegreenhouseandkeepit

warmed.Plantsdidnotlikethedryair,thetoxicfumesandthevariationin

temperatures.Itwasatime-consumingjoblookingafterthefiresandthe

estatewouldusuallyemployatleastonegardenerandoneapprenticesolely

tolookaftertheglasshousefulltime,dayandnight.Furnacesrequired

stoking,onhotdaystheventilationneededtobeincreasedandfloorshadto

befloodedforthoseplantsrequiringamoistenvironment.Gardenershad

theirownpreferencesformeetingtheserequirements.

52MayWoodsandAreteSwartzWarren,Glasshouses(London:AurumPressLtd,1988),p.71.

29

Hayrecordshismethodforproducingamoistenvironmentbeforehe

developedhissteamheating,

Ialwayssteamedthepeachhousewithalargepieceofcastiron,

maderedhotinoneofthefurnaces,andputintoawhite-ironpail

fullofwater;thewholewaterthusevaporatingintosteam.Iwas

alwayssuccessful,whileinpracticeasagardener,inraisingafull

cropofpeaches.53

Successfulmaybe,buthazardous!

Itwasprobablythearrivalofthepineapplethatreallyspurredthequestfora

satisfactoryheatingsystemforthecultureofexoticfruits.DutchandEnglish

growershadbeenexperimentingwithpineappleplantssincethefirstarrival

ofseedsandplantsfromtheCaribbeaninthe18thcentury.54Thecravingto

growthisexoticfruitwastemperedbythehorticulturalregimetheplant

demanded.Pineapplesneedayear-roundsoilandairtemperatureofabout

21C(70F)andtheearliestmethodofcultivatingpineappleswasarduous,

timeconsumingandexpensive.Theyrequiredaseparatehot-bed,about5ft

deep,filledwithonefootoffreshhorsedungandthencoveredwithtanners

bark.Thiswaspulverisedoakbark,aby-productofthetanningindustry,and

generatedalotofheatoveraperiodofseveralmonths.Butpineapplestook

acoupleofyearstoreachfruitingtimeandthisprocesshadtoberepeated

53J.C.Loudon,Thedifferentmodesofcultivatingthepine-apple,fromitsfirst

introductionintoEuropetothelateimprovementsofT.A.Knight,Esq.Byamemberof

theHorticulturalSociety(London:Longman,Hurst,Rees,OrmeandBrown,1822),p.175.

30

severaltimestomaintaintherequiredheat.Withtheirspinyleaves,theneed

fortepidwateringandconstantinspectionforpests,itwasapricklyfull-time

jobforagardener.Andpineapples,andotherexoticfruits,didnotlikethe

hotdryairproducedbythestove.

MartinTriewald(1691-1747)aSwedishmerchant,engineerandamateur

physicistlivingforatimeinEngland,iscreditedwiththefirstuseofwaterfor

heatingagreenhouseatNewcastleonTynein1716.55Theearliestbookon

heatingisgenerallyregardedasATreatiseontheEconomyofFueland

ManagementofHeatbyRobertBuchanan(Glasgow1815)anditwouldbeno

surpriseifHaywasawareofthedevelopmentsofheatingsystemsinother

spheresofcommerce.56Glasgowwasalreadyacentreofexperimentation

andinnovationwiththeworkofJamesWatt(1736-1819)andhissteam

engine;technologywhichwasfundamentaltothechangesbroughtbythe

IndustrialRevolution.57

Intheirbookonthehistoryofglasshouses,WoodsandWarrenattributethe

firstuseofsteamheatinginagreenhousetoaMrWakefieldofLiverpool

about1780.58

55EuropeanRouteofIndustrialHeritage,www.erih.net/how-it-started/stories-about-people-biographies/.../site/.../triewald[accessed11Nov2016].56www.hevac-heritage.org/equipment/timeline-boilers/1803-1868[accessed10November2016].57Herman,HowtheScotsinventedtheModernWorld,p.320.58WoodsandWarren,Glasshouses,p.121.

31

Withthesevariousclaimsonthebestheatingmethodsitisnosurprisethat

thegardeningjournalswerealsoinhotdebateand,asonmostgardening

topics,Loudonhadviewsonsteamheating!

Applicationofsteamtotheheatingofglasshousesappearsfirsttohavebeen

attemptedbyWakefieldin1778,andshortlyafterwardstothevaultofa

cucumberhouseatKnowle.Littleprogresswasmadeuntilabout1816and

thenitextendedrapidly.The‘grandcause’oftheimprovementsisbecause

theywerenolongerunderthecontrolofmansionarchitects.59Thisseemsto

suggestthatitwasthegardenersthemselveswhowereinstrumentalinthe

designofglasshouseheating.

Haymusthavebeenfamiliarwithpineapplegrowing,melons,peaches,figs

andotherexoticfruitandflowers,havingworkedinthegardensofeminent

horticulturalistsandnurserymeninEngland.Hewouldhavereadtheadvice

ofStephenSwitzer(1682-1745),inhisbookThePracticalFruitGardener,and

beenfamiliarwiththemethodscommonlyemployedatthetime:fluedwalls

andtemporarycopings.Thedisadvantageofthefluedwallwastheuneven

distributionofheat,withcoldspotsinoneareaandoverheatinginanother,

bothsituationsdamagingtoyounggrowth.Temporarycopingwasusedwith

peachtreestoshedwaterandhelppreventdisseminationofthesporesof

thefunguswhichcausePeachLeafCurl.60Onecanpresumethatasan

innovativepracticalgardenerHaywasexperimentingwithwaystoovercome59Loudon,EncyclopaediaofGardening,Section1589,1824,p.311.60C.Brickwell,ed.,EncyclopaediaofGardening,(Dorking:KindersleyLtd,1992)p.555.

32

theseproblemsandthehistoryofhisimprovementsiswelldocumentedina

lengthyarticleintheMemoirsoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.61

Basically,Haywasseekingawaytoproduceanevenmoistenvironment

aroundtheplantsthroughouttheirgrowingperiodandthisledhimtodesign

experimentalsteampits,onefilledwithsoilaloneandanotherwitha

graduatedlayerofstones,‘thefirstthreelayersare4inindiameter...the

layersnearthetopareaboutthesizeofahen’segg,thoseabove...apigeon’s

egg,...atthetopthatoflargemarbles’.62Thesedimensionswouldhavebeen

readilyunderstoodbythelessliterategardener.

The‘sandwich’wasfinishedwithalayerofsoilintowhichtheplantswere

placeddirectlyasopposedtobeinginpots.Steamwasadmittedthrough

perforatedpipesrunningalongthebottomofthepits.Hayfoundthatthe

steamonlyneededtobeadmittedtothestone-basedpitsforanhouranda

halfeveryforty-eighthourstomaintainatemperaturebetween23-26C(75-

80F)whichissufficientforpineapplesplantsinwinter.Tostarttheplants

intofruithewasabletointroducesteammorefrequentlyandraisethe

temperatureto32C(90F).Thearticleincludesadetailedarchitectural

drawingforthehousingandforthepits,followedbydetailedtechnological

andengineeringplansforassemblingthesteamapparatus.Theinstructions

illustrateHay’sextensiveknowledgeofmaterialsandplumbingandnopart

61JohnHay,'AccountofaModeofproducingasteadyanduniformBottomHeatinPine-appleorMelonPits,orinStovesforExoticPlants,bymeansofSteamintroducedintoacloseChamberfilledwithWater-wornStones,'MemoirsofCaledonianHorticultural

Society,Article72(05March1829).62Ibid.,p.335.

33

ofthedesignislefttochance.Heincludesasafetymechanismincasethe

steampipeisoccluded,‘thesteamrushesupthepipe,producingaloud

whistlingnoise,andgivingnoticetothegardenerthathisattendanceis

requiredtotheboiler’.63

Healsogivesinstructionsforthesupplyofawatercisternandeventhe

constructionofathermometertomeasurethetemperatureatthebottomof

thesoillayer.

ThearticleintheMemoirsgoesontocommentthatthismethodofsteam

heatingwasbeingusedinthepitsoftheBristolNursery,CottamandHallen

ofWinsleyStreet,boilermakers,64andWalkerofSt.John’sSquare,

Clerkenwell.65FurtherresearchwouldbeneededtoestablishifHayhadbeen

involveddirectlyinanyoftheseconstructionsorifsteamheatingwas

progressinginparallelinotherpartsofGreatBritain.CharlesMcIntosh(1794-

1864)appearstosuggestinTheBookoftheGardenVol.1thatHaywas

involvedinthedesignoftheheatingsystemat‘MessrsLoddigeatHackney,

andtheplanthousesinthegardenoftheDukeofNorthumberland,atSion

House,Middlesex’.66Haycertainlydesignedthesteamheatingatthe

Northumberland’sfamilyseatatAlnwickbutfurtherresearchwouldbe

neededregardinganyinvolvementatSionHouseandLoddige’snursery.67

63Ibid.p.335.64Grace’sGuide,CottamandHallen(2016)http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Cottam_and_Hallen[accessed13October2016].65Hay,'AccountofaMode’.p.337.66CharlesMcIntosh,TheBookoftheGarden,Vol.1(EdinburghandLondon:WilliamBlackwoodandSons,1853),p.229.67MemoirsoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety,1829,Vol.IV,p.582.

