Macmillan Building and Surveying Series

Accounting and Finance for Building and Surveying A.R. Jennings Advanced Building Measurement, second edition lvor H. Seeley Advanced Valuation Diane Butler and David Richmond Applied Valuation, second edition Diane Butler Asset Valuation Michael Rayner Auctioning Real Property R.M. Courtenay Lord Building Economics, fourth edition lvor H. Seeley Building Maintenance, second edition lvor H. Seeley Building Maintenance Technology Lee How Son and George C.S. Yuen Building Procurement, second edition Alan E. Turner Building Project Appraisal Keith Hutchinson Building Quantities Explained, fifth edition lvor H. Seeley Building Services George Hassan Building Surveys, Reports and Dilapidations lvor H. Seeley Building Technology, fifth edition Ivor H. Seeley Civil Engineering Contract Administration and Control, second edition Ivor H. Seeley Civil Engineering Quantities, fifth edition Ivor H. Seeley Commercial Lease Renewals -A Practical Guide Philip Freedman and Eric

F. Shapiro Computers and Quantity Surveyors A.J. Smith Conflicts in Construction -Avoiding, managing, resolving Jeff Whitfield Constructability in Building and Engineering Projects A. Griffith and A. C. Sidwell Construction Contract Claims Reg Thomas Construction Economics -An Introduction Stephen L. Gruneberg Construction Law Michael F. James Construction Marketing- Strategies for Success Richard Pettinger Construction Planning, Programming and Control Brian Cooke and Peter Williams Contract Planning Case Studies B. Cooke Cost Estimation of Structures in Commercial Buildings Surinder Singh Design-Build Explained D.E.L. Janssens Economics and Construction Andrew J. Cooke Environmental Management in Construction Alan Griffith Environmental Science in Building, fourth edition R. McMullan Estimating, Tendering and Bidding for Construction A.J. Smith European Construction -Procedures and techniques B. Cooke and G. Walker Facilities Management, second edition Alan Park Greener Buildings- Environmental impact of property Stuart Johnson Housing Management- Changing Practice Christine Davies (Editor) Information and Technology Applications in Commercial Property Rosemary Feenan

and Tim Dixon (Editors) Introduction to Building Services, second edition E.F. Curd and C.A. Howard Introduction to Valuation, third edition D. Richmond Marketing and Property People Owen Bevan Measurement of Building Services George P. Murray Principles of Property Investment and Pricing, second edition W.D. Fraser Project Management and Control David Day Property Development Appraisal and Finance David Isaac

(continued overleaf)

Property Finance David Isaac Property Investment David Isaac Property Management- A Customer Focused Approach Gordon Edington Property Valuation Techniques David Isaac and Terry Steley Public Works Engineering Ivor H. Seeley Quality Assurance in Building Alan Griffith Quantity Surveying Practice, second edition Ivor H. Seeley Real Estate in Corporate Strategy Marion Weatherhead Recreation Planning and Development Neil Ravenscroft Resource Management for Construction M.R. Canter Small Building Works Management Alan Griffith Social Housing Management Martyn Pearl Structural Detailing, second edition P. Newton Sub-Contracting under the JCT Standard Forms of Building Contract Jennie Price Urban Land Economics and Public Policy, fifth edition P.N. Balchin, G.H. Bull

and J .L. Kieve Value Management in Construction B. Norton and W. McElligott 1980 JCT Standard Form of Building Contract, third edition R.F. Fellows

Macmillan Building and Surveying Series Series Standing Order ISBN 0-333-69333-7

You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above.

Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

Law and the Built

Environment

Douglas Wood

Law School Staffordshire University

MACMILLAN

©Douglas Wood 1999

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE.

Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First published 1999 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99

ISBN 978-0-333-67759-9 ISBN 978-1-349-14295-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-14295-8

Contents

Introduction

Acknowledgements

Table of Cases

Table of Statutes

1 The Administration of Law 1.1 The Nature of Law 1.2 Divisions of the Law 1.3 Evidence in Civil and Criminal Cases 1.4 The Common Law 1.5 Equity 1.6 The Sources of Law 1.7 'Access to Justice' 1.8 European Community Law 1.9 The Court System in England and Wales 1.10 The Criminal Courts 1.11 The Civil Courts 1.12 The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 1.13 The European Court of Human Rights 1.14 Tribunals 1.15 Arbitration 1.16 Personnel of the Law 1.17 Judicial Officers 1.18 Juries 1.19 Court Procedure 1.20 Procedure in Civil Actions 1.21 Aspects of Constitutional Law

v

Vlll

X

xi

xxiii

1 1 1 3 4 5 7

17 18 22 22 25 31 31 31 33 36 39 42 42 43 46

vi Contents

2 The Law of Contract 49 2.1 General Principles 49 2.2 Formalities 49 2.3 The Essential Elements of a Valid Contract 51 2.4 Agreement 51 2.5 Consideration 56 2.6 The Intention to Create Legal Relations 59 2.7 Terms of a Contract 59 2.8 Vitiating Factors 63 2.9 Privity of Contract 66 2.10 Exemption Clauses 67 2.11 Discharge of a Contract 69 2.12 Damages 74 2.13 Limitation of Actions 76 2.14 Equitable Remedies 78 2.15 Agency 79 2.16 Forms of Contract in the Construction Industry 84

3 The Law of Tort 92 3.1 The Nature of Tort 92 3.2 Liability in Tort 92 3.3 Vicarious Liability 93 3.4 Negligence 95 3.5 Breach of Statutory Duty 104 3.6 Trespass 105 3.7 Nuisance 107 3.8 Private Nuisance 107 3.9 Public Nuisance 111 3.10 Rylands v Fletcher 112 3.11 Product Liability 114

4 The Law of Property 117 4.1 The Meaning of Property 117 4.2 Real Property 117 4.3 The Historical Background of English Land Law 118 4.4 The Importance of Equity in English Land Law 119 4.5 The 1925 Property Legislation 120 4.6 Estate and Interests in Land 120 4.7 Reversions and Remainders 121 4.8 The Freehold Estate 122 4.9 The Enforceability of Legal and Equitable Interests 124 4.10 Fixtures 125 4.11 Interests in Land 127 4.12 Easements 127

4.13 Profits a Prendre 4.14 Restrictive Covenants 4.15 Mortgages 4.16 Licences 4.17 Co-ownership of Land and Buildings 4.18 Successive Interests in Land 4.19 Registration and Land Law 4.20 Access to Neighbouring Land 4.21 Party Walls 4.22 The Leasehold Estate 4.23 Background to Leaseholds 4.24 Essential Elements of a Valid Leasehold 4.25 Covenants in Leases 4.26 Enforceability of Covenants in Leases 4.27 Termination of Leases at Common Law 4.28 The Major Statutory Provisions Affecting Leaseholds 4.29 The Conveyancing Process

Contents vii

131 132 134 139 140 141 142 145 145 146 146 147 150 161 162 163 172

5 Aspects of Public Law 173 5.1 Background 173 5.2 Local Government in England and Wales 173 5.3 The Privatisation of Public Utilities 175 5.4 Highway Law 176 5.5 Provision of Sewers and Drains 180 5.6 Building Regulations 180 5.7 Planning Law 183 5.8 Compulsory Purchase 187 5.9 Environmental Law 190

6 Property, Construction and the Commercial Environment 194 6.1 Business Organisations 194 6.2 Health and Safety at Work 198 6.3 Construction Regulations 199 6.4 The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 200 6.5 Insurance 201 6.6 Facilities Management 203 6. 7 Disability Discrimination 203 6.8 Competition Law 204 6.9 Freedom of Establishment and Provision of Services 205 6.10 Import and Procurement Restrictions 206

Index 207

Introduction

This is a book for students. Its purpose is to provide an introduction to the legal aspects involved in property and construction based disciplines. This includes qualifications in Estate Management, Valuation Surveying and degrees in which property based studies represent a considerable element. It equally includes relevant materials for those studying for degrees in Architecture, Civil Engineering, and Quantity and Building Surveying. It is additionally appropriate for those studying for higher degrees in areas such as Facilities Management or Land Use and Planning. The book can also be used for examinations of relevant professional bodies.

This is primarily an introductory text. Its purpose is not to create pseudo­lawyers from those involved in construction and property. The hope is that it will help students to resolve law based problems and enable them to have a general idea of the legal position if they encounter relevant problems after finishing their studies. Hopefully, it will also make them realise when to seek specialist legal advice instead of relying solely on their own judgement. Those readers familiar with the subject matter covered by this book will be aware that there already exist a number of sound and well written books dealing with the legal aspects relating to both property and construction. These books are either orientated towards landed property or towards con­struction. This book attempts to marry the two aspects by providing a general introduction to both areas. The rationale behind such an approach is the close relationship which exists between the subject areas studied on the relevant courses and the fact that a building or property dispute often does not fit neatly into being land or building based. Indeed there is a con­siderable overlap where the knowledge acquired in one area is pertinent to the other.