34

Loudon,inreviewingthemethodsforgrowingpineapples,alsonotedHay’s

comments,

IafterwardserectedPine-stovesforJohnHarveyEsq.ofCastle

Sempletobeheatedbysteam’andhewas‘appliedtobySirHew

Dalrymple(throughMrDoddshisgardener)toexaminehisPine

StovesatBargany,andtoreportwhetherIthoughttheycouldbe

improved.68

LoudonaddedmoreexamplesofHay’sworkby,

…ConsideringthebeststovesforcombiningthecultureofthePine

andtheVineinScotlandhavebeenconstructedbyMr.Hay,of

whichfineexamplesoccuratLordDuncan’satLundieHouse,near

Dundee,andtheEarlofRoseberry’satDalmenyPark,near

Edinburgh.69

Loudongoesontodescribeindetailtheconstructionofheatingsystemsin

general,‘thedoorofthefirechamber….Notagreatdifferenceintheplans

producedbyNicol,Hay,Stewartandothers’,70thusconfirmingthatthere

wereothergardenersallintentonthesameproblem.Hedescribeswhatwas

namedthe‘Arbroathpavement’,whichwasusedinallHay’sdesignsfor

steamheating,asa‘lightgreyschistus3-6inchesthick’.Thissmooth,

68Loudon,,Thedifferentmodesofcultivatingthepine-apple’,p.176.69Ibid.,p.178.70Loudon,EncyclopaediaofGardening,Section1649,1824,p.324.

35

sedimentaryrockdidnotabsorbmoisturesoitwasidealinthemoist

atmosphereintheglasshouse,beingnearlyalwaysdryandnotbecoming

slippery.Remnantsofthismaterialwerefoundintheruinsofthemajorityof

oldglasshousesvisited,indicatingitwaswidelyavailableandwidelyused.

36

Chapter3.AnaccountofHay’searlylifeandcareer.

JohnHaywasbornin1758inEastLothian,theeldestofeightchildrenof

AlexanderandMargaretHay.Hisbaptismisrecordedintheparishof

Prestonkirkwhere,inthesamechurchyard,isanunusualcastironmemorial

tohisparentsproclaimingthatitwas‘ErectedbytheirsonJohn,Plannerand

Seedsman,EdinburghasatributeofAffectionateremembrance1813’.There

isnoindicationofhisfather’semploymentorprofessionbutthismemorial

recordshimasa‘feuarofLinton’,indicatingthatheownedhisownhouse

andland.71ItwouldappearthatHay’sparentsspentalltheirlifeinthevillage

ofLintonandpresumablywherehe,JohnHay,spenthisearlychildhood.

TodatetherearenorecordsofHay’searlylifeanditisn’tuntilhismarriage

in1791,andthesubsequentbirthofhisfirsttwochildren,thathecanbe

recordedaslivinginthenearbytownofHaddington.Thebaptismalrecordsof

hisfollowingfourchildren(1794-1797)allstate‘father,gardenerat

Prestonhall’.72Forthenextfivechildren(1799-1804)theirbaptismalrecords

states‘Collegehead’whichwasthenameofthehomefarmatArcherfield.73

Thefinaltwochildren(1810-1814)wereborninEdinburghwherethe

baptismalrecordsstatethatJohnHayis‘seedsmanonNicholsonStreet’.74

71InScotlanda‘feuar’istheowneroflandorproperty.72www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/Search/results.aspx[accessed18June2016].73Ibid.[accessed18June2016].74Ibid.[accessed18June2016].

37

Fromotherrecords,includinghisownburialrecord,itisknownthatHaylived

inCatherineStreet,partoftheNewTown,untilhisdeathin1836and

subsequentburialinCaltonNewGraveyard,Edinburgh.75

InPatrickNeill’saccountofhistripin1817,accompaniedbyHayandJames

McDonald,HeadGardenertotheDukeofBuccleuch,hemakesreferencetoa

visittoMileEndNurseryinLondon‘whereJohnHayhadspentsometime35

yearspreviously’.76Ifwrittenin1817HaywouldhavebeenatMileEnd

Nurseryaround1782andagedabout24yearsold.Thatwouldhavebeen

quiteoldasanapprenticegardenersoonecanassumeHayhadalready

gainedexperienceelsewhere.Previousauthorshavecommentedonthefact

thatmanyofthegardenersinEnglandinthe18thcenturywereScottish,and

thatsomestayedthereandtookuppostsasheadgardenersandothers

progressedtobusinessesasseedsmanandnurserymen.77EvenGeorgeElliot

commented‘thatagardenerisScotchasaFrenchteacherisParisian’.78

JamesGordon,thefounderofMileEndNursery,wasonesuchman.Atthe

timeLondonwasthecentreofhorticulturalcommercialenterprisesandby

1691ClementsofMileEndisnoted.79Thissmallgardenpossiblywasthe

nucleusforthegreatMileEndNurseryformedbyJamesGordon(1702-1780).

HestartedoutasgardenertoDrJamesSherard(1666-1738)atElthamand

75Deathcertificate.76Robertson,PatrickNeill,p.83.77Robertson,EarlyScottishGardeners,p13.78SukiUrquhartTheScottishGardener:BeingObservationsmadeinaJourneythroughtheWhole

ofScotlandfrom1998to2004chieflyrelatingtotheScottishGardenerPast&Present(Edinburgh:BirlinnLtd,2005),p.159.79Robertson,EarlyScottishGardeners,p.5.

38

whenSherarddiedGordonbecamechiefgardenertotheyoungLordPetreof

ThorndonHallinEssex.WhenPetrediedtragicallyfromsmallpoxin1742

Gordon,withtheexpertisegainedfromworkingwiththesenotable

botanists,wasabletosethimselfupatMileEndwhichexistedasanursery

for95years.WiththeadditionofaseedshopinFenchurchStreetGordon

wasabletosecurealargesliceoftheLondontrade.80JohnAbercrombiein

hisbookTheGardener’sDailyAssistant,dated1786,listsalltheknown

nurserygardenersandseedsmenintheLondonarea‘andwithineightorten

milesthereof’.81JamesGordon&Co.isrecordedatMile-End,nearBow

(1742-70)andJamesGordon(ason),DermerandThompson,etc.in1837.

GordonwasahighlyrespectedhorticulturalistandaccordingtoPeter

Collinson(1694-1768),himselftheownerofoneofthemostfamousgardens

atthetimeatRidgewayPark,MillHill,‘Ineverkneworheardofanymanthat

couldraisethedustyseedsofthekalmias,rhododendrons,orazaleas’and

‘hissagacityinraisingallsortsofplantsfromcuttings,rootsandlayers

surpassesallothers…’.82Collinsonwastherecipientofplantsandseedsbeing

senttoLondonbyJohnBartram(1699-1777),anavidbotanistandplant

collectorlivingontheeastcoastofNorthAmericanearPhiladelphia.83Many

oftheplantsandseedswerepassedontotheburgeoningnurserytradersto

propagateandGordonappearstohavebeenoneofthemostskilful.

80Robertson,EarlyScottishGardeners,p.84.81TobyMusgrave,TheHeadGardeners,ForgottenHeroesofHorticulture(London:AurumPressLtd,2009),AppendixX.82Ibid.pp.45-6.83PenelopeHobhouse,PlantsinGardenHistory(London:PavilionBooksLtd,1994)pp.264-266.

39

In1760Linnaeus,thegreatSwedishbotanist,hadsentoneofhispupilsto

Gordon’snurserytosourceandreportonthenewAmericanplantswhich

werefloodingintoBritain.84WhenGordon’ssontookoverthenursery

followinghisfather’sdeathin1780,thehorticulturaltraditioncontinued,and

Haywouldhavehadtheopportunitytobecomefamiliarwithalltheleading

gardenersofthedayaswellasvisitingmanyofthegreatestatesinthesouth

ofEngland.ItisnotknownhowlongHayworkedatMileEnd,buthemust

havegainedconsiderableknowledgeofthenewplantscomingintoBritainas

wellaspracticalexperienceoftheirhorticulturalrequirements.Hayappears

tohavecontinuedlivingintheLothiansforapproximatelythenexttwenty

yearsbeforehismoveintoEdinburghcity.Bythistimehewasbestknownfor

combiningseveralroles.Hisskillsaretobefoundcataloguedinan

advertisementappearingintheEdinburghEveningCourantin1812and

revealaversatileandcompetentmanofparts(Figure1).85

84AndreaWulf,TheBrotherGardener(London:WindmillBooksLtd,2009),pp.132-135.85ConnieByrom,‘ThePleasureGroundsofEdinburghNewTown’,GardenHistory,Vol.23,No.1(1995),p.77.

40

Figure1.AdvertisementinEdinburghEveningCourant1812

41

a) Prestonhall

TheearliestwrittenrecordofHayplaceshimatthePrestonhallestatein

Midlothian,whenhehimselfstatesthat‘steamheatingfirstoccurredtome

abouttheyear1794whenemployedinerectingthehothousesat

Prestonhall’.86Genealogicalrecordsofhischildrenconfirmhimbeingatthe

Prestonhallestatearound1793-1798.Thiswouldaccordwiththetimethe

estatewasfirstacquiredbytheCallanderfamilyandwhenalterationswere

takingplace,includingthebuildingofthewalledgarden.Prestonhallestateis

locatedatthesmallvillageofPathhead,sometwelvemilessouthof

Edinburgh.

Figure2.AerialviewofPrestonhallHouseandwalledgarden

86MemoirsoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety,Vol.IV,p.582.

42

TheimposingGradeAlistedstonemansionisthoughttohavebeenbuilt

around1700forRobertMcKenzie,brotherofthe1stEarlofCromartieand

thedesignedlandscapewaslaidoutatthesametimeintheformalstyleof

theperiod(Figure2).

In1738thehousewaspurchasedbythe2ndDuchessofGordonandshe

commissionedWilliamAdam(1689-1748),theprominentEdinburgharchitect

andfatherofJohn,JamesandRobert,toembellishthehouse.The

predecessorsofthepresentownersofPrestonhall,theCallanderfamily,

cametoPrestonhallin1789andanotherEdinburgharchitect,RobertMitchell

(1791-1800),wascommissionedtoreconstructthehouseanditsoutbuildings

asitisinitspresentform.

Thelandscapetopographyisacombinationofmixedwoodland,parkland,a

seriesofpondsandattractivewalksalongtheTyneWaterasindicatedinthe

aerialphotograph87(Figure2).

Totheeastofthehousethereisacombinationofwoodedshelterbeltsand

extensiveproductiveagriculturalland.Onthefrontlawnisamagnificent

LebanonCedarwhichin2012wasestimatedtobeabout24mhigh,oneof

thelargestrecordedinScotland.Itisthoughttobetheonlytreeremaining

fromthe100differentspeciesplantedbyWilliamBurn-Callandararound

87HistoricEnvironmentScotland,PrestonHallpolicies,WalledGardenincludingSheds,Gazebos,GlassHouses,SundialandGardenersHouse,LB777.

43

1830.88TheextantwalledgardenisrecognisablefromaplanfoundinCharles

McIntosh’sTheBookoftheGardenVol1-Structuralwhichheincludes‘asan

exampleofHay’sstyleoflayingoutkitchengardens’89(Figure3).

Figure3.PlanofPrestonhallincludedinMcIntosh’sbook.

Itshowsthelargermiddleareaofthefouracrewalledgardendividedinto4

equalquadrants.90Alongthefulllengthofthesouth-facingwallisarunof

glasshouseswithutilitybuildingsandyardtotherear.Thereisafurtherarea

ofwalledgardenadjoiningthesouthside,whichwastheoriginalrose

88InterviewwithMrsJuneCallandar,currentowner,June2016.89CharlesMcIntosh,TheBookoftheGarden,p.50.90NationalRecordsofScotland,BoxGDS247153-155.

44

garden.Itisopentotheestateononesideandaccessedbyadecorative

archedgateway.Unfortunately,butnotunexpectedly,theglasshousesareall

demolishedwithonlythewhitewashedwallsandprotrudingnailstoshow

wherethefruithouseswouldhavebeenpresent(Figure4).McIntosh

appearstocommendtheplanand,exceptforafewrecommendations,states

that‘itwouldbeaperfectspecimenofagardenforacountrygentleman’.91

Figure412.Theextantnorthfacingwallindicatingwheretheglasshouseswouldhave

been.

Whattheplandoesnothighlightarethetwoattractivehexagonalgazebos

builtontopofthenorthwallandoverlookingthewalledgarden(Figure5).

Theyareaccessedfromoneoftherearbuildingsbyahangingstonestairway.

91McIntosh,TheBookoftheGarden,p.51.

45

Fromthefirstgazeboisanopenwalkway,boundedbyabalustradedwall

surmountedbystoneeagles,theemblemontheCallandarcoat-of-arms,

leadingtothesecondgazebo.Bothroomshaverooftopweathervaneswhich

projectdownintotheroomandindicatewinddirectionwithouttheneedto

ventureoutside–apracticalnicetyonthiseasterncoastofScotland.

Figure5.ThetwinGazebosviewedfromthebackyard.

46

EvenMcIntoshwasimpressedbythesegazebos,remarkingthatitwas‘a

featurewhichdiffersfromanyonewehaveseen’.92Andcontemporary

writersarestillintriguedbythesefeatures:InhisbookonScottishgarden

buildings,TimBuxbaumdescribesthemas‘amongthemostpleasantgarden

gazebosinScotland’.93

Attheendofthe18thcenturythesegazeboswereverypopularand

considered‘cuttingedge’althoughLoudondisagreedstating,

TheModernMethodofcarryingsummerhousesabovehothouseasat

PrestonHallhasaverybadeffectonscenery,besidestheirincongruitywhen

consideredasoverlookingthekitchengardenwhichcertainly,likethekitchen

itself,isnotanobjectofbeautyitself.94Currentlytheviewfromtherestored

gazebosisverypleasant(Figure6)!

However,by1842LoudonappearstohaverevisedhisopinionandThe

GardenersMagazinedescribedPrestonhallas‘anexcellentandsuperiorly

designedkitchengardenwithoverfortyvarietiesoffigscultivated’.95

92McIntosh,TheBookoftheGardenVol.1,p.51.93TomBuxbaum,ScottishGardenBuildings:fromFoodtoFolly,(Edinburgh:MainstreamPublishing,1989),p.49.94J.C.Loudon,AShortTreatiseonseveralimprovementsrecentlymadeinHothouses’,(Edinburgh:JohnTurnbull,1805),p.198.95LoudonTheGardener’sMagazine,Vol.18,(1842),p.582.

47

Figure6.Viewacrossthewalledgardenfromthewestgazebo.

AlthoughthegazebosatPrestonhallarenotthoughttobedesignedbyHay

similargardenroomsappearinothergardenswherehewascreditedwith

thedesign,forexampleatLocknaw,Wigtownshire,withitscornergazeboon

oneofthewallsoverlookingthegarden.Itmaynotbeasarchitecturally

spectacularastheonesatPrestonhall,butitoverlooksboththewalled

gardenanddramaticlochscenery.

Examinationofthevariousshedsandbothyinthenorthernouterwalledarea

revealtheworkingsoftheheatingsystem.Therearetwooldboilersstill

present,oneismarked‘BallantineandSons,NewGrangeFoundryBowness’.

Furtherresearchhasshownthatthisironfoundrywasfoundedin1876soit

48

wouldnotbetheboilerwithwhichHaycarriedouthisexperimentsonsteam

heating.96Thereisanotherboilerpresent,marked‘BostonMarine,Leeds,

England’buttodateresearchhasbeenunsuccessfulindeterminingitsage

(Figure7).Boththeseboilersandtheremainingpipeworkandcontrolswould

beworthyofstudybyanindustrialarchaeologist.

Figure7.OneoftheremainingboilersatPrestonhall.

ForanimpressionofwhatwasgrowninaScottishwalledgardenintheearly

20thcenturyoneofthemostdetailedaccountsisinalittle-knownbookby

MargaretH.Waterfield(1863-1953)publishedin1907.Shedescribesthe

variationsinflowerplantinginIrish,ScottishandEnglishgardensandofthe

96Grace'sGuide,A.BallantineandSons,www.gracesguide.co.uk/A_Ballantine_and_Sons[accessed14October2016].

49

twoScottishgardenschosenoneisPrestonhallandtheotherisDalhousie,

Midlothian,anotherofHay'sdesigns.97Althoughhervisitmusthavebeen

nearlyacenturyafterHay’sinvolvementherdescriptionisenthusiastic.Her

delightinPrestonhallisdescribedas‘anexampleoftheamazingwayin

whichherbaceousplantsgrow.Ineversawagreaterwealthofcolouror

healthierlookingplants’.98Highpraiseforthegardener!

WaterfieldincludestwowatercoloursofPrestonhallinherbook,butitisher

descriptionoftheplantsandthewaytheyaregrownthatrevealsthehigh

maintenanceandskillrequiredofthegardeners.Walkingintothegardenshe

isdelightedatthedelphiniums,8-10fthigh,liningthecentralwalk.She

commentsonhowtheflowersaredividedfromthevegetablesbyatrellis

andhighpostsandchains‘festoonedwithrosesandclematis’.Hersecond

watercolourisoftheflowergardenwhichadjoinsthemainwalledgarden

alonga‘finered-brickbuttressedwall...coveredwithcreepersalongitswhole

length’.Theouterboundaryoftheflowergardenisasemi-circularholly

hedge,andbeyondthat‘ashelterbeltofbigtrees’,boththehollyhedgeand

thetreebeltstilltheretoday.Therearenumerousreferencestothe

excellenceofPrestonhallintheyearsfollowingHayincludingthisreference

toameetingoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSocietyin1815.Oneofthe

papersreadwas‘adescriptionofanimprovedSteamHothouse,withplan

andsection,byMrGeorgeOgilvie,gardenertoLadyCallandarat

97MargaretWaterfield,ed,FlowerGroupinginEnglish,ScottishandIrishGardens;Notesand56SketchesinColour,(London:J.M.Dent&Co.,1907),p.55.98Ibid.p.52.

50

Prestonhall’.99Althoughthearticledescribestheworkingsofthehothouseit

doesnotspecifythatitwastheoriginalasdesignedbyHay,butconsidering

thedateofthearticle,1815,onecanpresumeheisdescribingthesame

glasshouse.PrestonhallisstillprivatelyownedbytheCallanderfamily,who

haverestoredthecentralglasshousetoitsoriginaldesign.