Chapter 1 provides a general legal background which needs to be understood before progressing to the more specialist areas. The material on contracts in Chapter 2 attempts to consider the subject both from the view of a construction professional and from those involved with contracts

viii

Introduction ix

relating to the sale and letting of land and buildings. Consequently the emphasis is on the principles which underlie all contracts. The chapter contains brief descriptions of a number of standard form contracts but there is no clause-by-clause discussion. A similar approach is taken in Chapter 3 as far as the tortious aspects are concerned. Relevant areas of the law of tort are considered from both the property and construction aspects, with appropriate case law by way of illustration. Although the property aspects in Chapter 4 are mainly of interest to estate management related students, those who are construction based should find much that is of interest to them. Building surveyors, in particular, need an under­standing of landlord and tenant law, while there is reference to the rela­tively new party wall legislation. Chapters 5 and 6 contain a cross-section of subject areas. The highway, planning and environmental law aspects in Chapter 5 are equally useful for construction and property related stu­dents, as are the facilities management and disability aspects in Chapter 6.

Hopefully the text is sufficiently detailed for those studying at profes­sional qualification level but readable and practical for those embarking on their studies. I have attempted to fix the law as at May 1st 1998.

Acknowledgements I wish to express my thanks to the following for advice and help directly or indirectly: Julia Burden, Isobel Bowdenj W.H. Rees, Jim Forster, Michael Haley, John Reyers, Ron Smith, Stuart Vesey and Chris Williams.

Any errors in the text are of course my responsibility.

X

Table of Cases

Abbeyfield [Harpendenj Society v Woods [1968] 1 WLR374 Adams v Lindsell [1818] 106 ER 250 Adams v Ursell [1913] 1 Ch 269 Addie [R] & Sons v Dumbreck [1929] AC 358 Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd [1909] AC 488 Addiscombe Garden Estates v Crabbe [1958] 1 QB 513 A-G v Corke [1933] Ch 89 Aldin v Latimer, Clark, Muirhead [ 1894] 2 Ch 437 Allen v Greenwood [1980] Ch 119 Amalgamated Investment and Property Co Ltd v John Walker[1977] 1 WLR 164 AMF International Ltd v Magnet Bowling [1968] 1 WLR1028 Anchor Brewhouse Developments Ltd v Berkley House [Docklands Developments] Ltd [1987] 2 EGLR 625 Andrae v Selfridge [1936] Ch 1 Anns v Merton LBC [1978] AC 728 Applegate v Moss [1971] 1 KB 406 Arenson v Casson, Beckman, Rutley & Co [1977] AC405 Ashburn Anstaldt v Arnold [ 1988] 2 AllER 147 Asian v Murphy [no 1] [1990] 1 WLR 766 Austerbeny v Oldham Corporation [ 1885] 29 Ch 750

Balfourv Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571 Bass Holdings Ltd v Morton Music Ltd [1987] 3 WLR543 Bates v Donaldson [1896] 2 QB 241

xi

150 55 109 101 75

164 112 151 131

72

99, 100

105 108 11, 96, 182 77

33 140 150 133

59

161 160

xii Table of Cases

Bernstein v Skyviews and General Ltd [ 1978] QB 479 Beswick v Beswick [ 1968] AC 58 Betts v Penge UDC [1942] 2 KB 154 Betty's Cafes Ltd v Phillips Furnishing Stores Ltd [1959]AC 20 Blackpool and Fylde Aero Club Ltd v Blackpool Borough Council [ 1990] 3 AllER 25 Blackstone Ltd v Burnetts [West End] Ltd [ 1973] 3AllER 782 Bocardo Sa v S &M Hotels Ltd [1979]3AllER 737 BOJ Properties v Aliens Mobile Home Park Ltd [1980]1 DLR 305 Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957]1 WLR582 Bolton v Mahedeva [1982]3 Tr L 37 Bolton v Stone [1949]1 AllER 237 Boulton v Jones [1857]6 WR 107 Bradford Corporation v Pickles [1895] AC 587 Brew Bros Ltd v Snax Ltd [1970] AllER 587 Brikom Investments v Carr [1979] 2 AllER 753 Brillant v Michaels [1945]1 AllER 121 Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl GMBH [1983] AC 34 British Celanese v Hunt [ 1969] 2 AllER 1252 British Railways Board v Herrington [1972] AC 877 British Steel Corporation v Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Co Ltd [1984]1 AllER 504 Brocklebank v Thompson [ 1903] 2 Ch 344 Brogden v MetropolitanRly Co [1877]2App Cas 666 Brooks and Burton v DOE [1977]1 WLR 1094 Brown v Flower [1947]177 LT 281 Bulmer [HPJ Ltd v J Bollinger sa [1974] Ch 401 Byrne v Boadle [ 1865] 2 H & C 722 Byrne v Van Tinenhoven [1880] CPD 344