99CaledonianHorticulturalSocietyMinuteBook,Vol1,March1815.

51

b) Archerfield(Collegehead)

WithnoneofhispersonalpaperssurvivingitisnotknownwhyHaymoved

thetwelvemilesnorthtoArcherfieldinabout1799(Figure8).

ThisestatewastheseatoftheNisbets,anextremelywealthylandowning

familywhohadacquiredtheruinedDirletonCastlein1663withoverseven

thousandacresoflandstretchingalongthecoastoftheFirthofForthand

inland.Theybuiltanewmansionhouse,Archerfield,andincorporatedthe

castleruinsintothedesignedlandscapeasagrandgardenornament.The

parkwaslaidoutaround1775byRobertRobertson,oneofthemain

proponentsoftheEnglishLandscapeMovementatthetime.Thehomefarm

atArcherfieldwas,andisstill,knownasCollegehead,whichiswhereHay

children’sbaptismalrecordswererecordedbetween1799and1810.

Figure8.PlanofArcherfieldalongsideaerialphotograph.

WhenHaywaslivingthereheundertookseveralcommissionsoutwiththe

estatesoperhapshewasondifferenttermsofemploymentorhadsufficient

52

meanstorentthefarm.Hestatesthathedesignedthenewglasshousesat

Archerfieldanddevisednewmethodsofheatingthem.Certainlyitwasa

timeofgeneralimprovementsattheestate:theestaterecordsshowseveral

accountsassociatedwiththewalledgardenaroundthistime.Unfortunately,

theestaterecordsdonotappearinanychronologicalorderandmanyare

incomplete.InDecember1778themasoncosts‘asmeasuredbyDavidBlair

andR.Robertson(includingworktothehothouses)’amountedto£171.100

ThereisafurtheramountpaidtoThomasBuchananforwoodandglazingfor

thehothouses.101Laterthereisanaccountfor‘stoveandflues’paidto

SamuelHeriot.102Maybetherewasadisputeabouttheheating

arrangementsasanotherentrystatesthatSamuelHeriot‘agreestoaccept

thesumof£16-4-0forthewholeofthefluesthatisexecutedinthenew

gardenofArcherfield’.103Theserecordspinpointthebuildingofthewalled

gardenandbuildingstoabout1778-9.Furtherrecordsshowthatin1797-8

thegardenersarelistedasJohnWaldieandJohnBlackie.Alatergardeneris

namedasDavidThompson(1823-1909)whowentasheadgardenerto

DrumlanriginDumfriesshirewhereheremainedforthirtyyears.Thisisthe

sameThompsonwhobecameeditorofTheScottishGardenermagazineanda

prolificauthor.104

100NationalRecordsofScotlandBoxGD6/1625/1.101Ibid.BoxGD6/1625/8.102Ibid.BoxGD6/1625/6.103Ibid.BoxGD6/1625/5.104SukiUrquhartandRayCox,TheScottishGardener,p.183.

53

WhateverHay’semploymentstatusatCollegeheaditseemsthathewas

specificallyengagedtodesignthenewhothousesbutalsoundertake

commissionsinotherpartsofthecountry.Oneofhisearliestrecordedworks

wasaPlanofImprovements,includingaSurveyoftheEstateofBarns,lyingin

theParishofmannerandCountyofPeebles.ThepropertyofJamesBurnett,

Esq.105

Dated1805itismoreofanestatesurveyratherthanadetailed

gardenplan.Theaerialphotographshowsaratherunremarkablewalled

gardenwithacurvedsouthwallwhichevidentlyincludedasummerhouse.

However,itisevidencethatHaywascapableofsurveyingaccuratelyand

drawingtoscale,andincorporatingattractivefeaturesinanotherwise

utilitariankitchengarden(Figure9).

Figure9.OSsixinch1843-1882mapofBarnsalongsideaerialphotograph.

105

PlanofImprovements,includingaSurveyoftheEstateofBarns,lyingintheParishof

MannerandCountyofPeebles.ThepropertyofJamesBurnett,Esq'.Surveyed,designed

anddrawnbyJohnHay.http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/record/nrs/RHP74/plan-improvements-including-survey-estate-barns-peeblesshire/nrs[accessed09March2016].

54

Amuchmoredetailedandsophisticatedplanwasdrawnupforthekitchen

gardenatDalhousieCastle.Theestatesitsonanattractivepromontory

abovetheRiverEskasitflowsthroughMidlothian.Thecastleitselfwas

workedonbyGeorgePaterson(d.1789)andlaterbyWilliamBurn(1789-

1870),bothwell-knownEdinburgharchitects,106whilstthedesigned

landscapeisattributedtoJamesRobertson(before1750-1780).107The

gardendesigniscreditedtoWalterNicolabout1807,butthewalledgarden

appearstohavebeenHay’screationandiswelldescribedbyMrJoseph

Archibald,thegardenerfornineteenyears,inTheGardenersMagazine.108

TheplaninFigure10showsthelongsinuoussitethatprovidedadramatic

walkwayabovetheriverandevenimpressedMrArchibaldwhostated,

Theplanisverydifferentandinfactsurpassestheordinarymodeof

enclosinggardensbystraightwallsintheformofsquaresor

parallelograms.Thewallhereisfifteenfeethighhavingbeenbuiltin

acurvedandwindingdirectiontosuittheadjacentground.Thesite

hasbeenmuchadmiredbyeverypersonoftastewhohasvisitedit:

oneparticularbeautyconsistsinthenaturalfenceonthesouth

side,beingperpendicular,ruggedrocks,tothedepthof30to40

feettothebedoftheriver.109

106www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=20013[accessed08March2016].107Loudon,EncyclopaediaofGardening(1822),p.79.108Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine(1826),p.251.109Ibid.,p.251.

55

Figure10.TheunusuallyshapedwalledgardenatDalhousie.

Hecontinueswithadescriptionofthehothouses,

Inowbegtogiveyouashortdescriptionofthegardenand

hothouses,whichweredesignedbyMr.JohnHay,thegarden

architectofEdinburghin1806.Therangeofglasshousesis205feet

longconsistingofagreenhouseinthecentre56feet,twovineries

77feetandtwopeachhouses45feeteach.Aboveoneofthe

glasshousesisanexcellentroomwherearedepositedsome

beautifulspecimensofnaturalhistoryandafewusefulbookson

botany,agriculture,gardening,etc.110

110Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine(1826),p.251

56

ThisisasimilardimensiontotherangeofglasshousesatPrestonhallandthe

inclusionofaroomaboveoneoftheglasshousesisafeatureseeninseveral

ofHay’sdesigns.Dalhousie'sgardener,MrArchibald,appearstohavebeena

dedicatedhorticulturalistasthereisfurtherreferencetohimintheminutes

oftheCaledonianHorticulturalSocietyof1814whereitisrecordedthathe

notonlyreadapaperon‘protectingbloombycanvasscreens’but‘hada

modelwithhim’.111

WaterfieldchosetoincludeoneofherpaintingsofDalhousieinherbook.

Althoughthebookwaspublishedalmostahundredyearsafterthegarden

wasdesigned,Dalhousiewasrenownedforitsmagnificentflowergardens.

Shepaintsaliterarypictureof‘thegreatcurvingwall’with‘thewinding

pergolathroughwhichonecanseetothedeeprockybedoftheriver'and

statesthat‘therosesareverysuccessfulonawarmslopeofthewalled

garden’andadmiresthe‘richcarpetsofviolasandhedgesoffuchsias’.112

EvenLoudon,inhisbookTheArboretumBritannicum,commentedthat

Dalhousiehad‘anextensiverangeoftreesandshrubs,moreorless

remarkable’butthatthemid18thcentury'picturesque'landscapewasaltered

duringthemid19thcenturyandhasnowbeenlost.113Andithasbeenlost

furtherinthe21stcentury:DalhousieCastlehasbecomeahotelandthe

walledgardenaderelictcardump.Thereisnotraceoftheglasshousesorthe

‘excellentroom’above.

111MinutesoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety,18March1814.112Waterfield,Flowergroupings,Facingp.60.113Loudon,TheArboretumBritannicum.

57

OneofHay’sfewreferencestohisworkismadeintheMemoirsofthe

CaledonianHorticulturalSocietywherehestates,

Intheyear1807IhadthehonourtobeconsultedbyhisGracethe

lateDukeofNorthumberlandwithaviewtorebuildingthe

hothousesatAlnwickCastle,whichchieflyconsistedofgrapeand

pinehouses,andwasdesiredbyhisGracetofurnishhimwithplans

forexecutingtheworkonthemostapprovedprinciples.HisGrace

directedmetoprovidefortheheatingofoneofthepinepitsby

steam,ashehadseenanattemptofthiskindinScotlandanumber

ofyearsbefore.114

TheDukeofNorthumberlandreferredtoisHugh,the2ndDuke(1742-1817)

whowaskeenonpromotingthecultivationofexoticfruitsandcouldafford

todoso,beingoneoftherichestmeninEnglandatthetime.Itisnotknown

wheretheDukehadseenapreviousexampleofHay’ssteamheating

althoughhisfirstwifewasadaughterofLordBute,aScottishnoblemanand

akeenbotanist,whichmayhaveprovidedtheconnection.Inhishistoryof

AlnwickCastletheformerarchivistShrimpton,statesthat‘thesecondDuke

investedinnewhothousesdesignedbyJohnHayofEdinburgh,includinga

fruitingpinestoveforpineapples,amushroomhouseandtwovineries’.115He

goesontoadd‘Apeachhouseoffourcompartmentswasalsoerectedanda

114MemoirsoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety,Vol.IV,p.582.115ColinShrimpton,AHistoryofAlnwickParksandPleasureGrounds(Derby:NorthumberlandEstates,2006),p.58.

58

gardenseedroom’.116ThisismoreextensivethanclaimedinHay’soriginal

statementanditseemslikelythatotherdesignerswereatworkandHaymay

onlyhavebeencalledintodesignthe‘new’steamheatingsystem.Loudon

reportedin1825thatthekitchengardenatAlnwickwas‘latelymuch

improvedbyarangeofhot-houseserectedfromthedesignsofJ.Hay,

Edinburgh.117InalaterpublicationLoudonrefersagaintoHay’sworkat

Alnwick,

In1807,apine-stovewasdesignedandexecutedfortheDukeof

Northumberland,atAlnwickCastle,byMr.Hay,inwhichachamber

belowthebark-bedwasfilledbystonesheatedbysteam;butasthe

pipesandsupplyofsteamweretoosmallforthemassofstones,

theuseofthismodeofheatingwasinthisinstancenotlong

continued.118

AnarchaeologicalsurveyiscurrentlybeingcarriedoutatAlnwickCastlein

theoldwalledgarden,inpreparationforanewpublicationonthehistoryof

thegardens.Discussionwiththeconsultantsworkingontheprojectconfirm

thatthereareseveralstructuresdatingfromtheearly19thcenturyintheold

walledgarden.119Howeverthegardenstructureshavebeenreworkedseveral

timesandunderstandablyitisdifficulttostatecategoricallywhichstructures

canbeattributedtoHay(Figure11).

116Shrimpton,AHistoryofAlnwickParksandPleasureGroundsp.58.117Loudon,EncyclopaediaofGardening,1825,p.1080.118Loudon,EncyclopaediaofGardening,1832,p.330.119JenniferProctor,Pre-ConstructArchaeologyLtd.DurhamDH65PD.

59

Figure11.PhotographsoftherecentexcavationoftheoldwalledgardenatAlnwick,

showingthenorthernhothousewhichmayhavebeenmodifiedbyHay.

60

c) Camperdown(LundieHouse)

AroundthesametimethatHaywasworkingontheglasshousesatAlnwick

hewasalsoinvolvedinthedesignofthewalledgardenatLundieHouse,an

estateownedbytheDuncanfamilyofDundee.AdamDuncan(1731-1804)

wasanAdmiralintheNavyandin1797,hecommandedandwontheBattle

ofCamperdownagainsttheDutchwhowerethreateningtoinvadeBritain,

forwhichhewascreatedViscountDuncanandBaronLundie.HissonRobert

wascreatedEarlofCamperdownin1831anditwashewhocommissioned

WilliamBurn,theEdinburgharchitect,todesigna'GreekRevival'mansion,

demolishedtheoldLundieHouseandnamedthenewoneCamperdown

(Figure12).120

Figure12.EngravingofCamperdownHousebyalocalengraver,G.Cummings.

120https://canmore.org.uk/site/247718/dundee-camperdown-house-walled-garden?display=image[accessed19July2017].

61

Robertalsodesignedthepark,withtheassistanceofDavidTaylor,aforester.

Between1805and1859DavidTaylorandhissonplantedmostofthetrees,

includingtheweepingelmknownasthe‘Camperdown’elm.

LoudoninhisEncyclopaediaofGardening(1824)devotesasectiontothe

problemofgettingsufficientwaterintothegarden,titledThecontrivancefor

wateringorwashingthefoliageofthewalltreesinDalmenygardens,laidout

bytheartist.121HeisreferringtoHaywhohaddesignedthekitchengardenat

Dalmeny,themansionhouseofLordRoseberryontheoutskirtsofEdinburgh.

Hayhadincorporatedawateringsystembyinsertingathree-quarterinch

metalpipeinagroovecutintothewallsofthekitchengardenjustbelow

groundlevel.Byaseriesofstopcockseveryfiftyfeet,aleatherhosecouldbe

attached.AtDalmenytheheadofpressurefromareservoirsituatedona

raisedareajustoutsidethenorthernwallensuredthattheappropriatebeds

couldbe‘wateredwiththegreatesteaseasrequired’.122Loudonstatesthata

similarsystemhadbeenusedatLundieand‘aftertheexperienceofseveral

yearshasbeengreatlyapprovedofandisthrownfromthepointofdirector

withgreatforce,andtoagooddistance’.123ThewalledgardensatLundie

wereextensive,dividedintoseveralcompartmentsandhadwalls

approximately15feethigh.124

121Loudon,EncyclopaediaofGardening,1824,p.463.122Ibid.,p.463.123Ibid.,p.463.124http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/GDL00082[accessed19July2017].

62

Figure13.OSsixinch1843-1882planofCamperdownwalledgarden.

Nowadaysthewalledgardenisthesiteofazoo;theglasshousesreplacedby

asmallersuiteofmodernaluminiumonesandvisitorfacilitieshavebeen

builtintheparkland(Figure13).Mostofthebackhouseshavebeenaltered

toaccommodateadifferentuse,buttherewasevidenceofaboilerandold

fluesysteminsidethem.Thereisaninterestingsmalladjoiningbuilding,

possiblyanOrangeryorrestroomfortheladies,whichwouldhavegiven

entrancetothewalledgarden.Eithersideoftheentrancedoorisaniche,

similartothatofSaltoun,althoughagainitsfunctionunknown(Figure14).

63

Figure14.Possiblyaformerorangery.ViewofoneofthebackbuildingsatCamperdown.

64

Chapter4:JohnHayandEdinburgh1810onward.

Sometimebetween1804and1810theHayfamilymovedtoEdinburgh.125It

wouldappeartomarkachangeintheworkundertakenbyHay:hisrangeof

projectsexpandedandrecognitionofhisskillsbecamemorewidelyknown.

OneofthecatalystsforthiswasprobablyHay’sinvolvementwiththe

CaledonianHorticulturalSocietyandthepeoplewithwhomhecameinto

contact.

125Basedonthegenealogicalrecordsofthechildren.AdaughterwasbornatDirleton(Archerfield)inOctober1804andthenextchildwasrecordedasborninEdinburghinApril1810.

65

a) TheformationoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety

TheformationoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSocietywasanimportant

eventnotonlyforthegardeningfraternityinEdinburghandthesurrounding

area,butalsoasarichdepositoryofthehistoryofhorticultureinScotland.

PatrickNeillwasadescendantofthefounderofaqualityprintingfirm;he

wasfinanciallywelloff,welleducatedandwellconnected.126Withsuch

advantageshewasinvolvedinmanyoftheintellectualandsocialsocieties

thatflourishedinEdinburghatthetime,andcameintocontactwithpeople

acrossawidevarietyofdisciplines.ButNeill’sgreatestcommitmentwasto

botanyandtohisgardenatCannonmillsCottageinEdinburgh.Itcontained

overthreethousanddifferentspeciesofplants,aswellasaconservatory,a

stove20ftlong(aheatedglasshouse),avinery,awarmpitandanorchid

frame.127

Onthe05December1809inthePhysiciansHall,intheNewTownareaof

Edinburgh,seventeengentlemengathered,‘inconsequenceofacircular

letter,dated25November,signedbyMessersWalterNicol,ThomasDickson,

DrJamesHome,MrAlexanderGibsonHunter,DrAndrewDuncansenior,and

MrPatrickNeill’,toagreetotheproposaltotheformationoftheCaledonian

HorticulturalSociety(Figure15).128

126Hisuncle,alsocalledPatrickNeill,wentintopartnershipwithtwobooksellersin1759.TheywereconsideredthemostrespectableretailbusinessinEdinburghproducinghighqualityprintingincludingpublicationoftheEncyclopaediaBritannica.127J.C.Loudon,TheGardener’sJournal(July1836),p.333.128OriginalMinuteBookoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.

66

Figure15.LetterofInvitationtoformahorticulturalsociety.

Therewasnodoubtingwhowastheinstigatorofthisproposal,andforthe

nextfortyyearsPatrickNeillwouldbetheSecretary.Oneofthe‘gentlemen’

attendingtheinauguralmeetingwasJohnHay,whowaselectedasoneof

the‘professional’membersoftheCouncil(Figure16).AlongsidehimwasMr

JamesMcDonald,gardenertotheRightHonourable,theEarlofDalkeith,who

waselectedaspresident.TheywereallfriendsofNeill'sbutthereisnodoubt

thesemenwererespectedamongstthehorticulturalmilieuofEdinburghand

itsenvirons.Theirplansanddecisionsweretohaveconsequencesstill

relevanttoday.

67

Figure16.MinuteBookoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSocietyshowingJohnHayasone

ofthefoundermembers.