Calthorpe v McOscar [1924]1 KB 716 Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Counties Leatherplc [1994]2AC 264 Caminer v Northern and London Investment Trust [1951JAC88 Carlillv Carbolic Smokeball Co [1893]1 QB 256 Cartledge v E Jopling and Sons Ltd [ 1963] A C 758 Cassis de Dijon [1978] Case 22/78 Castle v StAugustines Links [1922]38 TLR 615

105 66 191

167

52

163 160

129

97 70 97 53 93 108, 156 58 148 55 109 101

55 7 55 184 179 17 98 53

156

95, 113

179 52,53 103 206 112

Table of Cases xiii

Cattle v Stockton Waterworks Co [18751 LR 10 QB453 113 Central Estates [Belgravia1 Ltd v Woolgar [19721 3AllER 610 159, 163 Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd [19471 KB 130 58 Chapman v Honig [19631 AC 19 93 Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Ltd Co [19601 AC 87 56 Chappleton v Barry UDC [19491 1 KB 532 67 Chemco Leasing Pa v Rediffusion [19871 1 FTLR201 54 Chesterv Buckingham Travel Ltd [19811 1 AllER 386 153 Christie v Davy [18931 1 Ch 316 109 Clark v Woor [19651 2 AllER 353 77 Clifton v Palumbo [ 19441 2 AllER 497 53 Collins v Godefroy [18311 1 Dowl326 56 Calls v Home and Colonial Stores Ltd [19041 AC 179 131 Combe v Combe [19511 2 KB 215 58 Commission v Ireland Case No 45!87 [19881 44BLR1 206 Cook v Mayor of Bath [ 18681 LR 6 Ex 77 131 Coslett Contractors v Quinn [19961 3 WLR 299 2 Coventry City Councilv Cartwright [19751 1 WLR 543 191 Crabb v Arun DC [19761 Ch 179 140 Craddock Bros v Hunt [19231 AllER 394 65 Cuckmere Brick Co Ltd v Mutual Finance Ltd [ 19711 115 SJ288 137 Cutterv Powell [17951 6 Term 320 69

D & C Builders Ltd v Rees [ 19651 3 AllER 837 58 D & F Estates v Church Commissioners for England [19881 2All ER 992 96 Dakin v Lee [19161 1 KB 566 70 Davies v William Old [19691 67 LGR 395 54 Davis Contractors v Fareham UDC [19561 AC 696 72 Denny Matt and Dickson Ltd v James B Fraser & Co Ltd [19441 AC 265 71 Dickinson v Dodds [18761 2 Ch 463 53 Dodsworth v Dodsworth [19731 EGD 233 140 Dallman v Hillman [ 19411 1 AllER 355 112 Donoghue v Stevenson [19321 AC 562 96

XIV Table of Cases

Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage Ltd

Dutton v Bognar Regis UDC [1972]1 AllER 462 95

East Ham Corporation v Bernard Sunley & Sons [1966] AC 406 74 Elitestone v Morris [1997] 2 AllER 513 126 Ellenborough Park Re: [1956] Ch 131 128 Elliston v Reacher [1908]1 WLR 594 133 Entores v Miles Far East Corporation [1955] 2 AllER 493 55 Errington v Errington and Woods [1952] 1 AllER 149 53 Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Harper's Garage [Stourport] Ltd [1968] AC 269 136, 204 Expert Clothing Services and Sales v Hi/gate House [1985]2All ER 998 157

F actortame v Secretary of State for Transport [no 2] [1991]1 AC 603 22 Fairclough v Swan Brewery Co Ltd [1912] AC 565 136 Federated Homes Ltd v Mill Lodge Properties Ltd [1980]1 WLR 594 133 Felthouse v Bindley [1863]1 New Rep 401 55 Fibrosa Spolka Akcyjna v Fairbairn Lawson Coombe Balfour Ltd [1943] AC 32 71 Fisherv Bell [1961]1 QB 394 52 Flexman v Corbett [1930]1 Ch 672 153 Foakes v Beer [1884]9App Cas 605 58 Fosterv British Gas [1989] ECR Case 188!89 21 Four Maids Ltd v Dudley Marshall Properties Ltd [1957] Ch 317 137 Francovitch v Italian Republic [1992] ECJ IRLR 84 22 Fullwood v Hurley [1928]1 KB 498 83

Gibson v Manchester City Council [1979] 1 AllER 972 53 Ginty v Belmont Building Supplies Ltd [1959] 1 AllER 414 104 Gorris v Scott [1874] LR Exch 125 16 Grad v Finanzami Traustein [1970] ECR Case 9/70 21 Grainger& Son v Gough [1896] AC 325 52 Gray v Pullem [1864] H B & S 570 95

Table of Cases XV

Greenock Corpn v Caledonian Tlw Co [1917] AC556 114 Grosvenor Hotel Co v Hamilton [1894] 2 QB 836 151

Hadley v Baxendale [1854] 9 Ex 341 74 Hale v Jennings Bros [1938] 1 AllER 579 113 Haley v London Electricity Board [1964] 3 WLR 479 97,178 Hamp v Bygrave [1983] 266 EG 720 126 Hansa Nord The [1975] 3All ER 739 63 Harris v Birkenhead Corporation [1976] 1 AllER 341 99 HarrisvJames [1876] 45 UQB 545 110 Harris v Nickerson [1873] 28 LT 410 52 Harrison v Duke of Rutland [1893] 1 KB 142 105 Hartley v Ponsonby [1857] 7 E & B 872 56 Harvela Investments Ltd v Royal Trust Co of Canada Ltd and others [1985] 3 WLR 276 52 Harvey v Crawley Development Corporation [1957] 1 QB485 189 Harvey v Facey [ 1893] AC 552 53 Harvey v Pratt [1965] 1 WLR 1025 148 Hayes v James & Charles Dodd [1990] 2 AllER 815 75 Heath v Drown [1973] AC 498 167 Hedley Byrne v Heller& Partners [1964] AC 465 98 Heme Bay Steam Boat Co Ltd v Hutton [ 1903] 2KB683 71 Heydon's Case [1584] 3 Co Rep 7a 16 Higgins W Ltd v Northampton Corp [1927] 1 Ch 128 65 Hill v Barclay [1816] 16 Ves 402 158 Hillv Harris [1965] 2 WLR 133 81 Hill v Tupper [1863] 2 H & C 121 128 Hills [Patents] Ltd v University College Hospital [1956] 1 QB 90 164 Hilton v T Burton [Rhodes] Ltd [1961] 1 AllER 74 94 Hoenigv Isaacs [1952] 2AllER 176 70 Holland v Hodgson [1872] LR 7 CP 328 126 Hollwell Securities v Hughes [1973] 2All ER 476 55 Hollywood Silver Fox Farm Ltd v Emmett [1936] 2KB468 110 Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha [1962] 2 QB 26 63 Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co [1877] 2App Cas 439 58

XVI Table of Cases

Hurstfell Ltd v Leicester Square Property Co [1988] 37 EG 109 167 Hutton v Wamn [1836] 1M & W 466 60 Hyde v Wrench [1840} 3 Beav 334 54

ICiv Shatwell [1965} AC 656 102 Inwards v Baker [1965} 2 QB 59 140

Jarvis v Swans Tours Ltd [1973} 1 AllER 488 75 Johnson v Royal Ulster Constabulary [1986} ECR Case 224/84 21 Jones v Padavatton [1969} 1 WLR 328 59 Jones v Vernon Pools Ltd [1938] 2All ER 626 59 Junior Books v Veitchi Ltd [1982} 3 WLR 477 95

Kealey v Heard [1983} 1 WLR 573 94 Kennaway v Thompson [ 1980} 3 AllER 329 108 Kenny v Preen [1963} 1 QB 499 151 Keppel v Wheeler [1927} 1 KB 527 82 Khorasandijan v Bush 137 Sol lor 88 110 Kingv Victor Parsons and Co [1973] 1 WLR 29 77 Knightsbridge Estates Trust Ltd v Byrne [1939} Ch 441 136 Kooragang Investments Pty Ltd v Richardson & Wrench Ltd [1982] AC 462 94 Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740 71