ThefocusofthenewSocietywasthe‘encouragementandimprovementof

thebestfruit,themostchoiceflowersandthemostusefulvegetables’129.The

annualsubscriptionforordinarymemberswasoneguineaandwithina

coupleofyearstheSocietyhadamembershipofoveronethousand.Manyof

thewellknownmembersofEdinburghsocietyweremembers:theartist

HenryRaeburn(1756-1823),thearchitectWilliamPlayfair(1790-1857)and

129Takenfromtheoriginalletterofinvitation.

68

thewriterWalterScott(1771-1832).Butthebackboneofmemberswerethe

gardeners,seedsman,horticulturalistsandestateownersofEdinburgh.The

meetingswereamixtureoftheoreticalandpracticalgardeningmatters,

paperswerereadfrommembersandexhibitsofflowers,fruitandvegetables

werebroughttothemeetings.Competitionswereorganisedandtheaward

ofcertificatesandmedalswasimportant.Hayismentionedfrequentlyinthe

records,proofthathewasanactivememberandonewhosegood

judgementandexpertisewasvalued.Onesuchcompetitionthathehelpedto

adjudicatewasthereportoncurlinpotatoesandthegooseberrycaterpillar

(Figure17)!

69

Figure17.NoteinCaledonianHorticulturalSocietyMinuteBook.

InMarch1811theminutesoftheSocietyrecordHayastheproposerofMr

AlexanderMelville,gardeneratOxenfoordCastle,asa‘corresponding

member’,presumablyacategoryofmembershipforthosemembersunable

toattendmeetingsinEdinburgh.130

Inanewspaperadvertisementin1812JohnHayquotesOxenfoordCastleas

beingoneofhisrecentsuccesses,thathe‘…continuestogivedesignsof

130

CaledonianHorticulturalSocietyMinuteBook,Vol.I,March1811.

70

gardens,plansallsortsofHot-Houses,GreenhousesandConservatories,'

someofwhichhehaslatelyexecutedonanewandimprovedprinciple,such

asthatatMilburnTowerandOxenfoordCastle.131

ThewalledgardenatOxenfoordCastleisstillextantandcurrentlyusedas

partofanorganicvegetablescheme,butsadlytheglasshouseshaveall

disappearedandonlytheimmensewhiterenderedwallindicateswherethey

oncestood(Figure18).Thebackshedsareallpresentbutnodetailed

examinationwascarriedoutforevidenceoftheheatingsystem.

Figure18.ThehighsouthfacingwallatOxenfoordCastle.

131

EdinburghEveningCourant,22August1812.

71

AnearlyambitionoftheSocietywasthecreationofanExperimentalGarden,

partlytogiveadviceonthebesthorticulturalpracticesandpartlytotest,

underlocalgrowingconditions,thenewplantsthatwerecomingintoBritain

(Figure19).132

Figure19.TheproposaltosetupanExperimentalGarden.

Tothisend,attheAnnualGeneralMeetingin1815,SirJohnSinclair

proposedthattworepresentativesfromtheSocietyshouldbecommissioned

tovisitEuropetodiscoverwhatadvanceshadbeenmadetoagriculture.

132

CaledonianHorticulturalSocietyMinuteBook.

72

FollowingthelongperiodofunrestintheareaandtheBattleofWaterloo,

visitorswereoncemoreabletotravel.PatrickNeillandthegardenerWalter

Nicol(1769-1811)werechosentogobutunfortunatelyNicoldied

unexpectedly.HisreplacementswereHayandJamesMcDonald.Thethree

mensailedfromLeithon01August1817andspentoverthreemonths

travellinginNorthernEurope.

AreportofthetripwasgiventothesocietyinDecember1817133.Amelon

hadbeenbroughttothemeeting,raisedfromseeds‘broughtbythe

delegationwhohadvisited’.134In1818therewasfurtherreferencetothetrip

whenitwasreportedtotheSocietythatgraftsofpearsandappleshadbeen

receivedandgraftedatMessersDicksons‘withperfectsuccess’,oneofthe

resultsofthemanycontactstheyhadmadewithcontinentalhorticulturalists

andfruitbreeders.135Intheprefacetohisjournaldetailingthetrip,Neill

summarisestheiropinionsbystating‘…ourownstyleofgardeningin

Scotlandisgenerallyspeaking,superiortowhatwewitnessedonthe

Continent…’.136

Unfortunately,thereisnowritingofHayregardingthecontinentallegof

theirtrip;hisappendixtoNeill’sjournalissolelyanaccountofthethreedays

hespenttouringgardensinthesoutheastofEngland.

133

CaledonianHorticulturalSocietyMinuteBook.Vol110December1817.134Ibid.June1818.135Ibid.June1818.136Robertson,PatrickNeill,p.103.

73

b) George’sSquareGarden

Hay’smoveintoEdinburghatappearstohavebroughthimintocontactwith

avarietyofpeopleandprojects.137Therewasstillatremendousamountof

designandconstructiontakingplaceinconnectionwiththeNewTownand

notjusttothemorewidelyrecognisednorthsideofthecity.Aportionof

landonthesouthsideoftheRoyalMilehadbeenboughtbyJamesBrown,a

builder,whoproceededtobuild‘ofsuitableelegance….finemansions’(Figure

20).138

Figure20.ThefeuingplanforGeorge'sSquare.

137Assumptionbasedonthebaptismcertificateoftwoofhischildren,Elizabethin1804statesDirletonandWilliamin1810statesEdinburgh.138RobertChambers,TraditionsofEdinburgh(Edinburgh:W&CTait,1825),p.38.

74

Haywascalledupontodesignthepleasuregroundatthecentreofthese

residences,knownasGeorge’sSquare,regardedbyAlexanderYoungasthe

firsttruemodernsquareinEdinburgh.139Thesimpledesignofthesquarestill

survives,gravelpathscrisscrossthegrassundertheoriginal,nowmature,

trees(Figure21).Unfortunately,onlyonesideofthesquareretainsits

Georgiangrandeur,theothersideshavingbeendevelopedbynewUniversity

buildings.

Figure21.George’sSquare,namedafterthebrotherofthebuilder,notthemonarch!

139AlexanderJ.Youngston,TheMakingofClassicalEdinburgh(Edinburgh:EdinburghUniversityPress,1966),p.68.

75

c) BalnagownCastle

OneoftheearliestcommissionsafterthemovetoEdinburghappearstobe

the'PlanofImprovementsontheNewGardenatBalnagownCastle,drawn

fromIdeassuggestedbyGeneralWemyss,JohnHay,1814'(Figure22).The

planforthisestate,afewmilesnorthofInverness,hasneverbeenrecorded

ashavinganyassociationwithHay.Itunexpectedlycametolightduringthe

courseofthisresearch.140TheplanforthewalledgardenatBalnagownCastle

appearedatauctioninEdinburghinSeptember2015andwasboughtbya

Londondealerwhokindlyallowedtheexaminationoftheoriginal

watercolourandinkmanuscriptplan.Theproposedlayoutshowsan

orangery,grapehouses,pineshed,mushroomhouse,gardener'slodge,

melonground,forcingpit,melon-pit,melonandcucumberframes,stock

holes,hotwalltobecoveredwithglassforpeaches,hotwallforthefinest

Frenchpears,sun-dial,etc.141

140NotedbyChristopherDingwallonaninternetsearch.141TheauthortracedtheselleroftheplanwhostatedithadbeenfoundbyhisfathermanyyearspreviouslyinahousedemolitioninFife.

76

Figure22.JohnHay’splanofBalnagown,1814.

Avisittotheestateandexaminationofthe1808EstateSurveymapdoesnot

showanygardenpresentbutthepencilannotation'NewGarden’would

indicatethatthelocationofanewgardenwasbeingplanned(Figure23).

77

Figure23.EstatemapofBalnagownsurveyedbyGeorgeBrown1808('NewGarden'

annotatedinupperrightcorner).

TheOSmapof1843-1882showsthewalledgardenasindicatedontheHay

planwithitssemi-circularoutlinesuggestingHayhadaninputtoitsinitial

build(Figure24).Thereisnoevidenceonthegroundofanybackhousesor

thegardener’scottageeverhavingbeenbuiltandthegardenersworking

therecurrentlydonotrecallanydemolitiontakingplaceinthearea.

78

Figure24.OSsixinch1843-1882mapofBalnagownshowingsemi-circularwallgardenas

onHayplan.

Examinationoftheextantwalledgardenshowsnoevidenceofglasshouses,

althoughholesatthebaseofthewallmayindicatethatvineswereplantedin

theouterareaandbroughtthroughintoavinery.Itmaybethatthewalled

gardenhasbeen‘restored’sothoroughlythatnoremnantremainsof

79

redundantbuildings.AftervisitingBalnagownanoldpostcardcametolight

showingamoremodernglasshousepresent(Figure25).142

Figure25.PostcardofBalnagownwalledgarden.

OneofthereasonswhytheHayplanwasneverfullyexecutedmaybethe

untimelydeathoftheowner,SirCharlesRossin1814,leavingawidowand

twoyoungdaughters.Again,theestatearchiveisincomplete,butinheritance

issuesappeartohaveforcedahaltintheimprovementstotheestateandthe

onlyreferencetobefoundinthearchivesaroundthistimewasinan

142InterestamongthecurrentgardenersatBalnagownresultedinthesubmissionofthisoldpostcard.Astheauthorhasnotexaminedthepostcarditisdifficulttodateit,butitdoesshowglasshousesasbeingpresent,(althoughtheyappeartobeamoremodernstyle,possiblyearly20thcentury).