Lace v Chantler [1944] KB 568 148 Lavenderv Betts [1942] 2All ER 72 151 Law v Redditch Local Board [1892] 1 QB 127 76 Laws v Florinplace Ltd [1981] 1 AllER 659 108 Lawson v Supa-Sink [ 1982] 3 Tr L 37 70 Lee v Carter [1949] 1 KB 85 160 Lee-Parker v Izzet [1971} 2 AllER 800 158 Leigh v Taylor [1902} AC 157 126 Lemmon v Webb [ 1894} 3 Ch 1 108 Lind [Peter] Ltd v Mersey Docks and Harbour Board [1972] 2 Lloyds Rep 234 54 Liseria Luigi Geddo vEnte Nazionale Risi [1973] Case 22!73 206 Listerv Forth Dry Dock Co Ltd [1989] 1 AllER 1134 16 Lloyds Bank v Waterhouse [ 1991} 10 Trading LR 161 64 Lovelock v Franklyn [1846} 8 KB 371 73

Luisi & Carbone v Ministro del Tesoro [1984] ECR377 Lurcottv Wakely {1911]1 KB 905

McArdle Re [1951]1 Ch 669 Mahesan v Malaysia Officers Housing Association [1970]1 WLR 241 Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Commercial and General Investments Ltd [1969] 3AllER 1593 Marchant v Charters {1977]1 WLR 1181 Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority {1986] ECR Case 152/84 Masters v Brent LBC [1978]1 QB 451 Mercerv Denne {1905]2 Ch 538 Metrolands Investments Ltd v J H Dewhurst Ltd [1986]3All ER 659 Metropolitan Board of Works v McCarthy [1874] 31 LT 182 Metropolitan Water Board v Dick Ke" Ltd [1918] AC119 Midwood v Mayor of Manchester [1905]2 KB 597 Mills v Colchester Corp [1867] LR 2 CP 567 Milner & Son v Percy Bilton Ltd {1966] 2 AllER 284 Moody v Steggles {1879]12 Ch D 261 Moorcock The [1889]14 PD 64 Moore & Co v Landauer& Co [1921]2 KB 619 Moore v Rawson [1824]3 B & C 332 Morgan v Manser [1948]1 KB 184 Momson Holdings Ltd v Manders Property Ltd [1976]2AllER205 Mountford v Scott {1975]1 AllER 198 Multiservice Bookbinding Ltd v Marden [1979} Ch84 Murphy v Brentwood DC { 1991]1 A C 398

National Camers v Panalpina {Northern] Ltd {1981] AC675 National Coal Board v Thome [1976]1 WLR 543 New Windsor Corporation v Mellor [1974] 1 WLR504 New Zealand Property Corporation v H M & S Ltd {1981]1 AllER 759 Newbury DC v DOE {1980] AC 578

Table of Cases xvii

206 156

57

83

55 150

21 110 8

155

189

71 109 8 59 128 60 62 131 72

100 56

136 10, 11,96,98,182

30,153 191

7,8

127 186

xviii Table of Cases

Newman v Real Estate Debenture Corporation Ltd [1940]1 AllER 131 151 Nichols v Marsland [1876]2 Ex D 1 114 Noakes v Rice [1902] AC 24 136

O'May v City of London Real Property Co Ltd [1983]2AC 726 166 Osborne and Easton's Application [ 1978] 38 P&CR 251 134 Owen v Gadd [1956]2 QB 99 150

Palacath Ltd v Flanagan [ 1985} 2 AllER 161 33 Pan nett v McGuiness & Co [ 1972] 2 AllER 137 101 Paradine v Jane [ 1647] Alleyn 26 153 Paris v Stepney BC [1951] AC 367 97 Parkerv Boggan [1947] KB 346 160 Parkerv Clark [1960]1 AllER 93 59 Partridge v Crittenden [1968]1 WLR 1204 52 Pascoe v Turner [1979]1 WLR 431 140 Patrick v Ministre des Affaires Culturelles [1977] ECR3409 205 Payne v Cave [1789]3 Term Rep 148 53 Peabody Donation Fund [Governors of] v Sir Lindsay Parkinson [1985] AC 210 96 Pearson v NW Gas Board [ 1968] 2 AllER 669 98 PecoArts Inv v Hazlitt Gallery [1983]1 WLR 1315 78 Percival v Walsall MBC [1986] 279 EG 218 103 Perera v Vandiyar [1953]1 WLR 672 151 Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists [Southern] Ltd [1953]1 QB 401 52 Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] AC 827 67 Pickstone v Freemans [1987] 3 AllER 756 17 Pimms v Tallow Chandlers [1964]2 KB 547 160 Pirelli G C Works Ltd v Oscar Faber and Partners

w Pontardawe RDC v Moore-Gwyn [1929]1 Ch 656 113 Powell v Lee [1908]99 LT 284 53 Proudfoot v Hart [1890]25 QBD 42 156 Prudential Assurance Co Ltd v London Residuary Board [1992] AC 386 149 Pwllbach Colliery v Woodman [1915] AC 634 129

R v London Boroughs Transport Committee Ex p Freight Association Ltd [ 1991] ECR Case 132/90 Rainbow Estates Ltd v Tokenhold Ltd [1998] The Times March 121998 Read v J Lyon Co Ltd [1947] AC 156 Redland Bricks v Morris [1969] 2 AllER 576 Rikards v Lothian [1913] AC 263 Roberts v Bury Improvement Commissioners [1870] LR5CP 10 Robinson v Kilvert [ 1889] 41 Ch 88 Rodgers v Ministry of Transport [1951]1 AllER 634 Ronde[ v Worsley [1969]1 AC 191 Rose & Frank Co v Crompton Bros Ltd [1924] 2AllER 245 Routledge v Grant [1828]4 Bing 653 Royal Bank of Canada v Beyak [1981]119 DLR 505 Ryan v Pilkington [1959]1 WLR 402 Rylands v Fletcher [ 1868] LR 330

St Helen's Smelting Co v Tipping [1865]11 HL Cas 642 Salford Van Hire [Contracts] Ltd v Bocholt Developments Ltd [1995]2 EGLR 50 Scotson v Pegg [1861]9 WR 280 Scott v Avery [ 1856] 5 HL Cas 811 Scott v London and St Katherine's Docks Co [1865]3 H & C 596 Sedleigh-Denfield v O'Callaghan [1940] AC 880 She/fer v City of London Electric Lighting Co [ 1895] 1 Ch 287 Shiffman v Grand Priory of Hospital of StJohn etc [1936]1 AllER 557 Simpkins v Pays [1955]3All ER 10 Simpson v Wells [1872] LR 7QB 214 Smith v City Petroleum Co Ltd [ 1940 ]1 AllER 260 Smith v Eric Bush and Co [1990]1 AC 831 Smith v Ma"able [1843]11 M & W 152 Southgate v Commonwealth of Australia [1987] 13NSWLR188 Sparham-Souter v Town and Country Developments [Essex] Ltd [1976] QB 858 Spelling v John Spelling Ltd [ 1973] QB 87

Table of Cases xix

21

158 113 122 114

70 109 179 38

59 53 126 80 93, 112

108

154 57 34

98 108, 110

109

113 59 8 126 67,99 151

106

103 59

xx Table of Cases

Spencerv Harding [18701 23 LT 237 Spicer v Smee [ 19461 1 AllER 489 Stevens v Gourlay [18591 7 CB NS 99 Stevenson v McClean [18801 5 QB 346 Stilk v Myrick [18091 2 Camp 317 Stour Valley Builders v Stuart The Times February 2 1993 Streetv Mountford [19851 AC 809 Sturges v Bridgman [18791 Ch 852 Sumpterv Hedges [18951 1 QB 673 Sutcliffe v Thackrah [19741 AC 727

Tarry v Ashton [18761 1 QB 314 Taylor v Caldwell [ 18631 3 Best & Smith 826 Thorn v London Corporation [ 18761 1 App Cass 120 Tinn v Hoffman & Co [18731 29 LT 271 Tool Metal Manufacturing Co Ltd v Tungsten Electric Co Ltd [19551 2 AllER 657 Townshend Builders Ltd v Cinema News [19591 1 WLR 119 Trentham [ G Percy 1 Ltd v Archital Luxfer Ltd [19931 1 Lloyds Rep 25 Trollope and Colts Ltd v Atomic Power Construction Ltd [ 19631 1 WLR 119 Truman, Hanbury, Burton and Co Ltd's Application [19561 1 QB 261 TSB v Botham [19941 1 AllER 272 Tulk v Moxhay [18481 18 LJ Ch 83 Tweddle v Atkinson [ 18611 1 Best & Smith 393

United Scientific Holdings v Burnley BC [19781 AC904

VanDuyn v Home Office [19751 ECR Case 41!74 Van Gend En Laos [19631 ECR Case 26!62 Victor Jack Michael v Ensoncraft Ltd [ 19911 CILL533 Victoria Laundry v Newman Industries [19491 1 AllER 997 Viscount Chelsea v Muscatt [19901 2 EGLR 48 Viscount Hill v Bullock [ 18971 2 Ch 482