80

inventoryoffurniturethatincluded‘thatofAlexanderPyper,gardener,£7

total’.143

Nowadaystheestateisprivatelyownedandhasbeenhandsomelyrestored

althoughthewellkeptwalledgardenismostlyvacantwithasmallareagiven

tosoftfruits.

143NationalRecordsofScotland,GD129/1/8/14

81

d) BarganyandKilkerran

ThefollowingtenyearswerethebusiestandmostproductiveofHay’s

career.Around1814-15heundertookdesignsforwalledgardensandflower

gardensattheadjoiningestatesofKilkerranandBarganyinAyrshirewhere

thewivesoftheownersoftheestatesweresisters.144Hisinvolvementin

theseestatesmayhavecomeaboutbecauseofhisworkaround1807at

Camperdown,Dundee,forViscountAdmiralDuncan,theEarlof

CamperdownwhosedaughterJanemarriedSirHewDalrymple-Hamilton,the

ownerofBargany,in1800.145Jane’ssister,Henrietta,in1804marriedSir

JamesFergusontheownerofKilkerran,whereHayhaddesignedboththe

walledgardenandflowergardenin1814.146Therewaslittleneedto

advertisewhenrecommendationscamefromwithinthelandedfamilies.

The1300acreBarganyestateissituatedapproximately20milessouthofAyr

intherichagriculturalvalleyoftheRiverGirvan.Thelayingoutoftheestate

wasbegunbytheownerJohnHamiltoninthemidtolate18thcentury.

HeisreputedtohaveemployedWilliamAdamandlater,around1774,

GeorgeRobertsonpreparedanimprovementplanforthegrounds.Theonly

remainingpartofthisplanisthebowlinggreen.ThomasWhiteJunior(1764-

1836)andWilliamSawreyGilpin(1762-1843)alsoworkedthere.

144JamesFergusson,LowlandLairds(London:Faber&Faber,1949),p.105.145http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/search[accessed8July2017].146http://www.thepeerage.com/p6747.htm#i67468[accessed08July2017].

82

ThomasWhiteisthoughttohaveconstructedasmallwalledgardenalthough

notraceremains.Thehaphazardandfragmentedcharacterofthevarious

‘improvements’werecommentedonbyLoudononatriphemadetosouth

westScotlandin1832,remarkingthat‘thelasttwentyfiveyearshasbeenthe

sceneofextensiveimprovementsinthewayofroadmaking,drainageand

plantingetc’.147Henotedthatthekitchengarden,‘laidoutbyMr.Hay,has

fluedwallsandhothouses’and‘thewholeismosteconomicallyand

judiciouslymanagedbyMr.Dodd’.148Haylaidouttheoriginal13acresof

kitchengarden,includingaseparatepineapplehouse,around1818.He

includedasmallornamentalgardenattheeastendandasemi-circular

gardenatthewestendofthemainwalledgarden(Figure26).Therewasa

pineapplehousenexttothewestfacinghouse,withthesteamheatingwhich

Hayhadperfected.

Figure26.PlanofBarganyestatealongsideaerialphotograph.

147Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine,Vol.VIII,(1832),p.330.148Ibid.,p.330.MrJamesDoddsislistedasamemberinMinutesofCaledonian

HorticulturalSociety,05December1809.

83

Asearlyas1711theownersofKilkerran,theFergusons,wererecognisedas

keenagriculturalimprovers.Theycommencedaprogrammeoftreeplanting

ontheestateandsurroundinghills,muchofwhichremainstodayandgives

theRiverGirvanvalleysuchapleasingview.Plansforthepoliciesweredrawn

upin1721,byWilliamBoutchart,'anexactplanofKilkerranshowingan

elaborateformaldesignbutreferencetoGeneralRoy'smapof1750would

suggestthatifimplementedithadbeenchangedbythen.149

ItwasSirJamesFergusson(1765-1838),whocommencedextensiveschemes

ofalterationstothehouseandgroundswaybeyondhismeanswhich

resultedintheestatefallingintodebt.Fergussonwasrecognisedasan

agriculturalimproverandwasthefounderoftheAyrshireAgricultural

Association.150In1814Haywascommissionedtodesignthenewgarden.His

plansincludedthefiveacrecurvedwalledgardenwhichwasformerlydivided

intosixcompartmentswithanorchardtothesouth.Intheexplanatorykeyof

hisplanHaynoted‘asmallorangerywithanalcoveseatwhichwillserveasa

RetreatinwalkingfromthehousetothetopoftheLadyGlen’(Figure27).151

149http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/GDL00238[accessed27July2016].150Fergusson,LowlandLairds,p.105151Tait,TheLandscapeGarden,p.146.

84

Figure27.Thebricked-upalcoveofthewalledgarden,formerlyaretreatfortheladies.

Thewestcompartmentisseparatedfromthemaingardenbyawalland,

frompaintingsinthehouseofc.1870,itwasplantedasanornamental

garden.Therearespecimentreestothesouthandwestofthewallsandalso

someoldrhododendrons,nowovergrown.Apathleadstothefamilyburial

groundonthesouthsideofthegarden.ItiscurrentlyinusebytheCamping

andCaravanningClub.

85

e) SaltounHall

AnotherHaydesignwhichtookaccountofthewidergardenwasinEast

Lothian.TheestatewasownedbytheinfluentialFetcherfamilywhom,ata

timeofgreatpovertyinthearea,hadsetupthefirstmillforproducingpot

barleyin1712.152Theywereaninnovativefamilywhowentontoacquirethe

secretofweavingfinelinen,andinordertopromotetheindustryformedthe

BritishLinenCompanyin1746.WithotherScottishfinanciersitbecamethe

BritishLinenBankandnowadaysissubsumedwithintheLloydsBanking

Group.153

Haywascalledupontodesigntheflowerandwalledgardenaround1818,

aboutthesametimeWilliamBurnwasdesigningthemassivenewTudor-

styledSaltounHall.154Hisconfidenceboostedbythesuccessofhisworksfor

someofthemosteminentScottishlandownersHaynowincludedamoss

houseandawoodenbridgeaswellaspeachandapricothouses.155

152www.johngraycentre.org/people/movers_shakers/saltoun[accessed04September2016].153www.lloydsbankinggroup.com/Our-Group/our-heritage[accessed14October2016].154www.parksandgardens.[accessed10September2016].155Tait,TheLandscapeGarden,p.146.

86

Figure28.‘Designforakitchen-garden,orchard,andflower&wintergarden,atSaltounHall,theseatofAndrewFletcher’JohnHay1818

OfthemanywalledgardenswhichHaydesignedtheoneatSaltounappears

themostconventional:arectanglewithnoembellishments(Figure28).

87

ThehighbrickworkwallsareaparticularlyfineFlemishbondwithplainsingle

doorways,theonebesidethebackshedshavingasmallrecessonthe

outside,similartotheoneatCamperdown.Theirpurposeisunknown:itmay

haveincludedareceptacleforakeyormaybealamp(Figure29).

Figure29.OneoftheentrancesintoSaltounwalledgardenshowinganichesimilarto

thatatCamperdown.

ThewalledgardenatSaltonisnowempty,anddeteriorationofsomeofthe

brickworkhasexposedtheintricatefluesystemoftheheatedwalls,

(Figure30).

88

Figure30.ThefluedwallatSaltoun.

AroundthesametimeasworkingonSaltounHaywasinvolvedinseveral

otherprojects;atCastleSemple,Renfrewshire,forColHarveyandplansfor

extensiveflowergardensatNewhailesHouse,Edinburgh,forMissChristian

Dalrymple.

AtCastleSemple,wheretheowner,ColHarvey,washimselfakeen

horticulturalist,Haywasinvolvedforseveralyears.Heinstalledbotha

systemofsteamheatingandalabour-savingwateringschemeforthewalled

garden,similartothatatCamperdown.

89

f) Newhailes

OneofthemoreextensiveflowergardensdesignedbyHayisNewhailes,now

aScottishNationalTrustpropertyontheoutskirtsofEdinburgh.Onceowned

bytheimportantinfluentialandextensivefamilyofDalrymples,itwas

inheritedbyChristina(1765-1838),daughterofLordHailes,Lordofthe

Judiciary,in1792.156Itwasunusualforadaughtertoinheritproperty,but

Christinadevotedasmuchofhertime,aspreviousgenerationshad,to

improvingboththelargemansionandthepleasuregrounds.She

commissionedHayin1818todesignaflowergardenforthesemi-circular

walledgardenalreadypresent,ascanbeseeninanestateplanofRobert

Bauchop,dated1798(Figure31).157

156NationalTrustforScotland,Newhailes,(Edinburgh:Stewarts,reprint2010),p.12.157Ibid.,p.54.

90

Figure31.BauchopplanofNewhailes1798.

RecentlytheNationalTrustforScotlandhasundertakenaseriesof

archaeologicalsurveysofthelandscapeincludingtheremainsoftheflower

garden.Detailsofvariousgardenpathswereidentified,includingpartofthe

curvingflowergardenwall(Figure32).Anevaluationtrenchlocatedatthe

rearofaruinedlater18thcenturyglasshouserevealedthebrick-lined'oven

pit'associatedwithitsinternallyheatedwall.Thisstillcontainedasupplyof

coal,astokeshovelanditscast-ironovendoor.158

158https://canmore.org.uk/event/797021[accessed16September].

91

Ablindfacadewasrecordedduringthesurvey,whichlaterwasusedtohidea

fruitstore.159TheslipgardenwasoriginallyanL-shapedyardtothenorth-

westoftheD-shapedflowergarden,andwasusedforpropagation.Several

brickedupuniform'cupboard'featureswerediscoveredintheinteriorwall,

whichmaybetheremainsofbeeboles.160

ChristinanevermarriedandNewhaileswasinheritedbyhernephew,Sir

CharlesDalrymple-FergussonofKilkerran,whereHayhadpreviouslyworked

onthewalledgardenandflowergarden.

Figure32.PhotographofNewhailestakenc.1880,showingChristinaDalrymple’sflower

gardenonsouthsideofhouse.

159http://www.johngraycentre.org/collections/getrecord/ELHER_MEL9563/[accessed16September2016].160Ibid.,[accessed16September2016].

92

93

g) EdinburghExperimentalGarden

During1822HaywasbusywiththeproposednewExperimentalGardenfor

theCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.In1823aportionoflandwasboughtby

theCrownandleasedtotheSocietyforthegarden.Whilsttheofficialhistory

oftheCaledonianHorticulturalSocietystatesthatin1825JamesMcNab,the

CuratoroftheBotanicGarden,drewupplansforthenewgarden,whichmay

wellbetrue,theminutesoftheSocietyrecordthattheplansweredrawnby

Hay(Figure33).

AttheAnnualElectionMeetinginDecember1825thePermanentVice-

President,DrAndrewDuncanreadinhisspeech,

Itgivesmepeculiarsatisfactiontobeabletoannouncetoyou,in

myofficialcapacity,thatyourCouncilhave,forthepresentyear,

awardedthisannualtestimonyofesteem,onourFellowMember,

MrJohnHay,Garden-Architect,onaccountoftheadmirablePlans

whichhehaspresentedtous,fortheconstructionof

Conservatories,Vineries,Pineries,andotherBuildings,bymeansof

which,aidedbyourcoalgivingheat,andourglassgivingprotection,

wemayenjoythemostdelicatefruitswhichanyportionofthe

earthcanafford,atanyseasonoftheyear.161

161PatrickNeill,ed,TransactionsoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety(Edinburgh:1826),p.4.

94

Figure33.Theplanislabelled‘PlanofEdinburghExperimentalGarden,1825'.

Althoughalistofshareholderswasopened,andmoneycamefromasfar

awayasIndia,thefollowingyear,1824,afurthercallwentoutfor£2000to

‘fulfilMrHay’sgardenplan’(Figure34).162

162Neill,TransactionsoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety,AnnexeofShareholders(JohnLinning’spersonalcopyheldinRoyalBotanicGardenEdinburghLibrary)

95

Figure34.ReportoffundingfortheExperimentalGarden.

Eventuallythefinalsumwasraised,constructionbeganandthefirstshow

washeldin1828.Thegardenwasnotwithoutitsproblems,bothfinancially

andwithitspersonnel,butitcontinuestoday,albeitmuchalteredfromthe

originalplans,havingbeenabsorbedintotheEdinburghBotanicGarden.

Haywasnowinhismid-sixties.Whateverthereason,maybeofageorhealth,

therearenorecordedgardenplansafter1824.Theremaybeothergardens

withwhichhewasinvolvedbutnorecordswerefoundduringthecourseof

thisdissertation.Itwillbeforotherresearcherstouncover.

96

Chapter5:EvaluationandConclusion

Theresearchthathasbeenundertakenforthisdissertationgivesamodern

foundationforfuturestudiesofScottishwalledgardensandhorticultureand

thepeoplewhohavecreatedthemsincethe19thcentury.Althoughthe

dissertationfocusesontheworkofJohnHayitconsidersthecontextwithin

whichhewasworkingandsomeofthedifferencesbetweencontemporary

ScottishandEnglishhorticulture.Italsomarkssomeofthesignificantevents

occurringinScottishhorticultureandsuggestsareasforfurtherresearch.

Hay'ssystemofsteamheating,oranadaptationofit,wasadoptedbyalmost

allthebigestatesinScotlandintentonhavingthepineappleandmelonon

theirtable.Steamheatingbecamepopularinotherareasofindustryand

advancesinsteamtechnology,withthediscoveryofthesiphonbyThomas

Fowler,meantthatverticalcirculation,notjusthorizontal,waspossible.163

A.M.Perkinsdevelopedthehigh-pressuresystemwhichheatedwaterabove

boilingpointandallowedfastercirculation.Graduallysteamheatingwas

takenoverbycommercialconcernsforheatinglargebuildingssuchas

schools,hospitalsandprisonsandinhorticulturehotwatersystemsgradually

tookoverfromsteamheating.164

163Kohlmaier&Sartory,theArtificialClimate,KohlmaierandSartory,reproducedfromTheArtificialClimate,HeritageGroupWebsitefortheCharteredInstitutionofBuildingServicesEngineershttp://www.hevac-heritage.org/electronic_books/glasshouses/2-GLASSHOUSES-artificialclimate-1.pdf[accessed12and13November2016].164Ibid.,p.54.[accessed12and13November2016].

97

UndoubtedlyHaycontributedmuchtothedebateofheatingglasshouses

successfullyandhewasinnovativeintakinganewtechnologyandadaptingit

forhisprofession.AsLoudonstatedinhisreviewfortheCaledonian

HorticulturalSocietyin1829,

WeparticipateinthesatisfactionwhichMr.Haymustenjoy,aftera

longlifeassiduouslyspentinhorticulturalpursuits,inbeingthe

authorofsuchausefulinvention.ItappearsthatMr.Hayapplied

steamtoforcinghousesatPrestoninMidlothianin1794,andhe

maynowbeconsideredasperfectedinthismodeofheating.165

ButHayshouldalsoberememberedforthewalledgardensandother

gardensthathedesignedandthatareprobablyunrecorded.Havingseenthe

greatScottishmansionsdesignedandembellishedbyAdam,Robertson,Burn

andothernotablearchitects,Hayattemptedtodesignawalledgardenasa

fittingaccessorytothemainbuilding.Hiswalledgardensareworksofart

oftenwithunusuallycurvedwalls,beautifullyfinishedcopings,arched

doorwaysanddecorativebelltowers(Figure35).Manyofhiswalledgardens

haveattachedbuildingssuchassmallrecessedorangeries,cornerbuildings

orunusuallyshapedgazebos,buttheyareoftenoverlookedinfavourofthe

associatedimpressivemansion.PerhapsHayworkedinconjunctionwiththe

architectandisnotcreditedwiththerecognitionhedeserves,buthissigned

gardenplansdemonstratehehadskillsequaltothearchitect.

165Loudon,'ReviewofMemoirsofCaledonianHorticulturalSociety'inTheGardener’sMagazineVol.IV,PartII(1829),p.451.

98

OnecanunderstandthatwhenLoudonsawthesegardensonhisextensive

travelsnorthheformedtheopinionthatsettheparametersforthis

dissertation.

Figure35.(clockwisefromtopleft)ThebeautifullyarchedgatewayatOxenfoordwalledgarden,theBellfeatureatKilkerranwalledgarden,theoriginalgatesandkeyforthewalledgardenatLochnaw,andviewofaccessorybuildingthatHayoftenplacedinthecornersofhiswalledgarden.Theywereusedasshelters,toolstore,fruitstoreetc.

InDecember1825theCaledonianHorticulturalSocietyawardedHay‘the

annualpremiumforthemostinterestingcommunicationreceivedduringthe

year’.166In1829hewasawardedtheSilverMedalbytheSociety.Thiswas

probablythepinnacleofHay’scareer.Nofurtherrecordsregardinghiscareer

havebeenuncoveredduringtheresearchforthisdissertation.167Hay’sname

166

MemoirsofCaledonianHorticulturalSociety167AplanofthewalledgardenforTillicoutryhouseinFifewasfoundbyChristopherDingwallinMarch2017amongstthearchivesofBalkaskieHouseFife,signed‘JohnHay’

99

doesnotappearinthelistofmembersfortheCaledonianHorticultural

Societyafter1829,soonecanonlysurmisethatheretiredfromhorticultural

activities.

HisobituarywassoberlynotedinTheGardener’sMagazine,‘Mr.Hay,an

eminentgardenarchitect,whohascontributedmuchtotheimprovementof

walledgardensandhothousesinScotland’.168

Hisburialcertificaterecordshimasa‘gardenplanner’andthathediedofthe

‘decayofnature’on17November1836andis‘buriedinhisowntomb’in

NewCaltonBuryingGrounds,Edinburgh(Figure36).169

ThereisarichamountofgardenhistorysurroundingScottishkitchengardens

whichdeservesfurtherstudy,notjustonHay,butontheother

horticulturalistsworkingatthistimeinScotland.UntilthenJohnHaymust

remain‘themosteminenthorticulturalarchitectScotlandhasever

produced’.170

Figure36.BurialcertificateforJohnHay17December1836.

butundated.Theauthorhasbeenunabletofindanyfurtherrecordsinthemainrepositories.168Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine,Vol.5(December1836),p.451.169Copyofburialcertificate.170Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine(December1837),p.543.

100

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