52 109 65 54 56

58 150 111 69 33

179 71

72 54

58

66

52,53,55

55

134 126 133 66

155

21 21

75

74 158 126

Wagon Mound The [No 1] [1961] AC 388 Walsh v Lonsdale [1882] 21 Ch 9 Wa"en v Keen [1954] 1 QB 15 Watts v Mo"ow [1991] 4All ER 937 West Country Cleaners Ltd v Saly [ 1966] 3AllER210 Westripp v Baldock [1939] 1 AllER 279 Wheeldon v Bu"ows [1879] 12 Ch 131 Wheelerv Copas [1981] 3AllER 405 Whitting v Hillingdon LBC [ 1970] 114 Sol lor 247 Williams v Roffey Bros Ltd [1990] 1 AllER 512 Wilson v Wiles [1806] 7 East's Tenn Reports 121 Wolstanton Ltd v Newcastle-under-Lyme BC [1940] AC 860 Wolverhampton Corporation v Emmons [1901] KB515 Wongv Beaumont Property Trust Ltd [1965] 1 QB 173 Wood v Leadbitter [1855] 13M & W 838 Woodar Investment Development Ltd v Wimpey Construction UK Ltd [1980] 1 AllER 571 Woollerton and Wilson Ltd v Richard Costain Ltd [1970] 1 WLR 411 Woolworth & Co v Lambert [1937] Ch 37 Wyld v Silver [ 1963] Ch 243

Yianni v Edwin Evans [1981] 3 WLR 143

Table of Cases xxi

98 148 153 75

161 105 129 102 178 57 9

8

78

129 139

66

105, 106 158 8

98

Table of Statutes

Access to Neighbouring Land Act 1992 Administration of Estates Act 1925 Administration of Justice Act 1985 Agricultural Holdings Act 1948 Agricultural Holdings Act 1986 Agricultural Tenancies Act 1995 Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1976 Arbitration Act 1996 Building Act 1984 Building Societies Act 1986 Civil Aviation Act 1982 Civil Evidence Act 1968 Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1976 Commons Registration Act 1965 Companies Act 1985 Companies Act 1989 Competition Acts 1980/98 Compulsory Purchase Act 1965 Consumer Credit Act 1974 Consumer Protection Act 1987 Control of Pollution Act 1974 County Court Act 1984 Courts Act 1971 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 Criminal Law Act 1977 Defective Premises Act 1972 Derelict Land Act 1982 Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Environmental Act 1995 Environmental Protection Act 1990

xxiii

145 120 36,37 170 171 171 171 33 182 137 105, 123 4 94 131 196 196 204 187 50 114 192 24,44 24 23 106 152 193 203 190 190-3

xx1v Table of Statutes

European Communities Act 1972 Factories Act 1961 Fair Trading Act 1973 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Highways Act 1835 Highways Act 1980 Housing Act 1980 Housing Act 1988 Housing Act 1996 Housing and Urban Development Act 1993 Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 Insolvency Act 1986 Interpretation Act 1978 Judicature Acts 1873-75 Land Charges Act 1972 Land Compensation Act 1961 Land Compensation Act 1973 Land Registration Acts 1925-88 Landlord and Tenant Act 1927 Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995 Lands Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 Lands Tribunal Act 1949 Latent Damage Act 1986 Law of Distress Amendment Act 1908 Law of Property Act 1925 Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 Leasehold Property (Repairs) Act 1938 Leasehold Reform Act 1967 Limitation Act 1980 Limited Partnerships Act 1907 Local Government Act 1972 Local Government Act 1985 Local Land Charges Act 1979 London Building Acts 1930-78 Misrepresentation Act 1967 Occupiers Liability Act 1957 Occupiers Liability Act 1984

18 198 204 3, 198 177 176 169 169, 170 170 170

17,89,90 197 16 22,28,120 142 188 189 143 156, 158 164 152 66, 161 187 32 17 154 16, 117-72

50, 148 102 73 156 170 50, 77, 103 196 174 174 143 181 65 99 101

Partnership Act 1990 Party Walls Act 1996 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1994 Prescription Act 1832 Protection from Eviction Act 1977 Public Health Act 1875 Public Health Act 1936/61 Rent Act 1977 Rights of Light Act 1959 Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 Sale of Goods Act 1893 Settled Land Act 1925 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 Supreme Court Act 1981 Town and Country Planning Act 1990 Town and Country Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 Unfair Contracts Terms Act 1977 Water Industry Act 1991 Water Resources Act 1961-91

EC LEGISLATION Single European Act 1986 (SEA) Treaty of European Union 1992 (TEU) Treaty of Rome 1957

Table of Statutes xxv

195 145 23 111, 129 151 181, 190 190 169 131 61 14,61 120, 141 62 7, 29, 119 183, 184

187 67 180 123

20 18,20 18,20